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The polar bear is the apical predator and universal symbol of the Arctic. They occur throughout the Arctic marine environment wherever sea ice is prevalent. In the southern Beaufort Sea, polar bears are most common within the area of the outer continental shelf, where the hunt for seals along persistent leads and openings in the ice. Polar bears are a significant cultural and subsistence component of the lifestyles of indigenous people. They may also be one of the most important indicators of the health of the Arctic marine environment. Polar bears have a late age of maturation, a long inter0brth period, and small liter sizes. These life history features make polar bear populations susceptible to natural and human perturbations.

Petroleum exploration and extraction have been in progress along the coast of northern Alaska for more than 25 years. Until recently, most activity has taken place on the mainland or at sites connected to the shore by a causeway. In 1999, BP Exploration-Alaska began constructing the first artificial production island designed to transport oil through sub-seafloor pipelines. Other similar projects have been proposed to begin in the next several years.

The proximity of oil exploration and development to principal polar bear habitats raises concerns, and with the advent of true off-shore development projects, these concerns are compounded. Contact with oil and other industrial chemicals by polar bears, through grooming, consumption of tainted food, or direct consumption of chemicals, may be lethal. The active ice where polar bears hunt is also where spilled oil may be expected to concentrate during spring break-up and autumn freeze-up. Because of this, we could expect that an oil spill in the waters and ice of the continental shelf would have profound effects on polar bears. Assessments of the effects of spills, however, have not been done. This report described a promising method for estimating the effects of oil spills on polar bears in the Arctic marine environment. It uses enough real data to illuminate necessary calculations and illustrate the value of the methods. The results and conclusions presented here are only examples of possible scenarios resulting from a new estimation method. Final assessment of the potential impacts to polar bears of an oil spill remains a work in progress.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Amstrup, S.C., and McDonald, T.L., 2000, Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears: Arctic Research of the United States, v. 14, no. 2, p. 33-37.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.arctic.gov/publications/related/arotus.html"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 68.64055504059381\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 72.28906720017675\n ],\n [\n -132.4951171875,\n 72.28906720017675\n ],\n [\n -132.4951171875,\n 68.64055504059381\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 68.64055504059381\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847aae4b0efcedb7072db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170394,"text":"70170394 - 2000 - Forecasting survival and passage of migratory juvenile salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T15:10:42","indexId":"70170394","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting survival and passage of migratory juvenile salmonids","docAbstract":"

We developed methods to forecast survival and cumulative percent passage for subyearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at a dam to help managers effectively time the release of reservoir water to mitigate for passage delays and reduced survival. We tagged Snake River subyearling chinook salmon upstream of a dam from 1993 to 1998 and determined when a subsample of the tagged fish passed the dam. We randomly selected data (1993, 1994, 1996, and 1998) to develop a quadratic discriminant function for predicting which fish would survive to the dam and to develop a multiple-regression equation to predict the date survivors would pass the dam. We used the predicted passage dates within a year to calculate a daily cumulative percent passage forecast and then calculated a 90% forecast interval that varied by year, depending on the number of predicted survivors. We validated the forecast method using data for 1995 and 1997. The 1995 forecasted passage curve differed from the observed passage curve for 25 d of the 168-d emigration season. The 1997 forecasted and observed passage curves were similar for the entire 168-d emigration season. The 90% forecast interval was ±18.8% in 1995 and ±22.4% in 1997. We conclude that our method is a valid tool for in-season water management but acknowledge the potential for interannual variability in forecast performance.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0651:FSAPOM>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Connor, W.P., Steinhorst, R., and Burge, H.L., 2000, Forecasting survival and passage of migratory juvenile salmonids: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 3, p. 651-660, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0651:FSAPOM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"660","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756b5e4b0ef3b7caa6016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, William P.","contributorId":107589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connor","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16677,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Fishery Resource Office, 276 Dworshak Complex Drive, Orofino, ID 83544","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhorst, R. Kirk","contributorId":56950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhorst","given":"R. Kirk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burge, Howard L.","contributorId":156291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burge","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12543,"text":"U.S. FWS, Idaho Fishery Resource Office, Ahsahka, ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175194,"text":"70175194 - 2000 - Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T10:16:51","indexId":"70175194","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999","docAbstract":"

Delta smelt is a threatened species in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. Pesticide toxicity is a possible cause for the need to list this fish (Bennett and Moyle 1996; Moyle and others 1996). Numerous pesticides are transported into the estuary from area rivers (MacCoy and others 1995). However, there are minimal data to document the presence, or absence, of pesticides within delta smelt habitat, especially during their vulnerable early life stages. This study, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), documents the occurrence of pesticides within delta smelt habitat; specifically, the length and variability of their potential exposure to multiple dissolved pesticides.

\n

This article reviews delta smelt habitat and early life stages followed by an explanation of the study design for assessing pesticide exposure. Results show the co-occurrence of multiple pesticides and delta smelt in their native habitat; these results are presented within the context of possible toxic effects to delta smelt. Finally, the annual variability of pesticide distributions is discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Moon, G.E., Kuivila, K., Ruhl, C., and Schoellhamer, D., 2000, Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 13, no. 4, p. 27-33.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2000/IEPNewsletter_Fall2000.pdf"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42fe4b006cb45552c12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moon, G. Edward","contributorId":173325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn","contributorId":56752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruhl, Catherine A. 0000-0002-7989-8815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-8815","contributorId":53414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Catherine A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184260,"text":"70184260 - 2000 - Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T12:12:06","indexId":"70184260","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor)","docAbstract":"

Dominance ranks in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were determined from 6 measurements that mimicked environmental situations that might be encountered by prairie voles in communal groups, including agonistic interactions resulting from competition for food and water and encounters in burrows. Male and female groups of 6 individuals each were tested against one another in pairwise encounters (i.e., dyads) for 5 of the measurements and together as a group in a 6th measurement. Two types of response variables, aggressive behaviors and possession time of a limiting resource, were collected during trials, and those data were used to determine cardinal ranks and principal component ranks for all animals within each group. Cardinal ranks and principal component ranks seldom yielded similar rankings for each animal across measurements. However, dominance measurements that were conducted in similar environmental contexts, regardless of the response variable recorded, ranked animals similarly. Our results suggest that individual dominance measurements assessed situation- or resource-specific responses. Our study demonstrates problems inherent in determining dominance rankings of individuals within groups, including choosing measurements, response variables, and statistical techniques. Researchers should avoid using a single measurement to represent social dominance until they have first demonstrated that a dominance relationship between 2 individuals has been learned (i.e., subsequent interactions show a reduced response rather than an escalation), that this relationship is relatively constant through time, and that the relationship is not context dependent. Such assessments of dominance status between all dyads then can be used to generate dominance rankings within social groups.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., and Best, L.B., 2000, Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 3, p. 734-745, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"734","endPage":"745","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:comfdd>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ee4b014cc3a3a9a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Louis B.","contributorId":52525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022914,"text":"70022914 - 2000 - Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T16:10:53.838458","indexId":"70022914","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water","docAbstract":"

A total of 136 stream water and 143 groundwater samples collected in five important hydrologic systems of the United States were analyzed for microbiological indicators to test monitoring concepts in a nationally consistent program. Total coliforms were found in 99%, Escherichia coli in 97%, and Clostridium perfringens in 73% of stream water samples analyzed for each bacterium. Total coliforms were found in 20%, E. coli in less than 1%, and C. perfringens in none of the groundwater samples analyzed for each bacterium. Although coliphage analyses were performed on many of the samples, contamination in the laboratory and problems discerning discrete plaques precluded quantification. Land use was found to have the most significant effect on concentrations of bacterial indicators in stream water. Presence of septic systems on the property near the sampling site and well depth were found to be related to detection of coliforms in groundwater, although these relationships were not statistically significant. A greater diversity of sites, more detailed information about some factors, and a larger dataset may provide further insight to factors that affect microbiological indicators.

","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA, United States","doi":"10.2175/106143000X137220","issn":"10614303","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., Helsel, D., and Nally, R.A., 2000, Occurrence and distribution of microbiological indicators in groundwater and stream water: Water Environment Research, v. 72, no. 2, p. 152-161, https://doi.org/10.2175/106143000X137220.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n 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[\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b3ae4b0c8380cd745a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nally, Rebecca A.","contributorId":94068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nally","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022915,"text":"70022915 - 2000 - Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T15:28:40","indexId":"70022915","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska","docAbstract":"

Forty-two infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates from Alaska were analyzed using the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequencing. RPA analyses, utilizing 4 probes, N5, N3 (N gene), GF (G gene), and NV (NV gene), determined that the haplotypes of all 3 genes demonstrated a consistent spatial pattern. Virus isolates belonging to the most common haplotype groups were distributed throughout Alaska, whereas isolates in small haplotype groups were obtained from only 1 site (hatchery, lake, etc.). The temporal pattern of the GF haplotypes suggested a 'genetic acclimation' of the G gene, possibly due to positive selection on the glycoprotein. A pairwise comparison of the sequence data determined that the maximum nucleotide diversity of the isolates was 2.75% (10 mismatches) for the NV gene, and 1.99% (6 mismatches) for a 301 base pair region of the G gene, indicating that the genetic diversity of IHNV within Alaska is notably lower than in the more southern portions of the IHNV North American range. Phylogenetic analysis of representative Alaskan sequences and sequences of 12 previously characterized IHNV strains from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) distinguished the isolates into clusters that correlated with geographic origin and indicated that the Alaskan and British Columbia isolates may have a common viral ancestral lineage. Comparisons of multiple isolates from the same site provided epidemiological insights into viral transmission patterns and indicated that viral evolution, viral introduction, and genetic stasis were the mechanisms involved with IHN virus population dynamics in Alaska. The examples of genetic stasis and the overall low sequence heterogeneity of the Alaskan isolates suggested that they are evolutionarily constrained. This study establishes a baseline of genetic fingerprint patterns and sequence groups representing the genetic diversity of Alaskan IHNV isolates. This information could be used to determine the source of an IHN outbreak and to facilitate decisions in fisheries management of Alaskan salmonid stocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Emmenegger, E., Meyers, T., Burton, T., and Kurath, G., 2000, Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 40, no. 3, p. 163-176.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265884,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/40/d040p163.pdf"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1573e4b0c8380cd54e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmenegger, E.G","contributorId":168722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"E.G","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, T.O.","contributorId":96874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"T.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022922,"text":"70022922 - 2000 - Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:44:04","indexId":"70022922","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport","docAbstract":"

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NO(x) Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W., and Stensland, G., 2000, Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin: Amissions, deposition and transport: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 87-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stensland, G.J.","contributorId":62096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stensland","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022924,"text":"70022924 - 2000 - Numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022924","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1939,"text":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system","docAbstract":"In this paper, two numerical models are presented to simulate an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system, which is used for buried-object detection and environmental problems. Usually, the VETEM system contains a transmitting loop antenna and a receiving loop antenna, which run on a lossy ground to detect buried objects. In the first numerical model, the loop antennas are accurately analyzed using the Method of Moments (MoM) for wire antennas above or buried in lossy ground. Then, Conjugate Gradient (CG) methods, with the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or MoM, are applied to investigate the scattering from buried objects. Reflected and scattered magnetic fields are evaluated at the receiving loop to calculate the output electric current. However, the working frequency for the VETEM system is usually low and, hence, two magnetic dipoles are used to replace the transmitter and receiver in the second numerical model. Comparing these two models, the second one is simple, but only valid for low frequency or small loops, while the first modeling is more general. In this paper, all computations are performed in the frequency domain, and the FFT is used to obtain the time-domain responses. Numerical examples show that simulation results from these two models fit very well when the frequency ranges from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, and both results are close to the measured data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1109/74.842122","issn":"10459243","usgsCitation":"Cui, T., Chew, W., Aydiner, A., Wright, D., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2000, Numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, v. 42, no. 2, p. 17-27, https://doi.org/10.1109/74.842122.","startPage":"17","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.842122"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68f5e4b0c8380cd73aae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aydiner, A.A.","contributorId":76088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydiner","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022925,"text":"70022925 - 2000 - The use of principal component analysis for interpreting ground water hydrographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T17:36:12.093462","indexId":"70022925","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of principal component analysis for interpreting ground water hydrographs","docAbstract":"Principal component analysis was used to define patterns in water table hydrographs at four small, lake-watershed research sites in the United States. The analysis provided insights into (1) characteristics of ground water recharge in different parts of the watersheds; (2) the effect of seepage from lakes on water table fluctuations; and (3) the effect of differences in geologic properties on water table fluctuations. At two sites where all of the water table wells were completed in permeable deposits, glacial out-wash in Minnesota and dune sand in Nebraska, the patterns of water table fluctuation primarily reflected timing and magnitude of recharge. The water table had more frequent and wider ranges in fluctuations where it was shallow compared with where it was deep. At two sites where the water table wells were completed in sand or till, a glaciated mountain valley in New Hampshire and stagnation moraine in North Dakota, the patterns of water table fluctuations were strongly related to the type of geologic unit in which the wells are completed. Furthermore, at the New Hampshire site, the patterns of water table fluctuations were clearly different for wells completed in sand downgradient of a lake compared with those completed in sandy terraces on a mountainside. The study indicates that principal component analysis would be particularly useful for summarizing large data sets for the purpose of selecting index wells for long-term monitoring, which would greatly reduce the cost of monitoring programs.Principal component analysis was used to define patterns in water table hydrographs at four small, lake-watershed research sites in the United States. The analysis provided insights into (1) characteristics of ground water recharge in different parts of the watersheds; (2) the effect of seepage from lakes on water table fluctuations; and (3) the effect of differences in geologic properties on water table fluctuations. At two sites where all of the water table wells were completed in permeable deposits, glacial outwash in Minnesota and dune sand in Nebraska, the patterns of water table fluctuation primarily reflected timing and magnitude of recharge. The water table had more frequent and wider ranges in fluctuations where it was shallow compared with where it was deep. At two sites where the water table wells were completed in sand or till, a glaciated mountain valley in New Hampshire and stagnation-moraine in North Dakota, the patterns of water table fluctuations were strongly related to the type of geologic unit in which the wells are completed. Furthermore, at the New Hampshire site, the patterns of water table fluctuations were clearly different for wells completed in sand downgradient of a lake compared with those completed in sandy terraces on a mountainside. The study indicates that principal component analysis would be particularly useful for summarizing large data sets for the purpose of selecting index wells for long-term monitoring, which would greatly reduce the cost of monitoring programs.","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Westerville, OH, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00335.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Mallory, S., Allen, T., and Rosenberry, D., 2000, The use of principal component analysis for interpreting ground water hydrographs: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 2, p. 234-246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00335.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"234","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Lake, Island Lake, Mirror Lake, Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.327392578125,\n 46.88647742351024\n ],\n [\n -98.69018554687499,\n 46.88647742351024\n ],\n [\n -98.69018554687499,\n 47.15517092451596\n ],\n [\n -99.327392578125,\n 47.15517092451596\n ],\n [\n -99.327392578125,\n 46.88647742351024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.6085205078125,\n 46.880845705719146\n ],\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 46.880845705719146\n ],\n [\n -94.141845703125,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -95.6085205078125,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -95.6085205078125,\n 46.880845705719146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.39017486572266,\n 41.727767829957344\n ],\n [\n -102.39068984985352,\n 41.73814419185054\n ],\n [\n -102.3841667175293,\n 41.743267702902706\n ],\n [\n -102.3845100402832,\n 41.74685391740972\n ],\n [\n -102.39017486572266,\n 41.75069606781304\n ],\n [\n -102.3951530456543,\n 41.75031186312044\n ],\n [\n -102.39738464355469,\n 41.74826273259059\n ],\n [\n -102.39686965942381,\n 41.74390811304135\n ],\n [\n -102.39978790283203,\n 41.741474520533856\n ],\n [\n -102.40751266479492,\n 41.74019364532566\n ],\n [\n -102.41197586059569,\n 41.73801609883667\n ],\n [\n -102.41197586059569,\n 41.73417318961959\n ],\n [\n -102.40699768066406,\n 41.73033005046653\n ],\n [\n -102.40407943725585,\n 41.73033005046653\n ],\n [\n -102.4009895324707,\n 41.72546174412562\n ],\n [\n -102.39292144775389,\n 41.72558986217671\n ],\n [\n -102.39017486572266,\n 41.727767829957344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.6901683807373,\n 43.94061373683879\n ],\n [\n -71.69025421142578,\n 43.94129356810291\n ],\n [\n -71.68896675109862,\n 43.94249870442095\n ],\n [\n -71.68999671936035,\n 43.94358021621487\n ],\n [\n -71.68991088867188,\n 43.94447631108222\n ],\n [\n -71.69257164001465,\n 43.945774079701465\n ],\n [\n -71.69415950775146,\n 43.9462684602945\n ],\n [\n -71.69583320617676,\n 43.94599037171685\n ],\n [\n -71.69570446014404,\n 43.945094299672476\n ],\n [\n -71.69626235961914,\n 43.94447631108222\n ],\n [\n -71.69557571411133,\n 43.9429004110983\n ],\n [\n -71.69415950775146,\n 43.94200429247648\n ],\n [\n -71.69325828552245,\n 43.94234420112998\n ],\n [\n -71.69149875640869,\n 43.94123176558195\n ],\n [\n -71.6916275024414,\n 43.94067554000222\n ],\n [\n -71.69051170349121,\n 43.94018111289605\n ],\n [\n -71.6901683807373,\n 43.94061373683879\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb195e4b08c986b325350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mallory, S.E.","contributorId":48737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallory","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, T.R.","contributorId":31170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":395437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022930,"text":"70022930 - 2000 - Late-Quaternary recharge determined from chloride in shallow groundwater in the central Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022930","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-Quaternary recharge determined from chloride in shallow groundwater in the central Great Plains","docAbstract":"An extensive suite of isotopic and geochemical tracers in groundwater has been used to provide hydrologic assessments of the hierarchy of flow systems in aquifers underlying the central Great Plains (southeastern Colorado and western Kansas) of the United States and to determine the late Pleistocene and Holocene paleotemperature and paleorecharge record. Hydrogeologic and geochemical tracer data permit classification of the samples into late Holocene, late Pleistocene-early Holocene, and much older Pleistocene groups. Paleorecharge rates calculated from the Cl concentration in the samples show that recharge rates were at least twice the late Holocene rate during late Pleistocene-early Holocene time, which is consistent with their relative depletion in 16O and D. Noble gas (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) temperature calculations confirm that these older samples represent a recharge environment approximately 5??C cooler than late Holocene values. These results are consistent with the global climate models that show a trend toward a warmer, more arid climate during the Holocene. (C) 2000 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2113","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Macfarlane, P.A., Clark, J., Davisson, M., Hudson, G., and Whittemore, D.O., 2000, Late-Quaternary recharge determined from chloride in shallow groundwater in the central Great Plains: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 2, p. 167-174, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2113.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479190,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b48q3wf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2113"},{"id":233898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4566e4b0c8380cd672ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, J.F.","contributorId":24124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davisson, M.L.","contributorId":62277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudson, G.B.","contributorId":28768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022940,"text":"70022940 - 2000 - Variability of Mars' North Polar water ice cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:29:57","indexId":"70022940","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of Mars' North Polar water ice cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data","docAbstract":"

Previous studies interpreted differences in ice coverage between Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter observations of Mars' north residual polar cap as evidence of interannual variability of ice deposition on the cap. However, these investigators did not consider the possibility that there could be significant changes in the ice coverage within the northern residual cap over the course of the summer season. Our more comprehensive analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data shows that the appearance of the residual cap does not show large-scale variance on an interannual basis. Rather we find evidence that regions that were dark at the beginning of summer look bright by the end of summer and that this seasonal variation of the cap repeats from year to year. Our results suggest that this brightening was due to the deposition of newly formed water ice on the surface. We find that newly formed ice deposits in the summer season have the same red-to-violet band image ratios as permanently bright deposits within the residual cap. We believe the newly formed ice accumulates in a continuous layer. To constrain the minimum amount of deposited ice, we used observed albedo data in conjunction with calculations using Mie theory for single scattering and a delta-Eddington approximation of radiative transfer for multiple scattering. The brightening could have been produced by a minimum of (1) a ~35-μm-thick layer of 50-μm-sized ice particles with 10% dust or (2) a ~14-μm-thick layer of 10-μm-sized ice particles with 50% dust.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.1999.6300","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Bass, D.S., Herkenhoff, K.E., and Paige, D.A., 2000, Variability of Mars' North Polar water ice cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data: Icarus, v. 144, no. 2, p. 382-396, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6300.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"382","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"144","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc132e4b08c986b32a4a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bass, Deborah S.","contributorId":36718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paige, David A.","contributorId":107891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paige","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022941,"text":"70022941 - 2000 - Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70022941","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective","docAbstract":"Maps of faults (geologically defined source zones) may portray seismic hazards in a wide range of completeness depending on which types of faults are shown. Three fault terms - active, capable, and potential - are used in a variety of ways for different reasons or applications. Nevertheless, to be useful for seismic-hazards analysis, fault maps should encompass a time interval that includes several earthquake cycles. For example, if the common recurrence in an area is 20,000-50,000 years, then maps should include faults that are 50,000-100,000 years old (two to five typical earthquake cycles), thus allowing for temporal variability in slip rate and recurrence intervals. Conversely, in more active areas such as plate boundaries, maps showing faults that are <10,000 years old should include those with at least 2 to as many as 20 paleoearthquakes. For the International Lithosphere Programs' Task Group II-2 Project on Major Active Faults of the World our maps and database will show five age categories and four slip rate categories that allow one to select differing time spans and activity rates for seismic-hazard analysis depending on tectonic regime. The maps are accompanied by a database that describes evidence for Quaternary faulting, geomorphic expression, and paleoseismic parameters (slip rate, recurrence interval and time of most recent surface faulting). These maps and databases provide an inventory of faults that would be defined as active, capable, and potentially active for seismic-hazard assessments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Machette, M.N., 2000, Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 29, no. 3-5, p. 387-392, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5.","startPage":"387","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208046,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6aee4b0c8380cd475ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022945,"text":"70022945 - 2000 - Age of irrigation water in ground water from the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:24:51","indexId":"70022945","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of irrigation water in ground water from the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer, south-central Idaho","docAbstract":"Stable isotope data (2H and 18O) were used in conjunction with chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) data to determine the fraction and age of irrigation water in ground water mixtures from farmed parts of the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) Aquifer in south-central Idaho. Two groups of waters were recognized: (1) regional background water, unaffected by irrigation and fertilizer application, and (2) mixtures of irrigation water from the Snake River with regional background water. New data are presented comparing CFC and 3H/3He dating of water recharged through deep fractured basalt, and dating of young fractions in ground water mixtures. The 3H/3He ages of irrigation water in most mixtures ranged from about zero to eight years. The CFC ages of irrigation water in mixtures ranged from values near those based on 3H/3He dating to values biased older than the 3H/3He ages by as much as eight to 10 years. Unsaturated zone air had CFC-12 and CFC-113 concentrations that were 60% to 95%, and 50% to 90%, respectively, of modern air concentrations and were consistently contaminated with CFC-11. Irrigation water diverted from the Snake River was contaminated with CFC-11 but near solubility equilibrium with CFC-12 and CFC-113. The dating indicates ground water velocities of 5 to 8 m/d for water along the top of the ESRP Aquifer near the southwestern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Many of the regional background waters contain excess terrigenic helium with a 3He/4He isotope ratio of 7 x 10-6 to 11 x 10-6 (R/Ra = 5 to 8) and could not be dated. Ratios of CFC data indicate that some rangeland water may contain as much as 5% to 30% young water (ages of less than or equal to two to 11.5 years) mixed with old regional background water. The relatively low residence times of ground water in irrigated parts of the ESRP Aquifer and the dilution with low-NO3 irrigation water from the Snake River lower the potential for NO3 contamination in agricultural areas.","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00338.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Rupert, M., Busenberg, E., and Schlosser, P., 2000, Age of irrigation water in ground water from the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer, south-central Idaho: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 2, p. 264-283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00338.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"283","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278546,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00338.x"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8efe4b0c8380cd47fb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rupert, M.G.","contributorId":24455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022952,"text":"70022952 - 2000 - Downed wood in Micronesian mangrove forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T14:16:04","indexId":"70022952","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downed wood in Micronesian mangrove forests","docAbstract":"

Dead, downed wood is an important component of upland forest and aquatic ecosystems, but its role in wetland ecosystems, including mangroves, is poorly understood. We measured downed wood in ten sites on the western Pacific islands of Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap, all located within the Federated States of Micronesia. Our goals were to examine patterns of variability in the quantity of downed wood in these mangrove ecosystems, provide a general characterization of downed wood in a region with no previously published accounts, and investigate the relationship between harvesting practices and the amount of downed wood. The overall mean volume of downed wood at our study sites was estimated to be 60.8 m3 ha-1 (20.9 t ha-1), which is greater than most published data for forested wetlands. There were significant differences among islands, with the sites on Kosrae (104.2 m3 ha-1) having a much greater mean volume of downed wood than those on Pohnpei (43.1 m3 ha-1) or Yap (35.1 m3 ha-1). Part of the difference among islands may be attributable to differences in stand age and structure, but the most important factor seems to be the greater amount of wood harvesting on Kosrae, coupled with a low efficiency of use of cut trees. Of a total of 45 cut trees examined on Kosrae, no wood had been removed from 18 (40%); these are believed to be trees cut down because other, more valuable, trees were caught on them as they were felled. Of the other 27 trees, only 24 to 42% of the stem volume (to a 10 cm top) was removed from the forest, the amount varying by species. The impacts of current harvesting practices are unknown but may include important effects on tree regeneration and the abundance and species composition of crab populations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0169:DWIMMF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Ewel, K.C., Keeland, B.D., Tara, T., and Smith, T.J., 2000, Downed wood in Micronesian mangrove forests: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 1, p. 169-176, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0169:DWIMMF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b0e4b0c8380cd505ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ewel, K. C.","contributorId":70352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeland, B. D.","contributorId":45275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tara, T.","contributorId":49572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tara","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, T. J. III","contributorId":24303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022953,"text":"70022953 - 2000 - Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022953","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"An increase in the flux of nitrogen from the Mississippi river during the latter half of the twentieth century has caused eutrophication and chronic seasonal hypoxia in the shallow waters of the Louisiana shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This has led to reductions in species diversity, mortality of benthic communities and stress in fishery resources. There is evidence for a predominantly anthropogenic origin of the increased nitrogen flux, but the location of the most significant sources in the Mississippi basin responsible for the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico have not been clearly identified, because the parameters influencing nitrogen-loss rates in rivers are not well known. Here we present an analysis of data from 374 US monitoring stations, including 123 along the six largest tributaries to the Mississippi, that shows a rapid decline in the average first-order rate of nitrogen loss with channel size-from 0.45 day-1 in small streams to 0.005 day-1 in the Mississippi river. Using stream depth as an explanatory variable, our estimates of nitrogen-loss rates agreed with values from earlier studies. We conclude that the proximity of sources to large streams and rivers is an important determinant of nitrogen delivery to the estuary in the Mississippi basin, and possibly also in other large river basins.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/35001562","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., and Schwarz, G., 2000, Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico: Nature, v. 403, no. 6771, p. 758-761, https://doi.org/10.1038/35001562.","startPage":"758","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001562"},{"id":233614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"403","issue":"6771","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a060de4b0c8380cd510cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023096,"text":"70023096 - 2000 - Groundwater/surface-water interactions and sources of nitrogen and uranium in an irrigated area of Nebraska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T15:29:20","indexId":"70023096","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater/surface-water interactions and sources of nitrogen and uranium in an irrigated area of Nebraska, USA","docAbstract":"

The effects of irrigation canals and the North Platte River on groundwater in western Nebraska, USA, were evaluated using chemical and isotopic data. The data indicated that groundwater in the associated alluvium generally is <20 years old with estimated recharge rates from about 10 to >100 cm year-1. Most groundwater is derived from surface water, as shown by H2O and U isotope analyses. Seasonal losses of canal water to the aquifer cause changes in groundwater quality. In the deepest parts of the alluvium, some water quality may reflect precipitation recharge, older river water, or cross-formational flow. The distribution and isotopic composition of NO3 - are consistent with increased fertilizer use over time. Relatively high U concentrations in groundwater may be attributed to dissolution of volcanic ash or other minerals in underlying bedrocks. The relatively high concentration of U in surface water at times is attributed to seepage from U-rich groundwater and flow of U-rich surface water from a tributary.

The effects of irrigation canals and the North Platte River on groundwater in western Nebraska, USA, were evaluated using chemical and isotopic data. The data indicated that groundwater in the associated alluvium generally is <20 years old with estimated recharge rates from about 10 to >100 cm year-1. Most groundwater is derived from surface water, as shown by H2O and U isotope analyses. Seasonal losses of canal water to the aquifer cause changes in groundwater quality. In the deepest parts of the alluvium, some water quality may reflect precipitation recharge, older river water, or cross-formational flow. The distribution and isotopic composition of NO3 - are consistent with increased fertilizer use over time. Relatively high U concentrations in groundwater may be attributed to dissolution of volcanic ash or other minerals in underlying bedrock. The relatively high concentration of U in surface water at times is attributed to seepage from U-rich groundwater and flow of U-rich surface water from a tributary.

","conferenceTitle":"TraM'2000: The International Conference on 'Tracers and Modelling in Hydrology'","conferenceDate":"May 23-26, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Liege, Belgium","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., Böhlke, J., and Kraemer, T.F., 2000, Groundwater/surface-water interactions and sources of nitrogen and uranium in an irrigated area of Nebraska, USA: IAHS-AISH Publication, v. 262, p. 525-531.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"531","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"262","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dd5e4b0c8380cd5c07f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023229,"text":"70023229 - 2000 - Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:18:18","indexId":"70023229","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data","docAbstract":"

A new approach is presented to condition geostatistical simulation of high‐permeability zones in fractured rock to hydraulic‐connection data. A simulated‐annealing algorithm generates three‐dimensional (3‐D) realizations conditioned to borehole data, inferred hydraulic connections between packer‐isolated borehole intervals, and an indicator (fracture zone or background‐K bedrock) variogram model of spatial variability. We apply the method to data from the U.S. Geological Survey Mirror Lake Site in New Hampshire, where connected high‐permeability fracture zones exert a strong control on fluid flow at the hundred‐meter scale. Single‐well hydraulic‐packer tests indicate where permeable fracture zones intersect boreholes, and multiple‐well pumping tests indicate the degree of hydraulic connection between boreholes. Borehole intervals connected by a fracture zone exhibit similar hydraulic responses, whereas intervals not connected by a fracture zone exhibit different responses. Our approach yields valuable insights into the 3‐D geometry of fracture zones at Mirror Lake. Statistical analysis of the realizations yields maps of the probabilities of intersecting specific fracture zones with additional wells. Inverse flow modeling based on the assumption of equivalent porous media is used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and specific storage and to identify those fracture‐zone geometries that are consistent with hydraulic test data.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900073","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., Hsieh, P.A., and Gorelick, S.M., 2000, Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1707-1721, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900073.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1707","endPage":"1721","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900073","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a384de4b0c8380cd61508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023223,"text":"70023223 - 2000 - Monitoring hydrilla using two RAPD procedures and the nonindigenous aquatic species database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T13:29:10","indexId":"70023223","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2180,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Plant Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring hydrilla using two RAPD procedures and the nonindigenous aquatic species database","docAbstract":"

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle), an invasive aquatic weed, continues to spread to new regions in the United States. Two biotypes, one a female dioecious and the other monoecious have been identified. Management of the spread of hydrilla requires understanding the mechanisms of introduction and transport, an ability to map and make available information on distribution, and tools to distinguish the known U.S. biotypes as well as potential new introductions. Review of the literature and discussions with aquatic scientists and resource managers point to the aquarium and water garden plant trades as the primary past mechanism for the regional dispersal of hydrilla while local dispersal is primarily carried out by other mechanisms such as boat traffic, intentional introductions, and waterfowl. The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database is presented as a tool for assembling, geo-referencing, and making available information on the distribution of hydrilla. A map of the current range of dioecious and monoecious hydrilla by drainage is presented. Four hydrilla samples, taken from three discrete, non-contiguous regions (Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Washington State) were examined using two RAPD assays. The first, generated using primer Operon G17, and capable of distinguishing the dioecious and monoecious U.S. biotypes, indicated all four samples were of the monoecious biotype. Results of the second assay using the Stoffel fragment and 5 primers, produced 111 markers, indicated that these samples do not represent new foreign introductions. The differences in the monoecious and dioecious growth habits and management are discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Aquatic Plant Management Society","issn":"01466623","usgsCitation":"Madeira, P.T., Jacono, C., and Van, T.K., 2000, Monitoring hydrilla using two RAPD procedures and the nonindigenous aquatic species database: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, v. 38, p. 33-40.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://apms.org/2000/12/journal-of-aquatic-plant-management-volume-38-2000-2/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.49853515625,\n 42.0615286181226\n ],\n [\n -73.32275390625,\n 42.05337156043361\n ],\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 42.037054301883806\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n 41.41389556467733\n ],\n [\n -71.817626953125,\n 41.36444153054222\n ],\n [\n -71.83959960937499,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -71.905517578125,\n 41.27367811566259\n ],\n [\n -72.0977783203125,\n 41.23238023874142\n ],\n [\n -72.652587890625,\n 41.23238023874142\n ],\n [\n -72.88330078125,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -73.1854248046875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 40.97575093157534\n ],\n [\n -73.619384765625,\n 40.95915977213492\n ],\n [\n -73.685302734375,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -73.7347412109375,\n 41.12488359929119\n ],\n [\n -73.4600830078125,\n 41.21585377825921\n ],\n [\n -73.5919189453125,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -73.49853515625,\n 42.0615286181226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 42.04929263868686\n ],\n [\n -75.2783203125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -74.53125,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -74.64111328125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 40.99648401437787\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -74.64111328125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 45.96642454131025\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 45.598665689820656\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 45.90529985724796\n ],\n [\n -123.3544921875,\n 46.07323062540838\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -124.82666015624999,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -124.8486328125,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -123.68408203124999,\n 48.23930899024905\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5db3e4b0c8380cd70539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madeira, Paul T.","contributorId":39743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madeira","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacono, C.C.","contributorId":32879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacono","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van, Thai K.","contributorId":83483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van","given":"Thai","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023216,"text":"70023216 - 2000 - Estimating the variance and integral scale of the transmissivity field using head residual increments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:49:39","indexId":"70023216","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the variance and integral scale of the transmissivity field using head residual increments","docAbstract":"

A modification of previously published solutions regarding the spatial variation of hydraulic heads is discussed whereby the semivariogram of increments of head residuals (termed head residual increments HRIs) are related to the variance and integral scale of the transmissivity field. A first‐order solution is developed for the case of a transmissivity field which is isotropic and whose second‐order behavior can be characterized by an exponential covariance structure. The estimates of the variance σY2 and the integral scale λ of the log transmissivity field are then obtained via fitting a theoretical semivariogram for the HRI to its sample semivariogram. This approach is applied to head data sampled from a series of two‐dimensional, simulated aquifers with isotropic, exponential covariance structures and varying degrees of heterogeneity (σY2 = 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0). The results show that this method provided reliable estimates for both λ and σY2 in aquifers with the value of σY2 up to 2.0, but the errors in those estimates were higher for σY2 equal to 5.0. It is also demonstrated through numerical experiments and theoretical arguments that the head residual increments will provide a sample semivariogram with a lower variance than will the use of the head residuals without calculation of increments.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900015","usgsCitation":"Zheng, L., and Silliman, S.E., 2000, Estimating the variance and integral scale of the transmissivity field using head residual increments: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 5, p. 1353-1358, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1358","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b65e4b0c8380cd526da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zheng, Li","contributorId":200272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silliman, Stephen E.","contributorId":72130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silliman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023211,"text":"70023211 - 2000 - Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023211","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone","docAbstract":"Four behavioral experiments conducted in both the laboratory and the field provide evidence that adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) select spawning rivers based on the odor of larvae that they contain and that bile acids released by the larvae are part of this pheromonal odor. First, when tested in a recirculating maze, migratory adult lamprey spent more time in water scented with larvae. However, when fully mature, adults lost their responsiveness to larvae and preferred instead the odor of mature individuals. Second, when tested in a flowing stream, migratory adults swam upstream more actively when the water was scented with larvae. Third, when migratory adults were tested in a laboratory maze containing still water, they exhibited enhanced swimming activity in the presence of a 0.1 nM concentration of the two unique bile acids released by larvae and detected by adult lamprey. Fourth, when adults were exposed to this bile acid mixture within flowing waters, they actively swam into it. Taken together, these data suggest that adult lamprey use a bile acid based larval pheromone to help them locate spawning rivers and that responsiveness to this cue is influenced by current flow, maturity, and time of day. Although the precise identity and function of the larval pheromone remain to be fully elucidated, we believe that this cue will ultimately prove useful as an attractant in sea lamprey control.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Bjerselius, R., Li, W., Teeter, J., Seelye, J., Johnsen, P., Maniak, P., Grant, G., Polkinghorne, C., and Sorensen, P., 2000, Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 3, p. 557-569.","startPage":"557","endPage":"569","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01ace4b0c8380cd4fcda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjerselius, R.","contributorId":15792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjerselius","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, W.","contributorId":85361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teeter, J.H.","contributorId":38328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teeter","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seelye, J.G.","contributorId":32861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelye","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnsen, P.B.","contributorId":34293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsen","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maniak, P.J.","contributorId":98915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maniak","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grant, G.C.","contributorId":101305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Polkinghorne, C.N.","contributorId":16193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polkinghorne","given":"C.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sorensen, P.W.","contributorId":66884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70023206,"text":"70023206 - 2000 - Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment effect concentrations for polychlorinated biphenyls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T15:24:01","indexId":"70023206","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment effect concentrations for polychlorinated biphenyls","docAbstract":"

Sediment-quality guidelines (SQGs) have been published for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using both empirical and theoretical approaches. Empirically based guidelines have been developed using the screening-level concentration, effects range, effects level, and apparent effects threshold approaches. Theoretically based guidelines have been developed using the equilibrium-partitioning approach. Empirically-based guidelines were classified into three general categories, in accordance with their original narrative intents, and used to develop three consensus-based sediment effect concentrations (SECs) for total PCBs (tPCBs), including a threshold effect concentration, a midrange effect concentration, and an extreme effect concentration. Consensus-based SECs were derived because they estimate the central tendency of the published SQGs and, thus, reconcile the guidance values that have been derived using various approaches. Initially, consensus-based SECs for tPCBs were developed separately for freshwater sediments and for marine and estuarine sediments. Because the respective SECs were statistically similar, the underlying SQGs were subsequently merged and used to formulate more generally applicable SECs. The three consensus-based SECs were then evaluated for reliability using matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data from field studies, dose-response data from spiked-sediment toxicity tests, and SQGs derived from the equilibrium-partitioning approach. The results of this evaluation demonstrated that the consensus-based SECs can accurately predict both the presence and absence of toxicity in field-collected sediments. Importantly, the incidence of toxicity increases incrementally with increasing concentrations of tPCBs. Moreover, the consensus-based SECs are comparable to the chronic toxicity thresholds that have been estimated from dose-response data and equilibrium-partitioning models. Therefore, consensus-based SECs provide a unifying synthesis of existing SQGs, reflect causal rather than correlative effects, and accurately predict sediment toxicity in PCB-contaminated sediments.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620190524","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D.D., Dipinto, L.M., Field, J., Ingersoll, C.G., Long, E.R., and Swartz, R.C., 2000, Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment effect concentrations for polychlorinated biphenyls: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 5, p. 1403-1413, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190524.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1403","endPage":"1413","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0021e4b0c8380cd4f5dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":176179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dipinto, Lisa M.","contributorId":16619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dipinto","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Jay","contributorId":80963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Long, Edward R.","contributorId":106365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swartz, Richard C.","contributorId":56005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swartz","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023197,"text":"70023197 - 2000 - Uncertainty estimation for resource assessment-an application to coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70023197","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertainty estimation for resource assessment-an application to coal","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a national assessment of coal resources. As part of that assessment, a geostatistical procedure has been developed to estimate the uncertainty of coal resources for the historical categories of geological assurance: measured, indicated, inferred, and hypothetical coal. Data consist of spatially clustered coal thickness measurements from coal beds and/or zones that cover, in some cases, several thousand square kilometers. Our procedure involved trend removal, an examination of spatial correlation, computation of a sample semivariogram, and fitting a semivariogram model. This model provided standard deviations for the uncertainty estimates. The number of sample points (drill holes) in each historical category also was estimated. Measurement error in the thickness of the coal bed/zone was obtained from the fitted model or supplied exogenously. From this information approximate estimates of uncertainty on the historical categories were computed. We illustrate the methodology using drill hole data from the Harmon coal bed located in southwestern North Dakota. The methodology will be applied to approximately 50 coal data sets.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1007519703684","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Schuenemeyer, J., and Power, H., 2000, Uncertainty estimation for resource assessment-an application to coal: Mathematical Geology, v. 32, no. 5, p. 521-541, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007519703684.","startPage":"521","endPage":"541","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208019,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007519703684"},{"id":233376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc20e4b08c986b328a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, H.C.","contributorId":74259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023193,"text":"70023193 - 2000 - Formation evaluation of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments on the Blake Ridge with downhole geochemical log measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70023193","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Formation evaluation of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments on the Blake Ridge with downhole geochemical log measurements","docAbstract":"The analyses of downhole log data from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) boreholes on the Blake Ridge at Sites 994, 995, and 997 indicate that the Schlumberger geochemical logging tool (GLT) may yield useful gas hydrate reservoir data. In neutron spectroscopy downhole logging, each element has a characteristic gamma ray that is emitted from a given neutron-element interaction. Specific elements can be identified by their characteristic gamma-ray signature, with the intensity of emission related to the atomic elemental concentration. By combining elemental yields from neutron spectroscopy logs, reservoir parameters including porosities, lithologies, formation fluid salinities, and hydrocarbon saturations (including gas hydrate) can be calculated. Carbon and oxygen elemental data from the GLT was used to determine gas hydrate saturations at all three sites (Sites 994, 995, and 997) drilled on the Blake Ridge during Leg 164. Detailed analyses of the carbon and oxygen content of various sediments and formation fluids were used to construct specialized carbon/oxygen ratio (COR) fan charts for a series of hypothetical gas hydrate accumulations. For more complex geologic systems, a modified version of the standard three-component COR hydrocarbon saturation equation was developed and used to calculate gas hydrate saturations on the Blake Ridge. The COR-calculated gas hydrate saturations (ranging from about 2% to 14% bulk volume gas hydrate) from the Blake Ridge compare favorably to the gas hydrate saturations derived from electrical resistivity log measurements.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","language":"English","issn":"08845891","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., and Wendlandt, R.F., 2000, Formation evaluation of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments on the Blake Ridge with downhole geochemical log measurements, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 164, p. 199-215.","startPage":"199","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a134be4b0c8380cd545d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wendlandt, R. F.","contributorId":20467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wendlandt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023185,"text":"70023185 - 2000 - Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T15:32:55.2752","indexId":"70023185","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"

We examined the relationship between local water conditions (measured as the percent of total area of basins covered by water) and clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Gadwalls (A. strepera) on four study sites in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and Minnesota, 1988–1994. We also examined the relationship between pond density and clutch size of Mallards and Gadwalls, using data collected at another North Dakota site, 1966–1981. For Mallards, we found no relationships to be significant. For Gadwalls, clutch size increased with percent basin area wet and pond density; hatchling mass marginally increased with percent basin area wet. These species differences may reflect, in part, that Mallards acquire lipid reserves used to produce early clutches before they reach the breeding grounds, whereas Gadwalls acquire lipid reserves locally; thus Gadwall clutches are more likely to be influenced by local food resources.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/condor/102.4.936","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Pietz, P., Krapu, G., Buhl, D., and Brandt, D., 2000, Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region: Condor, v. 102, no. 4, p. 936-940, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.4.936.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"936","endPage":"940","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479280,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.4.936","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","county":"Dickey County, McLean County, Stutsman County","otherGeospatial":"Koenig Wildlife Development Area, Prairie Pothole Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"id\": 1997,\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"Dickey\",\n \"state\": \"ND\"\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.009,\n 46.2814\n ],\n [\n -98.0366,\n 46.2809\n ],\n [\n -98.1314,\n 46.2813\n ],\n [\n -98.1616,\n 46.2818\n ],\n [\n -98.2524,\n 46.2815\n ],\n [\n -98.2859,\n 46.2816\n ],\n [\n -98.5024,\n 46.2808\n ],\n [\n -98.5359,\n 46.2817\n ],\n [\n -98.6622,\n 46.2812\n ],\n [\n -98.755,\n 46.281\n ],\n [\n -98.7878,\n 46.2805\n ],\n [\n -98.9154,\n 46.2821\n ],\n [\n -99.0049,\n 46.2822\n ],\n [\n -99.0054,\n 46.2002\n ],\n [\n -99.0061,\n 46.1132\n ],\n [\n -99.0073,\n 46.0262\n ],\n [\n -99.0054,\n 45.9393\n ],\n [\n -99.0021,\n 45.9393\n ],\n [\n -98.7273,\n 45.9373\n ],\n [\n -98.7267,\n 45.9373\n ],\n [\n -98.3537,\n 45.9355\n ],\n [\n -98.3472,\n 45.9355\n ],\n [\n -98.1849,\n 45.9355\n ],\n [\n -98.164,\n 45.9356\n ],\n [\n -98.0095,\n 45.9355\n ],\n [\n -98.009,\n 46.2814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"id\": 2033,\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"Stutsman\",\n \"state\": \"ND\"\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.2669,\n 47.3268\n ],\n [\n -99.4801,\n 47.3267\n ],\n [\n -99.4827,\n 47.1558\n ],\n [\n -99.4826,\n 47.0396\n ],\n [\n -99.4821,\n 47.0249\n ],\n [\n -99.4822,\n 47.0162\n ],\n [\n -99.4824,\n 47.0089\n ],\n [\n -99.4821,\n 46.9795\n ],\n [\n -99.4476,\n 46.9788\n ],\n [\n -99.4477,\n 46.8044\n ],\n [\n -99.4498,\n 46.6319\n ],\n [\n -99.4122,\n 46.6316\n ],\n [\n -99.1616,\n 46.6317\n ],\n [\n -99.0379,\n 46.6309\n ],\n [\n -98.7894,\n 46.6294\n ],\n [\n -98.4396,\n 46.6296\n ],\n [\n -98.4412,\n 46.9789\n ],\n [\n -98.4685,\n 46.9788\n ],\n [\n -98.4677,\n 47.2402\n ],\n [\n -98.467,\n 47.3266\n ],\n [\n -98.4991,\n 47.327\n ],\n [\n -98.8152,\n 47.3271\n ],\n [\n -98.8232,\n 47.3272\n ],\n [\n -98.8392,\n 47.327\n ],\n [\n -98.8466,\n 47.327\n ],\n [\n -99.2669,\n 47.3268\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.85672378540039,\n 47.372314620566925\n ],\n [\n -100.78102111816406,\n 47.372314620566925\n ],\n [\n -100.78102111816406,\n 47.414962765870804\n ],\n [\n -100.85672378540039,\n 47.414962765870804\n ],\n [\n -100.85672378540039,\n 47.372314620566925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.34597778320312,\n 46.87709089874478\n ],\n [\n -95.95596313476562,\n 46.87709089874478\n ],\n [\n -95.95596313476562,\n 47.05515408550348\n ],\n [\n -96.34597778320312,\n 47.05515408550348\n ],\n [\n -96.34597778320312,\n 46.87709089874478\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0836e4b0c8380cd51a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pietz, P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, D. A. 0000-0002-8563-5990","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-5990","contributorId":13571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brandt, D.A.","contributorId":67448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023184,"text":"70023184 - 2000 - Contrasting methods of fracture trend characterization in crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Windham quadrangle, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70023184","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting methods of fracture trend characterization in crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Windham quadrangle, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The bedrock of the Windham quadrangle in southeastern New Hampshire consists of deformed early Palaeozoic crystalline metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks intruded by Mesozoic igneous dikes. Generally, less common northeast striking, steeply dipping fractures developed sub-parallel to the pre-existing tectonic foliation in the Palaeozoic rocks. Mesozoic lamprophyre and diabase dikes intruded along the northeast trending fractures, utilizing the pre-existing anisotropy in the crystalline rocks. Northwest striking, steeply dipping systematic joints and joint sets are the most prominent fractures in the area and, at least in part, post-date the Mesozoic dikes. Sub-horizontal sheeting joints occur in all rock types. Locally, the coincidence of the sub-horizontal fractures with a sub-horizontal Paleozoic cleavage suggests that some of the sheeting fractures utilized the pre-existing ductile anisotropy during unloading. Generally, the metasedimentary rocks show a less complex pattern of fracturing than the intrusive rocks suggesting that rock type is a controlling factor. Metasedimentary rocks in the biotite zone and well-foliated igneous rocks show a greater tendency to fracture along pre-existing bedding and foliation surfaces than metasedimentary rocks in the garnet zone and poorly foliated igneous rocks. A comparison of mapped fracture data and station fracture data indicates that either mapped data or station data can be used to identify regional fracture trends. Local fracture trends can not be identified by limited measurements at a few fracture stations, however, because they do not address spatial variability. Some fracture trends may be scale-dependant because they may be either unique to a local area or present only at regional scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G., and Clark, S.F., 2000, Contrasting methods of fracture trend characterization in crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Windham quadrangle, New Hampshire: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 22, no. 2, p. 109-120.","startPage":"109","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7ae4b0c8380cd4db01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, G. J. 0000-0003-4264-8836","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":47409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, S. F. Jr.","contributorId":32577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}