{"pageNumber":"116","pageRowStart":"2875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":30674,"text":"ds70 - 2001 - Hydrogeochemical investigations of some historic mining areas in the western Humboldt River basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:25:54","indexId":"ds70","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70","title":"Hydrogeochemical investigations of some historic mining areas in the western Humboldt River basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"Productive historic mines in 13 mining districts, of many geochemical types, were investigated in May of 1998. Reconnaissance field observations were made and samples of mine dumps, mine drainage waters, and mill tailings have been collected to characterize the geochemical signature of these materials and to determine their actual or potential contamination of surface or ground waters. Field observations suggest that visible indicators of acidic mine drainage are rare, and field measurements of pH and chemical analyses of several kinds of materials indicate that only a few sites release acid or significant concentrations of metals.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds70","collaboration":"The USGS does not provide technical support for the software associated with this publication.","usgsCitation":"Nash, J., 2001, Hydrogeochemical investigations of some historic mining areas in the western Humboldt River basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 70, One CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds70.","productDescription":"One CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282958,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/070/report.pdf"},{"id":282957,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/070/application.zip"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.78416666666666,40.051111111111105 ], [ -118.78416666666666,41.350833333333334 ], [ -117.55083333333333,41.350833333333334 ], [ -117.55083333333333,40.051111111111105 ], [ -118.78416666666666,40.051111111111105 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628e10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. T.","contributorId":31751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31287,"text":"ofr01169 - 2001 - 2001 floods in the Red River of the North basin in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-16T10:36:30","indexId":"ofr01169","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-169","title":"2001 floods in the Red River of the North basin in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Red River of the North is a complex river system in the north-central plains of the United States. The river continues to impact the people and property within its basin. During the spring of 2001, major flooding occurred for the second time in four years on the Red River of the North and its many tributaries in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Unlike the 1997 floods, which were the result of record-high snowpacks region-wide and a late spring blizzard, the 2001 floods were the result of above-average soil moistures in some areas of the basin, rapid melting of above-average snowpacks in the upper basin, and heavy rainfall that swept across the region on April 7, 2001.

 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the principal Federal agencies responsible for the collection and interpretation of water-resources data, works with other Federal, State, and local agencies to ensure that accurate and timely data are available for making decisions regarding the public's welfare. This report presents preliminary water-resources 2001 flood data that were obtained from selected streamflow-gaging stations located in the Red River of the North Basin.

Flooding in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota usually is caused by spring snowmelt, and the severity of the flooding is affected by (1) substantial precipitation in the fall that produces high levels of soil moisture, (2) above-normal snowfall in the winter, (3) moist, frozen ground that prohibits infiltration of moisture, (4) a late spring thaw, (5) above-normal precipitation during spring thaw, and (6) ice jams (temporary dams of ice) on rivers and streams.

Stream stages (height of water in a stream above an arbitrarily established datum) and discharges measured by USGS personnel at streamflow-gaging stations are used to define a unique relation between stage and discharge. This relation, commonly called a rating curve, may not be well defined at extreme high discharges because these discharges are rare events of short duration and have unstable conditions that often make measurement extremely difficult. Therefore, estimates for some peak discharges need to be extrapolated from rating curves extended to known peak stages. The peak discharges are used to determine the probability, often expressed in recurrence intervals, that a given discharge will be exceeded in the future. For example, a flood that has a 1-percent chance of exceedance in any given year would, on the long-term average, be expected to occur only about once a century; therefore, the flood would be termed a \"100-year flood.\" However, the chance of such a flood occurring in any given year is 1 percent. Thus, a 100-year flood can occur in successive years at the same location. In some instances, recurrence interval estimates can be based on periods of regulated flow or made with historic adjustments when historic data are available.

Historical peak stages and peak discharges and the 2001 peak stages, peak discharges, and recurrence intervals are shown in table 1. The streamflow-gaging stations are listed in downstream order by station number, and station locations are shown in figure 1. Revisions to the 2001 peak stages and peak discharges given in this preliminary report may occur as site surveys are completed and additional field data are reviewed in the upcoming months.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Macek-Rowland, K., 2001, 2001 floods in the Red River of the North basin in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-169, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01169.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354174,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0169/ofr20010169.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2001–0169"},{"id":161414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0169/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contact":"
Director, Dakota Water Science Center, North Dakota Office
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
","tableOfContents":"



","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd491de4b0b290850eee6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macek-Rowland, K. M.","contributorId":44175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macek-Rowland","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30876,"text":"wri004228 - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"wri004228","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4228","title":"Occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98","docAbstract":"Data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water supplied by 2,110 randomly selected community water systems (CWSs) in 12 Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States indicate 64 VOC analytes were detected at least once during 1993-98. Selection of the 2,110 CWSs inventoried for this study targeted 20 percent of the 10,479 active CWSs in the region and represented a random subset of the total distribution by State, source of water, and size of system. The data include 21,635 analyses of drinking water collected for compliance monitoring under the Safe Drinking Water Act; the data mostly represent finished drinking water collected at the pointof- entry to, or at more distal locations within, each CWS?s distribution system following any watertreatment processes. VOC detections were more common in drinking water supplied by large systems (serving more than 3,300 people) that tap surface-water sources or both surface- and groundwater sources than in small systems supplied exclusively by ground-water sources. Trihalomethane (THM) compounds, which are potentially formed during the process of disinfecting drinking water with chlorine, were detected in 45 percent of the randomly selected CWSs. Chloroform was the most frequently detected THM, reported in 39 percent of the CWSs. The gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the most frequently detected VOC in drinking water after the THMs. MTBE was detected in 8.9 percent of the 1,194 randomly selected CWSs that analyzed samples for MTBE at any reporting level, and it was detected in 7.8 percent of the 1,074 CWSs that provided MTBE data at the 1.0-?g/L (microgram per liter) reporting level. As with other VOCs reported in drinking water, most MTBE concentrations were less than 5.0 ?g/L, and less than 1 percent of CWSs reported MTBE concentrations at or above the 20.0-?g/L lower limit recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s Drinking-Water Advisory. The frequency of MTBE detections in drinking water is significantly related to high- MTBE-use patterns. Detections are five times more likely in areas where MTBE is or has been used in gasoline at greater than 5 percent by volume as part of the oxygenated or reformulated (OXY/RFG) fuels program. Detection frequencies of the individual gasoline compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)) were mostly less than 3 percent of the randomly selected CWSs, but collectively, BTEX compounds were detected in 8.4 percent of CWSs. BTEX concentrations also were low and just three drinkingwater samples contained BTEX at concentrations exceeding 20 ?g/L. Co-occurrence of MTBE and BTEX was rare, and only 0.8 percent of CWSs reported simultaneous detections of MTBE and BTEX compounds. Low concentrations and cooccurrence of MTBE and BTEX indicate most gasoline contaminants in drinking water probably represent nonpoint sources. Solvents were frequently detected in drinking water in the 12-State area. One or more of 27 individual solvent VOCs were detected at any reporting level in 3,080 drinking-water samples from 304 randomly selected CWSs (14 percent) and in 206 CWSs (9.8 percent) at concentrations at or above 1.0 ?g/L. High co-occurrence among solvents probably reflects common sources and the presence of transformation by-products. Other VOCs were relatively rarely detected in drinking water in the 12-State area. Six percent (127) of the 2,110 randomly selected CWSs reported concentrations of 16 VOCs at or above drinking-water criteria. The 127 CWSs collectively serve 2.6 million people. The occurrence of VOCs in drinking water was significantly associated (p<0.0001) with high population- density urban areas. New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, States with substantial urbanization and high population density, had the highest frequency of VOC detections among the 12 States. More than two-thirds of the randomly selected CWSs in New Jersey reported detecting VOC concentrations in drinking water at or above 1","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri004228","usgsCitation":"Grady, S.J., and Casey, G.D., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4228, 123 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004228.","productDescription":"123 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6962b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grady, S. J.","contributorId":69962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, G. D.","contributorId":49819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023056,"text":"70023056 - 2001 - Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-04T17:57:31","indexId":"70023056","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska","docAbstract":"

Wolves (Canis lupus) were captured in three areas of Interior Alaska (USA). Four hundred twenty-five sera were tested for evidence of exposure to canine coronavirus by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. Serum antibody prevalence averaged 70% (167/240) during the spring collection period and 25% (46/185) during the autumn collection period. Prevalence was 0% (0/42) in the autumn pup cohort (age 4-5 mo), and 60% (58/97) in the spring pup cohort (age 9-10 mo). Prevalence was lowest in the Eastern Interior study area. A statistical model indicates that prevalence increased slightly each year in all three study areas. These results indicate that transmission occurs primarily during the winter months, antibody decay is quite rapid, and reexposure during the summer is rare.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-37.4.740","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Zarnke, R.L., Evermann, J.F., Ver Hoef, J.M., McNay, M.E., Boertje, R.D., Gardner, C.L., Adams, L., Dale, B.W., and Burch, J.W., 2001, Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 37, no. 4, p. 740-745, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.4.740.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"745","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.4.740","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d5de4b08c986b318368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarnke, Randall L.","contributorId":49148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zarnke","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evermann, Jim F.","contributorId":87336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evermann","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ver Hoef, Jay M.","contributorId":42504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ver Hoef","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McNay, Mark E.","contributorId":68506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNay","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boertje, Rodney D.","contributorId":84953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boertje","given":"Rodney","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dale, Bruce W.","contributorId":6769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burch, John W.","contributorId":106231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burch","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13367,"text":"National Parks Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":2002057,"text":"2002057 - 2001 - Estimates of shorebird populations in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-15T15:13:18.387122","indexId":"2002057","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2919,"text":"Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"seriesNumber":"104","title":"Estimates of shorebird populations in North America","docAbstract":"

Estimates are presented for the population sizes of 53 species of Nearctic shorebirds occurring regularly in North America, plus four species that breed occasionally. Population estimates range from a few tens to several millions. Overall, population estimates most commonly fall in the range of hundreds of thousands, particularly the low hundreds of thousands; estimated population sizes for large shorebird species currently all fall below 500 000. Population size is inversely related to size (mass) of the species, with a statistically significant negative regression between log(population size) and log(mass). Two outlying groups are evident on the regression graph: one, with populations lower than predicted, includes species considered to be either “at risk” or particularly hard to count, and a second, with populations higher than predicted, includes two species that are hunted. Shorebird population sizes were derived from data obtained by a variety of methods from breeding, migration, and wintering areas, and formal assessments of accuracy of counts or estimates are rarely available. Accurate estimates exist only for a few species that have been the subject of detailed investigation, and the likely accuracy of most estimates is considered poor or low. Population estimates are an integral part of conservation plans being developed for shorebirds in the United States and Canada and may be used to identify areas of key international and regional importance.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, ON","issn":"0576-6370","isbn":"0-662-29614-1","usgsCitation":"Morrison, R.I., Gill, R., Harrington, B.A., Skagen, S., Page, G.W., Gratto-Trevor, C.L., and Haig, S.M., 2001, Estimates of shorebird populations in North America: Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"67","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335404,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.566593/publication.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":419825,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CW69-1-104E.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bc8a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, R. I. G.","contributorId":66640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"I. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrington, B. A.","contributorId":10758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrington","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Page, G. W.","contributorId":45246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Page","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gratto-Trevor, C. L.","contributorId":104447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gratto-Trevor","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1016194,"text":"1016194 - 2001 - Unusual bacterioplankton community structure in ultra-oligotrophic Crater Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:49","indexId":"1016194","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual bacterioplankton community structure in ultra-oligotrophic Crater Lake","docAbstract":"The bacterioplankton assemblage in Crater Lake, Oregon (U.S.A.), is different from communities found in other oxygenated lakes, as demonstrated by four small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) gene clone libraries and oligonucleotide probe hybridization to RNA from lake water. Populations in the euphotic zone of this deep (589 m), oligotrophic caldera lake are dominated by two phylogenetic clusters of currently uncultivated bacteria: CL120-10, a newly identified cluster in the verrucomicrobiales, and ACK4 actinomycetes, known as a minor constituent of bacterioplankton in other lakes. Deep-water populations at 300 and 500 m are dominated by a different pair of uncultivated taxa: CL500-11, a novel cluster in the green nonsulfur bacteria, and group I marine crenarchaeota. b-Proteobacteria, dominant in most other freshwater environments, are relatively rare in Crater Lake (<=16% of nonchloroplast bacterial rRNA at all depths). Other taxa identified in Crater Lake libraries include a newly identified candidate bacterial division, ABY1, and a newly identified subcluster, CL0-1, within candidate division OP10. Probe analyses confirmed vertical stratification of several microbial groups, similar to patterns observed in open-ocean systems. Additional similarities between Crater Lake and ocean microbial populations include aphotic zone dominance of group I marine crenarchaeota and green nonsulfur bacteria. Comparison of Crater Lake to other lakes studied by rRNA methods suggests that selective factors structuring Crater Lake bacterioplankton populations may include low concentrations of available trace metals and dissolved organic matter, chemistry of infiltrating hydrothermal waters, and irradiation by high levels of ultraviolet light.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Urbach, E., Vergin, K.L., and Morse, A., 2001, Unusual bacterioplankton community structure in ultra-oligotrophic Crater Lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 46, no. 3, p. 557-572.","productDescription":"p. 557-572","startPage":"557","endPage":"572","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Urbach, Ena","contributorId":93018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbach","given":"Ena","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vergin, Kevin L.","contributorId":11186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vergin","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morse, Ariel","contributorId":106853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Ariel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016041,"text":"1016041 - 2001 - From open to closed canopy: A century of change in Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"1016041","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From open to closed canopy: A century of change in Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington","docAbstract":"During the past century, forest structure on south-facing slopes of Mount Constitution,\r\nOrcas Island, Washington, has changed from open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga\r\nmenziesii) mixed with prairie to primarily closed canopy forest. Density of open-grown\r\nDouglas-fir was approximately 7 stems/ha in the 19th century, while current density of\r\ntrees in closed-canopy mature forest is 426 stems/ha. Trees occur at intermediate\r\ndensities in areas of transition from savanna-like stands to closed canopy. Analysis of fire\r\nscars indicates that at least seven fires have occurred on Mount Constitution since 1736,\r\nbut only one fire has occurred since 1893, which suggests that the recent increase in stem\r\ndensity has been caused primarily by fire exclusion. The high stem densities currently\r\nfound in this landscape put the relict (120-350+ years old) Douglas-fir at risk from\r\ncontemporary fires, which would likely be high-intensity crown fires. Given the\r\ntransition of forests on Orcas Island during the 20th century to closed canopy structure,\r\nundisturbed open-grown coniferous forest is now extremely rare in the San Juan Islands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.L., and Hammer, R., 2001, From open to closed canopy: A century of change in Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington: Northwest Science, v. 75, no. 3, p. 262-269.","productDescription":"p. 262-269","startPage":"262","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b449e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammer, R.D.","contributorId":23907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammer","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015216,"text":"1015216 - 2001 - Patterns of plant invasions: A case example in native species hotspots and rare habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T14:54:53","indexId":"1015216","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of plant invasions: A case example in native species hotspots and rare habitats","docAbstract":"

Land managers require landscape-scale information on where exotic plant species have successfully established, to better guide research, control, and restoration efforts. We evaluated the vulnerability of various habitats to invasion by exotic plant species in a 100,000 ha area in the southeast corner of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. For the 97 0.1-ha plots in 11 vegetation types, exotic species richness (log10) was strongly negatively correlated to the cover of cryptobiotic soil crusts (r = −0.47, P < 0.001), and positively correlated to native species richness (r = 0.22, P < 0.03), native species cover (r = 0.23, P < 0.05), and total nitrogen in the soil (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Exotic species cover was strongly positively correlated to exotic species richness (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). Only 6 of 97 plots did not contain at least one exotic species. Exotic species richness was particularly high in locally rare, mesic vegetation types and nitrogen rich soils. Dry, upland plots (n = 51) had less than half of the exotic species richness and cover compared to plots (n = 45) in washes and lowland depressions that collect water intermittently. Plots dominated by trees had significantly greater native and exotic species richness compared to plots dominated by shrubs. For the 97 plots combined, 33% of the variance in exotic species richness could be explained by a positive relationship with total plant cover, and negative relationships with the cover of cryptobiotic crusts and bare ground. There are several reasons for concern: (1) Exotic plant species are invading hot spots of native plant diversity and rare/unique habitats. (2) The foliar cover of exotic species was greatest in habitats that had been invaded by several exotic species.(3) Continued disturbance of fragile cryptobiotic crusts by livestock, people, and vehicles may facilitate the further invasion of exotic plant species.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011451417418","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Otsuki, Y., Villa, C., Lee, M., and Belnap, J., 2001, Patterns of plant invasions: A case example in native species hotspots and rare habitats: Biological Invasions, v. 3, no. 1, p. 37-50, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011451417418.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Villa, C.A.","contributorId":87097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villa","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, M.","contributorId":32484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015201,"text":"1015201 - 2001 - Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T09:56:50","indexId":"1015201","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape","docAbstract":"

We present the results of a rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in the 754 ha Beaver Meadows study area in Rocky Mountain National Park, Larimer County, Colorado. We measured butterfly species richness and relative abundance as part of a landscape-scale investigation of diversity patterns involving several groups of organisms. A stratified random sampling design was used to include replication in both rare and common vegetation types. We recorded 49 butterfly species from the twenty-four 0.1 ha plots that were sampled four times during June, July, and August 1996. Butterfly species richness, diversity, and uniqueness were highest in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) groves and wet meadows, which occupy only a small proportion of the studied landscape. This result supports the suggestion that aspen areas represent ‘hotspots’ of biological diversity in this montane landscape. Patterns of butterfly species richness were positively correlated with total vascular plant species richness (r = 0.69; P < 0.001), and native plant species richness (r = 0.64; P < 0.001). However, exotic plant species richness (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) and the cover of exotic plant species (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) were the best predictors of butterfly species richness.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1016663931882","usgsCitation":"Simonson, S., Opler, P., Stohlgren, T., and Chong, G., 2001, Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 10, no. 8, p. 1369-1386, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016663931882.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1369","endPage":"1386","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Larimer","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"10","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simonson, S.E.","contributorId":78695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Opler, P.A.","contributorId":48521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Opler","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015148,"text":"1015148 - 2001 - New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T11:34:02","indexId":"1015148","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness","docAbstract":"

We demonstrate new multi-phase, multi-scale approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species to predict the spread of invasive species and aid in control efforts. Our test site is a 54,000-ha portion of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. This work is based on previous research wherein we developed vegetation sampling techniques to identify hot spots of diversity, important rare habitats, and locations of invasive plant species. Here we demonstrate statistical modeling tools to rapidly assess current patterns of native and exotic plant species to determine which habitats are most vulnerable to invasion by exotic species. We use stepwise multiple regression and modified residual kriging to estimate numbers of native species and exotic species, as well as probability of observing an exotic species in 30 × 30-m cells. Final models accounted for 62% of the variability observed in number of native species, 51% of the variability observed in number of exotic species, and 47% of the variability associated with observing an exotic species. Important independent variables used in developing the models include geographical location, elevation, slope, aspect, and Landsat TM bands 1-7. These models can direct resource managers to areas in need of further inventory, monitoring, and exotic species control efforts.

","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Chong, G., Reich, R., Kalkhan, M.A., and Stohlgren, T., 2001, New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness: Western North American Naturalist, v. 61, no. 3, p. 328-335.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"335","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14845,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41717178 "}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6977d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, R.M.","contributorId":68258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015147,"text":"1015147 - 2001 - Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-16T20:22:11","indexId":"1015147","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring","docAbstract":"

For an ecological monitoring program to be successful over the long-term, the perceived benefits of the information must justify the cost. Financial limitations will always restrict the scope of a monitoring program, hence the program’s focus must be carefully prioritized. Clearly identifying the costs and benefits of a program will assist in this prioritization process, but this is easier said than done. Frequently, the true costs of monitoring are not recognized and are, therefore, underestimated. Benefits are rarely evaluated, because they are difficult to quantify. The intent of this review is to assist the designers and managers of long-term ecological monitoring programs by providing a general framework for building and operating a cost-effective program. Previous considerations of monitoring costs have focused on sampling design optimization. We present cost considerations of monitoring in a broader context. We explore monitoring costs, including both budgetary costs, what dollars are spent on, and economic costs, which include opportunity costs. Often, the largest portion of a monitoring program budget is spent on data collection, and other, critical aspects of the program, such as scientific oversight, training, data management, quality assurance, and reporting, are neglected. Recognizing and budgeting for all program costs is therefore a key factor in a program’s longevity. The close relationship between statistical issues and cost is discussed, highlighting the importance of sampling design, replication and power, and comparing the costs of alternative designs through pilot studies and simulation modeling. A monitoring program development process that includes explicit checkpoints for considering costs is presented. The first checkpoint occurs during the setting of objectives and during sampling design optimization. The last checkpoint occurs once the basic shape of the program is known, and the costs and benefits, or alternatively the cost-effectiveness, of each program element can be evaluated. Moving into the implementation phase without careful evaluation of costs and benefits is risky because if costs are later found to exceed benefits, the program will fail. The costs of development, which can be quite high, will have been largely wasted. Realistic expectations of costs and benefits will help ensure that monitoring programs survive the early, turbulent stages of development and the challenges posed by fluctuating budgets during implementation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00015-2","usgsCitation":"Caughlan, L., and Oakley, K., 2001, Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring: Ecological Indicators, v. 1, no. 2, p. 123-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00015-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caughlan, L.","contributorId":38498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, K.L.","contributorId":101592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013123,"text":"1013123 - 2001 - Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:07","indexId":"1013123","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring","docAbstract":"For an ecological monitoring program to be successful over the long-term, the perceived benefits of the information must justify the cost. Financial limitations will always restrict the scope of a monitoring program, hence the program's focus must be carefully prioritized. Clearly identifying the costs and benefits of a program will assist in this prioritization process, but this is easier said than done. Frequently, the true costs of monitoring are not recognized and are, therefore, underestimated. Benefits are rarely evaluated, because they are difficult to quantify. The intent of this review is to assist the designers and managers of long-term ecological monitoring programs by providing a general framework for building and operating a cost-effective program. Previous considerations of monitoring costs have focused on sampling design optimization. We present cost considerations of monitoring in a broader context. We explore monitoring costs, including both budgetary costs--what dollars are spent on--and economic costs, which include opportunity costs. Often, the largest portion of a monitoring program budget is spent on data collection, and other, critical aspects of the program, such as scientific oversight, training, data management, quality assurance, and reporting, are neglected. Recognizing and budgeting for all program costs is therefore a key factor in a program's longevity. The close relationship between statistical issues and cost is discussed, highlighting the importance of sampling design, replication and power, and comparing the costs of alternative designs through pilot studies and simulation modeling. A monitoring program development process that includes explicit checkpoints for considering costs is presented. The first checkpoint occur during the setting of objectives and during sampling design optimization. The last checkpoint occurs once the basic shape of the program is known, and the costs and benefits, or alternatively the cost-effectiveness, of each program element can be evaluated. Moving into the implementation phase without careful evaluation of costs and benefits is risky because if costs are later found to exceed benefits, the program will fail. The costs of development, which can be quite high, will have been largely wasted. Realistic expectations of costs and benefits will help ensure that monitoring programs survive the early, turbulent stages of development and the challenges posed by fluctuating budgets during implementation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Caughlan, L., and Oakley, K., 2001, Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring: Ecological Indicators, v. 14, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"pp. 1-12","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caughlan, L.","contributorId":38498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, K.L.","contributorId":101592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008263,"text":"1008263 - 2001 - Guidelines for the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T10:32:51","indexId":"1008263","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guidelines for the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease","docAbstract":"

Field evaluation of free-ranging wildlife requires the systematic documentation of a variety of environmental conditions and individual parameters of health and disease, particularly in the case of rare or endangered species. In addition, defined criteria are needed for the humane salvage of ill or dying animals. The purpose of this paper is to describe, in detail, the preparation, procedures, and protocols we developed and tested for the field evaluation of wild desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). These guidelines describe: preparations for the field, including developing familiarity with tortoise behavior and ecology, and preparation of standardized data sheets; journal notes to document background data on weather conditions, temperature, rainfall, locality, and historic and recent human activities; procedures to prevent the spread of disease and parasites; data sheets for live tortoises to record tortoise identification, location, sex, body measurements and activity; health profile forms for documenting and grading physical abnormalities of tortoise posture and movements, general condition (e.g., lethargy, cachexia), external parasites, and clinical abnormalities associated with shell and upper respiratory diseases; permanent photographic records for the retrospective analysis of progression and regression of upper respiratory and eye diseases, analysis of shell lesions and evaluation of growth and age; and indications and methods for salvaging ill or dying tortoises for necropsy evaluation. These guidelines, tested on 5,000 to 20,000 tortoises over a 10 to 27 yr period, were designed to maximize acquisition of data for demographic, ecological, health and disease research projects; to reduce handling and stress of individual animals; to avoid spread of infectious disease; to promote high quality and consistent data sets; and to reduce the duration and number of field trips. The field methods are adapted for desert tortoise life cycle, behavior, anatomy, physiology, and pertinent disease; however the model is applicable to other species of reptiles. Comprehensive databases of clinical signs of disease and health are crucial to research endeavors and essential to decisions on captive release, epidemiology of disease, translocation of wild tortoises, breeding programs, and euthanasia.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.427","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., and Christopher, M.M., 2001, Guidelines for the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 37, no. 3, p. 427-450, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.427.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"450","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.427","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christopher, Mary M.","contributorId":44473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001692,"text":"1001692 - 2001 - Range expansion of pileated woodpecker in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T18:26:42.732143","indexId":"1001692","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Range expansion of pileated woodpecker in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Natural history writings from explorers such as M. Lewis, W. Clark, J. J. Audubon, S. F. Baird, and E. Coues failed to mention the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus ) in North Dakota throughout the 1800's. The first published reference to the species was in the early 1900's in the valley of the Red River of the North, part of the Agassiz Lake Plain of eastern North Dakota. Sightings increased in the Agassiz Lake Plain in the mid-1900's but remained rare west of the Agassiz Lake Plain until the late 1900's. Ornithologists suggest that the species has recently established small, permanent populations in the Turtle Mountains, Devils Lake area, and along the Sheyenne River, especially in the Sheyenne National Grassland. I present information that supports the idea that the pileated woodpecker is establishing populations in the aforementioned areas and is moving even farther west. I also document the presence of the pileated woodpecker along the James River and the first record for Stutsman County.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., 2001, Range expansion of pileated woodpecker in North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 33, no. 3, p. 163-182.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"182","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001025,"text":"1001025 - 2001 - First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T18:17:00.363635","indexId":"1001025","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","title":"First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"

The first finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan is documented. These two species are widespread and abundant in the lower lakes, but had not yet been reported from Lake Michigan. E. ischnus is generally considered a warmwater form that is typically associated with hard substrates and Dreissena clusters in the nearshore zone. Along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, this species was present at rocky, breakwall habitats along the entire north-south axis of the lake. Although not abundant, this species was also found at soft-bottomed sites as deep as 94 m in the southern basin. The finding of this species in deep offshore waters apparently extends the known habitat range for this species in the Great Lakes, but it is found in deep water areas within its native range (Caspian Sea). D. bugensis was not abundant, but was present in both the southern and northern portions of the lake. Individuals of up to 36 mm in length were collected, indicating that it had probably been present in the lake for 2 or more years. Also presented are depth-defined densities of D. polymorpha at 37 sites in the Straits of Mackinac in 1997, and densities at up to 55 sites in the southern basin in 1992/93 and 1998/99. Mean densities decreased with increased water depth in both regions. Maximum mean density in the Straits in 1997 was 13,700/m2 (≤ 10 m), and maximum density in the southern basin in 1999 was 2,100/m2 (≤ 30 m). Mean densities at the ≤ 30-m interval in the southern basin remained relatively unchanged between 1993 and 1999, but increased from 25/m2 to 1,100/m2 at the 31 to 50 m interval over the same time period. D. polymorpha was rare at sites > 50 m. The presence of E. ischnus and the expected population expansion of D. bugensis will likely contribute to further foodweb changes in the lake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70653-3","usgsCitation":"Nalepa, T., Schloesser, D.W., Pothoven, S.A., Hondorp, D.W., Fanslow, D.L., Tuchman, M.L., and Fleischer, G.W., 2001, First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 27, no. 3, p. 384-391, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70653-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"391","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 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W.","contributorId":21485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pothoven, Steve A.","contributorId":84716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pothoven","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hondorp, Darryl W. 0000-0002-5182-1963 dhondorp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-1963","contributorId":5376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hondorp","given":"Darryl","email":"dhondorp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fanslow, David L.","contributorId":57032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanslow","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tuchman, Marc L.","contributorId":6023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuchman","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fleischer, Guy W.","contributorId":89478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":95060,"text":"95060 - 2001 - The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the Neosho Madtom (norturus placidus) reproductive cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:07","indexId":"95060","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the Neosho Madtom (norturus placidus) reproductive cycle","docAbstract":"The key to successful fish culture is to understand the environmental cues that trigger spawning. In temperate fishes, photoperiod and temperature are important in many species including the family Ictaluridae. The object of this study was to examine whether natural photo-thermal conditions in the laboratory could stimulate the reproductive cycle of Neosho madtoms (Noturus placidus). For three years a small\r\npopulation of Neosho madtoms were maintained under natural conditions and continually sampled using ultrasound to examine interior gonad state and exterior body measurements. The purpose was to examine the secondary sexual characteristics that normally occur during the spawning period. Every year the fish cycled in and out of spawning condition, including production and reabsorbtion of eggs. The best external measurement found to distinguish between sexes was the ratio of head length to total length. Internal measurements found the average number of eggs per female increased as the fish length increased and over time but the average sizes of the eggs were constant.\r\nAfter years in the simulated environment 13 different fish were involved in ten spawns. The use of ultrasound to examine gonad in madtoms is promising, especially the lack of injury associated with the procedure. Overall laboratory conditions that simulated the natural photo-thermal environment, especially daily temperature fluctuations, were successful at stimulating the reproductive cycle of Neosho madtoms including egg cycling and spawning. These results show promise towards culture of madtoms especially for those species that are rare and endangered.","language":"English","collaboration":"Final Report submitted to the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Environmental Analysis and Support Branch, Tulsa District","usgsCitation":"Albers, J., Wildhaber, M., and Noltie, D.B., 2001, The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the Neosho Madtom (norturus placidus) reproductive cycle.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d57e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, J.L.","contributorId":103990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildhaber, M. L. 0000-0002-6538-9083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":62961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noltie, Douglas B.","contributorId":70333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noltie","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024236,"text":"70024236 - 2001 - Determination of element affinities by density fractionation of bulk coal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024236","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of element affinities by density fractionation of bulk coal samples","docAbstract":"A review has been made of the various methods of determining major and trace element affinities for different phases, both mineral and organic in coals, citing their various strengths and weaknesses. These include mathematical deconvolution of chemical analyses, direct microanalysis, sequential extraction procedures and density fractionation. A new methodology combining density fractionation with mathematical deconvolution of chemical analyses of whole coals and their density fractions has been evaluated. These coals formed part of the IEA-Coal Research project on the Modes of Occurrence of Trace Elements in Coal. Results were compared to a previously reported sequential extraction methodology and showed good agreement for most elements. For particular elements (Be, Mo, Cu, Se and REEs) in specific coals where disagreement was found, it was concluded that the occurrence of rare trace element bearing phases may account for the discrepancy, and modifications to the general procedure must be made to account for these.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00059-4","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Querol, X., Klika, Z., Weiss, Z., Finkelman, R.B., Alastuey, A., Juan, R., Lopez-Soler, A., Plana, F., Kolker, A., and Chenery, S., 2001, Determination of element affinities by density fractionation of bulk coal samples: Fuel, v. 80, no. 1, p. 83-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00059-4.","startPage":"83","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207084,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00059-4"},{"id":231687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffa3e4b0c8380cd4f2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Querol, X.","contributorId":12340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Querol","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klika, Z.","contributorId":69431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klika","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiss, Z.","contributorId":94562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alastuey, A.","contributorId":81375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alastuey","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Juan, R.","contributorId":39663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lopez-Soler, A.","contributorId":65349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez-Soler","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Plana, F.","contributorId":60799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plana","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chenery, S.R.N.","contributorId":7579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chenery","given":"S.R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70023960,"text":"70023960 - 2001 - Marine chemistry of the permian phosphoria formation and basin, Southeast Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023960","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine chemistry of the permian phosphoria formation and basin, Southeast Idaho","docAbstract":"Major components in the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation are apatite, dolomite, calcite, organic matter, and biogenic silica-a marine fraction; and aluminosilicate quartz debris-a terrigenous fraction. Samples from Enoch Valley, in southeast Idaho, have major element oxide abundances of Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, and TiO2 that closely approach the composition of the world shale average. Factor analysis further identifies the partitioning of several trace elements-Ba, Ga, Li, Sc, and Th and, at other sites in southeast Idaho and western Wyoming, B, Co, Cs, Hf, Rb, and Ta-totally into this fraction. Trace elements that fail to show such correlations or factor loadings include Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se, the rare earth elements (REE), U, V, and Zn. Their terrigenous contribution is determined from minimum values of trace elements versus the terrigenous fraction. These minima too define trace element concentrations in the terrigenous fraction that approximately equal their concentrations in the world shale average. The marine fraction of trace elements represents the difference between the bulk trace element content of a sample and the terrigenous contribution. Of the trace elements enriched above a terrigenous contribution, Ag, Cr, Cu, Mo, and Se show strong loadings on the factor with an organic matter loading and U and the REE on the factor with a strong apatite loading. Cd, Ni, V, and Zn do not show a strong correlation with any of the marine components but are, nonetheless, strongly enriched above a terrigenous contribution. Interelement relationships between the trace elements identify two seawater sources-planktonic debris and basinal bottom water. Relationships between Cd, Cu, Mo, Zn, and possibly Ni and Se suggest a solely biogenic source. Their accumulation rates, and that of PO3-4, further identify the level of primary productivity as having been moderate and the residence time of water in the basin at 4.5 yr. Enrichments of Cr, U, V, and the REE, above both terrigenous and biogenic contributions, define bottom-water redox conditions as having been oxygen depleted, that is, denitrifying but not sulfate reducing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/96.3.599","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 2001, Marine chemistry of the permian phosphoria formation and basin, Southeast Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 599-620, https://doi.org/10.2113/96.3.599.","startPage":"599","endPage":"620","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207018,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/96.3.599"},{"id":231555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51d1e4b0c8380cd6bf63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023788,"text":"70023788 - 2001 - Grassland birds associated with agricultural riparian practices in southwestern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T17:25:32.885076","indexId":"70023788","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grassland birds associated with agricultural riparian practices in southwestern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

Rotational grazing has been proposed as a Best Management Practice (BMP) for minimizing runoff in Wisconsin agricultural riparian areas. The influence of this land management practice on grassland birds has not been evaluated in relation to more traditional agricultural land management systems in Midwestern riparian areas. This study compared the grassland bird community in riparian areas in Wisconsin that were rotationally grazed to 2 common land use practices along streams in Wisconsin: continuously grazed pastures and rowcrop fields with 10-m-wide ungrazed buffer strips located along the stream. We calculated total number of birds, the Berger-Parker Index of Dominance, and number of birds ha-1 for each site. Vegetation variables used were height-density, litter depth, and percent bare ground. Bird species richness, species dominance, and density did not differ among land use types. In contrast, grassland bird species of management concern [Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis Gmelin), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna L.), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus L.)] were found on continuous and rotational pastures but very rarely or never occurred on buffer strips. Contrary to previous research, however, rotationally grazed pastures did not support more of these species than continuously grazed pastures. Bird density was related to vegetation structure, with higher densities found on sites with deeper litter. Within the pasture land use types, there were no consistent differences between species richness and density near the stream (<10 m) and away (>10 m).

","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4003583","issn":"0022409X","usgsCitation":"Renfrew, R., and Ribic, C., 2001, Grassland birds associated with agricultural riparian practices in southwestern Wisconsin: Journal of Range Management, v. 54, no. 5, p. 546-552, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003583.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/643589","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Driftless Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.16575857443152,\n 44.43684199315811\n ],\n [\n -91.97899266246743,\n 44.338703898316936\n ],\n [\n -91.90758152965512,\n 44.19709561205261\n ],\n [\n -91.77574559215492,\n 44.12222036921074\n ],\n [\n -91.60545584005668,\n 44.015654996716535\n ],\n [\n -91.41319509786928,\n 43.960323483775056\n ],\n [\n -91.27586599630685,\n 43.76625703858235\n ],\n [\n -91.29234548849422,\n 43.67097361600477\n ],\n [\n -91.2538933400566,\n 43.464006462514334\n ],\n [\n -91.22093435568188,\n 43.408163044071415\n ],\n [\n -91.22093435568188,\n 43.34427889424853\n ],\n [\n -91.15501638693179,\n 43.328297341034215\n ],\n [\n -91.08360525411945,\n 43.25232752699745\n ],\n [\n -91.1934685353694,\n 43.136190672269066\n ],\n [\n -91.14952322286955,\n 42.91532417602218\n ],\n [\n -91.10557791036905,\n 42.867029530650086\n ],\n [\n -91.07811209005656,\n 42.75419497954971\n ],\n [\n -90.99022146505688,\n 42.68558787126665\n ],\n [\n -90.72105642599425,\n 42.620947183876154\n ],\n [\n -90.66063162130705,\n 42.50766433935169\n ],\n [\n -89.29832693380656,\n 42.49956483688837\n ],\n [\n -89.29832693380656,\n 43.128173087541285\n ],\n [\n -89.4081902150565,\n 43.47596620436465\n ],\n [\n -89.50706716818199,\n 44.19709534748961\n ],\n [\n -89.78721853536908,\n 44.43291961802271\n ],\n [\n -90.15526052755652,\n 44.61307637535003\n ],\n [\n -90.68260427755665,\n 44.81995752031699\n ],\n [\n -90.95726248068216,\n 44.90561547615778\n ],\n [\n -91.58348318380709,\n 44.90172469759921\n ],\n [\n -92.05589529318158,\n 44.69123162466923\n ],\n [\n -92.16575857443152,\n 44.43684199315811\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29e6e4b0c8380cd5ad1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renfrew, R.B.","contributorId":104671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renfrew","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023771,"text":"70023771 - 2001 - Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:21:29","indexId":"70023771","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations","docAbstract":"

Standard reference water samples (SRWS) were collected from two mine sites, one near Ophir, CO, USA and the other near Redding, CA, USA. The samples were filtered, preserved, and analyzed for rare earth element (REE) concentrations (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These two samples were acid mine waters with elevated concentrations of REEs (0.45–161 μg/l). Seventeen international laboratories participated in a ‘round-robin’ chemical analysis program, which made it possible to evaluate the data by robust statistical procedures that are insensitive to outliers. The resulting most probable values are reported. Ten to 15 of the participants also reported values for Ba, Y, and Sc. Field parameters, major ion, and other trace element concentrations, not subject to statistical evaluation, are provided.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., Antweiler, R.C., Nordstrom, D.K., and Taylor, H.E., 2001, Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations: Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, no. 2, p. 231-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207439,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96ace4b08c986b31b648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023591,"text":"70023591 - 2001 - Geomorphology, facies architecture, and high-resolution, non-marine sequence stratigraphy in avulsion deposits, Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023591","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphology, facies architecture, and high-resolution, non-marine sequence stratigraphy in avulsion deposits, Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan","docAbstract":"This paper demonstrates field relationships between landforms, facies, and high-resolution sequences in avulsion deposits. It defines the building blocks of a prograding avulsion sequence from a high-resolution sequence stratigraphy perspective, proposes concepts in non-marine sequence stratigraphy and flood basin evolution, and defines the continental equivalent to a parasequence. The geomorphic features investigated include a distributary channel and its levee, the Stage I crevasse splay of Smith et al. (Sedimentology, vol. 36 (1989) 1), and the local backswamp. Levees and splays have been poorly studied in the past, and three-dimensional (3D) studies are rare. In this study, stratigraphy is defined from the finest scale upward and facies are mapped in 3D. Genetically related successions are identified by defining a hierarchy of bounding surfaces. The genesis, architecture, geometry, and connectivity of facies are explored in 3D. The approach used here reveals that avulsion deposits are comparable in process, landform, facies, bounding surfaces, and scale to interdistributary bayfill, i.e. delta lobe deposits. Even a simple Stage I splay is a complex landform, composed of several geomorphic components, several facies and many depositional events. As in bayfill, an alluvial ridge forms as the feeder crevasse and its levees advance basinward through their own distributary mouth bar deposits to form a Stage I splay. This produces a shoestring-shaped concentration of disconnected sandbodies that is flanked by wings of heterolithic strata, that join beneath the terminal mouth bar. The proposed results challenge current paradigms. Defining a crevasse splay as a discrete sandbody potentially ignores 70% of the landform's volume. An individual sandbody is likely only a small part of a crevasse splay complex. The thickest sandbody is a terminal, channel associated feature, not a sheet that thins in the direction of propagation. The three stage model of splay evolution proposed by Smith et al. (Sedimentology, vol. 36 (1989) 1) is revised to include facies and geometries consistent with a bayfill model. By analogy with delta lobes, the avulsion sequence is a parasequence, provided that its definition is modified to be independent from sea level. In non-marine settings, facies contacts at the tops of regional peats, coals, and paleosols are analogous to marine flooding surfaces. A parasequence is redefined here as a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata or landforms that is bounded by regional flooding surfaces or their correlative surfaces. This broader definition incorporates the concept of landscape evolution between regional flooding surfaces in a variety of depositional settings. With respect to landscape evolution, accommodation space has three spatial dimensions - vertical (x), lateral (y), and down-the-basin (z). A flood basin fills in as landforms vertically (x) and laterally accrete (y), and prograde down-the-basin (z). Vertical aggradation is limited by the elevation of maximum flood stage (local base level). Differential tectonism and geomorphology control the slope of the flood basin floor and the direction of landscape evolution. These processes produce parasequences that include inclined stratal surfaces and oriented, stacked macroforms (clinoforms) that show the magnitude and direction of landscape evolution. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00150-0","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Farrell, K., 2001, Geomorphology, facies architecture, and high-resolution, non-marine sequence stratigraphy in avulsion deposits, Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan: Sedimentary Geology, v. 139, no. 2, p. 93-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00150-0.","startPage":"93","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207606,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00150-0"},{"id":232698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a27ade4b0c8380cd59ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrell, K.M.","contributorId":106573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023572,"text":"70023572 - 2001 - Eruptive stratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, 36°S, sourthern volcanic zone, Chilean Andes: Reconstruction method and implications for magma evolution at long-lived arc volcanic centers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T19:34:43.999113","indexId":"70023572","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive stratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, 36°S, sourthern volcanic zone, Chilean Andes: Reconstruction method and implications for magma evolution at long-lived arc volcanic centers","docAbstract":"

The Quaternary Tatara–San Pedro volcanic complex (36°S, Chilean Andes) comprises eight or more unconformity-bound volcanic sequences, representing variably preserved erosional remnants of volcanic centers generated during ∼930 ky of activity. The internal eruptive histories of several dominantly mafic to intermediate sequences have been reconstructed, on the basis of correlations of whole-rock major and trace element chemistry of flows between multiple sampled sections, but with critical contributions from photogrammetric, geochronologic, and paleomagnetic data. Many groups of flows representing discrete eruptive events define internal variation trends that reflect extrusion of heterogeneous or rapidly evolving magma batches from conduit–reservoir systems in which open-system processes typically played a large role. Long-term progressive evolution trends are extremely rare and the magma compositions of successive eruptive events rarely lie on precisely the same differentiation trend, even where they have evolved from similar parent magmas by similar processes. These observations are not consistent with magma differentiation in large long-lived reservoirs, but they may be accommodated by diverse interactions between newly arrived magma inputs and multiple resident pockets of evolved magma and/or crystal mush residing in conduit-dominated subvolcanic reservoirs. Without constraints provided by the reconstructed stratigraphic relations, the framework for petrologic modeling would be far different. A well-established eruptive stratigraphy may provide independent constraints on the petrologic processes involved in magma evolution—simply on the basis of the specific order in which diverse, broadly cogenetic magmas have been erupted. The Tatara–San Pedro complex includes lavas ranging from primitive basalt to high-SiO2 rhyolite, and although the dominant erupted magma type was basaltic andesite (∼52–55 wt % SiO2) each sequence is characterized by unique proportions of mafic, intermediate, and silicic eruptive products. Intermediate lava compositions also record different evolution paths, both within and between sequences. No systematic long-term pattern is evident from comparisons at the level of sequences. The considerable diversity of mafic and evolved magmas of the Tatara–San Pedro complex bears on interpretations of regional geochemical trends. The variable role of open-system processes in shaping the compositions of evolved Tatara–San Pedro complex magmas, and even some basaltic magmas, leads to the conclusion that addressing problems such as arc magma genesis and elemental fluxes through subduction zones on the basis of averaged or regressed reconnaissance geochemical datasets is a tenuous exercise. Such compositional indices are highly instructive for identifying broad regional trends and first-order problems, but they should be used with extreme caution in attempts to quantify processes and magma sources, including crustal components, implicated in these trends.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/42.3.555","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Dungan, M., Wulff, A., and Thompson, R., 2001, Eruptive stratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, 36°S, sourthern volcanic zone, Chilean Andes: Reconstruction method and implications for magma evolution at long-lived arc volcanic centers: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, no. 3, p. 555-626, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.3.555.","productDescription":"72 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Andes Mountains, Tatara-San Pedro Volcanic Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.22932453832438,\n -32.53514728524265\n ],\n [\n -74.22932453832438,\n -37.51540860294333\n ],\n [\n -68.79863955586832,\n -37.51540860294333\n ],\n [\n -68.79863955586832,\n -32.53514728524265\n ],\n [\n -74.22932453832438,\n -32.53514728524265\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a59e4b0c8380cd522fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dungan, M.A.","contributorId":36304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wulff, A.","contributorId":96452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulff","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, R.","contributorId":103444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023504,"text":"70023504 - 2001 - Patterns of mammalian species richness and habitat associations in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T12:23:08","indexId":"70023504","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of mammalian species richness and habitat associations in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

Landscape variables were employed as indices of habitat heterogeneity, fragmentation, and human influence on the environment to characterize constituent units of a 635 km2 grid covering the state of Pennsylvania. Species richness was determined by overlaying the distributions of all 60 terrestrial mammalian species found within the state. All landscape variables investigated were correlated with species richness. Areas with high topographic variation and low road density had the highest species richness. Species sensitive to habitat fragmentation were also associated with large forest patches and low road density. These landscape variables may be useful in identifying areas that are important for the conservation of these species. Associations between species distributions and landscape variables were substantiated by published habitat associations. Species with extremely limited distributions were not associated with landscape variables and represent special cases for conservation planners. Rare species, as defined by their limited geographical distribution, were not associated with areas of high species richness (hotspots). The utility of species richness hotspots for conservation planning is disputable. Hotspots of species richness were associated with large forest patches and low road density.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00223-8","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Joly, K., and Myers, W., 2001, Patterns of mammalian species richness and habitat associations in Pennsylvania: Biological Conservation, v. 99, no. 2, p. 253-260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00223-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70023333","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Representation of natural vegetation in protected areas: Capturing the geographic range","docAbstract":"Current conservation strategies for plant and animal species rarely address the need to protect the species throughout its geographic range thereby capturing potential genetic and ecological variation. We examined the degree that existing protected areas in the western United States satisfied this goal for four widespread vegetation cover types. We used latitude and longitude to stratify the distribution of these types into 16 cells, each of which was further stratified by up to five elevation classes. While protection of some vegetation types was high in parts of their range, it was minimal to nonexistent in other parts. While it is yet to be shown that protecting a given species throughout its geographic range is essential for its long-term existence, in the face of often unpredictable environmental changes, it seems a prudent course to follow. Our results suggest that if full range protection is a conservation goal, the existing network of protected areas may be inadequate for the task.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016647726583","issn":"09603115","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.M., Murray, M., Wright, R., Csuti, B., Morgan, P., and Pressey, R., 2001, Representation of natural vegetation in protected areas: Capturing the geographic range: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 10, no. 8, p. 1297-1301, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016647726583.","startPage":"1297","endPage":"1301","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207421,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016647726583"},{"id":232359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa87fe4b0c8380cd8593a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, M.","contributorId":89960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, R.G.","contributorId":9622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Csuti, B.","contributorId":50470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csuti","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morgan, P.","contributorId":34096,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pressey, R.L.","contributorId":72566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pressey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023293,"text":"70023293 - 2001 - Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T17:17:08.998324","indexId":"70023293","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes?","docAbstract":"Widespread, several-kilometer-thick successions of layered deposits occur as mounds that partly fill the troughs or chasmata that compose the Valles Marineris on Mars. Like terrestrial subice volcanoes, the layered deposits occur in a volcano-tectonic setting within basins that may have held ponded water or ice. On the basis of their dimensions, morphologies, and associated catastrophic floods and other geologic events as shown in Viking and new Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) data sets, we suggest that the interior deposits are volcanic in origin and possibly generated by subice eruptions. A tuya origin for the mounds can explain the lack of external sediment, mound heights that can rival the plateau, local flat-topped mesas, morphologically distinct mounds of different ages, horizontal to steep dips, fine-grained materials, indications of rare volcanic vents and lava flows, and spectral composition. The extremely diverse layering of west Candor Chasma and possible volcanic cones in Melas may have formed by related subaerial eruptions. Consistent with the suggestion that interior deposits are eroding out of the wall rock, some deposits could have been erupted from sites along the walls.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001303","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., and Tanaka, K.L., 2001, Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes?: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E5, p. 10087-10100, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001303.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10087","endPage":"10100","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Valles Marineris","volume":"106","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d1ee4b0c8380cd632fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, M. G.","contributorId":105737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}