The proposal for the “Anthropocene” epoch as a formal unit of the geologic time scale has received extensive attention in scientific and public media. However, most articles on the Anthropocene misrepresent the nature of the units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart, which is produced by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and serves as the basis for the geologic time scale. The stratigraphic record of the Anthropocene is minimal, especially with its recently proposed beginning in 1945; it is that of a human lifespan, and that definition relegates considerable anthropogenic change to a “pre-Anthropocene.” The utility of the Anthropocene requires careful consideration by its various potential users. Its concept is fundamentally different from the chronostratigraphic units that are established by ICS in that the documentation and study of the human impact on the Earth system are based more on direct human observation than on a stratigraphic record. The drive to officially recognize the Anthropocene may, in fact, be political rather than scientific.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GSATG270A.1","usgsCitation":"Finney, S.C., and Edwards, L.E., 2016, The “Anthropocene” epoch: Scientific decision or political statement?: GSA Today, v. 26, no. 3, p. 3-4, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG270A.1.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070876","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d80eb6e4b015c306f5ea26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finney, Stanley C.","contributorId":167284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finney","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":24675,"text":"California State University at Long Beach","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159457,"text":"sir20155159 - 2016 - Application of hydrogeology and groundwater-age estimates to assess the travel time of groundwater at the site of a landfill to the Mahomet Aquifer, near Clinton, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T13:44:50","indexId":"sir20155159","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-02T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5159","title":"Application of hydrogeology and groundwater-age estimates to assess the travel time of groundwater at the site of a landfill to the Mahomet Aquifer, near Clinton, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey used interpretations of hydrogeologic conditions and tritium-based groundwater age estimates to assess the travel time of groundwater at a landfill site near Clinton, Illinois (the “Clinton site”) where a chemical waste unit (CWU) was proposed to be within the Clinton landfill unit #3 (CLU#3). Glacial deposits beneath the CWU consist predominantly of low-permeability silt- and clay-rich till interspersed with thin (typically less than 2 feet in thickness) layers of more permeable deposits, including the Upper and Lower Radnor Till Sands and the Organic Soil unit. These glacial deposits are about 170 feet thick and overlie the Mahomet Sand Member of the Banner Formation. The Mahomet aquifer is composed of the Mahomet Sand Member and is used for water supply in much of east-central Illinois.
Eight tritium analyses of water from seven wells were used to evaluate the overall age of recharge to aquifers beneath the Clinton site. Groundwater samples were collected from six monitoring wells on or adjacent to the CLU#3 that were open to glacial deposits above the Mahomet aquifer (the upper and lower parts of the Radnor Till Member and the Organic Soil unit) and one proximal production well (approximately 0.5 miles from the CLU#3) that is screened in the Mahomet aquifer. The tritium-based age estimates were computed with a simplifying, piston-flow assumption: that groundwater moves in discrete packets to the sampled interval by advection, without hydrodynamic dispersion or mixing.
Tritium concentrations indicate a recharge age of at least 59 years (pre-1953 recharge) for water sampled from deposits below the upper part of the Radnor Till Member at the CLU#3, with older water expected at progressively greater depth in the tills. The largest tritium concentration from a well sampled by this study (well G53S; 0.32 ± 0.10 tritium units) was in groundwater from a sand deposit in the upper part of the Radnor Till Member; the shallowest permeable unit sampled by this study. That result indicated that nearly all groundwater sampled from well G53S entered the aquifer as recharge before 1953. Tritium was detected in a trace concentration in one sample from a second monitoring well open to the upper part of the Radnor Till Member (well G07S; 0.11 ± 0.09 tritium units), and not detected in samples collected from two monitoring wells open to a sand deposit in the lower part of the Radnor Till Member, from two samples collected from two monitoring wells open to the Organic Soil unit, and in two samples collected from a production well screened in the middle of the Mahomet aquifer (a groundwater sample and a sequential replicate sample). The lack of tritium in five of the six groundwater samples collected from the shallow permeable units beneath CLU#3 site and the two samples from the one Mahomet aquifer well indicates an absence of post-1952 recharge. Groundwater-flow paths that could contribute post-1952 recharge to the lower part of the Radnor Till Member, the Organic Soil unit, or the Mahomet aquifer at the CLU#3 are not indicated by these data.
Hypothetical two-part mixtures of tritium-dead, pre-1953 recharge water and decay-corrected tritium concentrations in post-1952 recharge were computed and compared with tritium analyses in groundwater sampled from monitoring wells at the CLU#3 site to evaluate whether tritium concentrations in groundwater could be represented by mixtures involving some post-1952 recharge. Results from the hypothetical two-part mixtures indicate that groundwater from monitoring well (G53S) was predominantly composed of pre-1953 recharge and that if present, younger, post-1955 recharge, contributed less than 2.5 percent to that sample. The hypothetical two-part mixing results also indicated that very small amounts of post-1952 recharge composing less than about 2.5 percent of the sample volume could not be distinguished in groundwater samples with tritium concentrations less than about 0.15 TU.
The piston-flow based age of recharge determined from the tritium concentration in the groundwater sample from monitoring well G53S yielded an estimated maximum vertical velocity from the land surface to the upper part of the Radnor Till Member of 0.85 feet per year or less. This velocity, ifassumed to apply to the remaining glacial till deposits above the Mahomet aquifer, indicates that recharge flows through the 170 feet of glacial deposits between the base of the proposed chemical waste unit and the top of the Mahomet aquifer in a minimum of 200 years or longer. Analysis of hydraulic data from the site, constrained by a tritium-age based maximum groundwater velocity estimate, computed minimum estimates of effective porosity that range from about 0.021 to 0.024 for the predominantly till deposits above the Mahomet aquifer.
Estimated rates of transport of recharge from land surface to the Mahomet aquifer for the CLU#3 site computed using the Darcy velocity equation with site-specific data were about 260 years or longer. The Darcy velocity-based estimates were computed using values that were based on tritium data, estimates of vertical velocity and effective porosity and available site-specific data. Solution of the Darcy velocity equation indicated that maximum vertical groundwater velocities through the deposits above the aquifer were 0.41 or 0.61 feet per year, depending on the site-specific values of vertical hydraulic conductivity (laboratory triaxial test values) and effective porosity used for the computation. The resulting calculated minimum travel times for groundwater to flow from the top of the Berry Clay Member (at the base of the proposed chemical waste unit) to the top of the Mahomet aquifer ranged from about 260 to 370 years, depending on the velocity value used in the calculation. In comparison, plausible travel times calculated using vertical hydraulic conductivity values from a previously published regional groundwater flow model were either slightly less than or longer than those calculated using site data and ranged from 230 to 580 years.
Tritium data from 1996 to 2011 USGS regional sampling of groundwater from domestic wells in the confined part of the Mahomet aquifer—which are 2.5 to about 40 miles from the Clinton site—were compared with site-specific data from a production well at the Clinton site. Tritium-based groundwater-age estimates indicated predominantly pre- 1953 recharge dates for USGS and other prior regional samples of groundwater from domestic wells in the Mahomet aquifer. These results agreed with the tritium-based, pre-1953 recharge age estimated for a groundwater sample and a sequential replicate sample from a production well in the confined part of the Mahomet aquifer beneath the Clinton site.
The regional tritium-based groundwater age estimates also were compared with pesticide detections in samples from distal domestic wells in the USGS regional network that are about 2.5 to 40 miles from the Clinton site to identify whether very small amounts of post-1952 recharge have in places reached confined parts of the Mahomet aquifer at locations other than the Clinton site in an approximately 2,000 square mile area of the Mahomet aquifer. Very small amounts of post-1952 recharge were defined in this analysis as less than about 2.5 percent of the total recharge contributing to a groundwater sample, based on results from the two-part mixing analysis of tritium data from the Clinton site. Pesticide-based groundwater-age estimates based on 22 detections of pesticides (13 of these detections were estimated concentrations), including atrazine, deethylatrazine (2-Chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-amino- s-triazine), cyanazine, diazinon, metolachlor, molinate, prometon, and trifluralin in groundwater samples from 10 domestic wells 2.5 to about 40 miles distant from the Clinton site indicate that very small amounts of post-1956 to post-1992 recharge can in places reach the confined part of the Mahomet aquifer in other parts of central Illinois. The relative lack of tritium in these samples indicate that the amounts of post-1956 to post-1992 recharge contributing to the 10 domestic wells were a very small part of the overall older groundwater sampled from those wells.
The flow process by which very small amounts of pesticide-bearing groundwater reached the screened intervals of the 10 domestic wells could not be distinguished between well-integrity related infiltration and natural hydrogeologic features. Potential explanations include: (1) infiltration through man-made avenues in or along the well, (2) flow of very small amounts of post-1956 to post-1992 recharge through sparsely distributed natural permeable aspects of the glacial till and diluted by mixing with older groundwater, or (3) a combination of both processes.
Presuming the domestic wells sampled by the USGS in 1996–2011 in the regional study of the confined part of the Mahomet aquifer are adequately sealed and produce groundwater that is representative of aquifer conditions, the regional tritium and pesticide-based groundwater-age results indicate substantial heterogeneity in the glacial stratigraphy above the Mahomet aquifer. The pesticide-based groundwater-age estimates from the domestic wells distant from the Clinton site also indicate that parts of the Mahomet aquifer with the pesticide detections can be susceptible to contaminant sources at the land surface. The regional pesticide and tritium results from the domestic wells further indicate that a potential exists for possible contaminants from land surface to be transported through the glacial drift deposits that confine the Mahomet aquifer in other parts of central Illinois at faster rates than those computed for recharge at the Clinton site, including CLU#3. This analysis indicates the potential value of sub-microgram-per-liter level concentrations of land-use derived indicators of modern recharge to indicate the presence of very small amounts of modern, post-1952 age recharge in overall older, pre-1953 age groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155159","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., and Buszka, P.M., 2016, Application of hydrogeology and groundwater-age estimates to assess the travel time of groundwater at the site of a landfill to the Mahomet Aquifer, near Clinton, Illinois, with a section on Regional Indications of Recharge to the Mahomet Aquifer from Previously Collected Tritium and Pesticide Data, by Buszka, P.M. and Morrow, W.S.: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5159, 54 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155159.\n","productDescription":"vii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038616","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5159/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5159/sir20155159.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5159"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Clinton","otherGeospatial":"Mahomet Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.96428108215332,\n 40.107618711896095\n ],\n [\n -88.96428108215332,\n 40.117793139514546\n ],\n [\n -88.94694328308105,\n 40.117793139514546\n ],\n [\n -88.94694328308105,\n 40.107618711896095\n ],\n [\n -88.96428108215332,\n 40.107618711896095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Illinois Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 N. Goodwin Avenue
Urbana, IL 61801
http://il.water.usgs.gov/
An integrated synthesis of existing datasets (detailed geologic mapping, geochronologic, paleontologic, geophysical) with new paleontologic and geochemical investigations of rocks previously interpreted as part of the Neoproterozoic Walden Creek Group in southeastern Tennessee suggest a necessary reevaluation of the kinematics and structural architecture of the Blue Ridge Foothills. The western Blue Ridge of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia is composed of numerous northwest-directed early and late Paleozoic thrust sheets, which record pronounced variation in stratigraphic/structural architecture and timing of metamorphism. The detailed spatial, temporal, and kinematic relationships of these rocks have remained controversial. Two fault blocks that are structurally isolated between the Great Smoky and Miller Cove-Greenbrier thrust sheets, here designated the Maggies Mill and Citico thrust sheets, contain Late Ordovician-Devonian conodonts and stable isotope chemostratigraphic signatures consistent with a mid-Paleozoic age. Geochemical and paleontological analyses of Walden Creek Group rocks northwest and southeast of these two thrust sheets, however, are more consistent with a Late Neoproterozoic (550–545 Ma) depositional age. Consequently, the structural juxtaposition of mid-Paleozoic rocks within a demonstrably Neoproterozoic-Cambrian succession between the Great Smoky and Miller Cove-Greenbrier thrust sheets suggests that a simple foreland-propagating thrust sequence model is not applicable in the Blue Ridge Foothills. We propose that these younger rocks were deposited landward of the Ocoee Supergroup, and were subsequently plucked from the Great Smoky fault footwall as a horse, and breached through the Great Smoky thrust sheet during Alleghanian emplacement of that structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/03.2016.03","usgsCitation":"Thigpen, J.R., Hatcher, R.D., Kah, L., and Repetski, J.E., 2016, Reevaluating the age of the Walden Creek Group and the kinematic evolution of the western Blue Ridge, southern Appalachians: American Journal of Science, v. 316, p. 279-308, https://doi.org/10.2475/03.2016.03.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"308","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069424","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325563,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.661376953125,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -81.419677734375,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -81.265869140625,\n 36.40359962073256\n ],\n [\n -81.63940429687499,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -82.02392578125,\n 35.79999392988527\n ],\n [\n -82.803955078125,\n 35.4159149234562\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 35.290468565908775\n ],\n [\n -83.485107421875,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -83.902587890625,\n 35.08395557927643\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 35.04798673426734\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 35.34425514918409\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 35.755428369259626\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 36.2354121683998\n ],\n [\n -82.891845703125,\n 36.30627216957992\n ],\n [\n -82.37548828125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -81.661376953125,\n 36.5978891330702\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"316","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57934449e4b0eb1ce79e8c0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thigpen, J. Ryan","contributorId":173115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thigpen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ryan","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Robert D. Jr.","contributorId":121402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kah, Linda C.","contributorId":40842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kah","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189227,"text":"70189227 - 2016 - Mercury transformation and release differs with depth and time in a contaminated riparian soil during simulated flooding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T13:12:52","indexId":"70189227","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury transformation and release differs with depth and time in a contaminated riparian soil during simulated flooding","docAbstract":"Riparian soils are an important environment in the transport of mercury in rivers and wetlands, but the biogeochemical factors controlling mercury dynamics under transient redox conditions in these soils are not well understood. Mercury release and transformations in the Oa and underlying A horizons of a contaminated riparian soil were characterized in microcosms and an intact soil core under saturation conditions. Pore water dynamics of total mercury (HgT), methylmercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (Hg0(aq)) along with selected anions, major elements, and trace metals were characterized across redox transitions during 36 d of flooding in microcosms. Next, HgT dynamics were characterized over successive flooding (17 d), drying (28 d), and flooding (36 d) periods in the intact core. The observed mercury dynamics exhibit depth and temporal variability. At the onset of flooding in microcosms (1–3 d), mercury in the Oa horizon soil, present as a combination of ionic mercury (Hg(II)) bound to thiol groups in the soil organic matter (SOM) and nanoparticulate metacinnabar (b-HgS), was mobilized with organic matter of high molecular weight. Subsequently, under anoxic conditions, pore water HgT declined coincident with sulfate (3–11 d) and the proportion of nanoparticulate b-HgS in the Oa horizon soil increased slightly. Redox oscillations in the intact Oa horizon soil exhausted the mobile mercury pool associated with organic matter. In contrast, mercury in the A horizon soil, present predominantly as nanoparticulate b-HgS, was mobilized primarily as Hg0(aq) under strongly reducing conditions (5–18 d). The concentration of Hg0(aq) under dark reducing conditions correlated positively with byproducts of dissimilatory metal reduction (P(Fe,Mn)). Mercury dynamics in intact A horizon soil were consistent over two periods of flooding, indicating that nanoparticulate b-HgS was an accessible pool of mobile mercury over recurrent reducing conditions. The concentration of MeHg increased with flooding time in both the Oa and A horizon pore waters. Temporal changes in pore water constituents (iron, manganese, sulfate, inorganic carbon, headspace methane) all implicate microbial control of redox transitions. The mobilization of mercury in multiple forms, including HgT associated with organic matter, MeHg, and Hg0(aq), to pore waters during periodic soil flooding may contribute to mercury releases to adjacent surface waters and the recycling of the legacy mercury to the atmosphere.","language":"English","publisher":"Elesevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.024","usgsCitation":"Poulin, B., Aiken, G.R., Nagy, K.L., Manceau, A., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Ryan, J.N., 2016, Mercury transformation and release differs with depth and time in a contaminated riparian soil during simulated flooding: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 176, p. 118-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.024.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"118","endPage":"138","ipdsId":"IP-071067","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1248429","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"East Fork Poplar Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.38768684864044, 35.94983599911519 ], [ -84.38742130994797, 35.94926927938704 ], [ -84.3860936164856, 35.949284478819784 ], [ -84.38383251428604, 35.949586295521385 ], [ -84.38340067863463, 35.94990113905334 ], [ -84.38327729701996, 35.95034408920849 ], [ -84.3834838271141, 35.95162081399567 ], [ -84.38358843326569, 35.952452411051354 ], [ -84.3833389878273, 35.95284323693099 ], [ -84.38282936811447, 35.95280415443002 ], [ -84.38183695077896, 35.95217014671358 ], [ -84.38066750764847, 35.95183794200869 ], [ -84.3801498413086, 35.95188571009145 ], [ -84.37920570373535, 35.95244372600984 ], [ -84.37772512435913, 35.95238510195468 ], [ -84.37714040279388, 35.95226351118307 ], [ -84.37715649604796, 35.95176628983035 ], [ -84.37699288129807, 35.95151659233746 ], [ -84.37694191932678, 35.951132273784516 ], [ -84.37626332044601, 35.950613332206885 ], [ -84.37627673149109, 35.950166040915214 ], [ -84.37601923942566, 35.949631893627846 ], [ -84.37538355588912, 35.949171568678224 ], [ -84.37385737895966, 35.94883283728544 ], [ -84.37363475561142, 35.94898483232081 ], [ -84.37358379364014, 35.94956892480724 ], [ -84.37316000461578, 35.95032888997961 ], [ -84.37296956777573, 35.95103456537977 ], [ -84.37145411968231, 35.951642526823825 ], [ -84.37079429626465, 35.95229608015809 ], [ -84.37063872814178, 35.95270427683974 ], [ -84.37079161405562, 35.95385069028228 ], [ -84.37014520168304, 35.95434789851559 ], [ -84.3695792555809, 35.95402004540315 ], [ -84.3689113855362, 35.95452810858726 ], [ -84.36897039413452, 35.9548060221088 ], [ -84.36960875988007, 35.955448693382365 ], [ -84.36959266662598, 35.95598714366699 ], [ -84.36937808990479, 35.95616083652421 ], [ -84.36836153268814, 35.956278078986905 ], [ -84.36726987361908, 35.957211670164845 ], [ -84.36720013618469, 35.957487403122826 ], [ -84.36752200126648, 35.95777833291677 ], [ -84.36694800853729, 35.95832110951841 ], [ -84.36665832996368, 35.95910270127187 ], [ -84.36643838882446, 35.959285071568054 ], [ -84.36608970165253, 35.959304611217675 ], [ -84.36551302671432, 35.95882914503795 ], [ -84.3652555346489, 35.95874230159097 ], [ -84.36455547809601, 35.95897026543566 ], [ -84.36442404985428, 35.95918737324745 ], [ -84.36421751976013, 35.96066803260911 ], [ -84.36383664608002, 35.961152171803235 ], [ -84.36337530612946, 35.961499534418785 ], [ -84.362935423851, 35.96146262721341 ], [ -84.36187595129013, 35.96097631889658 ], [ -84.36111152172089, 35.960893819867145 ], [ -84.36080038547514, 35.96071579535213 ], [ -84.36047583818436, 35.96090033295155 ], [ -84.36030954122543, 35.9613084851693 ], [ -84.36042219400406, 35.96155815170949 ], [ -84.36103910207748, 35.96151907352051 ], [ -84.3611490726471, 35.961608084922794 ], [ -84.3610632419586, 35.96189899953783 ], [ -84.36069041490555, 35.96220293903565 ], [ -84.36034172773361, 35.96230280461532 ], [ -84.3596550822258, 35.961716635277625 ], [ -84.35904085636139, 35.96167972817372 ], [ -84.35899257659912, 35.96195327453394 ], [ -84.35951560735703, 35.96311040857592 ], [ -84.3596363067627, 35.96366183234169 ], [ -84.3590596318245, 35.964554088625235 ], [ -84.35927152633667, 35.96572420993039 ], [ -84.35904085636139, 35.96606286889077 ], [ -84.3582871556282, 35.96620397636222 ], [ -84.35607701539993, 35.96610845748606 ], [ -84.35573637485504, 35.96591090671641 ], [ -84.3556237220764, 35.965250953309024 ], [ -84.35530453920364, 35.9650751095297 ], [ -84.35482442378998, 35.96525312421744 ], [ -84.35384541749954, 35.96617358400506 ], [ -84.35307025909424, 35.966609930296876 ], [ -84.351766705513, 35.966603417683395 ], [ -84.3512624502182, 35.96612148279414 ], [ -84.35084670782089, 35.96616707135558 ], [ -84.35057044029236, 35.9664167225348 ], [ -84.35044437646866, 35.966681569009864 ], [ -84.35068577528, 35.968079596336814 ], [ -84.35097008943556, 35.968290166630744 ], [ -84.35151726007462, 35.96843778258444 ], [ -84.35291200876236, 35.968372657933 ], [ -84.35345649719238, 35.96823806681649 ], [ -84.35357719659805, 35.968340095587145 ], [ -84.35361206531525, 35.96874386772658 ], [ -84.35347527265549, 35.96884372503396 ], [ -84.35295224189758, 35.96875689259992 ], [ -84.35219049453735, 35.96889582444856 ], [ -84.35116857290268, 35.96904778087806 ], [ -84.35025125741959, 35.96937991319859 ], [ -84.35010105371475, 35.96972941040623 ], [ -84.35024052858353, 35.97063896420938 ], [ -84.35016006231308, 35.9707605266923 ], [ -84.34733837842941, 35.97077789274602 ], [ -84.34683680534363, 35.9706194273643 ], [ -84.34667855501175, 35.970482669313405 ], [ -84.34613943099976, 35.96900870639554 ], [ -84.34569954872131, 35.96888714121518 ], [ -84.34549033641815, 35.969562259760814 ], [ -84.34419751167297, 35.96974460590188 ], [ -84.34382200241089, 35.969631725007076 ], [ -84.34296905994415, 35.96970553176425 ], [ -84.34216976165771, 35.96906297650492 ], [ -84.3415716290474, 35.96900870639554 ], [ -84.34141337871552, 35.969117246577 ], [ -84.34119611978531, 35.97070191623282 ], [ -84.3412846326828, 35.971546336798156 ], [ -84.34111565351486, 35.971665727151844 ], [ -84.34071600437164, 35.97172650762618 ], [ -84.3400776386261, 35.97127933589919 ], [ -84.33883041143417, 35.97103621234391 ], [ -84.33727204799652, 35.9715615319441 ], [ -84.33701992034912, 35.97176341003421 ], [ -84.33695554733276, 35.97183070261617 ], [ -84.33704674243927, 35.971908848768436 ], [ -84.33747321367264, 35.9716548734908 ], [ -84.3389967083931, 35.97120987210267 ], [ -84.33975845575333, 35.97134879963461 ], [ -84.33976918458939, 35.9714399706946 ], [ -84.34061676263808, 35.97185675134219 ], [ -84.34099495410919, 35.97187411715475 ], [ -84.34138923883438, 35.971659214955395 ], [ -84.34156894683838, 35.96931044773078 ], [ -84.34167355298996, 35.96917368741236 ], [ -84.34200346469879, 35.96919973701509 ], [ -84.34281080961227, 35.969831437249624 ], [ -84.34445768594742, 35.9698813652313 ], [ -84.34564858675003, 35.96969684861995 ], [ -84.34592753648758, 35.969286568962076 ], [ -84.34612333774567, 35.9698357788145 ], [ -84.34664636850357, 35.97077355123295 ], [ -84.34742689132689, 35.970927674800706 ], [ -84.35020565986632, 35.970955894576285 ], [ -84.35048192739487, 35.97073013608913 ], [ -84.35031831264496, 35.96975111825629 ], [ -84.35045510530472, 35.96952318553295 ], [ -84.35067236423492, 35.96940162114475 ], [ -84.35100764036179, 35.969260519388015 ], [ -84.35237020254135, 35.96907817212887 ], [ -84.35265451669693, 35.96904995168207 ], [ -84.35283422470093, 35.968967461087466 ], [ -84.3535315990448, 35.969010877200624 ], [ -84.35379713773727, 35.968835041794854 ], [ -84.35381323099136, 35.96831838734911 ], [ -84.35359060764311, 35.968049204701614 ], [ -84.35146898031235, 35.968218529377275 ], [ -84.35088962316512, 35.96791244219849 ], [ -84.35064554214478, 35.96663598074549 ], [ -84.35115784406662, 35.966282128084075 ], [ -84.35157090425491, 35.966751036790704 ], [ -84.35327678918839, 35.96671413203975 ], [ -84.35412168502808, 35.96618226753688 ], [ -84.35497730970383, 35.96537035318288 ], [ -84.35530453920364, 35.965281346021314 ], [ -84.35559421777725, 35.965991229616435 ], [ -84.3560180068016, 35.966288640724066 ], [ -84.35843199491501, 35.966345083581515 ], [ -84.35917228460312, 35.96618443841967 ], [ -84.35948342084885, 35.96580670391353 ], [ -84.35927957296371, 35.96448461891156 ], [ -84.35986697673798, 35.96374867037906 ], [ -84.35924738645554, 35.96188163153118 ], [ -84.3592956662178, 35.96180564645724 ], [ -84.35955315828323, 35.96182301448059 ], [ -84.36038732528687, 35.962491680475075 ], [ -84.36091840267181, 35.96227241075663 ], [ -84.3612241744995, 35.96200972049035 ], [ -84.36136096715927, 35.96172314829417 ], [ -84.36111688613892, 35.96137361564718 ], [ -84.36054021120071, 35.96138012869203 ], [ -84.36054825782776, 35.96111526443553 ], [ -84.36078161001204, 35.960917701174004 ], [ -84.36107665300369, 35.961067501934096 ], [ -84.36169624328613, 35.9610892121656 ], [ -84.36276644468307, 35.961605913914184 ], [ -84.36330825090408, 35.96168189918032 ], [ -84.36403512954712, 35.96119993425347 ], [ -84.36439722776413, 35.96073967671283 ], [ -84.36474323272705, 35.95909835911681 ], [ -84.36529308557509, 35.95897243651674 ], [ -84.3660119175911, 35.95953040237365 ], [ -84.36648666858673, 35.95943270435655 ], [ -84.36681926250458, 35.95923730795974 ], [ -84.36709016561508, 35.95844703315692 ], [ -84.36768293380737, 35.957945508507585 ], [ -84.36768561601639, 35.95770234389488 ], [ -84.36743348836899, 35.95740924269705 ], [ -84.36838030815125, 35.95645828465508 ], [ -84.36936199665068, 35.95634321361322 ], [ -84.369777739048, 35.9560544496945 ], [ -84.36983406543732, 35.955424810421846 ], [ -84.36915814876556, 35.95474739980671 ], [ -84.36916619539261, 35.95455416302146 ], [ -84.36962217092514, 35.95425453650955 ], [ -84.36988234519958, 35.95447599969313 ], [ -84.37022835016249, 35.954484684511215 ], [ -84.37092304229736, 35.95395925129897 ], [ -84.37100887298584, 35.95382029317085 ], [ -84.37084794044495, 35.95278244192114 ], [ -84.37101691961288, 35.95229608015809 ], [ -84.3714702129364, 35.95184011328578 ], [ -84.37317609786987, 35.951138787673884 ], [ -84.37317341566086, 35.95105844966765 ], [ -84.37337726354599, 35.95027677831552 ], [ -84.37379032373428, 35.94966663502464 ], [ -84.37384933233261, 35.94910208543401 ], [ -84.3739914894104, 35.948982660965214 ], [ -84.37535405158997, 35.94934527652148 ], [ -84.37593877315521, 35.94984034177941 ], [ -84.37605410814285, 35.95065024448191 ], [ -84.3767112493515, 35.95121912559841 ], [ -84.3767300248146, 35.951525277480904 ], [ -84.37692582607269, 35.95183142817697 ], [ -84.37680512666702, 35.95228522383457 ], [ -84.37701970338821, 35.95242201340188 ], [ -84.37795579433441, 35.95259354284204 ], [ -84.37920838594437, 35.952656509251916 ], [ -84.3803483247757, 35.95209632356652 ], [ -84.38119322061539, 35.95215277656753 ], [ -84.38127368688583, 35.95223094219461 ], [ -84.38092231750488, 35.95257834404591 ], [ -84.38155263662338, 35.95236773185591 ], [ -84.38173234462738, 35.95242201340188 ], [ -84.38272476196289, 35.95310812892781 ], [ -84.38255846500397, 35.95330788296091 ], [ -84.38127636909485, 35.95367699234526 ], [ -84.38166797161102, 35.953737786666636 ], [ -84.38219904899597, 35.9535771158585 ], [ -84.38198983669281, 35.95399181957488 ], [ -84.3825101852417, 35.95350329402629 ], [ -84.38375473022461, 35.95275638690261 ], [ -84.38385397195816, 35.95182925689962 ], [ -84.38363671302795, 35.95032671866095 ], [ -84.38370645046234, 35.950489567394165 ], [ -84.38392102718353, 35.95004227540178 ], [ -84.38433408737183, 35.949816457123276 ], [ -84.38648521900177, 35.949590638199325 ], [ -84.38768684864044, 35.94983599911519 ] ] ] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.33703869581223, 35.97193272674395 ], [ -84.33697700500488, 35.97189582441508 ], [ -84.336818754673, 35.97269681814754 ], [ -84.33742761611938, 35.97409908028883 ], [ -84.33695018291472, 35.97452235885798 ], [ -84.33696627616882, 35.97471988808016 ], [ -84.33743566274642, 35.97515835777394 ], [ -84.33744102716446, 35.97528425456267 ], [ -84.33712184429169, 35.97549480563989 ], [ -84.33651566505432, 35.975592483784 ], [ -84.33645397424698, 35.97555341254087 ], [ -84.3365693092346, 35.97525603633437 ], [ -84.33622866868973, 35.97523432999805 ], [ -84.3359899520874, 35.9753819329673 ], [ -84.33589607477188, 35.97572055050086 ], [ -84.33585315942764, 35.97575745104175 ], [ -84.3357190489769, 35.97574442732341 ], [ -84.33545082807541, 35.976159014635975 ], [ -84.3351262807846, 35.97641514602354 ], [ -84.33488219976425, 35.97636956337979 ], [ -84.33469712734222, 35.97649762883583 ], [ -84.33482855558395, 35.977426639821395 ], [ -84.3347480893135, 35.97747656299934 ], [ -84.33464348316193, 35.977483074715884 ], [ -84.33384150266647, 35.97753082728739 ], [ -84.3330529332161, 35.97801052197095 ], [ -84.3324065208435, 35.97781300098374 ], [ -84.33192908763885, 35.9777174961533 ], [ -84.3317949771881, 35.97785641223209 ], [ -84.33179765939713, 35.97806044477957 ], [ -84.3318298459053, 35.97872897326081 ], [ -84.33153748512268, 35.97896556152902 ], [ -84.33111101388931, 35.97906757643501 ], [ -84.32993352413177, 35.97891129822743 ], [ -84.32975381612778, 35.97911749857497 ], [ -84.3301185965538, 35.979497339910175 ], [ -84.33013468980789, 35.97969485668201 ], [ -84.329614341259, 35.98016585621989 ], [ -84.3294882774353, 35.98072150183013 ], [ -84.32910203933716, 35.98090599267152 ], [ -84.32852268218994, 35.9807887867752 ], [ -84.32812035083771, 35.98088862884602 ], [ -84.32737737894058, 35.98171991770529 ], [ -84.32753562927246, 35.98230810897098 ], [ -84.327272772789, 35.98256639083523 ], [ -84.3268221616745, 35.982499107405786 ], [ -84.3263554573059, 35.98204331492164 ], [ -84.32589679956436, 35.98183495176633 ], [ -84.32523161172867, 35.98169821314668 ], [ -84.3236893415451, 35.98061080711829 ], [ -84.32339429855345, 35.98060646614602 ], [ -84.32288736104965, 35.9810123460194 ], [ -84.32204246520996, 35.98120768852985 ], [ -84.32189762592316, 35.9817806904377 ], [ -84.32204782962799, 35.98231896116717 ], [ -84.32194858789444, 35.98240360824619 ], [ -84.32161867618561, 35.982433994354956 ], [ -84.32096421718597, 35.98219958692706 ], [ -84.3207710981369, 35.982312449849644 ], [ -84.32072281837463, 35.98267708280396 ], [ -84.32079792022705, 35.98329348229991 ], [ -84.32064235210419, 35.98340417324873 ], [ -84.3206262588501, 35.98388383223265 ], [ -84.32047873735428, 35.98406614528987 ], [ -84.31995034217833, 35.98428101370939 ], [ -84.31973576545715, 35.9841225754365 ], [ -84.31907325983047, 35.984218072515766 ], [ -84.31904643774033, 35.985123118642655 ], [ -84.31996911764145, 35.985324962046555 ], [ -84.32072013616562, 35.98526202168568 ], [ -84.32135313749313, 35.98645353930625 ], [ -84.31917518377304, 35.98830046457201 ], [ -84.31915640830994, 35.98873885881454 ], [ -84.3194916844368, 35.98910346207164 ], [ -84.31964725255965, 35.98949844703197 ], [ -84.31912690401077, 35.98994985599373 ], [ -84.31629449129105, 35.99111526045741 ], [ -84.3153315782547, 35.991540617946896 ], [ -84.31510090827942, 35.991751125651966 ], [ -84.31532889604568, 35.99243038895185 ], [ -84.31432843208313, 35.99309011511993 ], [ -84.31400656700134, 35.99273421089886 ], [ -84.31334137916565, 35.99264306443765 ], [ -84.31316435337067, 35.99250417438944 ], [ -84.31315094232559, 35.991731594032856 ], [ -84.3132609128952, 35.99110874986577 ], [ -84.31279420852661, 35.99087870861624 ], [ -84.31172132492065, 35.99084832575956 ], [ -84.31127339601517, 35.991267174109794 ], [ -84.30991619825363, 35.99183576261216 ], [ -84.30915713310242, 35.99243906959517 ], [ -84.30910348892212, 35.992975097468005 ], [ -84.30963188409805, 35.993452528133915 ], [ -84.30947095155716, 35.99369558263562 ], [ -84.30926710367203, 35.99374332539615 ], [ -84.30863946676254, 35.993489420383256 ], [ -84.30809497833252, 35.993587076254194 ], [ -84.30729031562805, 35.993387424122346 ], [ -84.30579364299774, 35.99434878789791 ], [ -84.30586606264114, 35.9948652719502 ], [ -84.30549323558807, 35.99570509383979 ], [ -84.3050479888916, 35.995898229908875 ], [ -84.3045061826706, 35.99563782161478 ], [ -84.30412530899048, 35.995644331832615 ], [ -84.3033903837204, 35.996052304411386 ], [ -84.30367738008499, 35.99725233917867 ], [ -84.30324822664261, 35.99824403586694 ], [ -84.30266886949539, 35.99863463507824 ], [ -84.30064111948013, 35.9986129351728 ], [ -84.29923295974731, 35.999138071208115 ], [ -84.29785966873169, 35.99904476216803 ], [ -84.29743587970734, 35.99878219427682 ], [ -84.29760217666626, 35.99806392557894 ], [ -84.29756194353104, 35.997790504355585 ], [ -84.29729908704758, 35.997549632492486 ], [ -84.29645419120789, 35.997527932288506 ], [ -84.29618865251541, 35.99766030343984 ], [ -84.29485827684402, 35.99887116366019 ], [ -84.29438084363937, 35.99894494307273 ], [ -84.29410725831984, 35.99914675111321 ], [ -84.29183810949326, 36.000049456026574 ], [ -84.2911085486412, 36.000444386176945 ], [ -84.29071694612503, 36.00081761505073 ], [ -84.28974062204361, 36.00097167994284 ], [ -84.2895045876503, 36.00118216247794 ], [ -84.2894724011421, 36.001707281404954 ], [ -84.28893327713013, 36.00216513017775 ], [ -84.28830295801163, 36.00218248932063 ], [ -84.2875948548317, 36.00264684497407 ], [ -84.28704768419266, 36.00283996404353 ], [ -84.28610354661942, 36.00289421088807 ], [ -84.28504943847656, 36.0032695980296 ], [ -84.2834347486496, 36.00346705528852 ], [ -84.28236722946167, 36.004358861583746 ], [ -84.2813640832901, 36.0043523520853 ], [ -84.28102880716324, 36.00447169280498 ], [ -84.28043872117996, 36.005146506930615 ], [ -84.28091615438461, 36.007340155389706 ], [ -84.2805004119873, 36.00852700008058 ], [ -84.27979230880737, 36.008934906013195 ], [ -84.27867382764816, 36.008893681573326 ], [ -84.27680164575577, 36.00931894318039 ], [ -84.27327454090118, 36.00987004409518 ], [ -84.27215337753296, 36.00873312302309 ], [ -84.2717483639717, 36.00869623790456 ], [ -84.26883280277252, 36.009583645675406 ], [ -84.26859945058823, 36.00956411847254 ], [ -84.26517963409422, 36.008160316882325 ], [ -84.26504284143448, 36.00801060550041 ], [ -84.26493287086487, 36.00803447255136 ], [ -84.26504820585251, 36.00820371143262 ], [ -84.26849484443665, 36.0096443969423 ], [ -84.2688301205635, 36.00968345130345 ], [ -84.27173495292664, 36.008767838413 ], [ -84.2720514535904, 36.00879821436664 ], [ -84.27321553230286, 36.00996117064691 ], [ -84.27678287029265, 36.00939271281751 ], [ -84.27870333194733, 36.00895660307815 ], [ -84.27978694438934, 36.00902386394158 ], [ -84.28056210279465, 36.00862897676159 ], [ -84.28088933229446, 36.008001926571005 ], [ -84.28104758262634, 36.007305439371116 ], [ -84.28055673837662, 36.005155186174356 ], [ -84.28110122680664, 36.00452159887055 ], [ -84.28140431642532, 36.004426126369694 ], [ -84.28238868713379, 36.004426126369694 ], [ -84.28345620632172, 36.00353649069062 ], [ -84.28500652313232, 36.00334771304828 ], [ -84.28610891103743, 36.002967986536746 ], [ -84.28708791732788, 36.00292024936019 ], [ -84.287648499012, 36.002716281098444 ], [ -84.28834050893784, 36.002269284977665 ], [ -84.28901642560959, 36.00223456672632 ], [ -84.28956359624863, 36.00174850960241 ], [ -84.2895582318306, 36.00126895923603 ], [ -84.28974062204361, 36.00108668593371 ], [ -84.29080009460449, 36.0008588437133 ], [ -84.29115414619446, 36.00049863466949 ], [ -84.29186761379242, 36.00009502499101 ], [ -84.29412066936493, 35.999198830523675 ], [ -84.2944023013115, 35.99899919259672 ], [ -84.2948904633522, 35.99892541323494 ], [ -84.29619401693344, 35.99770804380056 ], [ -84.29643541574478, 35.997593032882506 ], [ -84.29716497659683, 35.99763426323091 ], [ -84.29737687110901, 35.99777314424589 ], [ -84.29746270179749, 35.99806826559071 ], [ -84.2973044514656, 35.9987887042351 ], [ -84.29779529571533, 35.999125051348685 ], [ -84.29923564195633, 35.999205340447574 ], [ -84.300616979599, 35.99868454483806 ], [ -84.30269300937653, 35.998706244723785 ], [ -84.30332869291306, 35.99828526587502 ], [ -84.30378466844559, 35.99729139967802 ], [ -84.30350840091705, 35.99607617508203 ], [ -84.30411994457245, 35.995724624475 ], [ -84.30448204278946, 35.99574849524481 ], [ -84.30502653121948, 35.99601975348522 ], [ -84.30557638406754, 35.9957419850356 ], [ -84.3059840798378, 35.994830550439275 ], [ -84.30588215589523, 35.99436831886897 ], [ -84.30731445550919, 35.9934546982667 ], [ -84.30812984704971, 35.99368473200419 ], [ -84.30864483118057, 35.993567545089675 ], [ -84.30904984474182, 35.993723794270345 ], [ -84.30929660797119, 35.99382796021884 ], [ -84.30959701538085, 35.993717283893986 ], [ -84.3097659945488, 35.99350244117304 ], [ -84.3097472190857, 35.99338091371823 ], [ -84.30922955274582, 35.99292301394783 ], [ -84.30928856134415, 35.99244123975584 ], [ -84.30999130010605, 35.99187699597013 ], [ -84.31130558252335, 35.99133445006239 ], [ -84.31178838014603, 35.990922112676934 ], [ -84.31273519992828, 35.990952495505205 ], [ -84.31316703557968, 35.991154323995964 ], [ -84.31306242942809, 35.991688190417555 ], [ -84.31306242942809, 35.99255408802867 ], [ -84.31326895952225, 35.99271033921682 ], [ -84.31394219398499, 35.99281233635325 ], [ -84.31431233882904, 35.99318126106459 ], [ -84.31471467018127, 35.993025010809234 ], [ -84.3154227733612, 35.99244340991644 ], [ -84.31515455245972, 35.991768487087086 ], [ -84.3173137307167, 35.99079624083515 ], [ -84.31919932365417, 35.99000845215993 ], [ -84.3197625875473, 35.98954619233278 ], [ -84.3195667862892, 35.98905137599522 ], [ -84.31920200586319, 35.98872366697559 ], [ -84.31922614574431, 35.98837208359989 ], [ -84.32042241096497, 35.98743017967461 ], [ -84.32121366262436, 35.98681815312462 ], [ -84.32146310806274, 35.98647307223207 ], [ -84.32120025157927, 35.985785076263035 ], [ -84.3207710981369, 35.985199081274594 ], [ -84.3199422955513, 35.98525334025267 ], [ -84.31915372610092, 35.98509056320657 ], [ -84.31914567947386, 35.98426582101207 ], [ -84.31970894336699, 35.984192027869256 ], [ -84.31993693113327, 35.98436999944916 ], [ -84.32058334350586, 35.98408567880675 ], [ -84.32070136070251, 35.983896854607856 ], [ -84.32072281837463, 35.98344107019717 ], [ -84.32088911533356, 35.98331952724301 ], [ -84.32080060243607, 35.982659719368144 ], [ -84.32088106870651, 35.98238407431293 ], [ -84.32097762823103, 35.982321131606234 ], [ -84.32161867618561, 35.98253600477742 ], [ -84.3220317363739, 35.982499107405786 ], [ -84.32214975357056, 35.98235802906107 ], [ -84.32194858789444, 35.98178720179909 ], [ -84.32209074497223, 35.981259779784295 ], [ -84.32294368743896, 35.98105792598174 ], [ -84.32339429855345, 35.98069545602956 ], [ -84.32361960411072, 35.9806846036101 ], [ -84.32515114545822, 35.98175247453205 ], [ -84.32580828666687, 35.981895724410144 ], [ -84.32627230882645, 35.98210842829483 ], [ -84.32673633098602, 35.98254468650941 ], [ -84.327272772789, 35.982640185498305 ], [ -84.32761073112488, 35.982312449849644 ], [ -84.32744443416594, 35.98174596316776 ], [ -84.32812839746474, 35.98097110698315 ], [ -84.32845562696457, 35.980849560224655 ], [ -84.3291100859642, 35.981008005069235 ], [ -84.32955801486968, 35.98072584279607 ], [ -84.32965725660324, 35.98021794816204 ], [ -84.3302258849144, 35.97972958485452 ], [ -84.33018028736115, 35.97945827060006 ], [ -84.32986378669739, 35.97910230488353 ], [ -84.32992547750473, 35.978989437369876 ], [ -84.33108419179916, 35.97914571542273 ], [ -84.3316528201103, 35.97901765426344 ], [ -84.33189421892165, 35.978761531321446 ], [ -84.33187276124954, 35.97787594728607 ], [ -84.33192908763885, 35.97777176027569 ], [ -84.33308243751526, 35.978097344226505 ], [ -84.33385491371155, 35.97758726210735 ], [ -84.33476150035858, 35.97754385071096 ], [ -84.33490633964539, 35.97744617498176 ], [ -84.33476954698563, 35.97649328763733 ], [ -84.33486878871918, 35.9764259990301 ], [ -84.33515578508377, 35.97649545823662 ], [ -84.33549642562866, 35.97620025618672 ], [ -84.33575391769409, 35.97577698661523 ], [ -84.33585852384567, 35.975820398983444 ], [ -84.33594167232513, 35.97576613351946 ], [ -84.33605968952179, 35.97541883366649 ], [ -84.33622062206268, 35.97529076646007 ], [ -84.3364754319191, 35.97532983783319 ], [ -84.33632522821426, 35.975572948164846 ], [ -84.33652639389038, 35.97566628496825 ], [ -84.33718085289001, 35.97555124191568 ], [ -84.33751344680786, 35.97529727835693 ], [ -84.33753490447997, 35.975151845865604 ], [ -84.33704674243927, 35.97471337613567 ], [ -84.33704406023026, 35.97456794256852 ], [ -84.33751881122589, 35.97408605629686 ], [ -84.3369099497795, 35.97269898885123 ], [ -84.33703869581223, 35.97193272674395 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"176","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595f4c3fe4b0d1f9f057e34f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poulin, Brett 0000-0002-5555-7733 bpoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-7733","contributorId":194253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulin","given":"Brett","email":"bpoulin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagy, Kathryn L.","contributorId":189327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nagy","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manceau, Alain 0000-0003-0845-611X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0845-611X","contributorId":194255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manceau","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":703608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186186,"text":"70186186 - 2016 - Reduced population variance in strontium isotope values informs domesticated turkey use at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T10:33:19","indexId":"70186186","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2181,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduced population variance in strontium isotope values informs domesticated turkey use at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"Traditionally strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) have been used as a sourcing tool in numerous archaeological artifact classes. The research presented here demonstrates that 87Sr/86Srbioapatite ratios also can be used at a population level to investigate the presence of domesticated animals and methods of management. The proposed methodology combines ecology, isotope geochemistry, and behavioral ecology to assess the presence and nature of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) domestication. This case study utilizes 87Sr/86Srbioapatite ratios from teeth and bones of archaeological turkey, deer (Odocoileus sp.), lagomorph (Lepus sp. and Sylvilagus sp.), and prairie-dog (Cynomys sp.) from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, U.S.A. (ca. A.D. 800 – 1250). Wild deer and turkey from the southwestern U.S.A. have much larger home ranges and dispersal behaviors (measured in kilometers) when compared to lagomorphs and prairie dogs (measured in meters). Hunted deer and wild turkey from archaeological contexts at Chaco Canyon are expected to have a higher variance in their 87Sr/86Srbioapatite ratios, when compared to small range taxa (lagomorphs and prairie dogs). Contrary to this expectation, 87Sr/86Srbioapatite values of turkey bones from Chacoan assemblages have a much lower variance than deer and are similar to that of smaller mammals. The sampled turkey values show variability most similar to lagomorphs and prairie dogs, suggesting the turkeys from Chaco Canyon were consuming a uniform diet and/or were constrained within a limited home range, indicating at least proto-domestication. The population approach has wide applicability for evaluating the presence and nature of domestication when combined with paleoecology and behavioral ecology in a variety of animals and environments.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10816-014-9228-5","usgsCitation":"Grimstead, D.N., Reynolds, A., Hudson, A.M., Akins, N.J., and Betancourt, J.L., 2016, Reduced population variance in strontium isotope values informs domesticated turkey use at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA: Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, v. 23, no. 1, p. 127-149, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9228-5.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"127","endPage":"149","ipdsId":"IP-061384","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338877,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-014-9228-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Chaco Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.06015014648438,\n 36.097938036628065\n ],\n [\n -108.08486938476561,\n 36.089060460282006\n ],\n [\n -108.08624267578125,\n 35.97356075349624\n ],\n [\n -107.8472900390625,\n 35.96689214303232\n ],\n [\n -107.79510498046875,\n 36.029110596631874\n ],\n [\n -107.87612915039062,\n 36.09571873655538\n ],\n [\n -108.06015014648438,\n 36.097938036628065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac1e4b02ff32c6aea3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimstead, Deanna N","contributorId":190197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimstead","given":"Deanna","email":"","middleInitial":"N","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Amanda C","contributorId":190198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Amanda C","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, Adam M","contributorId":190199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akins, Nancy J","contributorId":190200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akins","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168724,"text":"ofr20161029 - 2016 - Preliminary characterization of nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater discharging to Lake Spokane, northeastern Washington, using stable nitrogen isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T08:47:58","indexId":"ofr20161029","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-29T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1029","title":"Preliminary characterization of nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater discharging to Lake Spokane, northeastern Washington, using stable nitrogen isotopes","docAbstract":"Lake Spokane, locally referred to as Long Lake, is a 24-mile-long section of the Spokane River impounded by Long Lake Dam that has, in recent decades, experienced water-quality problems associated with eutrophication. Consumption of oxygen by the decomposition of aquatic plants that have proliferated because of high nutrient concentrations has led to seasonally low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the lake. Of nitrogen and phosphorus, the two primary nutrients necessary for aquatic vegetation growth, phosphorus was previously identified as the limiting nutrient that regulates the growth of aquatic plants and, thus, dissolved oxygen concentrations in Lake Spokane. Phosphorus is delivered to Lake Spokane from municipal and industrial point-source inputs to the Spokane River upstream of Lake Spokane, but is also conveyed by groundwater and surface water from nonpoint-sources including septic tanks, agricultural fields, and wildlife. In response, the Washington State Department of Ecology listed Lake Spokane on the 303(d) list of impaired water bodies for low dissolved oxygen concentrations and developed a Total Maximum Daily Load for phosphorus in 1992, which was revised in 2010 because of continuing algal blooms and water-quality concerns.
This report evaluates the concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in shallow groundwater discharging to Lake Spokane to determine if a difference exists between nutrient concentrations in groundwater discharging to the lake downgradient of residential development with on-site septic systems and downgradient of undeveloped land without on-site septic systems. Elevated nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) within the roots of aquatic vegetation were used as an indicator of septic-system derived nitrogen. δ15N values were measured in August and September 2014 downgradient of residential development near the lakeshore, of residential development on 300-ft-high terraces above the lake, and of undeveloped land in the eastern (upper) and central (lower) parts of Lake Spokane. Significantly lower δ15N values were measured within aquatic vegetation downgradient of undeveloped land in eastern Lake Spokane relative to both near-shore and terrace residential development land uses. Conversely, significantly higher δ15N values were measured downgradient of undeveloped land in central Lake Spokane relative to the two developed land uses. These results guided the location of subsequent groundwater sampling in March and April 2015 from 30 shallow piezometers driven into the near-shore area of Lake Spokane. Nitrate plus nitrite concentrations in groundwater discharging to Lake Spokane downgradient of undeveloped areas were significantly lower than those measured downgradient of both near-shore and terrace residential development. Orthophosphate concentrations in groundwater were not significantly different with respect to upgradient land use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Gendaszek, A.S., Cox, S.E., and Spanjer, A.R., 2016, Preliminary characterization of nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater discharging to Lake Spokane, northeastern Washington, using stable nitrogen isotopes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1029, 22 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161029.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068545","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318436,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1029/ofr20161029.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1029 PDF"},{"id":318435,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1029/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lake Spokane","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.83935546874999,\n 47.77694420640404\n ],\n [\n -117.83935546874999,\n 47.897930761804936\n ],\n [\n -117.53002166748047,\n 47.897930761804936\n ],\n [\n -117.53002166748047,\n 47.77694420640404\n ],\n [\n -117.83935546874999,\n 47.77694420640404\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Interpretation of magnetic and new gravity data provides constraints on the geometry of the Hat Creek Fault, the amount of right-lateral offset in the area between Mt. Shasta and Lassen Peak, and confirmation of the influence of pre-existing structure on Quaternary faulting. Neogene volcanic rocks coincide with short-wavelength magnetic anomalies of both normal and reversed polarity, whereas a markedly smoother magnetic field occurs over the Klamath Mountains and its Paleogene cover. Although the magnetic field over the Neogene volcanic rocks is complex, the Hat Creek Fault, which is one of the most prominent normal faults in the region and forms the eastern margin of the Hat Creek Valley, is marked by the eastern edge of a north-trending magnetic and gravity high 20-30 km long. Modeling of these anomalies indicates that the fault is a steeply dipping (~75-85°) structure. The spatial relationship of the fault as modeled by the potential-field data, the youngest strand of the fault, and relocated seismicity suggests that deformation continues to step westward across the valley, consistent with a component of right-lateral slip in an extensional environment. Filtered aeromagnetic data highlight a concealed magnetic body of Mesozoic or older age north of Hat Creek Valley. The body’s northwest margin strikes northeast and is linear over a distance of ~40 km. Within the resolution of the aeromagnetic data (1-2 km), we discern no right-lateral offset of this body. Furthermore, Quaternary faults change strike or appear to end, as if to avoid this concealed magnetic body and to pass along its southeast edge, suggesting that pre-existing crustal structure influenced younger faulting, as previously proposed based on gravity data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GES01253.1","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Jachens, R.C., Clynne, M.A., and Muffler, L.P., 2016, Structure of the Hat Creek graben region: Implications for the structure of the Hat Creek graben and transfer of right-lateral shear from the Walker Lane north of Lassen Peak, northern California, from gravity and magnetic anomalies: Geosphere, v. 12, no. 3, p. 790-808, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01253.1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"790","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066621","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01253.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.60791015625,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 40.36328834091583\n ],\n [\n -118.98193359375,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -116.12548828124999,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -116.08154296875001,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -120.60791015625,\n 40.38002840251183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576bb6bde4b07657d1a2295e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":151042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muffler, L.J. Patrick 0000-0001-6638-7218 pmuffler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6638-7218","contributorId":3322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.","email":"pmuffler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162153,"text":"sir20165005 - 2016 - Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T08:58:36","indexId":"sir20165005","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-25T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5005","title":"Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009","docAbstract":"Statistical analyses and maps representing mean, high, and low water-level conditions in the surface water and groundwater of Miami-Dade County were made by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Miami-Dade County Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources, to help inform decisions necessary for urban planning and development. Sixteen maps were created that show contours of (1) the mean of daily water levels at each site during October and May for the 2000–2009 water years; (2) the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the daily water levels at each site during October and May and for all months during 2000–2009; and (3) the differences between mean October and May water levels, as well as the differences in the percentiles of water levels for all months, between 1990–1999 and 2000–2009. The 80th, 90th, and 96th percentiles of the annual maximums of daily groundwater levels during 1974–2009 (a 35-year period) were computed to provide an indication of unusually high groundwater-level conditions. These maps and statistics provide a generalized understanding of the variations of water levels in the aquifer, rather than a survey of concurrent water levels. Water-level measurements from 473 sites in Miami-Dade County and surrounding counties were analyzed to generate statistical analyses. The monitored water levels included surface-water levels in canals and wetland areas and groundwater levels in the Biscayne aquifer.
\nMaps were created by importing site coordinates, summary water-level statistics, and completeness of record statistics into a geographic information system, and by interpolating between water levels at monitoring sites in the canals and water levels along the coastline. Raster surfaces were created from these data by using the triangular irregular network interpolation method. The raster surfaces were contoured by using geographic information system software. These contours were imprecise in some areas because the software could not fully evaluate the hydrology given available information; therefore, contours were manually modified where necessary. The ability to evaluate differences in water levels between 1990–1999 and 2000–2009 is limited in some areas because most of the monitoring sites did not have 80 percent complete records for one or both of these periods. The quality of the analyses was limited by (1) deficiencies in spatial coverage; (2) the combination of pre- and post-construction water levels in areas where canals, levees, retention basins, detention basins, or water-control structures were installed or removed; (3) an inability to address the potential effects of the vertical hydraulic head gradient on water levels in wells of different depths; and (4) an inability to correct for the differences between daily water-level statistics. Contours are dashed in areas where the locations of contours have been approximated because of the uncertainty caused by these limitations. Although the ability of the maps to depict differences in water levels between 1990–1999 and 2000–2009 was limited by missing data, results indicate that near the coast water levels were generally higher in May during 2000–2009 than during 1990–1999; and that inland water levels were generally lower during 2000–2009 than during 1990–1999. Generally, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of water levels from all months were also higher near the coast and lower inland during 2000–2009 than during 1990–1999. Mean October water levels during 2000–2009 were generally higher than during 1990–1999 in much of western Miami-Dade County, but were lower in a large part of eastern Miami-Dade County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Miami-Dade County Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources","usgsCitation":"Prinos, S.T., and Dixon, J.F., 2016, Statistical analysis and mapping of water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5005, 42 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165005.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; 16 Plates: 23.00 x 30.00 inches or smaller; Appendix; Companion File","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053912","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318341,"rank":20,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/sir20165005_appendix8.pdf","text":"Figure 8-1 - (11x17)","size":"1.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Locations of all sites used to map water levels in the Biscayne aquifer, water conservation areas, and Everglades National Park, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, during the 2000-2009 water years. The same index number may be used for adjacent sites."},{"id":318331,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate7.pdf","size":"5.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"50th Percentile of October Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318329,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate5.pdf","size":"4.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"75th Percentile of May Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318330,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate6.pdf","size":"5.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"25th Percentile of October Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318332,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate8.pdf","size":"4.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"75th Percentile of October Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318338,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate14.pdf","size":"5.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Difference Between the 25th Percentiles of all Water Levels for Water-year Periods 1990–99 and 2000–2009, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318340,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate16.pdf","size":"4.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Difference Between the 75th Percentiles of all Water Levels for Water-year Periods 1990–99 and 2000–2009, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318326,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate2.pdf","size":"5.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Mean of October Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/sir20165005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005"},{"id":318334,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate10.pdf","size":"5.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"25th Percentile of Water Levels From All Months During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318335,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate11.pdf","size":"5.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"5th Percentile of Water Levels From All Months During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318337,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate13.pdf","size":"4.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Difference in October Mean Water Levels From the Water-year Periods 1990–99 and 2000–2009, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318327,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate3.pdf","size":"4.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"25th Percentile of May Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318339,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate15.pdf","size":"4.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Difference Between the 50th Percentiles of all Water Levels for Water-year Periods 1990–99 and 2000–2009, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318328,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate4.pdf","size":"4.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"50th Percentile of May Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318333,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate9.pdf","size":"4.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"50th Percentile of Water Levels From All Months During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318276,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7M61H9W","text":"Data, Statistics, and Geographic Information System Files,","description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Pertaining to Mapping of Water Levels in the Biscayne Aquifer, Water Conservation Areas, and Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, 2000-2009 - Scientific data associated with USGS SIR 2015-5005"},{"id":318336,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate12.pdf","size":"4.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Difference in May Mean Water Levels From the Water-year Periods 1990–99 and 2000–2009, Miami-Dade County, Florida"},{"id":318325,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5005/plates/sir20165005_plate1.pdf","size":"5.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5005","linkHelpText":"Mean of May Water Levels During the 2000–2009 Water Years, Miami-Dade County, Florida"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-80.7769,25.9793],[-80.1236,25.9748],[-80.4387,25.1799],[-80.8621,25.2431],[-80.873,25.9795],[-80.7769,25.9793]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Miami-Dade\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 3355
http://fl.water.usgs.gov/
Incompatible insect techniques are potential methods for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus and avian disease transmission in Hawai‘i without the use of pesticides or genetically modified organisms. The approach is based on naturally occurring sperm-egg incompatibilities within the Culex pipiens complex that are controlled by different strains of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis (wPip). Incompatibilities can be unidirectional (crosses between males infected with strain A and females infected with strain B are fertile, while reciprocal crosses are not) or bidirectional (reciprocal crosses between sexes with different wPip strains are infertile). The technique depends on release of sufficient numbers of male mosquitoes infected with an incompatible wPip strain to suppress mosquito populations and reduce transmission of introduced avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and Avipoxvirus in native forest bird habitats. Both diseases are difficult to manage using more traditional methods based on removal and treatment of larval habitats and coordination of multiple approaches may be needed to control this vector. We characterized the diversity of Wolbachia strains in C. quinquefasciatus from Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i, Midway Atoll, and American Samoa with a variety of genetic markers to identify compatibility groups and their distribution within and between islands. We confirmed the presence of wPip with multilocus sequence typing, tested for local genetic variability using 16 WO prophage genes, and identified similarities to strains from other parts of the world with a transposable element (tr1). We also tested for genetic differences in ankyrin motifs (ank2 and pk1) which have been used to classify wPip strains into five worldwide groups (wPip1–wPip5) that vary in compatibility with each other based on experimental crosses. We found a mixture of both widely distributed and site specific genotypes based on presence or absence of WO prophage and transposable element markers on Hawai‘i Island (Volcano, Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a, Laupāhoehoe, Kaumana, Kahuku, Nīnole, and Maulua Gulch), Kaua‘i Island (Kawaikōī, Mōhihi, Kalāheo, Lāwa‘i and Hanapepe) and Midway Atoll. Genotypes from American Samoa were unique and formed their own clade. Based on analysis of ankyrin motifs, wPip strains from Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i, and Midway Atoll were most similar to wPip5 strains of Australasian origin. By contrast, Wolbachia strains from Culex quinquefasciatus collected in American Samoa were most similar to wPip3 strains of American origin. We detected a single Culex mosquito from Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a on Hawai‘i Island that was infected with a unique wPip3 genotype. This discovery, plus a rarefaction analysis of genotypes from Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i Islands suggests that limited sampling may have underestimated diversity of wPip in our study. Mosquitoes infected with wPip5 and wPip3 are bidirectionally compatible with each other based on prior studies, which would support their ability to coexist within the same population on Hawai‘i Island. Available evidence from prior studies suggests that genotype wPip4 from Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia is bidirectionally incompatible with genotype wPip5 and varies in compatibility with genotype wPip3 depending on geographic origin. Since wPip5 appears to be the most common compatibility group in Hawai‘i based on limited sampling, logical next steps are to 1) expand the current survey to include additional islands and localities, 2) infect a laboratory colony of Hawaiian Culex with wPip4 through tetracycline treatment of Hawaiian mosquitoes and backcross with Culex from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East that are naturally infected with wPip4, 3) conduct cage trials to confirm bidirectional incompatibilities between Hawaiian Culex infected with wPip4 and wPip5, and 4) conduct field trials to evaluate whether release of incompatible males can be applied at small scales to suppress local populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, Hi","collaboration":"This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement G15AC00191 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey.","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, C.T., Watcher-Weatherwax, W., and Lapointe, D., 2016, Genetic diversity of Wolbachia endosymbionts in Culex quinquefasciatus from Hawai`i, Midway Atoll, and Samoa: Technical Report HCSU-074, Report: iv, 33 p.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073512","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326266,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328011,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dspace.lib.hawaii.edu/handle/10790/2671"}],"country":"United States","state":"American Samoa, Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawai‘i Island, Kaua‘i, Midway Atoll (Sand Island), Ta‘u Island, Tutuila Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.4610595703125,\n 22.24080219246335\n ],\n [\n -159.43359375,\n 22.24080219246335\n ],\n [\n -159.39239501953125,\n 22.24080219246335\n ],\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 22.2280904167845\n ],\n [\n -159.3072509765625,\n 22.179775161509696\n ],\n [\n -159.27154541015622,\n 22.121266045425767\n ],\n [\n -159.30450439453125,\n 22.057641623615734\n ],\n [\n -159.31549072265625,\n 22.01690695877902\n ],\n [\n -159.312744140625,\n 21.983801417384697\n ],\n [\n -159.33197021484375,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n -159.378662109375,\n 21.886987120681574\n ],\n [\n -159.422607421875,\n 21.853851331021776\n ],\n [\n -159.4830322265625,\n 21.866596775776166\n ],\n [\n -159.55169677734372,\n 21.869145728216193\n ],\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 21.88443848692486\n ],\n [\n -159.67803955078125,\n 21.93540250405031\n ],\n [\n -159.79339599609375,\n 21.983801417384697\n ],\n [\n -159.80712890625,\n 22.075459351546858\n ],\n [\n -159.78240966796875,\n 22.100909350572728\n ],\n [\n -159.75494384765622,\n 22.141619800738773\n ],\n [\n -159.752197265625,\n 22.169601410638865\n ],\n [\n -159.70001220703125,\n 22.187404991398775\n ],\n [\n -159.6533203125,\n 22.2026634080092\n ],\n [\n -159.61486816406247,\n 22.23063286414865\n ],\n [\n -159.57916259765625,\n 22.243344409235707\n ],\n [\n -159.5379638671875,\n 22.243344409235707\n ],\n [\n -159.50775146484375,\n 22.233175265402785\n ],\n [\n -159.4610595703125,\n 22.24080219246335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.55679321289062,\n 20.128155311797183\n ],\n [\n -155.58425903320312,\n 20.117839630491634\n ],\n [\n -155.64056396484375,\n 20.153941536577403\n ],\n [\n -155.65841674804688,\n 20.168122145270342\n ],\n [\n -155.68862915039062,\n 20.179723502765153\n ],\n [\n -155.73394775390625,\n 20.204212422008773\n ],\n [\n -155.73394775390625,\n 20.218388457307814\n ],\n [\n -155.78475952148438,\n 20.246736652244206\n ],\n [\n -155.84381103515625,\n 20.267350272759373\n ],\n [\n -155.88363647460938,\n 20.260908810382347\n ],\n [\n -155.89874267578125,\n 20.235140288260343\n ],\n [\n -155.90423583984375,\n 20.188746184002486\n ],\n [\n -155.88912963867188,\n 20.13202351682182\n ],\n [\n -155.86441040039062,\n 20.075280256655788\n ],\n [\n -155.82733154296875,\n 20.024967917222785\n ],\n [\n -155.8355712890625,\n 19.975930144520376\n ],\n [\n -155.85479736328125,\n 19.96173215025814\n ],\n [\n -155.8905029296875,\n 19.916548215192815\n ],\n [\n -155.92483520507812,\n 19.864893620513147\n ],\n [\n -155.9193420410156,\n 19.846810534206607\n ],\n [\n -155.96328735351562,\n 19.85456068070104\n ],\n [\n -155.98388671875,\n 19.840351789728015\n ],\n [\n -156.00448608398438,\n 19.806762085139233\n ],\n [\n -156.03744506835938,\n 19.782211275967995\n ],\n [\n -156.06353759765625,\n 19.74214657023644\n ],\n [\n -156.05117797851562,\n 19.69560719557702\n ],\n [\n -156.03057861328125,\n 19.669746136891618\n ],\n [\n -156.0333251953125,\n 19.642587534013046\n ],\n [\n -155.9962463378906,\n 19.6348270888747\n ],\n [\n -155.96603393554685,\n 19.563672215812247\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 19.47565549591158\n ],\n [\n -155.91659545898438,\n 19.40831630217017\n ],\n [\n -155.88638305664062,\n 19.343540769982056\n ],\n [\n -155.88775634765622,\n 19.29299799768025\n ],\n [\n -155.906982421875,\n 19.204834816311973\n ],\n [\n -155.92071533203125,\n 19.129599439736836\n ],\n [\n -155.90560913085938,\n 19.076395122079923\n ],\n [\n -155.8795166015625,\n 19.028366797457245\n ],\n [\n -155.82046508789062,\n 19.01408542665422\n ],\n [\n -155.797119140625,\n 19.008891896701762\n ],\n [\n -155.7586669921875,\n 18.971233956586723\n ],\n [\n -155.72708129882812,\n 18.966039089744722\n ],\n [\n -155.687255859375,\n 18.93876338396899\n ],\n [\n -155.68588256835938,\n 18.903688072314996\n ],\n [\n -155.64193725585938,\n 18.930969506456258\n ],\n [\n -155.61721801757812,\n 18.968636543402212\n ],\n [\n -155.59661865234375,\n 18.972532648000133\n ],\n [\n -155.59249877929688,\n 18.994608853186378\n ],\n [\n -155.58013916015625,\n 19.024471999857905\n ],\n [\n -155.55404663085938,\n 19.046541312042145\n ],\n [\n -155.555419921875,\n 19.071203541262225\n ],\n [\n -155.5499267578125,\n 19.08158654022563\n ],\n [\n -155.53619384765625,\n 19.08288436934017\n ],\n [\n -155.50735473632812,\n 19.130896892173755\n ],\n [\n -155.44967651367188,\n 19.147762846204802\n ],\n [\n -155.41122436523438,\n 19.18538068428797\n ],\n [\n -155.34530639648438,\n 19.216506191361127\n ],\n [\n -155.33157348632812,\n 19.233363381183896\n ],\n [\n -155.30410766601562,\n 19.24762580585514\n ],\n [\n -155.28076171875,\n 19.2657761898775\n ],\n [\n -155.23818969726562,\n 19.268368937880687\n ],\n [\n -155.1983642578125,\n 19.257997699830604\n ],\n [\n -155.17089843749997,\n 19.26188699098167\n ],\n [\n -155.13107299804688,\n 19.276146935787747\n ],\n [\n -155.07614135742185,\n 19.307255233641797\n ],\n [\n -154.962158203125,\n 19.35779359620928\n ],\n [\n -154.87289428710938,\n 19.427743935948932\n ],\n [\n -154.80560302734375,\n 19.49248592618279\n ],\n [\n -154.80560302734375,\n 19.519669847423703\n ],\n [\n -154.82070922851562,\n 19.53261296541841\n ],\n [\n -154.88662719726562,\n 19.56108417332036\n ],\n [\n -154.92645263671875,\n 19.589550355127216\n ],\n [\n -154.94705200195312,\n 19.6037815593266\n ],\n [\n -154.94430541992188,\n 19.623185718036478\n ],\n [\n -154.96902465820312,\n 19.629653250428277\n ],\n [\n -154.98138427734375,\n 19.643880905066716\n ],\n [\n -154.98275756835935,\n 19.674918682626934\n ],\n [\n -154.9786376953125,\n 19.693021277630727\n ],\n [\n -154.99649047851562,\n 19.72922032546947\n ],\n [\n -155.02120971679688,\n 19.73697619787738\n ],\n [\n -155.04318237304688,\n 19.73697619787738\n ],\n [\n -155.06927490234375,\n 19.72146407652849\n ],\n [\n -155.08575439453125,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.08712768554688,\n 19.780919023255173\n ],\n [\n -155.08987426757812,\n 19.815806165386956\n ],\n [\n -155.08163452148438,\n 19.841643559642943\n ],\n [\n -155.08987426757812,\n 19.85843561200688\n ],\n [\n -155.1104736328125,\n 19.877808848505918\n ],\n [\n -155.13519287109375,\n 19.91267470522604\n ],\n [\n -155.18325805664062,\n 19.947532877989353\n ],\n [\n -155.2093505859375,\n 19.968185942489765\n ],\n [\n -155.24642944335938,\n 19.997869983765433\n ],\n [\n -155.27252197265625,\n 20.014645445341365\n ],\n [\n -155.31784057617188,\n 20.030128899024707\n ],\n [\n -155.3741455078125,\n 20.059801254410598\n ],\n [\n -155.43457031249997,\n 20.0933371611593\n ],\n [\n -155.4949951171875,\n 20.111391984160917\n ],\n [\n -155.55679321289062,\n 20.128155311797183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.3720359802246,\n 28.221978752630008\n ],\n [\n -177.3665428161621,\n 28.221978752630008\n ],\n [\n -177.36207962036133,\n 28.21970990898649\n ],\n [\n -177.35864639282227,\n 28.217138494571376\n ],\n [\n -177.3591613769531,\n 28.210785322891844\n ],\n [\n -177.35950469970703,\n 28.20549072446517\n ],\n [\n -177.37066268920898,\n 28.20246512182909\n ],\n [\n -177.3720359802246,\n 28.19883428556821\n ],\n [\n -177.3764991760254,\n 28.19898557287559\n ],\n [\n -177.381477355957,\n 28.198077845818602\n ],\n [\n -177.38662719726562,\n 28.195657202638206\n ],\n [\n -177.39263534545896,\n 28.19338779986267\n ],\n [\n -177.39744186401367,\n 28.193690389683507\n ],\n [\n -177.39830017089844,\n 28.195203325938017\n ],\n [\n -177.39761352539062,\n 28.1992881468478\n ],\n [\n -177.39400863647458,\n 28.20261640399585\n ],\n [\n -177.39057540893555,\n 28.20624711173591\n ],\n [\n -177.38988876342773,\n 28.2092726072631\n ],\n [\n -177.38954544067383,\n 28.21275182117992\n ],\n [\n -177.38937377929685,\n 28.216533446885826\n ],\n [\n -177.38576889038086,\n 28.218046059671465\n ],\n [\n -177.3804473876953,\n 28.22016368157242\n ],\n [\n -177.3720359802246,\n 28.221978752630008\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.62660217285156,\n -14.285677300182577\n ],\n [\n -170.6183624267578,\n -14.279023075062167\n ],\n [\n -170.61080932617188,\n -14.288338935138425\n ],\n [\n -170.5950164794922,\n -14.289669740808158\n ],\n [\n -170.57647705078122,\n -14.28301563374271\n ],\n [\n -170.5634307861328,\n -14.275030445572792\n ],\n [\n -170.55381774902344,\n -14.249742148971979\n ],\n [\n -170.56068420410153,\n -14.238428045571913\n ],\n [\n -170.5730438232422,\n -14.236431380224118\n ],\n [\n -170.5902099609375,\n -14.24375240017447\n ],\n [\n -170.60668945312497,\n -14.244417935669597\n ],\n [\n -170.61767578125,\n -14.24375240017447\n ],\n [\n -170.6279754638672,\n -14.23975914599496\n ],\n [\n -170.64720153808594,\n -14.23975914599496\n ],\n [\n -170.66368103027344,\n -14.234434697222515\n ],\n [\n -170.6684875488281,\n -14.226447788723176\n ],\n [\n -170.68153381347656,\n -14.226447788723176\n ],\n [\n -170.6938934326172,\n -14.232437996569342\n ],\n [\n -170.70899963378906,\n -14.24375240017447\n ],\n [\n -170.72341918945312,\n -14.25839372759015\n ],\n [\n -170.73715209960938,\n -14.268375905786849\n ],\n [\n -170.74951171875,\n -14.277692206432462\n ],\n [\n -170.76873779296875,\n -14.28035393582422\n ],\n [\n -170.78659057617188,\n -14.279688506426696\n ],\n [\n -170.80581665039062,\n -14.279023075062167\n ],\n [\n -170.8202362060547,\n -14.285677300182577\n ],\n [\n -170.84014892578122,\n -14.29831978572664\n ],\n [\n -170.8538818359375,\n -14.322937322075674\n ],\n [\n -170.8490753173828,\n -14.337573496273938\n ],\n [\n -170.83534240722656,\n -14.337573496273938\n ],\n [\n -170.81268310546875,\n -14.337573496273938\n ],\n [\n -170.80032348632812,\n -14.342895504568698\n ],\n [\n -170.79551696777344,\n -14.35553476761168\n ],\n [\n -170.7790374755859,\n -14.366177804130347\n ],\n [\n -170.76873779296875,\n -14.378150614960385\n ],\n [\n -170.75225830078125,\n -14.378150614960385\n ],\n [\n -170.73715209960938,\n -14.373494598040024\n ],\n [\n -170.72479248046875,\n -14.356865174855338\n ],\n [\n -170.70419311523438,\n -14.340234516218345\n ],\n [\n -170.69046020507812,\n -14.326263809163688\n ],\n [\n -170.68222045898438,\n -14.314953551894574\n ],\n [\n -170.67398071289062,\n -14.30231200190904\n ],\n [\n -170.66574096679688,\n -14.298985160014222\n ],\n [\n -170.6513214111328,\n -14.298985160014222\n ],\n [\n -170.62660217285156,\n -14.285677300182577\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.44454193115232,\n -14.20914185212544\n ],\n [\n -169.43115234375,\n -14.207144928082267\n ],\n [\n -169.42325592041016,\n -14.207810571387933\n ],\n [\n -169.41810607910156,\n -14.21147157456902\n ],\n [\n -169.41501617431638,\n -14.218127792204614\n ],\n [\n -169.41604614257812,\n -14.227778959746418\n ],\n [\n -169.41844940185547,\n -14.241423010487697\n ],\n [\n -169.42119598388672,\n -14.252736963741855\n ],\n [\n -169.42428588867188,\n -14.259391965303116\n ],\n [\n -169.43492889404297,\n -14.259724710225234\n ],\n [\n -169.44591522216794,\n -14.254067979765548\n ],\n [\n -169.45655822753906,\n -14.25173869656961\n ],\n [\n -169.46308135986328,\n -14.252736963741855\n ],\n [\n -169.47200775146484,\n -14.25839372759015\n ],\n [\n -169.4802474975586,\n -14.270372288364912\n ],\n [\n -169.48471069335935,\n -14.27469772325302\n ],\n [\n -169.49363708496094,\n -14.27469772325302\n ],\n [\n -169.5018768310547,\n -14.261388427468848\n ],\n [\n -169.50599670410156,\n -14.248411107424003\n ],\n [\n -169.5135498046875,\n -14.241423010487697\n ],\n [\n -169.5197296142578,\n -14.231772425762792\n ],\n [\n -169.5193862915039,\n -14.218460597944112\n ],\n [\n -169.5149230957031,\n -14.214799707871883\n ],\n [\n -169.5087432861328,\n -14.209807489557077\n ],\n [\n -169.50050354003903,\n -14.212137205146702\n ],\n [\n -169.4926071166992,\n -14.211804390102667\n ],\n [\n -169.4864273071289,\n -14.210805942032966\n ],\n [\n -169.4768142700195,\n -14.211138758545781\n ],\n [\n -169.46754455566406,\n -14.211138758545781\n ],\n [\n -169.45964813232422,\n -14.208476212735686\n ],\n [\n -169.44454193115232,\n -14.20914185212544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad53e4b05e859bdfb974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, Carter T. 0000-0002-4232-5335 catkinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-5335","contributorId":1124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Carter","email":"catkinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watcher-Weatherwax, William","contributorId":167128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watcher-Weatherwax","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24621,"text":"Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaPointe, Dennis A. 0000-0002-6323-263X dlapointe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-263X","contributorId":150365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"Dennis","email":"dlapointe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161955,"text":"sir20155163 - 2016 - Groundwater ages from the freshwater zone of the Edwards aquifer, Uvalde County, Texas—Insights into groundwater flow and recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-24T09:17:23","indexId":"sir20155163","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-23T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5163","title":"Groundwater ages from the freshwater zone of the Edwards aquifer, Uvalde County, Texas—Insights into groundwater flow and recharge","docAbstract":"Tritium–helium-3 groundwater ages of the Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas were determined as part of a long-term study of groundwater flow and recharge in the Edwards and Trinity aquifers. These ages help to define groundwater residence times and to provide constraints for calibration of groundwater flow models. A suite of 17 samples from public and private supply wells within Uvalde County were collected for active and noble gases, and for tritium–helium-3 analyses from the confined and unconfined parts of the Edwards aquifer. Samples were collected from monitoring wells at discrete depths in open boreholes as well as from integrated pumped well-head samples. The data indicate a fairly uniform groundwater flow system within an otherwise structurally complex geologic environment comprised of regionally and locally faulted rock units, igneous intrusions, and karst features within carbonate rocks. Apparent ages show moderate, downward average, linear velocities in the Uvalde area with increasing age to the east along a regional groundwater flow path. Though the apparent age data show a fairly consistent distribution across the study area, many apparent ages indicate mixing of both modern (less than 60 years) and premodern (greater than 60 years) waters. This mixing is most evident along the “bad water” line, an arbitrary delineation of 1,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids that separates the freshwater zone of the Edwards aquifer from the downdip saline water zone. Mixing of modern and premodern waters also is indicated within the unconfined zone of the aquifer by high excess helium concentrations in young waters. Excess helium anomalies in the unconfined aquifer are consistent with possible subsurface discharge of premodern groundwater from the underlying Trinity aquifer into the younger groundwater of the Edwards aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155163","usgsCitation":"Hunt, A.G., Landis, G.P., and Faith, J.R., 2016, Groundwater ages from the freshwater zone of the Edwards Aquifer, Uvalde County, Texas—Insights into groundwater flow and recharge: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5163, 28 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155163.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065915","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5163/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5163/sir20155163.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5163"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Uvalde County","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.4132,29.6253],[-99.4107,29.087],[-99.6813,29.0872],[-100.1119,29.0844],[-100.1112,29.3486],[-100.111,29.6236],[-100.0145,29.6237],[-99.6173,29.6257],[-99.6033,29.6257],[-99.4132,29.6253]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Uvalde\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","contact":"Center Director, USGS Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 964
Denver, CO 80225
Arsenic concentrations were measured in samples from 168 domestic wells in Licking County, Ohio, to document arsenic concentrations in a wide variety of wells and to identify hydrogeologic factors associated with arsenic concentrations in groundwater. Elevated concentrations of arsenic (greater than 10.0 micrograms per liter [µg/L]) were detected in 12 percent of the wells (about 1 in 8). The maximum arsenic concentration of about 44 µg/L was detected in two wells in the same township.
A subset of 102 wells was also sampled for iron, sulfate, manganese, and nitrate, which were used to estimate redox conditions of the groundwater. Elevated arsenic concentrations were detected only in strongly reducing groundwater. Almost 20 percent of the samples with iron concentrations high enough to produce iron staining (greater than 300 µg/L) also had elevated concentrations of arsenic.
In groundwater, arsenic primarily occurs as two inorganic species—arsenite and arsenate. Arsenic speciation was determined for a subset of nine samples, and arsenite was the predominant species. Of the two species, arsenite is more difficult to remove from water, and is generally considered to be more toxic to humans.
Aquifer and well-construction characteristics were compiled from 99 well logs. Elevated concentrations of arsenic (and iron) were detected in glacial and bedrock aquifers but were more prevalent in glacial aquifers. The reason may be that the glacial deposits typically contain more organic carbon than the Paleozoic bedrock. Organic carbon plays a role in the redox reactions that cause arsenic (and iron) to be released from the aquifer matrix. Arsenic concentrations were not significantly different for different types of bedrock (sandstone, shale, sandstone/shale, or other). However, arsenic concentrations in bedrock wells were correlated with two well-construction characteristics; higher arsenic concentrations in bedrock wells were associated with (1) shorter open intervals and (2) deeper open intervals, relative to the water level.
The spatial distribution of arsenic concentrations was compared to hydrogeologic characteristics of Licking County. Elevated concentrations of arsenic (and iron) were associated with areas of flat topography and thick (greater than 100 feet),clay-rich glacial deposits. These characteristics are conducive to development of strongly reducing redox conditions, which can cause arsenic associated with iron oxyhydroxides in the aquifer matrix to be released to the groundwater.
Hydrogeologic characteristics conducive to the development of strongly reducing groundwater are relatively wide-spread in the western part of Licking County, which is part of the Central Lowland physiographic province. In this area, a thick layer of clay-rich glacial deposits obscures the bedrock surface and creates flat to gently rolling landscape with poorly developed drainage networks. In the eastern part of the county, which is part of the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province, the landscape includes steep-sided valleys and bedrock uplands. In this area, elevated arsenic concentrations were detected in buried valleys but not in the bedrock uplands, where glacial deposits are thin or absent. The observation that elevated concentrations of arsenic (and iron) were more prevalent in the western part of Licking County is true for both glacial and bedrock aquifers.
In Licking County, thick, clay-rich glacial deposits (and elevated concentrations of arsenic) are associated with two hydrogeologic settings—buried valley and complex thick drift. Most wells in the buried-valley setting had low arsenic concentrations, but a few samples had very high concentrations (30–44 µg/L) and very reducing redox conditions (methanogenic and near-methanogenic). For wells in the complex-thick-drift setting, elevated arsenic concentrations are more prevalent, but the maximum concentration was lower (about 21 µg/L). Similar observations were made about arsenic concentrations in parts of southwestern Ohio.
The hydrogeologic settings and characteristics associated with arsenic in Licking County also exist in other parts of Ohio. The statewide extent of these characteristics roughly corresponds to areas where elevated concentrations of arsenic are known to exist. This preliminary conceptual model can be tested and revised as additional wells are sampled for arsenic.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155148","isbn":"978-1-4113-4008-4","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Water Development Authority","usgsCitation":"Thomas, M.A., 2016, Arsenic in groundwater of Licking County, Ohio, 2012—Occurrence and relation to hydrogeology:\nU.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5148, 38 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155148.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 38 p.; Table","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065867","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318250,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5148/sir20155148_table2.xlsx","text":"Table 2. Water-quality and hydrogeologic data for 168 domestic wells in Licking County, Ohio, 2012.","size":"108 kb","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5148 Table 2."},{"id":318247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5148/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318248,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5148/sir20155148.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5148"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Licking County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.96875,\n 39.95185892663003\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 40.50544628405211\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 40.50544628405211\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 39.95185892663003\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 39.95185892663003\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Ohio Water Science Center
6480 Doubletree Ave
Columbus, OH 43229-1111
Marine seismic reflection data from southern Puget Sound, Washington, were collected to investigate the nature of shallow structures associated with the Tacoma fault zone and the Olympia structure. Growth folding and probable Holocene surface deformation were imaged within the Tacoma fault zone beneath Case and Carr Inlets. Shallow faults near potential field anomalies associated with the Olympia structure were imaged beneath Budd and Eld Inlets. Beneath Case Inlet, the Tacoma fault zone includes an ∼350-m wide section of south-dipping strata forming the upper part of a fold (kink band) coincident with the southern edge of an uplifted shoreline terrace. An ∼2 m change in the depth of the water bottom, onlapping postglacial sediments, and increasing stratal dips with increasing depth are consistent with late Pleistocene to Holocene postglacial growth folding above a blind fault. Geologic data across a topographic lineament on nearby land indicate recent uplift of late Holocene age. Profiles acquired in Carr Inlet 10 km to the east of Case Inlet showed late Pleistocene or Holocene faulting at one location with ∼3 to 4 m of vertical displacement, south side up. North of this fault the data show several other disruptions and reflector terminations that could mark faults within the broad Tacoma fault zone. Seismic reflection profiles across part of the Olympia structure beneath southern Puget Sound show two apparent faults about 160 m apart having 1 to 2 m of displacement of subhorizontal bedding. Directly beneath one of these faults, a dipping reflector that may mark the base of a glacial channel shows the opposite sense of throw, suggesting strike-slip motion. Deeper seismic reflection profiles show disrupted strata beneath these faults but little apparent vertical offset, consistent with strike-slip faulting. These faults and folds indicate that the Tacoma fault and Olympia structure include active structures with probable postglacial motion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Albany, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120080306","usgsCitation":"Odum, J., Stephenson, W.J., Pratt, T.L., and Blakely, R.J., 2016, High-resolution seismic reflection imaging of growth folding and shallow faults beneath the Southern Puget Lowland, Washington State: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 100, no. 4, p. 1710-1723, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080306.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1710","endPage":"1723","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-076890","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080306","text":"External Repository"},{"id":324161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Island, Jefferson, King Kitsap, Mason, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, Thurston, Whatcom","city":"Seattle","otherGeospatial":"Northwest coast of Washington State; part of the Saliah Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 48.88639177703194\n ],\n [\n -123.18969726562499,\n 48.672826384100354\n ],\n [\n -123.18969726562499,\n 48.574789910928864\n ],\n [\n -123.06884765625,\n 48.425555463221045\n ],\n [\n -123.20068359374999,\n 48.23565029755306\n ],\n [\n -123.4149169921875,\n 46.81885778879603\n ],\n [\n -121.2176513671875,\n 46.90149244734082\n ],\n [\n -121.3275146484375,\n 48.86832824998009\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 48.88639177703194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a653be4b07657d1a11db0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odum, Jackson K. 0000-0003-4697-2430 odum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-2430","contributorId":1365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jackson K.","email":"odum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168362,"text":"70168362 - 2016 - Ecology and conservation of Lesser Prairie-Chickens in sand shinnery oak prairies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T12:51:11","indexId":"70168362","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ecology and conservation of Lesser Prairie-Chickens in sand shinnery oak prairies","docAbstract":"Sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) prairies are unique ecosystems endemic to sandy soils of eastern New Mexico, northwestern Texas, and western Oklahoma; the historic and current distribution of the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) overlaps these prairie systems. Lesser Prairie-Chicken populations in sand shinnery oak prairies of the Southern Great Plains have declined substantially since the late 1980s, most likely due to conversion of nesting and brood-rearing habitat to row-crop agriculture and extended periods of drought. In addition to threats universal throughout the species distribution, this population is susceptible to a changing climate in an area that is already representative of an extreme environment for ground-nesting birds. Recent studies of Lesser Prairie-Chicken ecology in sand shinnery oak prairies have expanded our knowledge on the ecology and management of the species, but a thorough review of the historic and current literature is lacking. In addition, current management guidelines exist for Lesser Prairie-Chickens in mixed grass and sand sagebrush prairies, but there are no comprehensive management guidelines for the species in sand shinnery oak prairies. This information is paramount given unique aspects of the vegetation community, relative ecosystem drivers, and environmental variation in sand shinnery oak prairie and the species’ current status as a proposed threatened species under the United States Endangered Species Act. Herein, we provide a thorough synthesis of literature pertaining to the life history, habitat requirements, habitat management, and population management for Lesser Prairie-Chickens in sand shinnery oak prairie, provide management guidelines and recommendations for the species in this ecoregion, and highlight current and future research needs. Within our objectives, we place emphasis on two recently completed long-term investigations into Lesser Prairie-Chicken ecology in sand shinnery oak prairie - a 10-year vegetation data set collected in Roosevelt County, New Mexico, 2001–2011 and a 6-year Lesser Prairie-Chicken data set
collected in Roosevelt County, New Mexico and Cochran, Hockley, Terry, and Yoakum counties, Texas, 2006–2012.
This report describes, in a nontechnical style, the geologic history and mining activity in the Blue River region of Colorado, which includes all of Summit County. The geologic story begins with the formation of ancient basement rocks, as old as about 1700 million years, and continues with the deposition of sedimentary rocks on a vast erosional surface beginning in the Cambrian Period (about 530 million years ago). This deposition was interrupted by uplift of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains during the late Paleozoic Era (about 300 million years ago). The present Rocky Mountains began to rise at the close of the Mesozoic Era (about 65 million years ago). A few tens of millions years ago, rifting began to form the Blue River valley; a major fault along the east side of the Gore Range dropped the east side down, forming the present valley. The valley once was filled by sediments and volcanic rocks that are now largely eroded. During the last few hundred-thousand years, at least two periods of glaciation sculpted the mountains bordering the valley and glaciers extended down the Blue River valley as far south as present Dillon Reservoir. Discovery of deposits of gold, silver, copper, and zinc in the late 1800s, particularly in the Breckenridge region, brought an influx of early settlers. The world-class molybdenum deposit at Climax, mined since the First World War, reopened in 2012 after a period of closure.
\nThe report includes a glossary to explain geologic terms used in the text, and numerous photos, maps, and diagrams illustrate the geologic principles discussed. References for further reading are also included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1400","isbn":"978-1-4113-3966-8 (pbk.)","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K.S., Bryant, Bruce, and Shroba, R.R., 2016, Mountains, glaciers, and mines—The geological story of the Blue River valley, Colorado, and its surrounding mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1400, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1400.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503651,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103967.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":317909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1400/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":317910,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1400/circ1400.pdf","text":"Report","size":"40.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1400"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Summit County","otherGeospatial":"Blue River valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.49871826171875,\n 40.10328591293442\n ],\n [\n -105.99334716796875,\n 40.10328591293442\n ],\n [\n -106.00296020507811,\n 39.82857709114199\n ],\n [\n -105.88485717773438,\n 39.69556418405592\n ],\n [\n -105.65414428710938,\n 39.606746222241476\n ],\n [\n -105.64041137695312,\n 39.48390532305253\n ],\n [\n -106.0015869140625,\n 39.299236474818194\n ],\n [\n -106.3641357421875,\n 39.30348722334712\n ],\n [\n -106.50009155273438,\n 39.642710095411786\n ],\n [\n -106.49871826171875,\n 40.10328591293442\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
This report contains reduced 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data from 63 hydrothermal white mica samples separated from orogenic gold-rich quartz veins in the Laramide Caborca orogenic gold belt (COGB) of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. The main objective of this report is to present the sample locations, 40Ar/39Ar experimental methodology, and 40Ar/39Ar isotopic data. We include age spectra and inverse-isotope correlation diagrams for all white mica samples. The age spectra are separated into three groups based on the type of age used for geologic interpretation, including plateau ages (group 1), isochron ages (group 2), and average or single-step heating ages (group 3). The resulting age spectra are used to help establish the age of mineralization for the COGB.
\nThe COGB is approximately 600 kilometers long and 60 to 80 km wide, trends northwest, and extends from west-central Sonora to southern Arizona and California. The COGB contains mineralized gold-rich quartz veins that contain free gold associated with white mica (sericite), carbonate minerals (calcite and ankerite), and sulfides such as pyrite and galena. Limited geochronologic studies exist for parts of the COGB, and previous work was concentrated in mining districts. These previous studies recorded mineralization ages of approximately 70 to 40 Ma. Therefore, some workers proposed that the orogenic gold mineralization in the region occurred during a single pulse that was associated with the Laramide Orogeny that took place during the Cretaceous to early Eocene in the western margin of North America. However, the geochronologic dataset was quite limited, making any regional interpretations tenuous. Accordingly, one of the objectives of this geochronology study was to get a better representative sampling of the COGB in order to obtain a more complete record of the mineralization history. The 63 samples presented in this work are broadly distributed throughout the area of the COGB and allow us to better test the hypothesis that mineralization occurred in a single pulse.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161008","usgsCitation":"Izaguirre, Aldo, Kunk, M.J., Iriondo, Alexander, McAleer, Ryan, Caballero-Martínez, J.A, and Espinosa Arámburu, Enrique, 2016, The Laramide Caborca orogenic gold belt of northwestern Sonora, Mexico; white mica 40Ar/39Ar geochronology from gold-rich quartz veins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1008, 30 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161008.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 30 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069619","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316618,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1008/ofr20161008_table4.xls","text":"Table 4 - 40Ar/39Ar step-heating data and average or single step ages determined from white micas of gold-rich quartz veins","size":"165 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2016-1008","linkHelpText":"of the Caborca orogenic gold belt (COGB), northwestern Sonora, Mexico"},{"id":316609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1008/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":316610,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1008/ofr20161008.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1008"},{"id":316615,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1008/ofr20161008_table1.xls","text":"Table 1 - Summary of 63 40Ar/39Ar ages determined from white micas of gold-rich quartz veins","size":"718 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2016-1008","linkHelpText":"of the Caborca orogenic gold belt (COGB), northwestern Sonora, Mexico"},{"id":316616,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1008/ofr20161008_table2.xls","text":"Table 2 - 40Ar/39Ar step-heating data and plateau ages determined from white micas of gold-rich quartz veins","size":"106 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2016-1008","linkHelpText":"of the Caborca orogenic gold belt (COGB), northwestern Sonora, Mexico"},{"id":316617,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1008/ofr20161008_table3.xls","text":"Table 3 - 40Ar/39Ar step-heating data and isochron ages determined from white micas of gold-rich quartz veins","size":"95 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2016-1008","linkHelpText":"of the Caborca orogenic gold belt (COGB), northwestern Sonora, Mexico."}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -114.36767578124999,\n 34.052659421375964\n ],\n [\n -113.48876953125,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -111.70898437499999,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -111.3134765625,\n 31.071755902820108\n ],\n [\n -110.32470703125,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -110.12695312499999,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -110.01708984374999,\n 28.94086176940554\n ],\n [\n -109.97314453125,\n 28.478348692223165\n ],\n [\n -109.97314453125,\n 28.09136628140692\n ],\n [\n -110.19287109375,\n 27.877928333679495\n ],\n [\n -110.654296875,\n 28.05259082333986\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 28.130127737874005\n ],\n [\n -111.533203125,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 28.863918426224537\n ],\n [\n -112.54394531249999,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -113.09326171875,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -113.7744140625,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -115.224609375,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 34.125447565116126\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
926A National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://geology.er.usgs.gov/egpsc
Shallow cores collected in the 1980s on the Chukchi Shelf of western Arctic Alaska sampled pre-Cenozoic strata whose presence, age, and character are poorly known across the region. Five cores from the Herald Arch foreland contain Cenomanian to Coniacian strata, as documented by biostratigraphy, geochronology, and thermochronology. Shallow seismic reflection data collected during the 1970s and 1980s show that these Upper Cretaceous strata are truncated near the seafloor by subtle angular unconformities, including the Paleogene mid-Brookian unconformity in one core and the Pliocene-Pleistocene unconformity in four cores. Sedimentary structures and lithofacies suggest that Upper Cretaceous strata were deposited in a low accommodation setting that ranged from low-lying coastal plain (nonmarine) to muddy, shallow-marine environments near shore. These observations, together with sparse evidence from the adjacent western North Slope, suggest that Upper Cretaceous strata likely were deposited across all of Arctic Alaska.
A sixth core from the Herald Arch contains lower Toarcian marine strata, indicated by biostratigraphy, truncated by a Neogene or younger unconformity. These Lower Jurassic strata evidently were deposited south of the arch, buried structurally to high levels of thermal maturity during the Early Cretaceous, and uplifted on the Herald thrust-fault system during the mid to Late Cretaceous. These interpretations are based on regional stratigraphy and apatite fission-track data reported in a complementary report and are corroborated by the presence of recycled palynomorphs of Early Jurassic age and high thermal maturity found in Upper Cretaceous strata in two of the foreland cores. This dataset provides evidence that uplift and exhumation of the Herald thrust belt provided sediment to the foreland during the Late Cretaceous.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, vol. 15 (Professional Paper 1814)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1814C","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Craddock, W.H., and Lease, R.O., 2016, Upper Cretaceous and Lower Jurassic strata in shallow cores on the Chukchi Shelf, Arctic Alaska, in Dumoulin, J.A., ed., Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, vol. 15: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1814–C, 37 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/pp1814C.","productDescription":"Report: v, 37 p.; 10 Figures","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068732","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig4.pdf","text":"Figure 4 - High Resolution","size":"170 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 4","linkHelpText":"Graphic section and composite photograph of U.S. Geological Survey vibracore C62, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1814-C PDF"},{"id":317939,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig6.pdf","text":"Figure 6 - High Resolution","size":"170 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 6","linkHelpText":"Graphic section and composite photograph of U.S. Geological Survey vibracore C67, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317943,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig16A.pdf","text":"Figure 16A - High Resolution","size":"468 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 16A","linkHelpText":"Composite photographs of U.S. Geological Survey rotary core C3, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317940,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig8.pdf","text":"Figure 8 - High Resolution","size":"390 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 8","linkHelpText":"Graphic section and composite photograph of U.S. Geological Survey vibracore C65, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317941,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig11.pdf","text":"Figure 11 - High Resolution","size":"431 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 11","linkHelpText":"Graphic section and composite photograph of U.S. Geological Survey vibracore C53, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317942,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig13.pdf","text":"Figure 13 - High Resolution","size":"23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 13","linkHelpText":"Composite photograph of U.S. Geological Survey cores from the Chukchi Shelf, Alaska, showing examples of damage induced by rotary coring"},{"id":317944,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig16B.pdf","text":"Figure 16B - High Resolution","size":"456 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 16B","linkHelpText":"Composite photographs of U.S. Geological Survey rotary core C3, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317945,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig16C.pdf","text":"Figure 16C - High Resolution","size":"476 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 16C","linkHelpText":"Composite photographs of U.S. Geological Survey rotary core C3, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317946,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig16D.pdf","text":"Figure 16D - High Resolution","size":"486 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 16D","linkHelpText":"Composite photographs of U.S. Geological Survey rotary core C3, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317947,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/pp1814C_fig20.pdf","text":"Figure 20 - High Resolution","size":"342 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 20","linkHelpText":"Photographs of U.S. Geological Survey rotary core C7, Chukchi Shelf, Alaska"},{"id":317948,"rank":12,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/c/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.326171875,\n 64.05297838071347\n ],\n [\n -147.7880859375,\n 73.41588526207096\n ],\n [\n -152.9736328125,\n 73.94679115710252\n ],\n [\n -159.03808593749997,\n 74.3192352189468\n ],\n [\n -166.11328125,\n 74.35482803013984\n ],\n [\n -173.32031249999997,\n 74.28356347036141\n ],\n [\n -180.0439453125,\n 73.86150600047368\n ],\n [\n -184.3505859375,\n 73.41588526207096\n ],\n [\n -187.8662109375,\n 72.97118902284586\n ],\n [\n -185.361328125,\n 69.7333343903359\n ],\n [\n -182.1533203125,\n 66.8265202749748\n ],\n [\n -180.3955078125,\n 64.99793920061401\n ],\n [\n -178.59375,\n 63.48976680530999\n ],\n [\n -170.90332031249997,\n 64.03374392176401\n ],\n [\n -165.9814453125,\n 64.07219957867284\n ],\n [\n -161.279296875,\n 64.30182213914463\n ],\n [\n -154.6435546875,\n 64.24459476798192\n ],\n [\n -149.326171875,\n 64.05297838071347\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alaska Science Center staff
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Alaska Mineral Resources
Alaska Science Center
In 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey completed an assessment of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources in three source rocks of the Alaska North Slope, including the lower part of the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Kingak Shale. In order to identify organic shale potential in the absence of a robust geochemical dataset from the lower Kingak Shale, we introduce two quantitative parameters, $\\Delta DT_\\bar{x}$ and $\\Delta DT_z$, estimated from wireline logs from exploration wells and based in part on the commonly used delta-log resistivity ($\\Delta \\text{ }log\\text{ }R$) technique. Calculation of $\\Delta DT_\\bar{x}$ and $\\Delta DT_z$ is intended to produce objective parameters that may be proportional to the quality and volume, respectively, of potential source rocks penetrated by a well and can be used as mapping parameters to convey the spatial distribution of source-rock potential. Both the $\\Delta DT_\\bar{x}$ and $\\Delta DT_z$ mapping parameters show increased source-rock potential from north to south across the North Slope, with the largest values at the toe of clinoforms in the lower Kingak Shale. Because thermal maturity is not considered in the calculation of $\\Delta DT_\\bar{x}$ or $\\Delta DT_z$, total organic carbon values for individual wells cannot be calculated on the basis of $\\Delta DT_\\bar{x}$ or $\\Delta DT_z$ alone. Therefore, the $\\Delta DT_\\bar{x}$ and $\\Delta DT_z$ mapping parameters should be viewed as first-step reconnaissance tools for identifying source-rock potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165001","usgsCitation":"Rouse, W.A., and Houseknecht, D.W., 2016, Modified method for estimating petroleum source-rock potential using wireline logs, with application to the Kingak Shale, Alaska North Slope: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5001, 40 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165001.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061129","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5001/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":316734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5001/sir20165001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.81640625,\n 66.51326044311188\n ],\n [\n -166.81640625,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -140.80078125,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -140.80078125,\n 66.51326044311188\n ],\n [\n -166.81640625,\n 66.51326044311188\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Energy Resources Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
National Center, MS 913
Reston, VA 20192
703–648–6470
http://energy.usgs.gov/
To identify factors contributing to the long-term decline of American woodcock, a holistic understanding of range-wide population connectivity throughout the annual cycle is needed. We used band recovery data and isotopic composition of primary (P1) and secondary (S13) feathers to estimate population sources and connectivity among natal, early fall, and winter ranges of hunter-harvested juvenile American woodcock. We used P1 feathers from known-origin pre-fledged woodcock (n = 43) to create a hydrogenδ2Hf isoscape by regressing δ2Hf against expected growing-season precipitation (δ2Hp). Modeled δ2Hp values explained 79% of the variance in P1 δ2Hf values, indicating good model fit for estimating woodcock natal origins. However, a poor relationship (r2 = 0.23) between known-origin, S13 δ2Hf values, and expected δ2Hp values precluded assignment of early fall origins. We applied the δ2Hfisoscape to assign natal origins using P1 feathers from 494 hunter-harvested juvenile woodcock in the United States and Canada during 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 hunting seasons. Overall, 64% of all woodcock origins were assigned to the northernmost (>44°N) portion of both the Central and Eastern Management Regions. In the Eastern Region, assignments were more uniformly distributed along the Atlantic coast, whereas in the Central Region, most woodcock were assigned to origins within and north of the Great Lakes region. We compared our origin assignments to spatial coverage of the annual American woodcock Singing Ground Survey (SGS) and evaluated whether the survey effectively encompasses the entire breeding range. When we removed the inadequately surveyed Softwood shield Bird Conservation Region (BCR) from the northern portion of the SGS area, only 48% of juvenile woodcock originated in areas currently surveyed by the SGS. Of the individuals assigned to the northernmost portions of the breeding range, several were harvested in the southern extent of the wintering range. Based upon this latitudinal winter stratification, we examined whether woodcock employed a leapfrog migration strategy. Using δ2Hf values and band-recovery data, we found some support for this migration strategy hypothesis but not as a singular explanation. The large harvest derivation of individuals from the northernmost portions of the breeding range, and the difference in breeding distributions within each Management Region should be considered in future range-wide conservation and harvest management planning for American woodcock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.1035","usgsCitation":"Sullins, D.S., Conway, W.C., Haukos, D.A., Hobson, K., Wassenaar, L.I., Comer, C.E., and Hung, I., 2016, American woodcock migratory connectivity as indicated by hydrogen isotopes: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 80, no. 3, p. 510-526, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.1035.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"526","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064387","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc5f29e4b08d617f65ffd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullins, Daniel S.","contributorId":166689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullins","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Warren C.","contributorId":51550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haukos, David A. 0000-0001-5372-9960 dhaukos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-9960","contributorId":3664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"David","email":"dhaukos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hobson, Keith A.","contributorId":47306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobson","given":"Keith A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wassenaar, Leonard I","contributorId":150277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wassenaar","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"I","affiliations":[{"id":17954,"text":"International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":619734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Comer, Christopher E.","contributorId":166690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Comer","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":32360,"text":"Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":619735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hung, I-Kuai","contributorId":166691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hung","given":"I-Kuai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70161832,"text":"sir20155188 - 2016 - Water balance monitoring for two bioretention gardens in Omaha, Nebraska, 2011–14","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T08:27:29","indexId":"sir20155188","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-05T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5188","title":"Water balance monitoring for two bioretention gardens in Omaha, Nebraska, 2011–14","docAbstract":"Bioretention gardens are used to help mitigate stormwater runoff in urban settings in an attempt to restore the hydrologic response of the developed land to a natural predevelopment response in which more water is infiltrated rather than routed directly to urban drainage networks. To better understand the performance of bioretention gardens in facilitating infiltration of stormwater in eastern Nebraska, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Douglas County Environmental Services and the Nebraska Environmental Trust, assessed the water balance of two bioretention gardens located in Omaha, Nebraska by monitoring the amount of stormwater entering and leaving the gardens. One garden is on the Douglas County Health Center campus, and the other garden is on the property of the Eastern Nebraska Office on Aging.
For the Douglas County Health Center, bioretention garden performance was evaluated on the basis of volume reduction by comparing total inflow volume to total outflow volume. The bioretention garden reduced inflow volumes from a minimum of 33 percent to 100 percent (a complete reduction in inflow volume) depending on the size of the event. Although variable, the percent reduction of the inflow volume tended to decrease with increasing total event rainfall. To assess how well the garden reduces stormwater peak inflow rates, peak inflows were plotted against peak outflows measured at the bioretention garden. Only 39 of the 255 events had any overflow, indicating 100 percent peak reduction in the other events. Of those 39 events having overflow, the mean peak reduction was 63 percent.
No overflow events were recorded at the bioretention garden at the Eastern Nebraska Office on Aging; therefore, data were not available for an event-based overflow analysis.Monitoring period summary of the water balance at both bio-retention gardens indicates that most of the stormwater in the bioretention gardens is stored in the subsurface.
Evapotranspiration was attributed to a small percentage of the outputs on an annual basis (3 percent at Douglas County Health Center site and 5 percent at Eastern Nebraska Office onAging site), which indicates that vegetative water uptake is not a primary factor in the water budget.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County Environmental Services and the Nebraska Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Strauch, K.R., Rus, D.L., Holm, K.E., 2016, Water balance monitoring for two bioretention gardens in Omaha, Nebraska, 2011–14, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report 2015–5188, 19 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155188.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066874","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TS1H1R","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water Balance Monitoring Data for Two Biorentention Gardens in Omaha, Nebraska 2011-17"},{"id":315021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5188/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":315022,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5188/sir20155188.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5188"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Douglas County","city":"Omaha","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -95.9,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -95.9,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 41.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Nebraska Water Science Center
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln, Nebraska 68512
Light availability is of primary importance to the ecological function of shallow estuaries. For example, benthic primary production by submerged aquatic vegetation is contingent upon light penetration to the seabed. A major component that attenuates light in estuaries is colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). CDOM is often measured via a proxy, fluorescing dissolved organic matter (fDOM), due to the ease of in situ fDOM sensor measurements. Fluorescence must be converted to CDOM absorbance for use in light attenuation calculations. However, this CDOM–fDOM relationship varies among and within estuaries. We quantified the variability in this relationship within three estuaries along the mid-Atlantic margin of the eastern United States: West Falmouth Harbor (MA), Barnegat Bay (NJ), and Chincoteague Bay (MD/VA). Land use surrounding these estuaries ranges from urban to developed, with varying sources of nutrients and organic matter. Measurements of fDOM (excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 nm (±5 nm) and 460 nm (±40 nm), respectively) and CDOM absorbance were taken along a terrestrial-to-marine gradient in all three estuaries. The ratio of the absorption coefficient at 340 nm (m−1) to fDOM (QSU) was higher in West Falmouth Harbor (1.22) than in Barnegat Bay (0.22) and Chincoteague Bay (0.17). The CDOM : fDOM absorption ratio was variable between sites within West Falmouth Harbor and Barnegat Bay, but consistent between sites within Chincoteague Bay. Stable carbon isotope analysis for constraining the source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in West Falmouth Harbor and Barnegat Bay yielded δ13C values ranging from −19.7 to −26.1 ‰ and −20.8 to −26.7 ‰, respectively. Concentration and stable carbon isotope mixing models of DOC (dissolved organic carbon) indicate a contribution of 13C-enriched DOC in the estuaries. The most likely source of 13C-enriched DOC for the systems we investigated is Spartina cordgrass. Comparison of DOC source to CDOM : fDOM absorption ratios at each site demonstrates the relationship between source and optical properties. Samples with 13C-enriched carbon isotope values, indicating a greater contribution from marsh organic material, had higher CDOM : fDOM absorption ratios than samples with greater contribution from terrestrial organic material. Applying a uniform CDOM : fDOM absorption ratio and spectral slope within a given estuary yields errors in modeled light attenuation ranging from 11 to 33 % depending on estuary. The application of a uniform absorption ratio across all estuaries doubles this error. This study demonstrates that light attenuation coefficients for CDOM based on continuous fDOM records are highly dependent on the source of DOM present in the estuary. Thus, light attenuation models for estuaries would be improved by quantification of CDOM absorption and DOM source identification.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/bg-13-583-2016","usgsCitation":"Oestreich, W., Ganju, N.K., Pohlman, J.W., and Suttles, S., 2016, Colored dissolved organic matter in shallow estuaries: relationships between carbon sources and light attenuation: Biogeosciences, v. 13, no. 2, p. 583-595, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-583-2016.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"595","ipdsId":"IP-065243","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-583-2016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328840,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c6cfe4b0bc0bec09cb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oestreich, W.K.","contributorId":174765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oestreich","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27509,"text":"Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":649224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ganju, Neil K. 0000-0002-1096-0465 nganju@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":174763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"Neil","email":"nganju@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pohlman, John W. 0000-0002-3563-4586 jpohlman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-4586","contributorId":145771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohlman","given":"John","email":"jpohlman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suttles, Steven E. 0000-0002-4119-8370 ssuttles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-8370","contributorId":174766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suttles","given":"Steven E. ","email":"ssuttles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169274,"text":"70169274 - 2016 - Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-22T12:38:26","indexId":"70169274","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional (1-D) analytic solution is developed for heat transport through an aquifer system where the vertical temperature profile in the aquifer is nearly uniform. The general anisotropic form of the viscous heat generation term is developed for use in groundwater flow simulations. The 1-D solution is extended to more complex geometries by solving the equation for piece-wise linear or uniform properties and boundary conditions. A moderately complex example, the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), is analyzed to demonstrate the use of the analytic solution for identifying important physical processes. For example, it is shown that viscous heating is variably important and that heat conduction to the land surface is a primary control on the distribution of aquifer and spring temperatures. Use of published values for all aquifer and thermal properties results in a reasonable match between simulated and measured groundwater temperatures over most of the 300 km length of the ESRP, except for geothermal heat flow into the base of the aquifer within 20 km of the Yellowstone hotspot. Previous basal heat flow measurements (∼110 mW/m2) made beneath the ESRP aquifer were collected at distances of >50 km from the Yellowstone Plateau, but a higher basal heat flow of 150 mW/m2 is required to match groundwater temperatures near the Plateau. The ESRP example demonstrates how the new tool can be used during preliminary analysis of a groundwater system, allowing efficient identification of the important physical processes that must be represented during more-complex 2-D and 3-D simulations of combined groundwater and heat flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015WR018204","usgsCitation":"Burns, E.R., Ingebritsen, S.E., Manga, M., and Williams, C.F., 2016, Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 1328-1344, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018204.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1344","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066164","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1480710","text":"External Repository"},{"id":319342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.44232177734374,\n 42.92224052343343\n ],\n [\n -112.37640380859375,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -112.2637939453125,\n 43.19516498456403\n ],\n [\n -112.1044921875,\n 43.30719248161193\n ],\n [\n -112.00836181640625,\n 43.45890015705449\n ],\n [\n -111.99462890625,\n 43.6102281417864\n ],\n [\n -111.94793701171875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -111.84906005859375,\n 43.76514352427404\n ],\n [\n -111.78314208984375,\n 43.81471121600004\n ],\n [\n -111.83807373046875,\n 43.91174463910793\n ],\n [\n -111.96441650390625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -112.13470458984375,\n 43.9473499035071\n ],\n [\n -112.22259521484375,\n 43.91174463910793\n ],\n [\n -112.39562988281249,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -112.576904296875,\n 43.80876526350847\n ],\n [\n -112.78289794921875,\n 43.82461982131735\n ],\n [\n -113.060302734375,\n 43.67581809328344\n ],\n [\n -113.302001953125,\n 43.57840117718351\n ],\n [\n -113.6810302734375,\n 43.367122441110716\n ],\n [\n -113.96942138671875,\n 43.25520534158046\n ],\n [\n -114.12322998046875,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -114.43634033203125,\n 43.279204926082784\n ],\n [\n -114.7137451171875,\n 43.271206115959785\n ],\n [\n -115.07904052734374,\n 43.271206115959785\n ],\n [\n -115.1971435546875,\n 43.22719386727831\n ],\n [\n -115.1531982421875,\n 43.02472955416351\n ],\n [\n -114.88677978515625,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -114.87030029296875,\n 42.72280375732727\n ],\n [\n -114.76867675781249,\n 42.57128708742757\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 42.47817430242153\n ],\n [\n -113.873291015625,\n 42.459940352216556\n ],\n [\n -113.51898193359374,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -113.22235107421874,\n 42.60970621339408\n ],\n [\n -113.0218505859375,\n 42.67435857693384\n ],\n [\n -112.74444580078125,\n 42.789354160502775\n ],\n [\n -112.47528076171875,\n 42.88401467044253\n ],\n [\n -112.44232177734374,\n 42.92224052343343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fc7e4b0f59b85e1eb4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":3094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":623424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingebritsen, Steven E. 0000-0001-6917-9369 seingebr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-9369","contributorId":818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"Steven","email":"seingebr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manga, Michael","contributorId":84679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manga","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160077,"text":"70160077 - 2016 - Differences in impacts of Hurricane Sandy on freshwater swamps on the Delmarva Peninsula, Mid−Atlantic Coast, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-17T23:22:49","indexId":"70160077","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1454,"text":"Ecological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in impacts of Hurricane Sandy on freshwater swamps on the Delmarva Peninsula, Mid−Atlantic Coast, USA","docAbstract":"Hurricane wind and surge may have different influences on the subsequent composition of forests. During Hurricane Sandy, while damaging winds were highest near landfall in New Jersey, inundation occurred along the entire eastern seaboard from Georgia to Maine. In this study, a comparison of damage from salinity intrusion vs. wind/surge was recorded in swamps of the Delmarva Peninsula along the Pocomoke (MD) and Nanticoke (DE) Rivers, south of the most intense wind damage. Hickory Point Cypress Swamp (Hickory) was closest to the Chesapeake Bay and may have been subjected to a salinity surge as evidenced by elevated salinity levels at a gage upstream of this swamp (storm salinity = 13.1 ppt at Nassawango Creek, Snow Hill, Maryland). After Hurricane Sandy, 8% of the standing trees died at Hickory including Acer rubrum, Amelanchier laevis, Ilex spp., and Taxodium distichum. In Plot 2 of Hickory, 25% of the standing trees were dead, and soil salinity levels were the highest recorded in the study. The most important variables related to structural tree damage were soil salinity and proximity to the Atlantic coast as based on Stepwise Regression and NMDS procedures. Wind damage was mostly restricted to broken branches although tipped−up trees were found at Hickory, Whiton and Porter (species: Liquidamabar styraciflua, Pinus taeda, Populus deltoides, Quercus pagoda and Ilex spp.). These trees fell mostly in an east or east−southeast direction (88o−107o) in keeping with the wind direction of Hurricane Sandy on the Delmarva Peninsula. Coastal restoration and management can be informed by the specific differences in hurricane damage to vegetation by salt versus wind.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.035","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., 2016, Differences in impacts of Hurricane Sandy on freshwater swamps on the Delmarva Peninsula, Mid−Atlantic Coast, USA: Ecological Engineering, v. 87, p. 62-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.035.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059151","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471288,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.035","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Delmarva peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.6024169921875,\n 38.466492845389446\n ],\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 38.12591462924157\n ],\n [\n -75.19866943359375,\n 38.34165619279593\n ],\n [\n -75.58868408203125,\n 38.47294404791815\n ],\n [\n -75.6024169921875,\n 38.466492845389446\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56af3029e4b036ee44b83a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70177910,"text":"70177910 - 2016 - Geochemistry of formation waters from the Wolfcamp and “Cline” shales: Insights into brine origin, reservoir connectivity, and fluid flow in the Permian Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-24T08:19:21","indexId":"70177910","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-30T19:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of formation waters from the Wolfcamp and “Cline” shales: Insights into brine origin, reservoir connectivity, and fluid flow in the Permian Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Despite being one of the most important oil producing provinces in the United States, information on basinal hydrogeology and fluid flow in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico is lacking. The source and geochemistry of brines from the basin were investigated (Ordovician- to Guadalupian-age reservoirs) by combining previously published data from conventional reservoirs with geochemical results for 39 new produced water samples, with a focus on those from shales. Salinity of the Ca–Cl-type brines in the basin generally increases with depth reaching a maximum in Devonian (median = 154 g/L) reservoirs, followed by decreases in salinity in the Silurian (median = 77 g/L) and Ordovician (median = 70 g/L) reservoirs. Isotopic data for B, O, H, and Sr and ion chemistry indicate three major types of water. Lower salinity fluids (<70 g/L) of meteoric origin in the middle and upper Permian hydrocarbon reservoirs (1.2–2.5 km depth; Guadalupian and Leonardian age) likely represent meteoric waters that infiltrated through and dissolved halite and anhydrite in the overlying evaporite layer. Saline (>100 g/L), isotopically heavy (O and H) water in Leonardian [Permian] to Pennsylvanian reservoirs (2–3.2 km depth) is evaporated, Late Permian seawater. Water from the Permian Wolfcamp and Pennsylvanian “Cline” shales, which are isotopically similar but lower in salinity and enriched in alkalis, appear to have developed their composition due to post-illitization diffusion into the shales. Samples from the “Cline” shale are further enriched with NH4, Br, I and isotopically light B, sourced from the breakdown of marine kerogen in the unit. Lower salinity waters (<100 g/L) in Devonian and deeper reservoirs (>3 km depth), which plot near the modern local meteoric water line, are distinct from the water in overlying reservoirs. We propose that these deep meteoric waters are part of a newly identified hydrogeologic unit: the Deep Basin Meteoric Aquifer System. Chemical, isotopic, and pressure data suggest that despite over-pressuring in the Wolfcamp shale, there is little potential for vertical fluid migration to the surface environment via natural conduits.
\n