Officials in Oswego County, in north-central New York, have been concerned about potential contamination of community wells. Many of these wells are completed in unconfined glacial sand-and-gravel aquifers, although some are finished in till or in the underlying fractured and jointed bedrock of Late Ordovician and Early Silurian ages. Local shallow ground-water flow is affected by the orientation and hydraulic characteristics of the local topography and surficial sediments, whereas deeper regional flow is toward Lake Ontario. Concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and tritium in water samples from 28 wells in the county were measured in 1999 for ground-water-age dating; results yield recharge dates ranging from about 1955 to 1994.
\nThe presence of water older than about 15 years in the sand-and-gravel aquifers differs from previous concepts of recharge sources and ground-water movement that were based on numerical modeling of ground-water flow. Young ground water (1 to 5 years old) probably represents recharge from recent precipitation and seepage from streams, whereas the oldest ground water (more than 40 years old) probably is derived from the fractured bedrock that underlies the glacial sediments or has moved along long flow paths in unconsolidated deposits, or through poorly permeable material. Some sand-and-gravel aquifers in Oswego County contain mixtures of old and young water. Wellhead-protection efforts need to focus on protection of the quality of young water in the sand-and-gravel aquifers because young water is more likely to be contaminated than old water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oswego County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 2001, Ground-water age dating in community wells in Oswego County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-232, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001232.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9818,"rank":98,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0232/ofr20010232.pdf","text":"Report","size":"424 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2001-232"},{"id":322146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0232/coverthb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80,40 ], [ -80,45 ], [ -72,45 ], [ -72,40 ], [ -80,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180-8349
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Apparent ages of ground water are useful in the analysis of various components of flow systems, and results of this analysis can be incorporated into investigations of potential pathways of contaminant transport. This report presents the results of a study in 1997 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Base Civil Engineer, Environmental Directorate, to describe the apparent age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system at the Station. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium (3H), dissolved gases, stable isotopes, and water-quality field properties were measured in samples from 14 wells and 16 springs on the Station in March 1997.
Nitrogen-argon recharge temperatures range from 5.9°C to 17.3°C with a median temperature of 10.9°C, which indicates that ground-water recharge predominantly occurs in the cold months of the year. Concentrations of excess air vary depending upon geohydrologic setting (recharge and discharge areas). Apparent ground-water ages using a CFC-based dating technique range from 1 to 48 years with a median age of 10 years. The oldest apparent CFC ages occur in the upper parts of the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer, whereas the youngest apparent ages occur in the Columbia aquifer and the upper parts of the discharge area setting, especially springs. The vertical distribution of apparent CFC ages indicates that groundwater movement between aquifers is somewhat retarded by the leaky confining units, but the elapsed time is relatively short (generally less than 35 years), as evidenced by the presence of CFCs at depth. The identification of binary mixtures by CFC-based dating indicates that convergence of flow lines occurs not only at the actual point of discharge, but also in the subsurface.
The CFC-based recharge dates are consistent with expected 3H concentrations measured in the water samples from the Station. The concentration of 3H in ground water ranges from below the USGS laboratory minimum reporting limit of 0.3 to 15.9 tritium units (TU) with a median value of 10.8 TU. Water-quality field properties are highly variable for ground water with apparent CFC ages less than 15 years because of geochemical processes within local flow systems. Ground water with apparent CFC ages greater than 15 years represents more stable conditions in subregional flow systems.
The range of apparent CFC ages is slightly greater than the ranges in time of travel of ground water calculated for shallow wells (less than 60- feet deep) from flow-path analysis. Calculated travel times to springs can be up to two orders of magnitude greater than the CFC-based apparent ages. Reasonable assumptions of values for hydraulic parameters can result in substantial overestimates for time of travel to springs.
Recharge rates computed from apparent CFC ages range from 0.29 to 0.89 feet per year (ft/ yr) with an average value of 0.54 ft/yr. The analysis of apparent CFC ages in conjunction with geohydrologic data indicates that young water (less than 50 years) is present at depth (nearly 120 feet) and that both local and subregional flow systems occur in the shallow aquifer system at the Station. The addition of the dimension of time to the three-dimensional framework of Brockman and others (1997) will benefit current (2001) and future remediation activities by providing estimates of advective transport rates and how these rates vary depending upon geohydrologic setting and position within the ground-water-flow system. Estimated ground-water apparent ages and recharge rates can be used as calibration criteria in simulations of ground-water flow on the Station to refine and constrain future ground-water-flow models of the shallow aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Base Civil Engineer, Environmental Directorate","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D.L., Harlow, G., and Brockman, A., 2001, Apparent chlorofluorocarbon age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4179, v, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014179.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4179/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":341599,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4179/wri20014179.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2001-4179"},{"id":415378,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43638.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Yorktown","otherGeospatial":"Naval Weapons Station Yorktown","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.273\n ],\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.213\n ],\n [\n -76.527,\n 37.213\n ],\n [\n -76.527,\n 37.273\n ],\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.273\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) collected data on fish from 10 stream sites in 1996 and 3 stream sites in 1997 as part of a comparative study of fish community assessment methods. The sites sampled represent a wide range of basin sizes (ranging from 132–6,330 square kilometers) and surrounding land-use types (urban, agricultural, and mixed). Each agency used its own fish-sampling protocol. Using the Index of Biotic Integrity and Modified Index of Well-Being, differences between data sets were tested for significance by means of the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (α = 0.05). Results showed that the median of Index of Biotic Integrity differences between data sets was not significantly different from zero (p = 0.2521); however, the same statistical test showed the median differences in the Modified Index of Well-Being scores to be significantly different from zero (p = 0.0158). The differences observed in the Index of Biotic Integrity scores are likely due to natural variability, increased variability at sites with degraded water quality, differences in sampling methods, and low-end adjustments in the Index of Biotic Integrity calculation when fewer than 50 fish were collected. The Modified Index ofWell-Being scores calculated by OEPA were significantly higher than those calculated by the USGS. This finding was attributed to the comparatively large numbers and biomass of fish collected by the OEPA. By combining the two indices and viewing them in terms of the percentage attainment of Ohio Warmwater Habitat criteria, the two agencies’ data seemed comparable, although the Index of Biotic Integrity scores were more similar than the Modified Index of Well-Being scores.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Covert, S., 2001, Comparison of U.S. Geological Survey and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency fish-collection methods using the index of biotic integrity and modified index of well-being, 1996–97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000–4255, vi, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004255.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3943,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4255/wri20004255.pdf","text":"Report","size":"675 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4255"},{"id":172272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4255/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -78.37646484375,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -78.37646484375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 40.83043687764923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229-1737
A method for the isolation and analysis of 21 parent pesticides and 20 pesticide degradates in natural-water samples is described. Water samples are filtered to remove suspended particulate matter and then are pumped through disposable solid-phase-extraction columns that contain octadecyl-bonded porous silica to extract the analytes. The columns are dried by using nitrogen gas, and adsorbed analytes are eluted with ethyl acetate. Extracted analytes are determined by capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring of three characteristic ions. The upper concentration limit is 2 micrograms per liter (µg/L) for most analytes. Single-operator method detection limits in reagent-water samples range from 0.00 1 to 0.057 µg/L. Validation data also are presented for 14 parent pesticides and 20 degradates that were determined to have greater bias or variability, or shorter holding times than the other compounds. The estimated maximum holding time for analytes in pesticide-grade water before extraction was 4 days. The estimated maximum holding time for analytes after extraction on the dry solid-phase-extraction columns was 7 days. An optional on-site extraction procedure allows for samples to be collected and processed at remote sites where it is difficult to ship samples to the laboratory within the recommended pre-extraction holding time. The method complements existing U.S. Geological Survey Method O-1126-95 (NWQL Schedules 2001 and 2010) by using identical sample preparation and comparable instrument analytical conditions so that sample extracts can be analyzed by either method to expand the range of analytes determined from one water sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014098","usgsCitation":"Sandstrom, M.W., Stroppel, M.E., Foreman, W., and Schroeder, M.P., 2001, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory - Determination of moderate-use pesticides and selected degradates in water by C-18 solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4098, vii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014098.","productDescription":"vii, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360774,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4098/wrir014098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4098"}],"contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62bb0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stroppel, Max E.","contributorId":30088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stroppel","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":231149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, Michael P.","contributorId":103303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45113,"text":"wri014039 - 2001 - Simulated response of the Sparta Aquifer to outcrop area recharge augmentation, southeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T09:13:18","indexId":"wri014039","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4039","title":"Simulated response of the Sparta Aquifer to outcrop area recharge augmentation, southeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"Recharge augmentation by construction of infiltration impoundments is a potential means of increasing aquifer water levels and aquifer yield that is under consideration for the Sparta aquifer in southeastern Arkansas. The aquifer is a major water resource for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses, and approximately 287 million gallons per day was pumped from the aquifer in Arkansas in 1995; this is double the amount pumped in 1975. Historically, the Sparta aquifer has provided abundant water of high quality. In recent years, however, the demand for water in some areas has resulted in withdrawals from the Sparta that significantly exceed recharge to the aquifer, and considerable declines have occurred in the potentiometric surface. To better manage the Sparta aquifer, water users in Arkansas are evaluating and implementing a variety of management practices and assessing alternative, surface-water sources to reduce stress upon the Sparta aquifer. One approach to managing and maximizing use of the Sparta aquifer is augmenting recharge to the aquifer by construction of infiltration lakes or canals within the recharge area. The basic concept of augmented recharge is simply to increase the amount of water being introduced into the aquifer so that more water will be available for use. Ground-water flow model simulations were conducted to assess the effectiveness of constructing lakes or canals to augment recharge. Results show that construction of five new lakes in the Sparta recharge area upgradient from major pumping centers or construction of a series of canals along the length of the recharge area yield notable benefit to aquifer conditions when compared with simulations entailing no augmentation of recharge. Augmentation of recharge in the Sparta aquifer with emplacement of lakes provides slight increase to aquifer water levels. The presence of the lakes increased simulated aquifer water levels 0.5 foot or more across a broad area comprising all or a substantial part of 19 counties after the 30-year simulation period. Substantial increases of 5 feet or greater are limited to a smaller area proximal to the lakes. Increases of 5 feet or more are seen in El Dorado, Pine Bluff, and Stuttgart. The positive effect of the lakes on aquifer water levels is rapidly realized after emplacement of the lakes. For example, in the El Dorado area more than 3 feet of a total of 8 feet of water-level increase is seen in the first 5 years of the simulation; in the Pine Bluff area 9 feet of a total of 16 feet of increase occurs within 5 years. Sustainable yield from the aquifer could be expected to be increased within the zone of influence of the lakes. Augmentation of recharge in the Sparta aquifer with emplacement of canals provides considerable increase of aquifer water levels. The zone of influence in the aquifer with canal-augmented recharge extends from the recharge area eastward to the Mississippi River. Aquifer water levels exhibit an increase of 5 feet or more across a broad area comprising all or a substantial part of 15 counties. Increases of 20 feet or more are seen in El Dorado, Pine Bluff, and Stuttgart. The amount of water moving into the aquifer is substantially increased under this scenario, and the amount of water removed from storage is decreased, thereby, increasing aquifer conditions considerably. Sustainable yield from the aquifer could be expected to be greater within the zone of influence of the canals as compared to either the scenario without recharge augmentation or recharge augmentation with lakes. The effect of the canal on aquifer water levels is rapidly realized after emplacement of the canals. For example, in the El Dorado area, 22 feet of a total of 30 feet of increase is seen in the first 5 years of the simulation; in the Pine Bluff area, 15 feet of a total of 24 feet of increase occurs within 5 years. As constructed, the model simulations imply that any lakes or canals constructed would maintain exce
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014039","usgsCitation":"Hays, P.D., 2001, Simulated response of the Sparta Aquifer to outcrop area recharge augmentation, southeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4039, Report: iii, 14 p.; 2 Plates: 16.80 x 15.40 inches and 16.79 x 15.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014039.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 14 p.; 2 Plates: 16.80 x 15.40 inches and 16.79 x 15.36 inches","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014039.jpg"},{"id":310323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4039/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310324,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4039/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310325,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4039/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 34.90395296559004\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -93.812255859375,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 32.99945000822839\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 33.128351191631566\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 33.99802726234877\n ],\n [\n -90.71411132812499,\n 34.20725938207231\n ],\n [\n -90.362548828125,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 34.90395296559004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Phillip D. 0000-0001-5491-9272 pdhays@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-9272","contributorId":4145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Phillip","email":"pdhays@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45105,"text":"wri20004243 - 2001 - Numerical Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Assessment of the Effects of Artificial Recharge in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"wri20004243","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4243","title":"Numerical Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Assessment of the Effects of Artificial Recharge in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The Rialto?Colton Basin, in western San Bernardino County, California, was chosen for storage of imported water because of the good quality of native ground water, the known storage capacity for additional ground-water storage in the basin, and the availability of imported water. To supplement native ground-water resources and offset overdraft conditions in the basin during dry periods, artificial-recharge operations during wet periods in the Rialto?Colton Basin were begun in 1982 to store surplus imported water. Local water purveyors recognized that determining the movement and ultimate disposition of the artificially recharged imported water would require a better understanding of the ground-water flow system.\r\n\r\nIn this study, a finite-difference model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the Rialto?Colton Basin to gain a better understanding of the ground-water flow system and to evaluate the hydraulic effects of artificial recharge of imported water. The ground-water basin was simulated as four horizontal layers representing the river- channel deposits and the upper, middle, and lower water-bearing units. Several flow barriers bordering and internal to the Rialto?Colton Basin influence the direction of ground-water flow. Ground water may flow relatively unrestricted in the shallow parts of the flow system; however, the faults generally become more restrictive at depth. A particle-tracking model was used to simulate advective transport of imported water within the ground-water flow system and to evaluate three artificial-recharge alternatives.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water flow model was calibrated to transient conditions for 1945?96. Initial conditions for the transient-state simulation were established by using 1945 recharge and discharge rates, and assuming no change in storage in the basin. Average hydrologic conditions for 1945?96 were used for the predictive simulations (1997?2027). Ground-water-level measurements made during 1945 were used for comparison with the initial-conditions simulation to determine if there was a reasonable match, and thus reasonable starting heads, for the transient simulation. The comparison between simulated head and measured water levels indicates that, overall, the simulated heads match measured water levels well; the goodness-of-fit value is 0.99. The largest differences between simulated head and measured water level occurred between Barrier H and the Rialto?Colton Fault. Simulated heads near the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek, and simulated heads northwest of Barrier J, generally are within 30 feet of measured water levels and five are within 20 feet.\r\n\r\nModel-simulated heads were compared with measured long-term changes in hydrographs of composite water levels in selected wells, and with measured short-term changes in hydrographs of water levels in multiple-depth observation wells installed for this project. Simulated hydraulic heads generally matched measured water levels in wells northwest of Barrier J (in the northwestern part of the basin) and in the central part of the basin during 1945?96. In addition, the model adequately simulated water levels in the southeastern part of the basin near the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek and east of an unnamed fault that subparallels the San Jacinto Fault. Simulated heads and measured water levels in the central part of the basin generally are within 10 feet until about 1982?85 when differences become greater. In the northwestern part of the basin southeast of Barrier J, simulated heads were as much as 50 feet higher than measured water levels during 1945?82 but matched measured water levels well after 1982. In the compartment between Barrier H and the Rialto?Colton Fault, simulated heads match well during 1945?82 but are comparatively low during 1982?96. Near the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek, simulated heads generally rose above measured water levels except during 1965?72 when simulated heads compared well with measured water levels.\r\n\r\nAverage ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20004243","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., and Koczot, K.M., 2001, Numerical Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Assessment of the Effects of Artificial Recharge in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4243, viii, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004243.","productDescription":"viii, 148 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10735,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,34 ], [ -117.5,34.25 ], [ -117.16666666666667,34.25 ], [ -117.16666666666667,34 ], [ -117.5,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6968d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koczot, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-5728-9798 kmkoczot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-9798","contributorId":2039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmkoczot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45119,"text":"wri014106 - 2001 - Simulation of ground-water flow and transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:54","indexId":"wri014106","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4106","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Military activity at Graces Quarters, a former open-air chemical-agent facility at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, has resulted in ground-water contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons. As part of a ground-water remediation feasibility study, a three-dimensional model was constructed to simulate transport of four chlorinated hydrocarbons (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform) that are components of a contaminant plume in the surficial and middle aquifers underlying the east-central part of Graces Quarters. The model was calibrated to steady-state hydraulic head at 58 observation wells and to the concentration of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in 58 observation wells and 101direct-push probe samples from the mid-1990s. Simulations using the same basic model with minor adjustments were then run for each of the other plume constituents. The error statistics between the simulated and measured concentrations of each of the constituents compared favorably to the error statisticst,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane calibration. Model simulations were used in conjunction with contaminant concentration data to examine the sources and degradation of the plume constituents. It was determined from this that mixed contaminant sources with no ambient degradation was the best approach for simulating multi-species solute transport at the site. Forward simulations were run to show potential solute transport 30 years and 100 years into the future with and without source removal. Although forward simulations are subject to uncertainty, they can be useful for illustrating various aspects of the conceptual model and its implementation. The forward simulation with no source removal indicates that contaminants would spread throughout various parts of the surficial and middle aquifers, with the100-year simulation showing potential discharge areas in either the marshes at the end of the Graces Quarters peninsula or just offshore in the estuaries. The simulation with source removal indicates that if the modeling assumptions are reasonable and ground-water cleanup within30 years is important, source removal alone is not a sufficient remedy, and cleanup might not even occur within 100 years. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014106","usgsCitation":"Tenbus, F.J., and Fleck, W.B., 2001, Simulation of ground-water flow and transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4106, v, 51 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014106.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tenbus, Frederick J.","contributorId":52145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, William B.","contributorId":17587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44707,"text":"wri994260 - 2001 - Simulation of a long-term aquifer test conducted near the Rio Grande, Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"wri994260","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4260","title":"Simulation of a long-term aquifer test conducted near the Rio Grande, Albuquerque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"A long-term aquifer test was conducted near the Rio Grande in \r\nAlbuquerque during January and February 1995 using 22 wells and \r\npiezometers at nine sites, with the City of Albuquerque Griegos 1 \r\nproduction well as the pumped well. Griegos 1 discharge averaged \r\nabout 2,330 gallons per minute for 54.4 days. A three-dimensional \r\nfinite-difference ground-water-flow model was used to estimate \r\naquifer properties in the vicinity of the Griegos well field and the \r\namount of infiltration induced into the aquifer system from the \r\nRio Grande and riverside drains as a result of pumping during the \r\ntest. The model was initially calibrated by trial-and-error \r\nadjustments of the aquifer properties. The model was \r\nrecalibrated using a nonlinear least-squares regression \r\ntechnique.\r\n \r\nThe aquifer system in the area includes the middle Tertiary to \r\nQuaternary Santa Fe Group and post-Santa Fe Group valley- and \r\nbasin-fill deposits of the Albuquerque Basin. The Rio Grande \r\nand adjacent riverside drains are in hydraulic connection with the \r\naquifer system.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic-conductivity values of the upper part of the \r\nSanta Fe Group resulting from the model calibrated by trial and \r\nerror varied by zone in the model and ranged from 12 to 33 feet per \r\nday. The hydraulic conductivity of the inner-valley alluvium was 45 \r\nfeet per day. The vertical to horizontal anisotropy ratio was \r\n1:140. Specific storage was 4 x 10-6 per foot of aquifer thickness, \r\nand specific yield was 0.15 (dimensionless). The sum of \r\nsquared errors between the observed and simulated drawdowns \r\nwas 130 feet squared.\r\n\r\nNot all aquifer properties could be estimated using nonlinear \r\nregression because of model insensitivity to some aquifer \r\nproperties at observation locations. Hydraulic conductivity \r\nof the inner-valley alluvium, middle part of the Santa Fe Group, \r\nand riverbed and riverside-drain bed and specific yield had low \r\nsensitivity values and therefore could not be estimated. Of the \r\nproperties estimated, hydraulic conductivity of the upper part of \r\nthe Santa Fe Group was estimated to be 12 feet per day, the vertical \r\nto horizontal anisotropy ratio was estimated to be 1:82, and specific \r\nstorage was estimated to be 1.2 x 10-6 per foot of aquifer \r\nthickness. The overall sum of squared errors between the \r\nobserved and simulated drawdowns was 87 feet squared, a significant \r\nimprovement over the model calibrated by trial and error.\r\n\r\nAt the end of aquifer-test pumping, induced infiltration from \r\nthe Rio Grande and riverside drains was simulated to be 13 \r\npercent of the total amount of water pumped. The remainder was \r\nwater removed from aquifer storage. After pumping stopped, \r\ninduced infiltration continued to replenish aquifer storage. \r\nSimulations estimated that 5 years after pumping began (about 4.85 \r\nyears after pumping stopped), 58 to 72 percent of the total amount \r\nof water pumped was replenished by induced infiltration from the Rio \r\nGrande surface-water system.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri994260","usgsCitation":"McAda, D.P., 2001, Simulation of a long-term aquifer test conducted near the Rio Grande, Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4260, v, 66 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.; 1 over-size sheet., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994260.","productDescription":"v, 66 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.; 1 over-size sheet.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99321,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4260/report.pdf","size":"7535","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99322,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4260/plate-1.pdf","size":"621","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":172629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4260/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2ee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAda, Douglas P. dpmcada@usgs.gov","contributorId":2763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"Douglas","email":"dpmcada@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53003,"text":"ofr0154 - 2001 - MODFLOW-2000 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--documentation of the Advective-Transport Observation (ADV2) Package","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"ofr0154","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-54","title":"MODFLOW-2000 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--documentation of the Advective-Transport Observation (ADV2) Package","docAbstract":"Observations of the advective component of contaminant transport in steady-state flow fields can provide important information for the calibration of ground-water flow models. This report documents the Advective-Transport Observation (ADV2) Package, version 2, which allows advective-transport observations to be used in the three-dimensional ground-water flow parameter-estimation model MODFLOW-2000. The ADV2 Package is compatible with some of the features in the Layer-Property Flow and Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow Packages, but is not compatible with the Block-Centered Flow or Generalized Finite-Difference Packages. The particle-tracking routine used in the ADV2 Package duplicates the semi-analytical method of MODPATH, as shown in a sample problem. Particles can be tracked in a forward or backward direction, and effects such as retardation can be simulated through manipulation of the effective-porosity value used to calculate velocity. Particles can be discharged at cells that are considered to be weak sinks, in which the sink applied does not capture all the water flowing into the cell, using one of two criteria: (1) if there is any outflow to a boundary condition such as a well or surface-water feature, or (2) if the outflow exceeds a user specified fraction of the cell budget. Although effective porosity could be included as a parameter in the regression, this capability is not included in this package. The weighted sum-of-squares objective function, which is minimized in the Parameter-Estimation Process, was augmented to include the square of the weighted x-, y-, and z-components of the differences between the simulated and observed advective-front locations at defined times, thereby including the direction of travel as well as the overall travel distance in the calibration process. The sensitivities of the particle movement to the parameters needed to minimize the objective function are calculated for any particle location using the exact sensitivity-equation approach; the equations are derived by taking the partial derivatives of the semi-analytical particle-tracking equation with respect to the parameters. The ADV2 Package is verified by showing that parameter estimation using advective-transport observations produces the true parameter values in a small but complicated test case when exact observations are used. To demonstrate how the ADV2 Package can be used in practice, a field application is presented. In this application, the ADV2 Package is used first in the Sensitivity-Analysis mode of MODFLOW-2000 to calculate measures of the importance of advective-transport observations relative to head-dependent flow observations when either or both are used in conjunction with hydraulic-head observations in a simulation of the sewage-discharge plume at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The ADV2 Package is then used in the Parameter-Estimation mode of MODFLOW-2000 to determine best-fit parameter values. It is concluded that, for this problem, advective-transport observations improved the calibration of the model and the estimation of ground-water flow parameters, and the use of formal parameter-estimation methods and related techniques produced significant insight into the physical system.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0154","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 2001, MODFLOW-2000 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--documentation of the Advective-Transport Observation (ADV2) Package (Version 2): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-54, viii, 69 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0154.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/ofr01-54.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":179130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0054/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87101,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, Evan R.","contributorId":95505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary Catherine","contributorId":53400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Catherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39906,"text":"ofr0132 - 2001 - Report of the Community sediment transport modeling workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:17","indexId":"ofr0132","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-32","title":"Report of the Community sediment transport modeling workshop","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0132","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, C.R., Signell, R.P., and Harris, C.K., 2001, Report of the Community sediment transport modeling workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-32, Online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0132.","productDescription":"Online","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3611,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/transport/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, Christopher R. 0000-0001-6135-3553 csherwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-3553","contributorId":2866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Christopher","email":"csherwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":222565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Courtney K.","contributorId":19620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Courtney","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6708,"text":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":222567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39889,"text":"ofr01359 - 2001 - Data model and relational database design for the New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-09T17:26:37.183447","indexId":"ofr01359","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-359","title":"Data model and relational database design for the New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS)","docAbstract":"The New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS) is a database for the storage and retrieval of water-use data. NEWUDS can handle data covering many facets of water use, including (1) tracking various types of water-use activities (withdrawals, returns, transfers, distributions, consumptive-use, wastewater collection, and treatment); (2) the description, classification and location of places and organizations involved in water-use activities; (3) details about measured or estimated volumes of water associated with water-use activities; and (4) information about data sources and water resources associated with water use. In NEWUDS, each water transaction occurs unidirectionally between two site objects, and the sites and conveyances form a water network. The core entities in the NEWUDS model are site, conveyance, transaction/rate, location, and owner. Other important entities include water resources (used for withdrawals and returns), data sources, and aliases. Multiple water-exchange estimates can be stored for individual transactions based on different methods or data sources. Storage of user-defined details is accommodated for several of the main entities. Numerous tables containing classification terms facilitate detailed descriptions of data items and can be used for routine or custom data summarization. NEWUDS handles single-user and aggregate-user water-use data, can be used for large or small water-network projects, and is available as a stand-alone Microsoft? Access database structure. Users can customize and extend the database, link it to other databases, or implement the design in other relational database applications.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01359","usgsCitation":"Tessler, S., 2001, Data model and relational database design for the New England Water-Use Data System (NEWUDS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-359, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01359.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169466,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3600,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01359/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67be2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tessler, Steven stessler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessler","given":"Steven","email":"stessler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231703,"text":"70231703 - 2001 - Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric calibration: Two years on-orbit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T15:17:03.408111","indexId":"70231703","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-06T10:10:15","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric calibration: Two years on-orbit","docAbstract":"Landsat-7 has been in orbit for 2 years as of April 15, 2001 and operationally providing calibrated data products for 2 years as of June 28, 2001. A radiometric calibration team consisting of scientists and analysts from the Landsat Project Science Office, the Landsat-7 Image Assessment System and four universities evaluates the calibration based on on-board and ground-look (vicarious) calibration methodologies. The results are assembled and compared semi-annually and the calibration parameter files are adjusted as necessary. To date the combined results for the reflective bands have not shown any change from pre-launch values. The pre-launch values continue to be used for data processing, with the uncertainty estimated at less than 5%. In the thermal band, the vicarious calibration results indicated a 0.31 W/m/sup 2/ sr /spl mu/m bias in the calibration. This bias results in the ETM+ derived temperatures being about 3K high. The calibration parameter file was updated October 1, 2000 to remove this bias, however the U.S. Landsat Product Generation System (LPGS) software required modification that was not incorporated until December 20, 2000. All LPGS data products generated since this date have the correct thermal band calibration, regardless of image acquisition date, with uncertainties at approximately the 1% level.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS 2001. Scanning the present and resolving the future. Proceedings.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future","conferenceDate":"Jul 9-13, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2001.976208","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Barker, J.L., Kaita, E., Barsi, J., Helder, D., Palluconi, F., Schott, J.R., Thome, K.J., Morfitt, R., and Scaramuzza, P., 2001, Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric calibration: Two years on-orbit, in IGARSS 2001. Scanning the present and resolving the future. Proceedings., Sydney, Australia, Jul 9-13, 2001, p. 518-520, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2001.976208.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"518","endPage":"520","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":115996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Palluconi, F. D.","contributorId":80854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schott, J. R.","contributorId":16613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Morfitt, Ron 0000-0002-4777-4877 rmorfitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-4877","contributorId":4097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morfitt","given":"Ron","email":"rmorfitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456 pscar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":3970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","email":"pscar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":39957,"text":"ofr2001212 - 2001 - Hydrologic data for the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Penobscot County, Corinna, Maine, March through June 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr2001212","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-212","title":"Hydrologic data for the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Penobscot County, Corinna, Maine, March through June 1999","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected at the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Corinna, Maine, from March 19, 1999 through June 11, 1999 as part of a study to formulate a geologic characterization and conceptual model of this study area. Data-collection consisted of measurements of water-surface elevations at 7 surface-water sites and 20 wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M.G., Dudley, R.W., and Parrish, C.S., 2001, Hydrologic data for the Eastland Woolen Mill Superfund Site, Penobscot County, Corinna, Maine, March through June 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-212, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001212.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","temporalStart":"1999-03-01","temporalEnd":"1999-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3651,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/OFR01-212.pdf","size":"870","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69.26666666666667,44.901111111111106 ], [ -69.26666666666667,44.9175 ], [ -69.25027777777778,44.9175 ], [ -69.25027777777778,44.901111111111106 ], [ -69.26666666666667,44.901111111111106 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Martha G. 0000-0003-3038-9400 mnielsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-9400","contributorId":4169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martha","email":"mnielsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrish, Camille S.","contributorId":38211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"Camille","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33020,"text":"wri20004215 - 2001 - Ground-water recharge and flowpaths near the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit, Rochester, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T19:47:37.701957","indexId":"wri20004215","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4215","title":"Ground-water recharge and flowpaths near the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit, Rochester, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The primary source of ground water for the city of Rochester, Olmsted County, southeastern Minnesota is the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Based on results of a previous U.S. Geological Survey investigation in the Rochester area, relatively high rates of areal recharge to the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer occur along the edge of the overlying Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit. The primary source of water to the zone of increased recharge along the edge of the confining unit is the upper carbonate aquifer.
\nGround-water recharge rates to the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer during all of 1998 ranged from 1.9 to 25.5 in./yr (inches per year). Recharge rates were greatest near the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit and least where the confining unit is thick and is overlain by the upper carbonate aquifer (mean of 2.0 in./yr). Recharge rates downslope from the edge of the confining unit were greatest to the St. Peter on the slope entering the main South Fork Zumbro River Valley. Results of groundwater age dating using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) indicated recharge dates ranging from (1) the mid-1950’s to the early 1990’s for the St. Peter, (2) the late 1960’s to approximately 1990 for the Prairie du Chien, and (3) the early to mid-1950’s for the Jordan.
\nCross-sectional model simulations indicated that most of the areal recharge entering the aquifer system through the upper carbonate aquifer discharges from springs and seeps. Of the 2.28 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) of areal recharge that enters the upper carbonate aquifer, 2.23 ft3/s is discharged from the aquifer by springs and seeps. Results indicate that areal recharge to the upper Prairie du Chien moves primarily westward and discharges to Bear Creek.
\nAreal recharge rates derived from hydrograph analysis, CFC age-dating, and cross-sectional model analysis were much greater to the St. Peter downslope from the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit (25.5, 35.3, and 23.75 in./yr, respectively) than occurs to the Prairie du Chien in any hydrogeologic setting. The model-simulated discharge from springs and seeps in the lower part of the upper carbonate aquifer represents a potential source of water of 33 in./yr to the St. Peter unit, similar to the estimated areal recharge rates derived from hydrograph analysis and CFC age-dating.
\nThe water withdrawn by pumped wells or discharged to Bear Creek is derived predominantly from areal recharge near the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit (0.47 ft3/s), rather than from water that has leaked downward through the Decorah unit (0.03 ft3/s). Model simulated discharge through springs and seeps in the lower part of the upper carbonate aquifer (0.21 ft3/s) represents a potential source of water to the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri20004215","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Rochester, Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 2001, Ground-water recharge and flowpaths near the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit, Rochester, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4215, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004215.","productDescription":"41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423709,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44937.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4215.jpg"},{"id":12240,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/00-4215.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Rochester","otherGeospatial":"Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood Confining Unit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.57011413574217,\n 43.90036624335341\n ],\n [\n -92.57011413574217,\n 44.1078028425128\n ],\n [\n -92.12173461914062,\n 44.1078028425128\n ],\n [\n -92.12173461914062,\n 43.90036624335341\n ],\n [\n -92.57011413574217,\n 43.90036624335341\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a4e4b07f02db5c0745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32950,"text":"fs06301 - 2001 - Balancing Ground-Water Withdrawals and Streamflow in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Basin, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"fs06301","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"063-01","title":"Balancing Ground-Water Withdrawals and Streamflow in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Basin, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Ground water withdrawn for water supply reduces streamflow in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Basin in Rhode Island. These reductions may adversely affect aquatic habitats. A hydrologic model was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board, Town of North Kingstown, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, and Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation to aid water-resource planning in the basin. Results of the model provide information that helps water suppliers and natural-resource managers evaluate strategies for balancing ground-water development and streamflow reductions in the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs06301","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Dickerman, D.C., 2001, Balancing Ground-Water Withdrawals and Streamflow in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt Basin, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 063-01, 6 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06301.","productDescription":"6 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_063_01.jpg"},{"id":9499,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs063-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aaba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerman, David C.","contributorId":41047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33032,"text":"wri014253 - 2001 - Computed and estimated pollutant loads, West Fork Trinity River, Fort Worth, Texas, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T16:17:54","indexId":"wri014253","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4253","title":"Computed and estimated pollutant loads, West Fork Trinity River, Fort Worth, Texas, 1997","docAbstract":"In 1998 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Trinity River Authority, did a study to estimate storm-runoff pollutant loads using two models—a deterministic model and a statistical model; the estimated loads were compared to loads computed from measured data for a large (118,000 acres) basin in the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, metropolitan area. Loads were computed and estimated for 12 properties and constituents in runoff from two 1997 storms at streamflow-gaging station 08048543 West Fork Trinity River at Beach Street in Fort Worth. Each model uses rainfall as a primary variable to estimate pollutant load. In addition to using point rainfall at the Beach Street station to estimate pollutant loads, areal-averaged rainfall for the basin was computed to obtain a more representative estimate of rainfall over the basin. Loads estimated by the models for the two storms, using both point and areal-averaged rainfall, generally did not compare closely to computed loads for the 12 water-quality properties and constituents. Both models overestimated loads more frequently than they underestimated loads. The models tended to yield similar estimates for the same property or constituent. In general, areal-averaged rainfall data yielded better estimates of loads than point rainfall data for both models. Neither the deterministic model nor the statistical model (both using areal-averaged rainfall) was consistently better at estimating loads. Several factors could account for the inability of the models to estimate loads closer to computed loads. Chief among them is the fact that neither model was designed for the specific application of this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014253","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Trinity River Authority","usgsCitation":"McKee, P.W., and McWreath, H.C., 2001, Computed and estimated pollutant loads, West Fork Trinity River, Fort Worth, Texas, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4253, HTML Document; Report: iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014253.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iii, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014253.JPG"},{"id":3203,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333147,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4253/pdf/wri01-4253.pdf","text":"Report","size":"506 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Trinity River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.70166015624999,\n 33.23868752757414\n ],\n [\n -96.866455078125,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -97.13012695312499,\n 33.03169299978312\n ],\n [\n -98,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -98,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -96.5423583984375,\n 33.215712251730736\n ],\n [\n -96.70166015624999,\n 33.23868752757414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Paul W.","contributorId":88792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McWreath, Harry C.","contributorId":87022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWreath","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33029,"text":"wri014177 - 2001 - Trichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene concentrations in ground water after temporary shutdown of the reclamation well field at Air Force Plant 44, Tucson, Arizona, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T09:02:49","indexId":"wri014177","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4177","title":"Trichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene concentrations in ground water after temporary shutdown of the reclamation well field at Air Force Plant 44, Tucson, Arizona, 1999","docAbstract":"Industrial activities beginning in the early 1940s resulted in extensive contamination of ground water near the Tucson International Airport, Tucson, Arizona, including an area around Air Force Plant 44, an industrial facility located on land owned by the U.S. Air Force and operated by a defense contractor. Principal ground-water contaminants are volatile organic compounds, primarily trichloroethylene (also called trichloroethene) and 1,1-dichloroethylene (also called 1,1-dichloroethene). A ground- water reclamation system was put into operation in 1987 to extract and treat contaminated ground water at Air Force Plant 44 and the downgradient area that is south of Los Reales Road. The ground- water reclamation system consists of 25 extraction wells, 22 recharge wells, and a water-treatment facility. Soil-vapor extraction techniques are being used to remove volatile organic compounds from the unsaturated zone. More than 120,000 pounds of volatile organic compounds have been removed from the regional aquifer and overlying unsaturated zone at Air Force Plant 44 and adjacent downgradient areas south of Los Reales Road. Air Force Plant 44 and adjacent areas being remediated by the ground-water reclamation system are about 7 square miles.
\nTo assess ground-water cleanup progress at Air Force Plant 44 and surrounding areas south of Los Reales Road, and possibly to identify areas that are resistant to cleanup attempts, ground-water samples were collected and analyzed after water levels had returned to near-equilibrium conditions following a 3-week shutdown of extraction and recharge wells. Modifications of the standard ground-water sampling procedures used at the site also were tested. The modifications included tests of a reduced-flow purging and sampling method in six monitoring wells and vertical- profile sampling in five extraction wells at the reclamation well field.
\nThe water treatment facility and all extraction and recharge wells at the reclamation well field were shut down on April 15, 1999, and water levels were allowed to recover for about 3 weeks before samples of ground water were obtained from 102 wells at Air Force Plant 44 and surrounding areas. Concentrations of trichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene were determined for samples obtained during the sitewide sampling effort. Data for 101 wells sampled in February 1999 before shutdown were compared with data obtained for wells sampled in May 1999 after shutdown. Concentrations of trichloroethylene increased in 36 wells, remained the same in 32 wells, and decreased in 33 wells. Increases in concentrations of trichloroethylene of as much as 1,476 micrograms per liter and decreases of as much as 2,292 micrograms per liter were reported after shutdown. Concentrations of trichloroethylene remained the same for the two sampling periods in wells that had concentrations that were at, or close to, the lower reporting limit (0.5 micrograms per liter) before shutdown. Net change in concentrations of trichloroethylene after shutdown on a percentage basis ranged from an increase of 1,300 percent to a decrease of 100 percent. Increases in concentrations of 1,1-dichloroethylene after shutdown of the reclamation well field of as much as 66 micrograms per liter and decreases of as much as 411.6 micro- grams per liter were reported. Concentrations of 1,1-dichloroethylene remained the same for the two sampling periods in wells that had concentrations that were at, or close to, the lower reporting limit (0.5 micrograms per liter) before shutdown. Net change in concentrations of 1,1-dichloroethylene after shutdown on a percentage basis ranged from an increase of 660 percent to a decrease of 100 percent.
\nData obtained from the water samples indicate\nthat the largest changes in concentrations of\ntrichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene\noccurred in samples collected from wells\ncompleted in the upper zone of the regional\naquifer, along the axis of the contaminant plume,\nin close proximity to previously identified\nhistorical disposal areas. Changes in contaminant\nconcentrations observed after shutdown of the well\nfield probably were the result of changes in\nground-water flow directions under nonpumping\nconditions compared with those present when the\nextraction and recharge wells were operating.\nMinimal changes occurred at the perimeter of the\nplume, which suggests that operation of the\nreclamation well field has been successful at containing the spread of the plume. New\ncontaminant-source areas were not identified\nwithin the perimeter of the plume.
\nA modification of the standard sampling\ntechnique used at Air Force Plant 44 was tested in\nsix wells. In these wells, greatly reduced flow rates\nwere used for well purging and sampling. Results\nindicate no distinct pattern of change of\ncontaminant concentrations compared with\nconcentrations in samples subsequently obtained\nusing the standard technique, and no advantage\nwas evident for using this method in routine\nsampling of the monitoring wells at Air Force\nPlant 44.
\nTemperature profiles obtained before vertical-profile\nsampling of selected wells indicate little\ntemperature variation with depth. The\ntemperature-profile information suggests that\nunder nonpumping conditions, most of the water\nenters these wells near the top of the screened\ninterval and moves downward in response to a\nhydraulic gradient in the regional aquifer. Samples\nat depths below the top of the screened interval\nprobably do not accurately represent water from\nthe adjacent sediments.
\nVertical-profile samples were obtained in five\nwells and analyzed for concentrations of\ntrichloroethylene. None of the wells showed large\nenough variation of contaminant concentrations\nwith depth to indicate that a major improvement in\nextraction efficiency could be obtained by\npumping selectively from a restricted interval.\nThe largest variation in concentrations of\ntrichloroethylene with depth that was observed\nranged from 62 micrograms per liter near the top\nof the screened interval to 42 micrograms per liter\nnear the bottom of the screened interval of one of\nthe wells. The lack of large variation is probably\nthe result of downward water flow in the casing of\nthese wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri014177","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Graham, D., Allen, T., Barackman, M., DiGuiseppi, W., and Wallace, M., 2001, Trichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene concentrations in ground water after temporary shutdown of the reclamation well field at Air Force Plant 44, Tucson, Arizona, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4177, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014177.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288416,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4177/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Tucson","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.25,31.75 ], [ -111.25,32.5 ], [ -110.5,32.5 ], [ -110.5,31.75 ], [ -111.25,31.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, D. D.","contributorId":68314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, T.J.","contributorId":35650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barackman, M.L.","contributorId":94590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barackman","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiGuiseppi, W.H.","contributorId":42136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGuiseppi","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wallace, M.F.","contributorId":85883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33057,"text":"wri20014117 - 2001 - Effects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T16:30:26","indexId":"wri20014117","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4117","displayTitle":"Effects of Land Use and Travel Time on the Distribution of Nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System in Southern New Jersey","title":"Effects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey","docAbstract":"Residents of the southern New Jersey Coastal Plain are increasingly reliant on the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system for public water supply as a result of increasing population and restrictions on withdrawals from the deeper, confined aquifers. Elevated nitrate concentrations above background levels have been found in wells in the surficial aquifer system in agricultural and urban parts of this area. A three-dimensional steady-state ground-water-flow model of a 400-square-mile study area near Glassboro, New Jersey, was used in conjunction with particle tracking to examine the effects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in ground and surface water in southern New Jersey. Contributing areas and ground-water ages, or travel times, of water at ground-water discharge points (streams and wells) in the study area were simulated. Concentrations of nitrate were computed by linking land use and age-dependent nitrate concentrations in recharge to the discharge points. Median concentrations of nitrate in water samples collected during 1996 from shallow monitoring wells in different land-use areas were used to represent the concentration of nitrate in aquifer recharge since 1990. On the basis of upward trends in the use of nitrogen fertilizer, the concentrations of nitrate in aquifer recharge in agricultural and urban areas were assumed to have increased linearly from the background value in 1940 (0.07 mg/L as N) to the 1990 (2.5-14 mg/L as N) concentrations. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the simulation results to measured nitrate concentrations and apparent ground-water ages. Apparent ground-water ages at 32 monitoring wells in the study area determined from tritium/helium-3 ratios and sulfur hexafluoride concentrations favorably matched simulated travel times to these wells. Simulated nitrate concentrations were comparable to concentrations measured in 27 water-supply wells in the study area. A time series (1987-98) of nitrate concentrations at base-flow conditions in three streams that drain basins of various sizes and with various land uses was compared to simulated concentrations in these streams. In all three of the streams, a reasonable fit to the measured concentrations was achieved by multiplying the simulated concentration by 0.6. Because nitrate appeared to move conservatively (not degraded or adsorbed) in ground water to wells, the apparent non-conservative behavior in streams indicates that about 40 percent of the nitrate in aquifer recharge is removed by denitrification in the aquifer near the streams and (or) by in-stream processes. The model was used to evaluate the effects of various nitrate management options on the concentration of nitrate in streams and water-supply wells. Nitrate concentrations were simulated under the following management alternatives: an immediate ban on nitrate input, reduction of input at a constant rate, and fixed input at the current (2000) level. The time required for water to move through the aquifer results in a time lag between the reduction of nitrate input in recharge and the reduction of nitrate concentration in streams and wells. In the gradual-reduction alternative, nitrate concentrations in streams and wells continued to increase for several years after the reduction was enacted. In both the immediate-ban and gradual-reduction alternatives, nitrate concentrations remained elevated above background concentrations long after nitrate input ceased. In the fixed-use alternative, concentrations in streams and wells continued to increase for 30 to 40 years before reaching a constant level. The spatial distributions of simulated nitrate concentrations in streams in 2000 and 2050 were examined with the assumption of no change in land use, nitrate concentration in recharge, or ground-water withdrawals. As expected, nitrate concentrations were highest in agricultural areas and lowest in largely undeveloped areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014117","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, L.J., Baehr, A.L., Ayers, M.A., and Stackelberg, P.E., 2001, Effects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4117, vii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014117.","productDescription":"vii, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11816,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4117/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,38.5 ], [ -76,40.5 ], [ -73.5,40.5 ], [ -73.5,38.5 ], [ -76,38.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6250e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32352,"text":"ofr01398 - 2001 - Tampa Bay Integrated Science Pilot Study: Baseline mapping, land surface dynamics and predictive modeling, and hazards vulnerability studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T11:36:07","indexId":"ofr01398","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-398","title":"Tampa Bay Integrated Science Pilot Study: Baseline mapping, land surface dynamics and predictive modeling, and hazards vulnerability studies","docAbstract":"Tampa Bay and its environs have experienced phenomenal urban growth and significant changes in land cover and land-use practices over the past 50 years. This trend is expected to continue, with the impact of human activity broadening geographically and intensifying throughout the region.
One of the immediate impacts of urban growth is the creation of additional impervious surfaces, which in turn, generate increased urban runoff that contributes to higher levels of nutrient loading in water bodies throughout the area.
To better understand these and other anthropogenic affects on the ecology of the natural environment of the region, this component of the Tampa Bay Pilot Study took a broad basin-wide view. This regional view was intended to provide geographic and temporal context for the smaller intensely studied sample field site locations within the estuarine environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01398","usgsCitation":"Crane, M., Yates, K., Clark, R., Gesch, D., Hess, K., Koehmstedt, J., Milbert, D., Parker, B., Sechrist, D., Tilley, J., and Wilson, R., 2001, Tampa Bay Integrated Science Pilot Study: Baseline mapping, land surface dynamics and predictive modeling, and hazards vulnerability studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-398, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01398.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3336,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gulfsci.usgs.gov/tampabay/reports/ofrcrane/index.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686d11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crane, Michael","contributorId":92307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yates, Kimberly","contributorId":70427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Kimberly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Robert","contributorId":40471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gesch, Dean 0000-0002-8992-4933","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":87098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":208380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hess, Kurt","contributorId":48026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kurt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koehmstedt, John","contributorId":36800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehmstedt","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milbert, Dennis","contributorId":25034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milbert","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Parker, Bruce","contributorId":47236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sechrist, Dan","contributorId":40851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sechrist","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tilley, Janet","contributorId":54849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"Janet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wilson, Robert","contributorId":99425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":32351,"text":"ofr01397 - 2001 - Tampa Bay Integrated Science Pilot Study; hydrographic and sub-surface mapping and sediment transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:11","indexId":"ofr01397","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-397","title":"Tampa Bay Integrated Science Pilot Study; hydrographic and sub-surface mapping and sediment transport modeling","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01397","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M., Yates, K., Brock, J., Brooks, G., Carlson, P., Carter, B., Hill, G., Luther, M., Shrestha, R., and Wright, W., 2001, Tampa Bay Integrated Science Pilot Study; hydrographic and sub-surface mapping and sediment transport modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-397, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01397.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3335,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gulfsci.usgs.gov/tampabay/reports/ofrhansen/index.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Mark","contributorId":81893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yates, Kimberly","contributorId":70427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Kimberly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brock, John","contributorId":39011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Gregg R.","contributorId":95112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Gregg R.","affiliations":[{"id":7149,"text":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":208369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carlson, Paul","contributorId":52234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carter, Bill","contributorId":14865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Bill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hill, Gary","contributorId":62261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luther, Mark","contributorId":54259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luther","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shrestha, Ramesh","contributorId":100437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrestha","given":"Ramesh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wright, Wayne","contributorId":96212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":33039,"text":"wri014269 - 2001 - Numerical simulation of streamflow distribution, sediment transport, and sediment deposition along Long Beach Creek in Northeast Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-18T21:50:31.868589","indexId":"wri014269","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4269","displayTitle":"Numerical Simulation of Streamflow Distribution, Sediment Transport, and Sediment Deposition along Long Branch Creek in Northeast Missouri","title":"Numerical simulation of streamflow distribution, sediment transport, and sediment deposition along Long Beach Creek in Northeast Missouri","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation to describe the hydrology, sediment transport, and sediment deposition along a selected reach of Long Branch Creek in Macon County, Missouri. The study was designed to investigate spatial and temporal characteristics of sediment deposition in a remnant forested riparian area and compare these factors by magnitude of discharge events both within and outside the measured range of flood magnitudes.
The two-dimensional finite-element numerical models RMA2-WES and SED2D-WES were used in conjunction with measured data to simulate streamflow and sediment transport/deposition characteristics during 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year recurrence interval floods. Spatial analysis of simulated sediment deposition results indicated that mean deposition in oxbows and secondary channels exceeded that of the remaining floodplain areas during the 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year recurrence interval floods. The simulated mass deposition per area for oxbows and secondary channels was 1.1 to 1.4 centimeters per square meter compared with 0.1 to 0.60 centimeters per square meter for the remaining floodplain.
The temporal variability of total incremental floodplain deposition during a flood was found to be strongly tied to sediment inflow concentrations. Most floodplain deposition, therefore, occurred at the beginning of the streamflow events and corresponded to peaks in sediment discharge. Simulated total sediment deposition in oxbows and secondary channels increased in the 2-year through 10-year floods and decreased in the 25- year flood while remaining floodplain deposition was highest for the 25-year flood.
Despite increases in sediment inflows from the 2-year through 25-year floods, the retention ratio of sediments (the ratio of floodplain deposition to inflow load) was greatest for the 5-year flood and least for the 25-year flood. The decrease in retention ratio at greater flows is likely the result of higher velocities on the floodplain, resulting in higher bed shear stress, greater suspension time of deposited material, and greater sediment transport through the system.
Simulated sediment deposition was most sensitive to sediment inflow concentrations and modification of floodplain roughness—factors that can be controlled through management practices. The increase in floodplain sediment deposition resulting from a simulated increase in vegetation density (increase in floodplain roughness from a Manning's n of 0.11 to 0.12) was 142,000 kilograms, or 6.5 percent for a 10-year recurrence interval flood. This increase was comparable to total oxbow and secondary channel deposition mass in the simulations, but would result in a mean increase in floodplain deposition thickness of only 0.025 centimeter.
The hydrodynamic model results show the importance of the secondary channels and meander cutoff channels in this system because these areas quickly bring floodwaters and sediment to areas not close to the main channel. The meander cutoff channels in the simulation also effectively decrease flow and velocities in some main channel sections thereby affecting sediment deposition in the vicinity of these features.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014269","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., 2001, Numerical simulation of streamflow distribution, sediment transport, and sediment deposition along Long Beach Creek in Northeast Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4269, Report: vi, 61 p.; Films, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014269.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 61 p.; Films","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51426.htm"},{"id":360438,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4269/Films","text":"Films","description":"WRIR 2001–4269 Films"},{"id":360437,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4269/wrir20014269.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2001–4269"},{"id":164388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4269/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Long Branch Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.4944,\n 39.8833\n ],\n [\n -92.4833,\n 39.8833\n ],\n [\n -92.4833,\n 39.8722\n ],\n [\n -92.4944,\n 39.8722\n ],\n [\n -92.4944,\n 39.8833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
The U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Cold Spring, Minnesota conducted a study during 1998-99 to: (1) determine the contributing areas of groundwater flow to high-capacity wells, (2) delineate the 10-, 20-, and 30-year time-of-travel zones to high-capacity wells, and (3) determine changes in streamflow in the Sauk River due to ground-water withdrawals. Surficial aquifers underlie a portion of the uplands in the north-central part of the study area and the Sauk River Valley. The upland surficial aquifer is unconfined, with saturated thicknesses ranging from 6 to 37 feet. The Sauk River Valley aquifer consists of hydraulically connected sand and gravel units: (1) the generally continuous surficial unconfined unit underlying the Sauk River Valley and (2) buried confined units that are overlain by till or lake clays in the upland areas. Maximum saturated thickness of the Sauk River Valley aquifer is about 50 feet. Thicknesses of the buried units are generally 10 to 20 feet.
\nGround-water flow in the upland surficial aquifer is (1) to the south and southeast toward the margins of the aquifer and (2) toward an unnamed creek valley in the northwestern part of the study area. Ground-water flow in the Sauk River Valley aquifer is from upland areas toward the Sauk River and the connected chain of lakes. Based on hydrograph analysis, ground-water recharge rates to the aquifers during 1999 ranged from 5.3 to 8.6 inches per year, with an average value of 7.0 inches per year.
\nStreamflow measurements indicated net gains of 44.8 and 25.8 cubic feet per second for the Sauk River from Cold Spring to Rockville during October 1998 and August 1999, respectively. In general, the Sauk River probably is a gaining stream in all reaches, except for the reach adjacent to the Gold'n Plump Poultry Processing Plant well field. Ground-water withdrawals from the well field induce infiltration of water from the Sauk River to the underlying aquifer. The measured gains in streamflow for Brewery Creek were 2.75 and 2.25 cubic feet per second during October 1998 and August 1999, respectively.
\nA numerical ground-water-flow model was constructed and calibrated for steady-state conditions. Based on the calibrated model, areal recharge accounts for 51.5 percent of the sources of water to the aquifers in the Cold Spring area and inflow through constant-head boundaries contributes 45.8 percent. The largest discharges from the aquifers are leakage from the Sauk River Valley aquifer to the Sauk River and Brewery Creek (53.7 percent) and outflow through constant-head boundaries (33.1 percent).
\nThe simulated contributing areas for selected watersupply wells in the Cold Spring area generally extend to and possibly beyond the model boundaries to the north and to the southeast. The contributing areas for the Gold'n Plump Poultry Processing Plant supply wells extend: (1) to the Sauk River, (2) to the north to and possibly beyond to the northern model boundary, and (3) to the southeast to and possibly beyond the southeastern model boundary. The primary effects of projected increased ground-water withdrawals of 0.23 cubic feet per second (7.5 percent increase) were to: (1) decrease outflow from the Sauk River Valley aquifer through constant-head boundaries and (2) decrease leakage from the valley unit of the Sauk River Valley aquifer to the streams. No appreciable differences were discernible between the simulated steady-state contributing areas to wells with 1998 pumpage and those with the projected pumpage.
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