San Miguel volcano, also known as Chaparrastique, is one of many volcanoes along the volcanic arc in El Salvador. The volcano, located in the eastern part of the country, rises to an altitude of about 2130 meters and towers above the communities of San Miguel, El Transito, San Rafael Oriente, and San Jorge. In addition to the larger communities that surround the volcano, several smaller communities and coffee plantations are located on or around the flanks of the volcano, and the PanAmerican and coastal highways cross the lowermost northern and southern flanks of the volcano. The population density around San Miguel volcano coupled with the proximity of major transportation routes increases the risk that even small volcano-related events, like landslides or eruptions, may have significant impact on people and infrastructure.
\nSan Miguel volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in El Salvador; it has erupted at least 29 times since 1699. Historical eruptions of the volcano consisted mainly of relatively quiescent emplacement of lava flows or minor explosions that generated modest tephra falls (erupted fragments of microscopic ash to meter sized blocks that are dispersed into the atmosphere and fall to the ground). Little is known, however, about prehistoric eruptions of the volcano. Chemical analyses of prehistoric lava flows and thin tephra falls from San Miguel volcano indicate that the volcano is composed dominantly of basalt (rock having silica content <53%), similar to the lava erupted by Hawaiian volcanoes. The chemical composition of eruptive products and the lack of evidence of large cataclysmic eruptions suggests that prehistoric eruptions probably were similar in nature to the historical eruptions. Unlike San Salvador and San Vicente volcanoes, San Miguel volcano does not appear to have had a history of violent explosive eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Vancouver, WA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01395","usgsCitation":"Major, J., Schilling, S., Pullinger, C., Escobar, C., Chesner, C., and Howell, M., 2001, Lahar-hazard zonation for San Miguel volcano, El Salvador: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-395, Report: 14 p.; Plate: 32.68 x 24.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01395.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; Plate: 32.68 x 24.10 inches","numberOfPages":"16","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01395.jpg"},{"id":2768,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0395/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279594,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0395/pdf/of2001-0395.pdf"},{"id":279593,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0395/pdf/of2001-0395_plate1.pdf"}],"scale":"50000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American 1927","country":"El Salvador","city":"El Transito;San Jorge;San Miguel;San Rafael Oriente","otherGeospatial":"San Miguel Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.1603,13.0262 ], [ -90.1603,14.4517 ], [ -87.5498,14.4517 ], [ -87.5498,13.0262 ], [ -90.1603,13.0262 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, S. P.","contributorId":42606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pullinger, C.R.","contributorId":27900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullinger","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Escobar, C.D.","contributorId":54640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chesner, C.A.","contributorId":74284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesner","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howell, M.M.","contributorId":95109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":31489,"text":"ofr01421 - 2001 - Hayward Fault rocks: porosity, density, and strength measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T11:24:56","indexId":"ofr01421","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-421","title":"Hayward Fault rocks: porosity, density, and strength measurements","docAbstract":"Porosity, density and strength measurements were conducted on rock samples collected from the Hayward Fault region in Northern California as part of the Hayward Fault Working Group’s efforts to create a working model of the Hayward Fault. The rocks included in this study were both fine and coarse grained gabbros, altered keratophyre, basalt, sandstone, and serpentinite from various rock formations adjacent to the Hayward Fault.
\nDensities ranged from a low of 2.25 gm/cc (altered keratophyre) to 3.05 gm/cc (fine gabbro), with an average of 2.6 gm/cc, typical of many other rocks. Porosities were generally around 1% or less, with the exception of the sandstone (7.6%) and altered keratophyre (13.5%).
\nFailure and frictional sliding tests were conducted on intact rock cylinders at room temperature under effective pressure conditions of up to 192 MPa, simulating depths of burial to 12 km. Axial shortening of the samples progressed at a rate of 0.1 µm/sec (fine samples) or 0.2 µm/sec (porous samples) for 6 mm of displacement. Velocity stepping tests were then conducted for an additional 2 mm of displacement, for a total of 8 mm. Both peak strength (usually failure strength) and frictional strength, determined at 8 mm of displacement, increased systematically with effective pressure. Coefficients of friction, based on the observed fracture angles, ranged from 0.6 to 0.85, consistent with Byerlee’s Law. Possible secondary influences on the strength of the Hayward rock samples may be surface weathering, or a larger number of pre-existing fractures due to the proximity to the Hayward Fault. All samples showed velocity strengthening, so that the average a-b values were all strongly positive. There was no systematic relation between a-b values and effective pressure. Velocity strengthening behavior is associated with stable sliding (creep), as observed in the shallow portions of the Hayward Fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01421","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., and Lockner, D., 2001, Hayward Fault rocks: porosity, density, and strength measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-421, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01421.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2661,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0421/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282894,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0421/pdf/of01-421.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.160863,37.561258 ], [ -122.160863,37.69003 ], [ -121.922069,37.69003 ], [ -121.922069,37.561258 ], [ -122.160863,37.561258 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d69d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, C.A.","contributorId":99977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31482,"text":"ofr01408 - 2001 - Report for borehole explosion data acquired in the 1999 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE II), Southern California: Part I, description of the survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T10:10:09","indexId":"ofr01408","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-408","title":"Report for borehole explosion data acquired in the 1999 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE II), Southern California: Part I, description of the survey","docAbstract":"The Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE) is a joint project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC). The purpose of this project is to produce seismic images of the subsurface of the Los Angeles region down to the depths at which earthquakes occur, and deeper, in order to remedy a deficit in our knowledge of the deep structure of this region. This deficit in knowledge has persisted despite over a century of oil exploration and nearly 70 years of recording earthquakes in southern California. Understanding the deep crustal structure and tectonics of southern California is important to earthquake hazard assessment. Specific imaging targets of LARSE include (a) faults, especially blind thrust faults, which cannot be reliably detected any other way; and (b) the depths and configurations of sedimentary basins. Imaging of faults is important in both earthquake hazard assessment but also in modeling earthquake occurrence. Earthquake occurrence cannot be understood unless the earthquake-producing \"machinery\" (tectonics) is known (Fuis and others, 2001). Imaging the depths and configurations of sedimentary basins is important because earthquake shaking at the surface is enhanced by basin depth and by the presence of sharp basin edges (Wald and Graves, 1998, Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1995; Field and others, 2001). (Sedimentary basins are large former valleys now filled with sediment eroded from nearby mountains.) Sedimentary basins in the Los Angeles region that have been investigated by LARSE include the Los Angeles, San Gabriel Valley, San Fernando Valley, and Santa Clarita Valley basins.
\nThe seismic imaging surveys of LARSE include recording of earthquakes (both local and distant earthquakes) along several corridors (or transects) through the Los Angeles region and also recording of man-made sources along these same corridors. Man-made sources have included airguns offshore and borehole explosions and vibrating-truck sources onshore. The two chief LARSE transects pass near recent moderate earthquakes, including the 1971 M 6.7 San Fernando, 1987 M 5.9 Whittier Narrows, 1991 M 5.8 Sierra Madre, and 1994 M 6.7 Northridge earthquakes. The first transect extended from San Clemente Island northeastward to the Mojave Desert (Line 1, Fig. 1), passing near the epicenter of the Whittier Narrows and Sierra Madre earthquakes. The second transect extended from west of San Clemente Island northward to the western Mojave Desert (Line 2, Figs. 1, 2), passing through the epicenter of the Northridge earthquake and near the epicenter of the San Fernando earthquake. Data along Line 1 were acquired during the years 1993-1994, and data along Line 2, during the years 1994–2000.
\nIn this open-file report and that of Murphy and others (in preparation), we present the details of the October 1999 explosion survey along Line 2, which extended from Santa Monica Bay northward to the western Mojave Desert (Figs. 1, 2). This survey is referred to as LARSE II. In this survey, 93 borehole explosions were detonated along the main north-south line and along 5 auxiliary lines in the San Fernando Valley and Santa Monica areas. These explosions were recorded by ~1400 seismographs.
\nA variety of seismic instrumentation was used in these imaging surveys and was obtained from collaborators from around the world, including the Geological Survey of Canada (Ottawa, Canada), IRIS/PASSCAL (Socorro, NM), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Palisades, NY), Stanford University (Stanford, CA), SCEC (Los Angeles, CA), USGS (Menlo Park, CA, and Woods Hole, MA), University of Texas at El Paso (El Paso, TX), GeoForschungsZentrum (Potsdam, Germany), University of Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe, Germany), and University of Copenhagen (Copenhagen, Denmark). The reader is referred to Table 1 for instrumentation used in LARSE II.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01408","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Murphy, J.M., Okaya, D., Clayton, R.W., Davis, P.M., Thygesen, K., Baher, S.A., Ryberg, T., Benthien, M.L., Simila, G., Perron, J.T., Yong, A.K., Reusser, L., Lutter, W.J., Kaip, G., Fort, M.D., Asudeh, I., Sell, R., Van Schaack, J.R., Criley, E.E., Kaderabek, R., Kohler, W.M., and Magnuski, N.H., 2001, Report for borehole explosion data acquired in the 1999 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE II), Southern California: Part I, description of the survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-408, iv, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01408.","productDescription":"iv, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2654,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0408/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282880,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0408/pdf/of01-408.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert;San Gabriel Valley;San Fernando Valley;Santa Clarita Valley;Santa Monica Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.7496,32.5005 ], [ -119.7496,35.1019 ], [ -117.2499,35.1019 ], [ -117.2499,32.5005 ], [ -119.7496,32.5005 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ee4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Janice M.","contributorId":97083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okaya, David A.","contributorId":76724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okaya","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clayton, Robert W.","contributorId":41813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, Paul M.","contributorId":104037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thygesen, Kristina","contributorId":16467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thygesen","given":"Kristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Baher, Shirley A.","contributorId":11662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baher","given":"Shirley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ryberg, Trond","contributorId":14806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"Trond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Benthien, Mark L.","contributorId":30969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthien","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Simila, Gerry","contributorId":106943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simila","given":"Gerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Perron, J. Taylor","contributorId":103331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perron","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Taylor","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Yong, Alan K. 0000-0003-1807-5847 yong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1807-5847","contributorId":1554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yong","given":"Alan","email":"yong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Reusser, Luke","contributorId":22002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Luke","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kaip, Galen","contributorId":74791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaip","given":"Galen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Fort, Michael D.","contributorId":48220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fort","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Asudeh, Isa","contributorId":66707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asudeh","given":"Isa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Sell, Russell rwsell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sell","given":"Russell","email":"rwsell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Van Schaack, John R.","contributorId":61040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schaack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Criley, Edward E.","contributorId":49411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Kaderabek, Ronald","contributorId":82362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaderabek","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Kohler, Will M.","contributorId":11663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"Will","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Magnuski, Nickolas H.","contributorId":50571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnuski","given":"Nickolas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":30990,"text":"wri014255 - 2001 - Concentrations and annual fluxes for selected water-quality constituents from the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) 1996-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri014255","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4255","title":"Concentrations and annual fluxes for selected water-quality constituents from the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) 1996-2000","docAbstract":"This report contains concentrations and annual mass fluxes (loadings) for a broad range of water-quality constituents measured during 1996-2000 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN). During this period, NASQAN operated a network of 40-42 stations in four of the largest river basins of the USA: the Colorado, the Columbia, the Mississippi (including the Missouri and Ohio), and the Rio Grande. The report contains surface-water quality data, streamflow data, field measurements (e.g. water temperature and pH), sediment-chemistry data, and quality-assurance data; interpretive products include annual and average loads, regression parameters for models used to estimate loads, sub-basin yield maps, maps depicting percent detections for censored constituents, and diagrams depicting flow-weighted average concentrations. Where possible, a regression model relating concentration to discharge and season was used for flux estimation. The interpretive context provided by annual loads includes identifying source and sink areas for constituents and estimating the loadings to receiving waters, such as reservoirs or the ocean. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014255","usgsCitation":"Kelly, V.J., Hooper, R.P., Aulenbach, B.T., and Janet, M., 2001, Concentrations and annual fluxes for selected water-quality constituents from the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) 1996-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4255, Unpaginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014255.","productDescription":"Unpaginated","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":443,"text":"National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8437,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014255/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Valerie J. vjkelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":4161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Valerie","email":"vjkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Janet, Mary","contributorId":62646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janet","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31471,"text":"ofr01291 - 2001 - Mineral potential modelling of gold and silver mineralization in the Nevada Great Basin — A GIS-based analysis using weights of evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-04T17:32:45.717174","indexId":"ofr01291","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-291","title":"Mineral potential modelling of gold and silver mineralization in the Nevada Great Basin — A GIS-based analysis using weights of evidence","docAbstract":"The distribution of 2,690 gold-silver-bearing occurrences in the Nevada Great Basin was examined in terms of spatial association with various geological phenomena. Analysis of these relationships, using GIS and weights of evidence modelling techniques, has predicted areas of high mineral potential where little or no mining activity exists. Mineral potential maps for sedimentary (\"disseminated\") and volcanic (\"epithermal\") rock-hosted gold-silver mineralization revealed two distinct patterns that highlight two sets of crustal-scale geologic features that likely control the regional distribution of these deposit types.
The weights of evidence method is a probability-based technique for mapping mineral potential using the spatial distribution of known mineral occurrences. Mineral potential maps predicting the distribution of gold-silver-bearing occurrences were generated from structural, geochemical, geomagnetic, gravimetric, lithologic, and lithotectonic-related deposit-indicator factors. The maps successfully predicted nearly 70% of the total number of known occurrences, including ~83% of sedimentary and ~60% of volcanic rock-hosted types. Sedimentary and volcanic rockhosted mineral potential maps showed high spatial correlation (an area cross-tabulation agreement of 85% and 73%, respectively) with expert-delineated mineral permissive tracts. In blind tests, the sedimentary and volcanic rock-hosted mineral potential maps predicted 10 out of 12 and 5 out of 5 occurrences, respectively. The key mineral predictor factors, in order of importance, were determined to be: geology (including lithology, structure, and lithotectonic terrane), geochemistry (indication of alteration), and geophysics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01291","usgsCitation":"Mihalasky, M.J., 2001, Mineral potential modelling of gold and silver mineralization in the Nevada Great Basin — A GIS-based analysis using weights of evidence: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-291, 448 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01291.","productDescription":"448 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-291/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-114.042145,40.999926],[-114.043176,40.771675],[-114.043803,40.759205],[-114.043831,40.758666],[-114.043505,40.726292],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.049995,36.957769],[-114.050619,36.843141],[-114.050619,36.843128],[-114.050606,36.800184],[-114.050562,36.656259],[-114.050167,36.624978],[-114.04966,36.621113],[-114.048476,36.49998],[-114.046488,36.473449],[-114.045829,36.442973],[-114.045806,36.391071],[-114.047584,36.325573],[-114.046935,36.315449],[-114.048515,36.289598],[-114.048226,36.268874],[-114.047106,36.250591],[-114.046743,36.245246],[-114.046838,36.194069],[-114.060302,36.189363],[-114.068027,36.180663],[-114.088954,36.144381],[-114.09987,36.121654],[-114.103222,36.120176],[-114.111011,36.119875],[-114.120862,36.114596],[-114.123144,36.111576],[-114.123975,36.106515],[-114.123221,36.104746],[-114.117459,36.100893],[-114.114165,36.096982],[-114.114531,36.095217],[-114.136896,36.059467],[-114.138203,36.053161],[-114.137188,36.046785],[-114.138202,36.041284],[-114.148191,36.028013],[-114.151725,36.024563],[-114.15413,36.023862],[-114.166465,36.027738],[-114.176824,36.027651],[-114.19238,36.020993],[-114.21369,36.015613],[-114.233289,36.014289],[-114.238799,36.014561],[-114.252651,36.020193],[-114.263146,36.025937],[-114.266721,36.029238],[-114.270645,36.03572],[-114.280202,36.046362],[-114.314028,36.058165],[-114.315557,36.059494],[-114.316109,36.063109],[-114.314206,36.066619],[-114.307879,36.071291],[-114.305738,36.074882],[-114.30843,36.082443],[-114.328777,36.105501],[-114.337273,36.10802],[-114.363109,36.130246],[-114.372106,36.143114],[-114.405475,36.147371],[-114.412373,36.147254],[-114.41695,36.145761],[-114.427169,36.136305],[-114.446605,36.12597],[-114.448654,36.12641],[-114.453325,36.130726],[-114.458369,36.138586],[-114.463637,36.139695],[-114.470152,36.138801],[-114.487034,36.129396],[-114.49612,36.12785],[-114.502172,36.128796],[-114.504442,36.129741],[-114.505766,36.131444],[-114.506144,36.134659],[-114.505387,36.137496],[-114.50482,36.142414],[-114.504631,36.145629],[-114.506711,36.148277],[-114.511721,36.150956],[-114.545789,36.152248],[-114.572031,36.15161],[-114.597212,36.142103],[-114.608264,36.133949],[-114.616694,36.130101],[-114.621883,36.13213],[-114.627855,36.141012],[-114.631716,36.142306],[-114.65995,36.124145],[-114.66289,36.119932],[-114.666538,36.117343],[-114.709771,36.107742],[-114.717293,36.107686],[-114.736165,36.104367],[-114.747079,36.097005],[-114.753638,36.090705],[-114.755618,36.087166],[-114.755491,36.081601],[-114.754099,36.07944],[-114.743342,36.070535],[-114.736253,36.05847],[-114.736738,36.054349],[-114.740375,36.049258],[-114.740375,36.043682],[-114.740617,36.041015],[-114.739405,36.037863],[-114.734314,36.035681],[-114.730435,36.031317],[-114.729707,36.028166],[-114.731162,36.021862],[-114.740522,36.013336],[-114.742779,36.009963],[-114.743243,36.00653],[-114.743756,35.985095],[-114.740595,35.975656],[-114.729941,35.962183],[-114.728318,35.95629],[-114.731159,35.943916],[-114.729356,35.941413],[-114.715692,35.934709],[-114.707526,35.92806],[-114.708516,35.912313],[-114.700271,35.901772],[-114.68112,35.885364],[-114.679039,35.880046],[-114.677883,35.876346],[-114.67742,35.874728],[-114.678114,35.871953],[-114.679501,35.868023],[-114.68201,35.863284],[-114.697767,35.854844],[-114.699848,35.84837],[-114.699848,35.843283],[-114.69641,35.833784],[-114.69571,35.830601],[-114.70371,35.814585],[-114.70991,35.810185],[-114.71211,35.806185],[-114.69891,35.790185],[-114.701409,35.769086],[-114.695709,35.755986],[-114.697309,35.733686],[-114.705309,35.711587],[-114.705409,35.708287],[-114.701208,35.701187],[-114.694108,35.695187],[-114.683208,35.689387],[-114.680607,35.685488],[-114.682207,35.678188],[-114.690008,35.664688],[-114.689407,35.651412],[-114.677107,35.641489],[-114.658206,35.619089],[-114.653406,35.610789],[-114.654306,35.59759],[-114.659606,35.58749],[-114.665649,35.580428],[-114.666184,35.577576],[-114.663005,35.56369],[-114.662005,35.545491],[-114.660205,35.539291],[-114.657405,35.536391],[-114.656905,35.534391],[-114.658005,35.530491],[-114.663105,35.524491],[-114.673805,35.517891],[-114.677205,35.513491],[-114.679205,35.499992],[-114.677643,35.489742],[-114.672901,35.481708],[-114.666377,35.466856],[-114.6645,35.449497],[-114.662125,35.444241],[-114.652005,35.429165],[-114.627137,35.409504],[-114.611435,35.369056],[-114.604314,35.353584],[-114.595931,35.325234],[-114.597503,35.296954],[-114.587129,35.262376],[-114.583111,35.23809],[-114.583559,35.22993],[-114.579963,35.20964],[-114.574835,35.205898],[-114.572119,35.200591],[-114.569238,35.18348],[-114.569569,35.163053],[-114.572747,35.138725],[-114.578524,35.12875],[-114.58774,35.123729],[-114.59912,35.12105],[-114.619905,35.121632],[-114.629934,35.118272],[-114.644352,35.105904],[-114.646759,35.101872],[-114.642831,35.096503],[-114.622517,35.088703],[-114.613132,35.083097],[-114.604736,35.07483],[-114.602908,35.068588],[-114.603619,35.064226],[-114.606694,35.058941],[-114.627124,35.044721],[-114.632429,35.037586],[-114.636893,35.028367],[-114.638023,35.020556],[-114.636674,35.008807],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.804249,35.139689],[-114.80503,35.140284],[-114.925381,35.237039],[-114.92548,35.237054],[-114.942216,35.249994],[-115.043812,35.332012],[-115.098018,35.37499],[-115.102881,35.379371],[-115.125816,35.39694],[-115.145813,35.413182],[-115.146788,35.413662],[-115.160068,35.424129],[-115.160599,35.424313],[-115.225273,35.475907],[-115.271342,35.51266],[-115.303743,35.538207],[-115.388866,35.605171],[-115.391535,35.607271],[-115.393996,35.609344],[-115.404537,35.617605],[-115.406079,35.618613],[-115.412908,35.624981],[-115.500832,35.693382],[-115.625838,35.792013],[-115.627386,35.793846],[-115.647202,35.808995],[-115.647683,35.809358],[-115.64802,35.809629],[-115.669005,35.826515],[-115.689302,35.842003],[-115.750844,35.889287],[-115.845984,35.964207],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-115.892975,35.999967],[-115.912858,36.015359],[-116.093601,36.155805],[-116.097216,36.158346],[-116.250869,36.276979],[-116.375875,36.372562],[-116.38034,36.374955],[-116.488233,36.459097],[-116.500882,36.468223],[-116.541983,36.499952],[-117.000895,36.847694],[-117.066728,36.896354],[-117.131975,36.945777],[-117.166,36.971224],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-117.266046,37.04491],[-117.375905,37.126843],[-117.500117,37.22038],[-117.500909,37.220282],[-117.540885,37.249931],[-117.581418,37.278936],[-117.68061,37.353399],[-117.712358,37.374931],[-117.832726,37.464929],[-117.875927,37.497267],[-117.904625,37.515836],[-117.975776,37.569293],[-118.039849,37.615245],[-118.039798,37.615273],[-118.052189,37.62493],[-118.250947,37.768616],[-118.4278,37.89623],[-118.500958,37.949019],[-118.571958,37.99993],[-118.62159,38.034389],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-118.746598,38.124926],[-118.771867,38.141871],[-118.859087,38.204808],[-118.922518,38.249919],[-118.949673,38.26894],[-119.000975,38.303675],[-119.030078,38.325181],[-119.082358,38.361267],[-119.097161,38.372853],[-119.125982,38.39317],[-119.156983,38.414739],[-119.234966,38.468997],[-119.250988,38.48078],[-119.279262,38.499914],[-119.328411,38.534773],[-119.333423,38.538328],[-119.370117,38.563281],[-119.375994,38.566793],[-119.450623,38.619965],[-119.450612,38.619964],[-119.494022,38.649734],[-119.494183,38.649852],[-119.585437,38.713212],[-119.587066,38.714345],[-119.587679,38.714734],[-119.904315,38.933324],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-120.002461,39.067489],[-120.003402,39.112687],[-120.004504,39.165599],[-120.005746,39.22521],[-120.005743,39.228664],[-120.005142,39.291258],[-120.005414,39.313345],[-120.005413,39.313848],[-120.00532,39.31635],[-120.005316,39.316453],[-120.00471,39.330488],[-120.00443,39.374908],[-120.003117,39.445044],[-120.003116,39.445113],[-120.00174,39.538852],[-120.001319,39.722416],[-120.001319,39.72242],[-120.000502,39.779956],[-120.000607,39.780779],[-119.999733,39.851406],[-119.997634,39.956505],[-119.997291,40.071803],[-119.997175,40.077245],[-119.997234,40.091591],[-119.997124,40.126363],[-119.996183,40.262461],[-119.996182,40.263532],[-119.996155,40.32125],[-119.996155,40.321838],[-119.995926,40.499901],[-119.997533,40.720992],[-119.998479,40.749899],[-119.999231,40.865899],[-119.999232,40.867454],[-119.999358,40.873101],[-119.999866,41.183974],[-119.999471,41.499894],[-119.99828,41.618765],[-119.998855,41.624893],[-119.998287,41.749892],[-119.999276,41.874891],[-119.999168,41.99454],[-119.986678,41.995842],[-119.876054,41.997199],[-119.872929,41.997641],[-119.848907,41.997281],[-119.790087,41.997544],[-119.72573,41.996296],[-119.444598,41.995478],[-119.360177,41.994384],[-119.324181,41.994206],[-119.251033,41.993843],[-119.231876,41.994212],[-119.20828,41.993177],[-119.001022,41.993793],[-118.795612,41.992394],[-118.777228,41.992671],[-118.775869,41.992692],[-118.696409,41.991794],[-118.601806,41.993895],[-118.501002,41.995446],[-118.197189,41.996995],[-117.873467,41.998335],[-117.625973,41.998102],[-117.623731,41.998467],[-117.443062,41.999659],[-117.403613,41.99929],[-117.217551,41.999887],[-117.197798,42.00038],[-117.068613,42.000035],[-117.055402,41.99989],[-117.04891,41.998983],[-117.040906,41.99989],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-117.018294,41.999358],[-117.009255,41.998127],[-116.969156,41.998991],[-116.62677,41.99775],[-116.625947,41.997379],[-116.586937,41.99737],[-116.582217,41.997834],[-116.525319,41.997558],[-116.510452,41.997096],[-116.501741,41.997334],[-116.499777,41.99674],[-116.485823,41.996861],[-116.483094,41.996885],[-116.463528,41.996547],[-116.368478,41.996281],[-116.332763,41.997283],[-116.163931,41.997555],[-116.160833,41.997508],[-116.038602,41.99746],[-116.03857,41.997413],[-116.030754,41.997399],[-116.030758,41.997383],[-116.01896,41.997762],[-116.018945,41.997722],[-116.012219,41.998048],[-116.012212,41.998035],[-115.98688,41.998534],[-115.887612,41.998048],[-115.879596,41.997891],[-115.870181,41.996766],[-115.625914,41.997415],[-115.586849,41.996884],[-115.313877,41.996103],[-115.254333,41.996721],[-115.250795,41.996156],[-115.038256,41.996012],[-115.031783,41.996008],[-114.914187,41.999909],[-114.89921,41.999909],[-114.875877,42.001319],[-114.831077,42.002207],[-114.806384,42.001822],[-114.720715,41.998231],[-114.598267,41.994511],[-114.498259,41.994599],[-114.498243,41.994636],[-114.467581,41.995492],[-114.281855,41.994214],[-114.107428,41.993965],[-114.107259,41.993831],[-114.061763,41.993939],[-114.061774,41.993797],[-114.048257,41.993814],[-114.048246,41.993721],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-114.039648,41.884816],[-114.041107,41.850573],[-114.041152,41.850595],[-114.039901,41.753781],[-114.039968,41.62492],[-114.040437,41.615377],[-114.040942,41.499921],[-114.040231,41.49169],[-114.041396,41.219958],[-114.042553,41.210923],[-114.041447,41.207752],[-114.042145,40.999926]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nevada\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6355e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mihalasky, Mark J. 0000-0002-0082-3029 mjm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0082-3029","contributorId":3692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mihalasky","given":"Mark","email":"mjm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":206077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30983,"text":"wri20004230 - 2001 - Relation of Mercury to Other Chemical Constituents in Ground Water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, New Jersey Coastal Plain, and Mechanisms for Mobilization of Mercury from Sediments to Ground Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri20004230","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4230","title":"Relation of Mercury to Other Chemical Constituents in Ground Water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, New Jersey Coastal Plain, and Mechanisms for Mobilization of Mercury from Sediments to Ground Water","docAbstract":"Water from 265 domestic wells that tap the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey contained concentrations of mercury that are equal to or exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 2 ug/L (micrograms per liter). The wells range in depth from 50 to 200 feet, and are located in 32 discrete, mostly residential, areas that were developed primarily on former agricultural land during the 1950?s through the 1970?s. Concentrations in two other areas exceeded 1 ug/L. Naturally occurring mercury concentrations in ground water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system typically are less than 0.01 ug/L, but concentrations in water from some wells were as much as 42 ug/L. No evidence currently exists that conclusively links known point sources such as landfills, industrial operations, or commercial enterprises to most of the elevated concentrations of mercury in ground water in the residential areas. Possible sources of the mercury include pesticides and atmospheric deposition. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of water from wells in 6 of the 34 areas for other constituents indicates that nitrate concentrations also commonly are elevated above background levels (which typically are undetectable at 0.01 milligrams per liter), and exceed the MCL of 10 milligrams per liter in some samples. Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including chloroform, also have been measured in water from wells at many of the 34 sites. Analytical results for water samples collected at several depths from boreholes at 2 of the 34 sites indicate elevated concentrations of calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, nitrate, and chloride, which may be related to both agricultural chemical applications and septic-system effluent. Determinations of tritium and helium concentrations indicate that water containing elevated concentrations of mercury recharged the aquifer between 9.4 and 79 years ago, which includes the period during which many of the 34 sites were undergoing a change from agricultural or undeveloped to residential land use. \r\n\r\nBatch equilibrium experiments were used to measure adsorption of dissolved mercury, mercuric chloride, and phenylmercuric acetate by aquifer sediments at pH 3.5-4.0, 4.5-5.0, and 5.5-6.0. In nearly all cases, 55 to 95 percent of the mercury added to the sediments was adsorbed. Mercury mobilization from aquifer sediments inoculated with mercury was investigated by leaching the sediments with two concentrations of nitric acid (a component of acid rain), a sodium chloride solution (simulating road salt), and three fertilizer solutions. A solution of 20-20-20 (nitrogenphosphorous-potassium) fertilizer removed virtually all of the mercury with which the sediments had been inoculated. The sodium chloride solution was moderately effective in removing applied mercury from the sediments, as was a solution of nitric acid. A more dilute nitric acid solution and two sodium nitrate fertilizer solutions were less effective. \r\n\r\nResults of these experiments indicate that mercury adsorbs to aquifer sediments, but that varying amounts can be removed by infiltrating solutions, some of which can be related to specific land uses. Land-use history at the 34 sites generally indicates a change from agricultural or undeveloped settings to residential settings. Whatever the source of mercury to these sites, a change in the geochemical environment of the soil and aquifer brought about by land-use change probably provides mechanisms for mobilizing the mercury from soils and sediments to ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20004230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection ","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J., and MacLeod, C., 2001, Relation of Mercury to Other Chemical Constituents in Ground Water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, New Jersey Coastal Plain, and Mechanisms for Mobilization of Mercury from Sediments to Ground Water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4230, vii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004230.","productDescription":"vii, 72 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11707,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4230/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.75,38.75 ], [ -75.75,40.75 ], [ -73.75,40.75 ], [ -73.75,38.75 ], [ -75.75,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634cca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, Cecilia L.","contributorId":62250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Cecilia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31481,"text":"ofr01407 - 2001 - High-resolution seismic reflection/refraction images near the outer margin of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, York-James Peninsula, southeastern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T10:11:17","indexId":"ofr01407","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-407","title":"High-resolution seismic reflection/refraction images near the outer margin of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, York-James Peninsula, southeastern Virginia","docAbstract":"Powars and Bruce (1999) showed that the Chesapeake Bay region of southeastern Virginia was the site of an asteroid or comet impact during the late Eocene, approximately 35 million years ago (Fig. 1). Initial borehole and marine seismic-reflection data revealed a 90-km-diameter impact structure, referred to as the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater (CBIC), that lies buried beneath the southern Chesapeake Bay and surrounding Virginia Coastal Plain (Powars and Bruce, Figs. 1b).
\nStratigraphic correlations among a series of boreholes suggest that the impact disrupted basement rock and the overlying Cretaceous through middle Eocene deltaic and marine sediments. The CBIC truncates important regional sedimentary aquifer systems and possibly caused differential flushing of connate seawater. Therefore, the CBIC affects the present-day ground-water quantity and quality in the rapidly growing Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia. Impact-generated faults in the basement rock may be the sources of small-to-moderate earthquakes that have been occurred around the perimeter of the impact structure over the past few hundred years (Johnson et al., 1998).
\nPowars and Bruce (1999) suggest that 150 m to 490 m of relatively undisturbed, post-impact Coastal-Plain sediments overlie the impact-disrupted sediments and basement rocks west of Chesapeake Bay. Their interpretation of marine seismic data, released from Texaco and Exxon, revealed a central 38-km-wide, 1.6-km-deep disrupted zone in the basement rocks (inner basin), which is surrounded by a 21- to 31-km-wide, 1- km-deep annular trough. Steep rim escarpments surround these features, which they mapped regionally as the outer and inner margins (rims) of the CBIC (Fig. 1b). The outer margin is a slumped terrace zone that has a 120- to 305-m-high gullied escarpment and varies in width from 0.8 to 3.2 km. However, the geographic bounds of the CBIC, its effects on the regional aquifer systems, and the distribution of impact generated faults and fractures in basement are not well determined. To better determine some of the unknowns associated with the CBIC, we conducted a 350-m-long, high-resolution seismic reflection and refraction survey, referred to here as the CBIC-1 seismic survey, on the York-James Peninsula in June 1999. In particular, we attempted to: better define the outer margin of the CBIC, understand lateral variations in the stratigraphic sequence, help assess potential hazards associated with regional seismicity, and determine acquisition parameters needed for shallow-depth seismic imaging in the Chesapeake Bay area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01407","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Saulter, D., Powars, D., Goldman, M.R., Dingler, J., Gohn, G.S., Schindler, J., and Johnson, G., 2001, High-resolution seismic reflection/refraction images near the outer margin of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, York-James Peninsula, southeastern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-407, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01407.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2653,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0407/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01407.jpg"},{"id":282877,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0407/pdf/of01-407.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay;York-james Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5854,36.4964 ], [ -77.5854,37.9095 ], [ -75.163,37.9095 ], [ -75.163,36.4964 ], [ -77.5854,36.4964 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saulter, D.E.","contributorId":23594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saulter","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powars, D.S.","contributorId":7303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldman, M. R.","contributorId":106934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dingler, J.A.","contributorId":30664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gohn, G. S.","contributorId":25937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schindler, J.S.","contributorId":105693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnson, G.H.","contributorId":43004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":31517,"text":"ofr01501 - 2001 - Assessment method for epithermal gold deposits in northeast Washington State using weights-of-evidence GIS modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-09T18:33:28.890076","indexId":"ofr01501","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-501","title":"Assessment method for epithermal gold deposits in northeast Washington State using weights-of-evidence GIS modeling","docAbstract":"The weights-of-evidence analysis, a quantitative mineral resource mapping tool, is used to delineate favorable areas for epithermal gold deposits and to predict future exploration activity of the mineral industry for similar deposits in a four-county area (222 x 277 km), including the Okanogan and Colville National Forests of northeastern Washington. Modeling is applied in six steps: (1) building a spatial digital database, (2) extracting predictive evidence for a particular deposit, based on an exploration model, (3) calculating relative weights for each predictive map, (4) combining the geologic evidence maps to predict the location of undiscovered mineral resources and (5) measuring the intensity of recent exploration activity by use of mining claims on federal lands, and (6) combining mineral resource and exploration activity into an assessment model of future mining activity.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe analysis is accomplished on a personal computer using ArcView GIS platform with Spatial Analyst and Weights-of-Evidence software. In accord with the descriptive model for epithermal gold deposits, digital geologic evidential themes assembled include lithologic map units, thrust faults, normal faults, and igneous dikes. Similarly, geochemical evidential themes include placer gold deposits and gold and silver analyses from stream sediment (silt) samples from National Forest lands. Fifty mines, prospects, or occurrences of epithermal gold deposits, the training set, define the appropriate a really-associated terrane. The areal (or spatial) correlation of each evidential theme with the training set yield predictor theme maps for lithology, placer sites and normal faults. The weights-of-evidence analysis disqualified the thrust fault, dike, and gold and silver silt analyses evidential themes because they lacked spatial\r\ncorrelation with the training set. The decision to accept or reject evidential themes as predictors is assisted by considering probabilistic data consisting of weights and contrast values calculated for themes according to areal correlation with the training sites. Predictor themes having acceptable weights and contrast values are combined into a preliminary model to predict the locations of undiscovered epithermal gold deposits. This model facilitates ranking of tracts as non-permissive, permissive or favorable categories based on exclusionary, passive, and active criteria through evaluation of probabilistic data provided by interaction of predictor themes. The method is very similar to the visual inspection method of drawing conclusions from anomalies on a manually overlain system of maps. This method serves as a model for future mineral assessment procedures because of its objective nature.\r\n\r\n\r\nTo develop a model to predict future exploration activity, the locations of lode mining claims were summarized for 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1996. Land parcels containing historic claims were identified either as those with mining claims present in 1980 or valid claims present in 1985. Current claim parcels were identified as those containing valid lode claims in either 1990 or 1996. A consistent parcel contains both historic and current claims.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe epithermal gold and mining claim activity models were combined into an assessment (or mineral resource-activity) model to assist in land use decisions by providing a prediction of mineral exploration activity on federal land in the next decade. Ranks in the assessment model are: (1) no activity, (2) low activity, (3) low to moderate activity, (4) moderate activity and (5) high activity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01501","usgsCitation":"Boleneus, D., Raines, G.L., Causey, J., Bookstrom, A., Frost, T.P., and Hyndman, P.C., 2001, Assessment method for epithermal gold deposits in northeast Washington State using weights-of-evidence GIS modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-501, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01501.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406478,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46491.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2696,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-501/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 48\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boleneus, D. E.","contributorId":87577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boleneus","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Causey, J. D.","contributorId":64652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causey","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bookstrom, A. A.","contributorId":94681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frost, T. P.","contributorId":49797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hyndman, P. C.","contributorId":96257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":58059,"text":"wri20014161 - 2001 - Assessment of habitat, fish communities, and streamflow requirements for habitat protection, Ipswich River, Massachusetts, 1998-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:58:03.327195","indexId":"wri20014161","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4161","title":"Assessment of habitat, fish communities, and streamflow requirements for habitat protection, Ipswich River, Massachusetts, 1998-99","docAbstract":"The relations among stream habitat, fish communities, and hydrologic conditions were investigated in the Ipswich River Basin in northeastern Massachusetts. Data were assessed from 27 sites on the mainstem of the Ipswich River from July to September 1998 and from 10 sites on 5 major tributaries in July and August 1999. Habitat assessments made in 1998 determined that in a year with sustained streamflow for most of the summer, the Ipswich River contains diverse, high-quality aquatic habitat. Channel types are predominantly low gradient glides, pools, and impoundments, with a sandy streambed and a forest or shrub riparian zone. Features that provide fish habitat are located mostly along stream margins; these features include overhanging brush, undercut banks, exposed roots, and woody debris. These habitat features decrease in availability to aquatic communities with declining streamflows and generally become unavailable after streamflows drop to the point where the edge of water recedes from the stream banks.
The mainstem and tributaries were sampled to determine fish species composition, relative abundance, and length frequency. Fish sampling indicates that the fish community in the Ipswich River is currently a warm-water fish community dominated by pond-type fish. However, historical temperature data, and survival of stocked trout in the mainstem Ipswich into late summer of 1998, indicate that the Ipswich River potentially could support cold-water fish species if adequate flows are maintained. Dominant fish species sampled in the mainstem Ipswich River were redfin pickerel (Esox americanus), American eel (Anguilla rostrata), and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), which together represented 41, 22, and 10 percent, respectively, of 4,745 fish sampled. The fish communities of the mainstem and tributaries contained few fluvial-dependent or fluvial-specialist species (requiring flow), and were dominated by macrohabitat generalists (tolerant of low-flow, warm-water, and ponded conditions). In comparison to a nearby river (Lamprey River, N.H.), and a reference fish community developed for inland New England streams, the Ipswich fish community would be expected to have appreciably higher percentages of fluvial-dependent and fluvial-specialist species were streamflows restored.
Four riffle sites on the mainstem of the Ipswich River were identified as critical habitat areas because they are among the first sites to exhibit fish-passage problems or to dry during low flows. A watershed-scale precipitation-runoff model previously developed for the Ipswich River was used to simulate streamflows at these four sites for the period 196195 under no withdrawals (for water supply) and 1991 land use to evaluate habitat suitability under conditions that approximate the natural flow conditions. These simulated flows were used to calculate streamflow requirements by the Tennant and New England Aquatic-Base-Flow methods. Stream channels were surveyed at the critical riffle sites, and Water Surface Profile models were used to simulate streamflows and hydraulic characteristics needed for determining streamflow requirements by use of the Wetted-Perimeter and R2Cross methods. Normalized by drainage area to units of cubic feet per second per square mile, these methods yielded the following streamflow requirements: 0.50 cubic feet per second per square mile for the Tennant 30-percent QMA method, 0.42 cubic feet per second per square mile for the wetted-perimeter value necessary to maintain wetted perimeter at three altered riffle sites, 0.42 cubic feet per second per square mile for the R2Cross value required to maintain R2Cross hydraulic criteria at a natural riffle site, and 0.34 cubic feet per second per square mile for the aquatic-base-flow median of monthly mean flows for August for the simulated 196195 period under no withdrawals and 1991 land use. The mean streamflow requirement determined from these four methods is 0.42 cubic feet per second per square mile. This flow would represent an average flow-exceedence value for the six study sites of about 77 percent under simulated flows with no withdrawals. For these flows, the 70-, 80-, and 90-percent exceedence flows averaged 0.59, 0.37, and 0.21 cubic feet per second per square mile, respectively, and the 7-day, 10-year low flow statistic at the two gaged sites averaged 0.08 cubic feet per second per square mile. Simulated flows under no withdrawals were used to determine monthly mean flows and other flow statistics used in the Range of Variability Approach to define a flow regime that mimics the river's natural flow regime.
What do citizens know about black-tailed prairie dogs, and where do they get their information? When management decisions need to be made regarding an animal such as the black-tailed prairie dog, an understanding of the species and its relationship to humans is necessary. This includes knowing the biology of the animal, where it lives, and how it interacts with other animals. But it is equally important for those making decisions about the species to understand citizens’ knowledge and perceptions so managers can effectively communicate with the public and help the public participate in planning and decision making activities. Unfortunately, what is known about public knowledge, perception, and preferences concerning prairie dog management is limited to data from only a few areas. This study attempts to answer the question: What do people in the short-grass prairie region of the United States know and think about black-tailed prairie dogs?
\nIn the summer of 2000, we sent a survey by mail to citizens of rural, urban, and suburban counties in the short-grass prairie region of the United States. This area includes all or part of 11 states: Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming (see Figure 1, p. 4). A total of 1933 citizens completed the survey for a 56% response rate (Table 1). This report provides a summary of the answers for all the questions in the survey. (Extra copies of this report can be downloaded from our website: http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/seias.)
\nThe results show that although people do not believe prairie dogs are a big environmental issue, they favor a balanced approach when dealing with such problems. When asked about their views on environmental policy, respondents reported being more conservative than liberal: 40% reported slightly conservative or conservative environmental views, 24% reported moderate environmental views, and 19% reported slightly liberal or liberal environmental views. Ninteen percent (19%) said they did not know or had not thought about their environmental values. When asked how important black-tailed prairie dogs are compared to other environmental problems, 69% said they are less important than other issues or not an issue at all. Thirty one percent (31%) said prairie dogs are about the same or more important than other issues.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001467","usgsCitation":"Sexton, N.R., Brinson, A., Ponds, P.D., Cline, K., and Lamb, B.L., 2001, Citizen knowledge and perception of black-tailed prairie dog management: Report to respondents: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-467, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001467.","productDescription":"23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2001467.PNG"},{"id":320300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0467/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4969e4b07f02db59f511","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sexton, Natalie R.","contributorId":82750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sexton","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brinson, Ayeisha","contributorId":17278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinson","given":"Ayeisha","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponds, Phadrea D.","contributorId":65156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponds","given":"Phadrea","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cline, Kurt","contributorId":45752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"Kurt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":6775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31479,"text":"ofr01404 - 2001 - GRA prospectus: optimizing design and management of protected areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:06","indexId":"ofr01404","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-404","title":"GRA prospectus: optimizing design and management of protected areas","docAbstract":"Protected areas comprise one major type of global conservation effort that has been in the form of parks, easements, or conservation concessions. Though protected areas are increasing in number and size throughout tropical ecosystems, there is no systematic method for optimally targeting specific local areas for protection, designing the protected area, and monitoring it, or for guiding follow-up actions to manage it or its surroundings over the long run. Without such a system, conservation projects often cost more than necessary and/or risk protecting ecosystems and biodiversity less efficiently than desired. Correcting these failures requires tools and strategies for improving the placement, design, and long-term management of protected areas. The objective of this project is to develop a set of spatially based analytical tools to improve the selection, design, and management of protected areas. \r\n\r\nIn this project, several conservation concessions will be compared using an economic optimization technique. The forest land use portfolio model is an integrated assessment that measures investment in different land uses in a forest. The case studies of individual tropical ecosystems are developed as forest (land) use and preservation portfolios in a geographic information system (GIS). Conservation concessions involve a private organization purchasing development and resource access rights in a certain area and retiring them. Forests are put into conservation, and those people who would otherwise have benefited from extracting resources or selling the right to do so are compensated. Concessions are legal agreements wherein the exact amount and nature of the compensation result from a negotiated agreement between an agent of the conservation community and the local community. Funds are placed in a trust fund, and annual payments are made to local communities and regional/national governments. The payments are made pending third-party verification that the forest expanse and quality have been maintained.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01404","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., and Halsing, D., 2001, GRA prospectus: optimizing design and management of protected areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-404, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01404.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2651,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of01-404/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b146f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard","contributorId":51701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halsing, David","contributorId":75587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halsing","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31498,"text":"ofr01443 - 2001 - Landslides triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Guatemala -- inventory and discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:13","indexId":"ofr01443","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-443","title":"Landslides triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Guatemala -- inventory and discussion","docAbstract":"The torrential rains that accompanied\r\nHurricane Mitch in October and November\r\nof 1998 triggered thousands of landslides in\r\nthe moderate to steep terrain bordering the\r\nMotagua and Polochic Rivers in eastern\r\nGuatemala. Using aerial photographs taken\r\nbetween January and March 2000 we\r\nmapped all visible landslides larger than\r\nabout 15 m in minimum dimension in a\r\nstudy area of 10,000 km2 encompassing\r\ntwenty 1:50,000-scale topographic map\r\nquadrangles.\r\nRainfall from Hurricane Mitch was\r\nexceptional because it was geographically\r\nwidespread, prolonged over a period of\r\nabout a week, moderate to heavy in intensity,\r\nand occurred at the end of the rainy season\r\nwhen the ground already had a high\r\nmoisture content. As documented in this\r\nreport, this type of rainfall, on saturated or\r\nnearly saturated ground, has the capability to\r\ntrigger both shallow and deep-seated landslides\r\nover a large area.\r\nWe mapped about 11,500 landslides in\r\nthe study area. The mapped landslides were\r\nof two general types: relatively small, translational\r\nand rotational landslides that commonly\r\nmobilized into debris flows and covered\r\nless than several hectares in area (not\r\nincluding flow paths), and large, commonly\r\ntranslational, landslides that sometimes generated\r\ndebris flows and covered between\r\n15 ha and 25 ha (not including flow paths).\r\nThe main concentrations of landslides are on\r\nmoderate-to-steep hillslopes underlain by\r\ndiverse geologic units. For the purpose of\r\ndescribing the mapped landslides, we divided\r\nthe study area into five distinct regions\r\nbased on differing geologic and geomorphic\r\ncharacteristics. These regions include the\r\nupper Polochic valley and surrounding highlands,\r\nthe central Sierra de las Minas, the\r\nhills surrounding La Union and Zacapa, the\r\neastern Sierra de las Minas, and the border\r\nregion with Honduras. All of these areas\r\nreceived between 200 mm and 600 mm of\r\nrain over a 13-day period between October\r\n25 and November 6. The highest rainfall\r\namounts (400 mm to 600 mm) occurred in\r\nthe Upper Polochic valley and surrounding\r\nhighlands and in the central Sierra de las\r\nMinas. The lower rainfall amounts (200 mm\r\nto 400 mm) occurred in the hills surrounding\r\nLa Union, the eastern Sierra de las\r\nMinas, and in the border region with\r\nHonduras. In general, the rainfall received in\r\nthese areas is roughly equivalent to the average\r\nprecipitation received in a 1-year period.\r\nWe used 10-m digital elevation models\r\n(DEMs) generated from contours on two\r\nquadrangles in the central Sierra de las\r\nMinas to create a map showing areas that\r\nwere susceptible to landslides during\r\nHurricane Mitch. To create the Hurricane\r\nMitch susceptibility map, we developed a\r\nsusceptibility threshold equation based on\r\nelevation and gradient. The analysis indicates\r\nthat, at least on two quadrangles, gradients\r\nless than 9? were not susceptible to\r\nlandslides during Hurricane Mitch. The\r\nslope of the line defined by the threshold\r\nequation indicates that less rainfall was\r\nrequired to initiate landslides on steep gradients\r\nthan on shallow gradients. Ninety percent\r\nof the mapped landslides that were triggered\r\nby Hurricane Mitch are within the\r\nsusceptible zone shown on the map. Eightysix\r\npercent of landslides that were mapped\r\nas predating Hurricane Mitch, and all landslides\r\nmapped as postdating Hurricane\r\nMitch, are within the susceptible zone.\r\nWe used LAHARZ software to model the\r\npotential downstream area affected by debris\r\nif a large landslide dam on the Rio La Lima\r\nwere to fail. The model shows that the area\r\naffected would be similar to the area that\r\nwas affected by a debris flow that mobilized\r\nfrom a large landslide along the Rio La\r\nLima during Hurricane Mitch.\r\nThe characteristics of rainfall-triggered\r\nlandslides described in this report can be\r\nused as a partial guide to future landslide\r\nactivity triggered by rainstorms. On the\r\nbasis of existing data, hazardous areas\r\ninclude: moderate to steep hillslopes and\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01443","usgsCitation":"Bucknam, R.C., Coe, J.A., Chavarria, M.M., Godt, J.W., Tarr, A.C., Bradley, L., Rafferty, S.A., Hancock, D., Dart, R.L., and Johnson, M.L., 2001, Landslides triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Guatemala -- inventory and discussion (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-443, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01443.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2682,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0443/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a91b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bucknam, Robert C.","contributorId":104490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":206212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chavarria, Manuel Mota","contributorId":39024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavarria","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Mota","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bradley, Lee-Ann bradley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"bradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":206203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rafferty, Sharon A.","contributorId":33360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafferty","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hancock, Dean","contributorId":73652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hancock","given":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Johnson, Margo L.","contributorId":54626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Margo","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":31496,"text":"ofr01440 - 2001 - A test of a mechanical multi-impact shear-wave seismic source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:11","indexId":"ofr01440","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-440","title":"A test of a mechanical multi-impact shear-wave seismic source","docAbstract":"We modified two gasoline-engine-powered earth tampers, commonly used as compressional-(P) wave seismic energy sources for shallow reflection studies, for use as shear(S)-wave energy sources. This new configuration, termed ?Hacker? (horizontal Wacker?), is evaluated as an alternative to the manual sledgehammer typically used in conjunction with a large timber held down by the front wheels of a vehicle. The Hacker maximizes the use of existing equipment by a quick changeover of bolt-on accessories as opposed to the handling of a separate source, and is intended to improve the depth of penetration of S-wave data by stacking hundreds of impacts over a two to three minute period. Records were made with a variety of configurations involving up to two Hackers simultaneously then compared to a reference record made with a sledgehammer. Preliminary results indicate moderate success by the higher amplitude S-waves recorded with the Hacker as compared to the hammer method. False triggers generated by the backswing of the Hacker add unwanted noise and we are currently working to modify the device to eliminate this effect. Correlation noise caused by insufficient randomness of the Hacker impact sequence is also a significant noise problem that we hope to reduce by improving the coupling of the Hacker to the timber so that the operator has more control over the impact sequence.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01440","usgsCitation":"Worley, D.M., Odum, J.K., Williams, R., and Stephenson, W.J., 2001, A test of a mechanical multi-impact shear-wave seismic source (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-440, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01440.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2668,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0440/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a57d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worley, David M. worley@usgs.gov","contributorId":947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"David","email":"worley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":206198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31477,"text":"ofr01400 - 2001 - Facies analysis of Tertiary basin-filling rocks of the Death Valley regional ground-water system and surrounding areas, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"ofr01400","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-400","title":"Facies analysis of Tertiary basin-filling rocks of the Death Valley regional ground-water system and surrounding areas, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"Existing hydrologic models of the Death Valley region typically have defined the Cenozoic basins as those areas that are covered by recent surficial deposits, and have treated the basin-fill deposits that are concealed under alluvium as a single unit with uniform hydrologic properties throughout the region, and with depth. Although this latter generalization was known to be flawed, it evidently was made because available geologic syntheses did not provide the basis for a more detailed characterization. As an initial attempt to address this problem, this report presents a compilation and synthesis of existing and new surface and subsurface data on the lithologic variations between and within the Cenozoic basin fills of this region. The most permeable lithologies in the Cenozoic basin fills are freshwater limestones, unaltered densely welded tuffs, and little-consolidated coarse alluvium. The least permeable lithologies are playa claystones, altered nonwelded tuffs, and tuffaceous and clay-matrix sediments of several types. In all but the youngest of the basin fills, permeability probably decreases strongly with depth owing to a typically increasing abundance of volcanic ash or clay in the matrices of the clastic sediments with increasing age (and therefore with increasing depth in general), and to increasing consolidation and alteration (both hydrothermal and diagenetic) with increasing depth and age. This report concludes with a categorization of the Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley region according to the predominant lithologies in the different basin fills and presents qualitative constraints on the hydrologic properties of these major lithologic categories.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01400","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D., Fridrich, C.J., and Taylor, E., 2001, Facies analysis of Tertiary basin-filling rocks of the Death Valley regional ground-water system and surrounding areas, Nevada and California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-400, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01400.","productDescription":"55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2632,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0400/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fridrich, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2453-6478 fridrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-6478","contributorId":1251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"Christopher","email":"fridrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Emily","contributorId":41474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Emily","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61474,"text":"mf2385 - 2001 - Map and map database of susceptibility to slope failure by sliding and earthflow in the Oakland area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:31","indexId":"mf2385","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2385","title":"Map and map database of susceptibility to slope failure by sliding and earthflow in the Oakland area, California","docAbstract":" Map data that predict the varying likelihood of landsliding can help public agencies make informed decisions on land use and zoning. This map, prepared in a geographic information system from a statistical model, estimates the relative likelihood of local slopes to fail by two processes common to an area of diverse geology, terrain, and land use centered on metropolitan Oakland. The model combines the following spatial data: (1) 120 bedrock and surficial geologic-map units, (2) ground slope calculated from a 30-m digital elevation model, (3) an inventory of 6,714 old landslide deposits (not distinguished by age or type of movement and excluding debris flows), and (4) the locations of 1,192 post-1970 landslides that damaged the built environment. The resulting index of likelihood, or susceptibility, plotted as a 1:50,000-scale map, is computed as a continuous variable over a large area (872 km2) at a comparatively fine (30 m) resolution. This new model complements landslide inventories by estimating susceptibility between existing landslide deposits, and improves upon prior susceptibility maps by quantifying the degree of susceptibility within those deposits.\r\n Susceptibility is defined for each geologic-map unit as the spatial frequency (areal percentage) of terrain occupied by old landslide deposits, adjusted locally by steepness of the topography. Susceptibility of terrain between the old landslide deposits is read directly from a slope histogram for each geologic-map unit, as the percentage (0.00 to 0.90) of 30-m cells in each one-degree slope interval that coincides with the deposits. Susceptibility within landslide deposits (0.00 to 1.33) is this same percentage raised by a multiplier (1.33) derived from the comparative frequency of recent failures within and outside the old deposits. Positive results from two evaluations of the model encourage its extension to the 10-county San Francisco Bay region and elsewhere. A similar map could be prepared for any area where the three basic constituents, a geologic map, a landslide inventory, and a slope map, are available in digital form. Added predictive power of the new susceptibility model may reside in attributes that remain to be explored?among them seismic shaking, distance to nearest road, and terrain elevation, aspect, relief, and curvature.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2385","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., Graymer, R., Roberts, S., Kalman, N., and Sobieszczyk, S., 2001, Map and map database of susceptibility to slope failure by sliding and earthflow in the Oakland area, California (Online version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2385, 37 p. and 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2385.","productDescription":"37 p. and 1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110284,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49791.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"49791"},{"id":180435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2385/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"50000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.36749999999999,37.6175 ], [ -122.36749999999999,38 ], [ -122,38 ], [ -122,37.6175 ], [ -122.36749999999999,37.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65545d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Sebastian","contributorId":52209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Sebastian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalman, N.B.","contributorId":8171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalman","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":265738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30683,"text":"fs10201 - 2001 - Evaluating the effects of urbanization and land-use planning using ground-water and surface-water models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-25T14:31:42","indexId":"fs10201","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"102-01","title":"Evaluating the effects of urbanization and land-use planning using ground-water and surface-water models","docAbstract":"Why are the effects of urbanization a concern? As the city of Middleton, Wisconsin, and its surroundings continue to develop, the Pheasant Branch watershed (fig.l) is expected to undergo urbanization. For the downstream city of Middleton, urbanization in the watershed can mean increased flood peaks, water volume and pollutant loads. More subtly, it may also reduce water that sustains the ground-water system (called \"recharge\") and adversely affect downstream ecosystems that depend on ground water such as the Pheasant Branch Springs (hereafter referred to as the Springs). The relation of stormwater runoff and reduced ground-water recharge is complex because the surface-water system is coupled to the underlying ground-water system. In many cases there is movement of water from one system to the other that varies seasonally or daily depending on changing conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to reliably determine the effects of urbanization on stream baseflow and spring flows without rigorous investigation. Moreover, mitigating adverse effects after development has occurred can be expensive and administratively difficult. Overlying these concerns are issues such as stewardship of the resource, the rights of the public, and land owners' rights both of those developing their land and those whose land is affected by this development. With the often- contradictory goals, a scientific basis for assessing effects of urbanization and effectiveness of mitigation measures helps ensure fair and constructive decision-making. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Middleton and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, completed a study that helps address these issues through modeling of the hydrologic system. This Fact Sheet discusses the results of this work.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs10201","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., and Steuer, J.J., 2001, Evaluating the effects of urbanization and land-use planning using ground-water and surface-water models: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 102-01, 4 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10201.","productDescription":"4 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59445,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane","city":"Madison, Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.64706420898438,\n 42.99962549506941\n ],\n [\n -89.64706420898438,\n 43.21418416226072\n ],\n [\n -89.48226928710936,\n 43.21418416226072\n ],\n [\n -89.48226928710936,\n 42.99962549506941\n ],\n [\n -89.64706420898438,\n 42.99962549506941\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30685,"text":"fs10901 - 2001 - Economic and environmental evaluations of extractable coal resources conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T10:39:03","indexId":"fs10901","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"109-01","title":"Economic and environmental evaluations of extractable coal resources conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The Economic and Environmental Evaluations of Extractable Coal Resources (E4CR) project integrates economic analyses of extractable coal resources with environmental and coal quality considerations in order to better understand the contribution that coal resources can make to help meet the Nation’s future energy needs. The project utilizes coal resource information derived from the recent National Coal Resource Assessment (NCRA), National Oil and Gas Assessment (NOGA), and Coal Availability and Recoverability Studies (CARS) conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and other State and Federal cooperating agencies. The E4CR evaluations are designed to augment economic models created by the U.S. Geological Survey CARS and NCRA projects and by the Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA). E4CR evaluations are conducted on potentially minable coal beds within selected coalfields in the United States. Emphasis is placed on coalfields containing Federally owned coal and within or adjacent to Federal lands, as shown in U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheets 012-98, 145-99, and 011-00 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, 1999, 2000). Other considerations for the selection of study areas include coal quality, potential environmental impact of coal production activities and coal utilization, the potential for coalbed methane development from the coal, and projected potential for future mining. Completion dates for the E4CR studies loosely follow the schedule for analogous NOGA studies to allow for a comparison of different energy resources in similar geographic areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs10901","usgsCitation":"Ellis, M., Rohrbacher, T., Carter, M., Molnia, C.L., Osmonson, L.M., and Scott, D., 2001, Economic and environmental evaluations of extractable coal resources conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 109-01, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10901.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0109/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0109-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625c1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, M.S.","contributorId":64301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rohrbacher, T.J.","contributorId":56274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohrbacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, M.D.","contributorId":31382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, C. L.","contributorId":23559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osmonson, L. M.","contributorId":91912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmonson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scott, D.C.","contributorId":83948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":30681,"text":"fs09501 - 2001 - Mercury in U.S. coal; abundance, distribution, and modes of occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"fs09501","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"095-01","title":"Mercury in U.S. coal; abundance, distribution, and modes of occurrence","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a nationwide coal information database over the last 25 years. A subset of the data, called COALQUAL, contains analyses of over 7,000 coal samples that have been collected or calculated to represent the entire thickness of a coal bed in the ground. The COALQUAL database is an extremely valuable source of information for raw or in-ground trace-element concentrations in U.S. coals and, if adjusted for the effect of coal cleaning in appropriate coals, can provide a first estimate of as-shipped mercury concentration in coal where data are not available.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs09501","usgsCitation":"Tewalt, S.J., Bragg, L.J., and Finkelman, R.B., 2001, Mercury in U.S. coal; abundance, distribution, and modes of occurrence (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 095-01, 4 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09501.","productDescription":"4 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_095_01.bmp"},{"id":3040,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs095-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":64270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bragg, Linda J.","contributorId":103717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30708,"text":"fs08101 - 2001 - Water budget for the Nueces Estuary, Texas, May-October 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T16:49:53","indexId":"fs08101","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"081-01","title":"Water budget for the Nueces Estuary, Texas, May-October 1998","docAbstract":"The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), and Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) are charged by the Texas Legislature with determining freshwater inflows required to maintain the ecological health of streams, bays, and estuaries in Texas. To determine required inflows, the three agencies collect data and conduct studies on the needs for freshwater inflows to Texas estuaries.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the TWDB, conducted a study in the Nueces estuary (fig. 1) during May–October 1998 to provide water-budget data for calibration of a TWDB model that will be used to estimate the effects of different freshwater inflow volumes on circulation and salinity in the estuary. The water budget (inflows and outflows) for the Nueces estuary was estimated by using (1) data collected during this study, (2) data collected at two upstream streamflow-gaging stations previous to this study, and (3) evaporation and return-flow data obtained from other agencies. This fact sheet describes the data-collection methods and the results of the water-budget estimates for the Nueces estuary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs08101","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D., 2001, Water budget for the Nueces Estuary, Texas, May-October 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 081-01, HTML Document; Report: 6 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08101.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: 6 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_081_01.bmp"},{"id":333155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-081-01/pdf/FS_081-01.pdf","text":"Report","size":"701 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3079,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-081-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Nueces Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.3,\n 27.75\n ],\n [\n -97.3,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -97.7,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -97.7,\n 27.75\n ],\n [\n -97.3,\n 27.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, D.J.","contributorId":38979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30971,"text":"wri014129 - 2001 - Geochemistry of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri014129","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4129","title":"Geochemistry of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are two of the most important aquifers in the Black Hills area because of utilization for water supplies and important influences on surface-water resources resulting from large springs and streamflow- loss zones. Examination of geochemical information provides a better understanding of the complex flow systems within these aquifers and interactions between the aquifers.\r\n\r\nMajor-ion chemistry in both aquifers is dominated by calcium and bicarbonate near outcrop areas, with basinward evolution towards various other water types. The most notable differences in major-ion chemistry between the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are in concentrations of sulfate within the Minnelusa aquifer. Sulfate concentrations increase dramatically near a transition zone where dissolution of anhydrite is actively occurring.\r\n\r\nWater chemistry for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers is controlled by reactions among calcite, dolomite, and anhydrite. Saturation indices for gypsum, calcite, and dolomite for most samples in both the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are indicative of the occurrence of dedolomitization. Because water in the Madison aquifer remains undersaturated with respect to gypsum, even at the highest sulfate concentrations, upward leakage into the overlying Minnelusa aquifer has potential to drive increased dissolution of anhydrite in the Minnelusa Formation.\r\n\r\nIsotopic information is used to evaluate ground-water flowpaths, ages, and mixing conditions for the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers. Distinctive patterns exist in the distribution of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in precipitation for the Black Hills area, with isotopically lighter precipitation generally occurring at higher elevations and latitudes. Distributions of 18O in ground water are consistent with spatial patterns in recharge areas, with isotopically lighter 18O values in the Madison aquifer resulting from generally higher elevation recharge sources, relative to the Minnelusa aquifer.\r\n\r\nThree conceptual models, which are simplifications of lumped-parameter models, are considered for evaluation of mixing conditions and general ground-water ages. For a simple slug-flow model, which assumes no mixing, measured tritium concentrations in ground water can be related through a first-order decay equation to estimated concentrations at the time of recharge. Two simplified mixing models that assume equal proportions of annual recharge over a range of years also are considered. An ?immediate-arrival? model is used to conceptually represent conditions in outcrop areas and a ?time-delay? model is used for locations removed from outcrops, where delay times for earliest arrival of ground water generally would be expected. Because of limitations associated with estimating tritium input and gross simplifying assumptions of equal annual recharge and thorough mixing conditions, the conceptual models are used only for general evaluation of mixing conditions and approximation of age ranges.\r\n\r\nHeadwater springs, which are located in or near outcrop areas, have the highest tritium concentrations, which is consistent with the immediate-arrival mixing model. Tritium concentrations for many wells are very low, or nondetectable, indicating general applicability of the timedelay conceptual model for locations beyond outcrop areas, where artesian conditions generally occur. Concentrations for artesian springs generally are higher than for wells, which indicates generally shorter delay times resulting from preferential flowpaths that typically are associated with artesian springs.\r\n\r\nIn the Rapid City area, a distinct division of isotopic values for the Madison aquifer corresponds with distinguishing 18O signatures for nearby streams, where large streamflow recharge occurs. Previous dye testing in this area documented rapid ground-water flow (timeframe of weeks) from a streamflow loss zone to sites located several miles away. These results are used to ill","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014129","usgsCitation":"Naus, C.A., Driscoll, D.G., and Carter, J.M., 2001, Geochemistry of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4129, 118 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014129.","productDescription":"118 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2950,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naus, Cheryl A.","contributorId":82749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}