Large areas of concentrated coal balls (permineralized peat) up to 4 m thick obstructed longwall mining in the Herrin Coal at the Old Ben No. 24 mine. The largest coal‐ball area mapped contained >1500 m3; several areas contained >400 m3 of coal balls. In‐mine mapping established that there were two types of roof (freshwater and marine), and that the coal balls were spatially correlated with the marine roof units. Regional studies and local data revealed that the younger, freshwater Energy Shale (mud) originally covered all of the peat deposited at the mine, but the mud was locally removed during a period of erosion.
The great majority of coal balls are found within the coal seam, where they were permineralized in situ by carbonates. Some coal balls are found exposed on the eroded coal surface and others are within the channel fill associated with the erosion, which predates any marine sedimentation. Thus, the mineralization of the coal balls was synchronous with the erosion of the Energy Shale mud.
Data from C‐and O‐isotope, geochemical, and mineralogical analyses of coal balls and associated materials were used to refine a depositional model of coal‐ball formation. The concentrated coal‐ball areas were created by the triggered degassing of CO2 from partially decomposed peat in the presence of cations from fresh waters; 13C/12C ratios in these coal balls average −23.9‰. 13C/12C ratios as low as −34‰ occurring in the most concentrated coal balls are consistent with CO2 produced by anaerobic oxidation of methane. Top‐of‐seam coal balls were formed later and show slight to strong marine influence; their 13C/12C ratios average −10.8‰.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/jgs.157.1.221","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"DeMaris, P., 2000, Formation and distribution of coal balls in the Herrin Coal (Pennsylvanian), Franklin County, Illinois Basin, USA: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 157, no. 1, p. 221-228, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.1.221.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.7056,38.1263],[-88.7071,38.0392],[-88.7046,37.9508],[-88.705,37.9078],[-88.7055,37.8643],[-88.8145,37.8631],[-88.9323,37.8624],[-89.0396,37.8637],[-89.1515,37.8645],[-89.1516,37.9516],[-89.1803,37.9516],[-89.1773,37.9539],[-89.1715,37.9571],[-89.1662,37.9571],[-89.1633,37.958],[-89.1627,37.9638],[-89.1609,37.9665],[-89.1574,37.9697],[-89.1562,37.972],[-89.155,37.9779],[-89.1527,37.9815],[-89.1509,37.9837],[-89.1486,37.9851],[-89.1474,37.9883],[-89.1468,37.9914],[-89.1462,37.9951],[-89.1456,37.9987],[-89.145,38.0037],[-89.145,38.0059],[-89.1455,38.0087],[-89.1461,38.0105],[-89.1438,38.0127],[-89.1426,38.0168],[-89.1402,38.0195],[-89.1402,38.0222],[-89.146,38.0304],[-89.1466,38.0331],[-89.1425,38.0359],[-89.1425,38.0386],[-89.1401,38.0417],[-89.1407,38.0444],[-89.143,38.0472],[-89.1413,38.0481],[-89.1383,38.0476],[-89.136,38.0481],[-89.1354,38.0499],[-89.1365,38.0549],[-89.1354,38.0571],[-89.133,38.0553],[-89.1313,38.0562],[-89.1284,38.0567],[-89.1283,38.0585],[-89.1272,38.0594],[-89.1231,38.0603],[-89.1242,38.063],[-89.1219,38.0643],[-89.1225,38.0653],[-89.1254,38.0662],[-89.1242,38.0684],[-89.1254,38.0707],[-89.123,38.0707],[-89.1218,38.0721],[-89.1224,38.0739],[-89.1236,38.0752],[-89.1247,38.0793],[-89.1247,38.0816],[-89.1229,38.0852],[-89.1212,38.0879],[-89.1217,38.0902],[-89.1217,38.0933],[-89.12,38.0952],[-89.1194,38.097],[-89.1223,38.0988],[-89.1264,38.0997],[-89.1305,38.1011],[-89.134,38.1025],[-89.1357,38.1034],[-89.1375,38.1034],[-89.1386,38.1038],[-89.1386,38.1052],[-89.138,38.1074],[-89.1369,38.1088],[-89.1345,38.1092],[-89.1328,38.1106],[-89.1322,38.112],[-89.1322,38.1147],[-89.1339,38.1192],[-89.1339,38.1219],[-89.1327,38.126],[-89.0414,38.1253],[-89.0133,38.1251],[-89.011,38.1251],[-88.946,38.1267],[-88.9314,38.1271],[-88.8156,38.1274],[-88.7056,38.1263]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Franklin\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","volume":"157","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1347e4b0c8380cd545b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMaris, P.J.","contributorId":56808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMaris","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022584,"text":"70022584 - 2000 - Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T13:39:51.526375","indexId":"70022584","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.","docAbstract":"During the past decade, paleoseismic studies done by many researchers in the coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest have shown that regional downdropping and subsequent tsunami inundation occurred in response to a major earthquake along the Cascadia subduction zone. This earthquake occurred almost certainly in 1700 A.D., and is believed by many to have been of M 8.5-9 or perhaps larger. In order to characterize the severity of ground motions from this earthquake, we report on a field search and analysis of seismically induced liquefaction features. The search was conducted chiefly along the banks of islands in the lowermost Columbia River of Oregon and Washington and in stream banks along smaller rivers throughout southwestern Washington. To a lesser extent, the investigation included rivers in central Oregon. Numerous small- to moderate-sized liquefaction features from the earthquake of 1700 A.D. were found in some regions, but there was a notable lack of liquefaction features in others. The regional distribution of liquefaction features is evaluated as a function of geologic and geotechnical factors in different field settings near the coast. Our use of widely different field settings, each in which we independently assess the strength of shaking and arrive at the same conclusion, enhances the credibility of our interpretations. Our regional inventory of liquefaction features and preliminary geotechnical analysis of liquefaction potential provide substantial evidence for only moderate levels of ground shaking in coastal Washington and Oregon during the subduction earthquake of 1700 A.D. Additionally, it appears that a similar conclusion can be reached for an earlier subduction earthquake that occurred within the past 1100 years, which also has been characterized by others as being M 8 or greater. On the basis of more limited data for older events collected in our regional study, it appears that seismic shaking has been no stronger throughout Holocene time. Our interpreted levels of shaking are considerably lower than current estimates in the technical literature that use theoretical and statistical models to predict ground motions of subduction earthquakes in the Cascadia region. Because of the influence of estimated ground motions from Cascadia subduction-zone earthquakes on seismic hazard evaluations, more paleoliquefaction and geotechnical field studies are needed to definitively bracket the strength of shaking. With further work, it should be possible to extend the record of seismic shaking through much of Holocene time in large portions of Washington and Oregon.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119980179","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., and Dickenson, S., 2000, Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 876-896, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119980179.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"876","endPage":"896","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.51354980468749,\n 43.624147145668076\n ],\n [\n -121.0089111328125,\n 43.624147145668076\n ],\n [\n -121.0089111328125,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -124.51354980468749,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -124.51354980468749,\n 43.624147145668076\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47efe4b0c8380cd67abf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickenson, S.E.","contributorId":75566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickenson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022248,"text":"70022248 - 2000 - Discrepancy between earthquake rates implied by historic earthquakes and a consensus geologic source model for California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022248","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discrepancy between earthquake rates implied by historic earthquakes and a consensus geologic source model for California","docAbstract":"We examine the difference between expected earthquake rates inferred from the historical earthquake catalog and the geologic data that was used to develop the consensus seismic source characterization for the state of California [California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Petersen et al., 1996; Frankel et al., 1996]. On average the historic earthquake catalog and the seismic source model both indicate about one M 6 or greater earthquake per year in the state of California. However, the overall earthquake rates of earthquakes with magnitudes (M) between 6 and 7 in this seismic source model are higher, by at least a factor of 2, than the mean historic earthquake rates for both southern and northern California. The earthquake rate discrepancy results from a seismic source model that includes earthquakes with characteristic (maximum) magnitudes that are primarily between M 6.4 and 7.1. Many of these faults are interpreted to accommodate high strain rates from geologic and geodetic data but have not ruptured in large earthquakes during historic time. Our sensitivity study indicates that the rate differences between magnitudes 6 and 7 can be reduced by adjusting the magnitude-frequency distribution of the source model to reflect more characteristic behavior, by decreasing the moment rate available for seismogenic slip along faults, by increasing the maximum magnitude of the earthquake on a fault, or by decreasing the maximum magnitude of the background seismicity. However, no single parameter can be adjusted, consistent with scientific consensus, to eliminate the earthquake rate discrepancy. Applying a combination of these parametric adjustments yields an alternative earthquake source model that is more compatible with the historic data. The 475-year return period hazard for peak ground and 1-sec spectral acceleration resulting from this alternative source model differs from the hazard resulting from the standard CDMG-USGS model by less than 10% across most of California but is higher (generally about 10% to 30%) within 20 km from some faults.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0119990008","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., Cramer, C., Reichle, M., Frankel, A., and Hanks, T.C., 2000, Discrepancy between earthquake rates implied by historic earthquakes and a consensus geologic source model for California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1117-1132, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990008.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1132","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119990008"},{"id":230489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01f4e4b0c8380cd4fdf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cramer, C.H.","contributorId":100012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichle, M.S.","contributorId":14845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichle","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022461,"text":"70022461 - 2000 - Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70022461","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","docAbstract":"1 The role of undisturbed tropical land ecosystems in the global carbon budget is not well understood. It has been suggested that inter-annual climate variability can affect the capacity of these ecosystems to store carbon in the short term. In this paper, we use a transient version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to estimate annual carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems during the period 1980-94, and to understand the underlying causes of the year-to-year variations in net carbon storage for this region. 2 We estimate that the total carbon storage in the undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin in 1980 was 127.6 Pg C, with about 94.3 Pg C in vegetation and 33.3 Pg C in the reactive pool of soil organic carbon. About 83% of the total carbon storage occurred in tropical evergreen forests. Based on our model's results, we estimate that, over the past 15 years, the total carbon storage has increased by 3.1 Pg C (+ 2%), with a 1.9-Pg C (+2%) increase in vegetation carbon and a 1.2-Pg C (+4%) increase in reactive soil organic carbon. The modelled results indicate that the largest relative changes in net carbon storage have occurred in tropical deciduous forests, but that the largest absolute changes in net carbon storage have occurred in the moist and wet forests of the Basin. 3 Our results show that the strength of interannual variations in net carbon storage of undisturbed ecosystems in the Amazon Basin varies from a carbon source of 0.2 Pg C/year to a carbon sink of 0.7 Pg C/year. Precipitation, especially the amount received during the drier months, appears to be a major controller of annual net carbon storage in the Amazon Basin. Our analysis indicates further that changes in precipitation combine with changes in temperature to affect net carbon storage through influencing soil moisture and nutrient availability. 4 On average, our results suggest that the undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems accumulated 0.2 Pg C/year as a result of climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 over the study period. This amount is large enough to have compensated for most of the carbon losses associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon during the same period. 5 Comparisons with empirical data indicate that climate variability and CO2 fertilization explain most of the variation in net carbon storage for the undisturbed ecosystems. Our analyses suggest that assessment of the regional carbon budget in the tropics should be made over at least one cycle of El Nino-Southern Oscillation because of inter-annual climate variability. Our analyses also suggest that proper scaling of the site-specific and sub-annual measurements of carbon fluxes to produce Basin-wide flux estimates must take into account seasonal and spatial variations in net carbon storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Tian, H., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D., McGuire, A., Helfrich, J., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C., 2000, Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 9, no. 4, p. 315-335, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x.","startPage":"315","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479334,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206599,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65be4b0c8380cd4c6fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, H.","contributorId":43524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helfrich, J. Iii","contributorId":74535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfrich","given":"J.","suffix":"Iii","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, B. III","contributorId":96845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C. J.","contributorId":104232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022341,"text":"70022341 - 2000 - Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:00:06","indexId":"70022341","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential","docAbstract":"In the past decade, there has been a growing interest of dam safety officials to incorporate a risk‐based analysis for design‐flood hydrology. Extreme or rare floods, with probabilities in the range of about 10−3 to 10−7 chance of occurrence per year, are of continuing interest to the hydrologic and engineering communities for purposes of planning and design of structures such as dams [National Research Council, 1988]. The National Research Council stresses that as much information as possible about floods needs to be used for evaluation of the risk and consequences of any decision. A regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach was developed to assist dam safety officials and floodplain managers in their assessments of the risk of large floods. The interdisciplinary components included documenting maximum paleofloods and a regional analyses of contemporary extreme rainfall and flood data to complement a site‐specific probable maximum precipitation study [Tomlinson and Solak, 1997]. The cost‐effective approach, which can be used in many other hydrometeorologic settings, was applied to Elkhead Reservoir in Elkhead Creek (531 km2) in northwestern Colorado; the regional study area was 10,900 km2. Paleoflood data using bouldery flood deposits and noninundation surfaces for 88 streams were used to document maximum flood discharges that have occurred during the Holocene. Several relative dating methods were used to determine the age of paleoflood deposits and noninundation surfaces. No evidence of substantial flooding was found in the study area. The maximum paleoflood of 135 m3 s−1 for Elkhead Creek is about 13% of the site‐specific probable maximum flood of 1020 m3 s−1. Flood‐frequency relations using the expected moments algorithm, which better incorporates paleoflood data, were developed to assess the risk of extreme floods. Envelope curves encompassing maximum rainfall (181 sites) and floods (218 sites) were developed for northwestern Colorado to help define maximum contemporary and Holocene flooding in Elkhead Creek and in a regional frequency context. Study results for Elkhead Reservoir were accepted by the Colorado State Engineer for dam safety certification.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900098","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, R.D., and Tomlinson, E.M., 2000, Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2957-2984, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900098.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2957","endPage":"2984","ipdsId":"IP-027734","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900098","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a532e4b0e8fec6cdbd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomlinson, Edward M.","contributorId":195306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022488,"text":"70022488 - 2000 - Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022488","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables","docAbstract":"Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude -0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude -0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude -0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude -0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. 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J.","contributorId":48718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":56},{"text":"Rambal, S.","contributorId":15788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rambal","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":57},{"text":"Rodriguez, J.","contributorId":45415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":58},{"text":"Santiago, F.","contributorId":35902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":59},{"text":"Sano, E.","contributorId":20499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sano","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":60},{"text":"Schaeffer, S.M.","contributorId":34680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":61},{"text":"Schulte, M.","contributorId":44696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":62},{"text":"Scott, R.","contributorId":26104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":63},{"text":"Shao, X.","contributorId":61203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":64},{"text":"Snyder, K.A.","contributorId":68491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":65},{"text":"Sorooshian, S.","contributorId":72968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorooshian","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":66},{"text":"Unkrich, C.L.","contributorId":74537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Unkrich","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":67},{"text":"Whitaker, M.","contributorId":100145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":68},{"text":"Yucel, I.","contributorId":6620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yucel","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":69}]}} ,{"id":70022360,"text":"70022360 - 2000 - Alachlor transformation patterns in aquatic field mesocosms under variable oxygen and nutrient conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022360","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alachlor transformation patterns in aquatic field mesocosms under variable oxygen and nutrient conditions","docAbstract":"Alachlor is one of the most commonly used herbicides in both Europe and North America. Because of its toxic properties, its fate and attenuation in natural waters is practically important. This paper assesses factors that affect alachlor decay rate in aquatic systems using field-scale experimental units. In particular, we used field mesocosms (11.3 m3 outdoor fiberglass tanks) to examine the affect of oxygen level and other factors on decay rate in water columns. This is one of the first studies ever performed where diverse water column conditions have been successfully simulated using common mesocosm-scale facilities. Four treatments were assessed, including aerobic systems (aerobic); low nutrient, oxygen-stratified systems (stratified-LN); moderate nutrient, oxygen-stratified systems (stratified-HN); and anaerobic systems (anaerobic). The lowest half-lives were observed in the anaerobic units (9.7 days) followed by the aerobic (21 days), stratified-HN (22 days), and stratified-LN (46 days) units. Our results indicate that alachlor is transformed most rapidly under anaerobic conditions, although the ambient phosphorus level also appears to influence decay rate. In this study, two common alachlor breakdown products, ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid, were also monitored. Oxanilic acid was produced in greater quantities than ESA under all treatments with the highest levels being produced in the stratified-HN units. In general, our results suggest that previous laboratory data, which indicated that high rates of alachlor decay can occur under oxygen-free methanogenic conditions, is translatable to field-scale applications. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.Alachlor is one of the most commonly used herbicides in both Europe and North America. Because of its toxic properties, its fate and attenuation in natural waters is practically important. This paper assesses factors that affect alachlor decay rate in aquatic systems using field-scale experimental units. In particular, we used field mesocosms (11.3 m3 outdoor fiberglass tanks) to examine the affect of oxygen level and other factors on decay rate in water columns. This is one of the first studies ever performed where diverse water column conditions have been successfully simulated using common mesocosm-scale facilities. Four treatments were assessed, including aerobic systems (aerobic); low nutrient, oxygen-stratified systems (stratified-LN); moderate nutrient, oxygen-stratified systems (stratified-HN); and anaerobic systems (anaerobic). The lowest half-lives were observed in the anaerobic units (9.7 days) followed by the aerobic (21 days), stratified-HN (22 days), and stratified-LN (46 days) units. Our results indicate that alachlor is transformed most rapidly under anaerobic conditions, although the ambient phosphorus level also appears to influence decay rate. In this study, two common alachlor breakdown products, ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid, were also monitored. Oxanilic acid was produced in greater quantities than ESA under all treatments with the highest levels being produced in the stratified-HN units. In general, our results suggest that previous laboratory data, which indicated that high rates of alachlor decay can occur under oxygen-free methanogenic conditions, is translatable to field-scale applications.Aquatic field mesocosms were used to examine the influence of DO concentration and the presence of nutrients on alachlor transformation. Four treatments were used: wholly aerobic water columns, thermally and oxygen stratified water columns with low nutrient levels, stratified water columns with moderate nutrient levels, and wholly anaerobic water columns. The anaerobic treatment produced the highest rate of alachlor decay, followed by the aerobic and stratified treatments. The lowest decay rate occurred in the aerobic, low-nutrient stratified units.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00147-0","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Graham, D., Miley, M., Denoyelles, F., Smith, V., Thurman, E., and Carter, R., 2000, Alachlor transformation patterns in aquatic field mesocosms under variable oxygen and nutrient conditions: Water Research, v. 34, no. 16, p. 4054-4062, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00147-0.","startPage":"4054","endPage":"4062","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00147-0"},{"id":230456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e92fe4b0c8380cd48145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, D.W.","contributorId":102223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miley, M.K.","contributorId":43939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miley","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denoyelles, F.","contributorId":96039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denoyelles","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Val H.","contributorId":69317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Val H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carter, R.","contributorId":13397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022398,"text":"70022398 - 2000 - Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022398","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Benthic algal assemblages, water chemistry, and habitat were characterized at 25 stream sites in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, during low flow in 1994. Seventy-three algal samples yielded 420 taxa - Mostly diatoms, blue-green algae, and green algae. Algal assemblages from depositional samples were strongly dominated by diatoms (76% mean relative abundance), whereas erosional samples were dominated by blue-green algae (68% mean relative abundance). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of semiquantitative and qualitative (presence/absence) data sets identified four environmental variables (maximum specific conductance, % open canopy, pH, and drainage area) that were significant in describing patterns of algal taxa among sites. Based on CCA, four groups of sites were identified: Streams in forested basins that supported oligotrophic taxa, such as Diatoma mesodon; small streams in agricultural and urban basins that contained a variety of eutrophic and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; larger rivers draining areas of mixed land use that supported planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; and streams with severely degraded or absent riparian vegetation (> 75% open canopy) that were dominated by other planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa. Patterns in water chemistry were consistent with the algal autecological interpretations and clearly demonstrated relationships between land use, water quality, and algal distribution patterns.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1006460802772","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, K., and Waite, I., 2000, Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 64, no. 1, p. 247-257, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006460802772.","startPage":"247","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006460802772"},{"id":230573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a716e4b0e8fec6cdc383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, K.D.","contributorId":97274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, I.R.","contributorId":41039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022536,"text":"70022536 - 2000 - Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:03:34","indexId":"70022536","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation","docAbstract":"Determining whether nesting attempts are successful can be difficult. Yet, current protocols for estimating nesting success do not address how uncertain nest fates should be handled. We examined the problem of nest-fate uncertainty as it relates to Mayfield estimation of nesting success and in analyses of factors that influence success. We used data from Minnesota to illustrate the potential effect of uncertain fate; 40% of Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus; n = 127) nests and 30% of Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus; n = 144) nests had uncertain fates. How this uncertainty is incorporated into Mayfield estimates of success varied widely among researchers. In a survey of researchers who use the Mayfield method, 9 of 22 respondents (of 40 contacted) excluded nests with uncertain fate. Excluding uncertain fates is counter to how Mayfield first described his estimator and can result in severe downward bias. The remaining respondents (59%) included nests with uncertain fate but varied in how they terminated the exposure period. We developed a simulation model that calculated Mayfield estimates using different approaches and compared them with a known rate of nesting success. Magnitude of bias in Mayfield estimates varied considerably in our simulations. The approach with the least bias terminated exposure with the last observed active date for nests with uncertain fate, and with the midpoint between last observed active and first observed inactive dates for nests with known fate. In addition, information necessary to interpret and compare Mayfield estimates often is not reported. These values, including variance estimates and the period lengths used to estimate survival rates, should be reported with Mayfield estimates. Finally, nest fate is commonly used as a categorical variable in studies of factors affecting nesting success. In this approach, however, nests with uncertain fate must be excluded. An alternative approach is Cox regression, which incorporates nests with uncertain fate.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:UNFISS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Manolis, J., Andersen, D., and Cuthbert, F., 2000, Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation: The Auk, v. 117, no. 3, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:UNFISS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:unfiss]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc13e4b08c986b328a03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manolis, J.C.","contributorId":7133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manolis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D. E.","contributorId":27816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cuthbert, F.J.","contributorId":45272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuthbert","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022413,"text":"70022413 - 2000 - Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:20:20.514216","indexId":"70022413","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration","docAbstract":"Land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides (1995 to 1997) are reported for the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project, Jasper County Iowa. The Walnut Creek project was established in 1995 as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The monitoring project utilizes a paired-watershed approach (Walnut and Squaw creeks) as well as upstream/downstream comparisons on Walnut for analysis and tracking of trends. From 1992 to 1997, 13.4 percent of the watershed was converted from row crop to native prairie in the Walnut Creek watershed. Including another 6 percent of watershed farmed on a cash-rent basis, land use changes have been implemented on 19.4 percent of the watershed by the USFWS. Nitrogen and pesticide applications were reduced an estimated 18 percent and 28 percent in the watershed from land use changes. Atrazine was detected most often in surface water with frequencies of detection ranging from 76-86 percent. No significant differences were noted in atrazine concentrations between Walnut and Squaw Creek. Nitrate-N concentrations measured in both watersheds were similar; both basins showed a similar pattern of detection and an overall reduction in nitrate-N concentrations from upstream to downstream monitoring sites. Water quality improvements are suggested by nitrate-N and chloride ratios less than one in the Walnut Creek watershed and low nitrate-N concentrations measured in the subbasin of Walnut Creek containing the greatest amount of land use changes. Atrazine and nitrate-N concentrations from the lower portion of the Walnut Creek watershed (including the prairie restoration area) may be decreasing in relation to the upstream untreated component of the watershed. The frequencies of pesticide detections and mean nitrate-N concentrations appear related to the percentage of row crop in the basins and subbasins. Although some results are encouraging, definitive water quality improvements have not been observed during the first three years of monitoring. Possible reasons include: (1) more time is needed to adequately detect changes; (2) the size of the watershed is too large to detect improvements; (3) land use changes are not located in the area of the watershed where they would have greatest effect; or (4) water quality improvements have occurred but have been missed by the project monitoring design. Longer-term monitoring will allow better evaluation of the impact of restoration activities on water quality.An overview is given on the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project established as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services. Focus is on land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides. Initial results obtained for the first three years of monitoring are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05713.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Thompson, C.A., 2000, Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 5, p. 1101-1114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05713.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1101","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.97327423095702,\n 41.61518564951443\n ],\n [\n -93.81431579589844,\n 41.61518564951443\n ],\n [\n -93.81431579589844,\n 41.69034777353792\n ],\n [\n -93.97327423095702,\n 41.69034777353792\n ],\n [\n -93.97327423095702,\n 41.61518564951443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3c2e4b08c986b32b37e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, C. A.","contributorId":98769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":96971,"text":"96971 - 2000 - Arroyo Toad, Bufo californicus 2000 USGS/USFS Survey Data. Angeles, Cleveland, and San Bernardino National Forests, California: Year 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:00","indexId":"96971","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Arroyo Toad, Bufo californicus 2000 USGS/USFS Survey Data. Angeles, Cleveland, and San Bernardino National Forests, California: Year 2000","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Report to Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.","usgsCitation":"Brown, C., Ervin, E., and Lyren, L., 2000, Arroyo Toad, Bufo californicus 2000 USGS/USFS Survey Data. Angeles, Cleveland, and San Bernardino National Forests, California: Year 2000.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C.","contributorId":21484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ervin, E.","contributorId":69084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ervin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyren, L.","contributorId":59376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyren","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022309,"text":"70022309 - 2000 - Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:09:26","indexId":"70022309","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem","docAbstract":"Geologists may feel that geological data are not amenable to statistical analysis, or at best require specialized approaches such as nonparametric statistics and geostatistics. However, there are many circumstances, particularly in systematic studies conducted for environmental or regulatory purposes, where traditional parametric statistical procedures can be beneficial. An example is the application of analysis of variance to data collected in an annual program of measuring groundwater levels in Kansas. Influences such as well conditions, operator effects, and use of the water can be assessed and wells that yield less reliable measurements can be identified. Such statistical studies have resulted in yearly improvements in the quality and reliability of the collected hydrologic data. Similar benefits may be achieved in other geological studies by the appropriate use of classical statistical tools.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0894802X","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 2000, Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 116-121.","startPage":"116","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede4e4b0c8380cd49aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182264,"text":"70182264 - 2000 - Advances in biotelemetry technology in the Columbia River Basin and how they are providing behavioral data used to shape fisheries management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T11:54:17","indexId":"70182264","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Advances in biotelemetry technology in the Columbia River Basin and how they are providing behavioral data used to shape fisheries management","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biotelemetry 15: proceedings of the 15th international symposium on biotelemetry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"15th international symposium on biotelemetry","language":"English","publisher":"International Society on Biotelemetry","publisherLocation":"Wageningen, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Adams, N., Shively, R., and Rondorf, D., 2000, Advances in biotelemetry technology in the Columbia River Basin and how they are providing behavioral data used to shape fisheries management, in Biotelemetry 15: proceedings of the 15th international symposium on biotelemetry, p. 259-268.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"259","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb140e4b01ccd54f9ee3e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Eiler, J.E.","contributorId":182029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eiler","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670289,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alcorn, D.J.","contributorId":182030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alcorn","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670290,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":178351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":670288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180286,"text":"70180286 - 2000 - Three archives of the U. S. Geological Survey's Western Mineral Resources Team","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T14:35:40","indexId":"70180286","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Three archives of the U. S. Geological Survey's Western Mineral Resources Team","docAbstract":"The Western Mineral Resources Team of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has three archives, which hold unpublished or difficult-to-obtain records and literature. The Technical Data Unit in Anchorage, Alaska, holds maps, field notes, and other records of the USGS work in Alaska. The USGS Field Office in Spokane, Washington, houses the more than 5,000 files from Federal government exploration programs that contracted to fund exploration for some commodities from 1950 until 1974. The Latin American Archive in Tucson, Arizona, holds material on Latin American mineral resources collected by the Center for Inter-American MineralResources Investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","issn":"0072-1409","isbn":"0-934485-32-1 ","usgsCitation":"Bolm, K.S., Frank, D.G., and Schneider, J.L., 2000, Three archives of the U. S. Geological Survey's Western Mineral Resources Team, v. 30, p. 65-67.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"67","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":334085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1978e4b0ad67323f97f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolm, Karen Sue","contributorId":50569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolm","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"Sue","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, David G. dfrank@usgs.gov","contributorId":3274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"David","email":"dfrank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Jill L. jschnidr@usgs.gov","contributorId":4322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Jill","email":"jschnidr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":661085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015326,"text":"1015326 - 2000 - Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:52","indexId":"1015326","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA","docAbstract":"1. Knowledge of synchrony in trends is important to determining regional responses of lakes to disturbances such as atmospheric deposition and climate change. We explored the temporal coherence of physical and chemical characteristics of two series of mostly alpine lakes in nearby basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using year-to-year variation over a 10-year period, we asked whether lakes more similar in exposure to the atmosphere be-haved more similarly than those with greater influence of catchment or in-lake processes.
2. The Green Lakes Valley and Loch Vale Watershed are steeply incised basins with strong altitudinal gradients. There are glaciers at the heads of each catchment. The eight lakes studied are small, shallow and typically ice-covered for more than half the year. Snowmelt is the dominant hydrological event each year, flushing about 70% of the annual discharge from each lake between April and mid-July. The lakes do not thermally stratify during the period of open water. Data from these lakes included surface water temper-ature, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, silica, bicarbonate alkalinity and conductivity.
3. Coherence was estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficient between lake pairs for each of the different variables. Despite close geographical proximity, there was not a strong direct signal from climatic or atmospheric conditions across all lakes in the study. Individual lake characteristics overwhelmed regional responses. Temporal coherence was higher for lakes within each basin than between basins and was highest for nearest neighbours.
4. Among the Green Lakes, conductivity, alkalinity and temperature were temporally coherent, suggesting that these lakes were sensitive to climate fluctuations. Water tem-perature is indicative of air temperature, and conductivity and alkalinity concentrations are indicative of dilution from the amount of precipitation flushed through by snowmelt.
5. In Loch Vale, calcium, conductivity, nitrate, sulphate and alkalinity were temporally coherent, while silica and temperature were not. This suggests that external influences are attenuated by internal catchment and lake processes in Loch Vale lakes. Calcium and sulphate are primarily weathering products, but sulphate derives both from deposition and from mineral weathering. Different proportions of snowmelt versus groundwater in different years could influence summer lake concentrations. Nitrate is elevated in lake waters from atmospheric deposition, but the internal dynamics of nitrate and silica may be controlled by lake food webs. Temperature is attenuated by inconsistently different climates across altitude and glacial meltwaters.
6. It appears that, while the lakes in the two basins are topographically close, geologically and morphologically similar, and often connected by streams, only some attributes are temporally coherent. Catchment and in-lake processes influenced temporal patterns, especially for temperature, alkalinity and silica. Montane lakes with high altitudinal gradients may be particularly prone to local controls compared to systems where coherence is more obvious.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00517.x","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., and Caine, N., 2000, Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA: Freshwater Biology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 463-476, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00517.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"463","endPage":"476","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caine, N.","contributorId":34881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015320,"text":"1015320 - 2000 - Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T12:38:01","indexId":"1015320","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation","docAbstract":"We monitored movements of small mammals resident on floodplains susceptible to spring floods to assess whether and how these animals respond to habitat inundation. The 2 floodplains were associated with 6th order river segments in a semiarid landscape; each was predictably inundated each year as snowmelt progressed in headwater areas of the Rocky Mountains. Data from live trapping, radiotelemetry, and microtopographic surveys indicated that Peromyscus maniculatus, Microtus montanus, and Dipodomys ordii showed different responses to inundation, but all reflected a common tendency to remain in the original home range until “forced” to leave. The reluctance of Dipodomys ordii to abandon the home burrow often resulted in death in situ, whereas individual P. maniculatus and M. montanus moved to nearby higher ground but not necessarily toward upland. This behavior could lead to occupancy of an island that disappeared as floodwaters rose. Peromyscus maniculatus climbed into sapling cottonwood, but the quality of such arboreal refuges was unclear. We found only weak support for the hypothesis that displacement was temporary; most floodplain residents, including P. maniculatus, disappeared over the flood period. No secondary effect from flooding on adjacent upland small-mammal assemblages was detected. Our data suggest populations of facultatively riparian, nonarboreal small mammals such as M. montanus and D. ordii generally experience habitat inundation as a catastrophy. Terrestrial species capable of using an arboreal refuge, such as P. maniculatus, face a more variable risk, determined in part by timing and duration of the flood event. River regulation can affect both sets of risks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:MPORSM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., Wilson, K., Miller, M.S., and Falck, M., 2000, Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1087-1099, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:MPORSM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1099","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:mporsm>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, K.R.","contributorId":73961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M. S.","contributorId":69107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falck, M.","contributorId":57806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falck","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015319,"text":"1015319 - 2000 - Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:26:22","indexId":"1015319","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","docAbstract":"Floodplain plant–herbivore–hydroperiod interactions have received little attention despite their potential as determinants of floodplain structure and functioning. We used five types of exclosures to differentially exclude small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals from accessing Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. wizlizenii (Watson) Eckenwalder) seedlings and saplings growing naturally on four landform types at an alluvial reach on each of two rivers, the Green and Yampa, in Colorado and Utah. The two study reaches differed primarily as a result of flow regulation on the Green River, which began in 1962. Landforms were a rarely flooded portion of the alluvial plain, geomorphically active slow- and fast-water channel margin sites on the Yampa reach, and an aggrading side channel on the Green. Small-mammal live-trapping and observational data indicated that, with minor exceptions, the kinds of mammals eating cottonwood within each reach were identical. We monitored condition and fates of individual cottonwood plants from October 1993 through the 1997 growing season. Differences in survival and growth were noted both within and between reaches, and both due to, and independent of, mammalian herbivory. Comparisons of cottonwood growth and survivorship among exclosures and between exclosures and controls indicated that a small mammal, Microtus montanus, reduced seedling and sapling survivorship at the Green River reach, but to a lesser extent (seedlings) or not at all (saplings) on the Yampa reach. In contrast, reductions in sapling height increment attributable to medium- and large-sized herbivores were detected only at the Yampa site. We suggest that these differences are a result of (1) flow regulation allowing Microtus populations to escape the mortality normally accompanying the large, snowmelt-driven spring flood, as well as regulation promoting a herbaceous understory favorable to voles, and (2) greater browsing pressure from overwintering deer and elk at the Yampa reach, unrelated to flow regulation. Within areas used by foraging beaver, the probability of a sapling being cut by beaver was similar on the two reaches. This study suggests that changes in riparian plant–herbivore relationships due to shifts in river hydrology may be a common and important consequence of river regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and Cooper, D., 2000, Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1384-1399, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1384","endPage":"1399","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68507b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, D.J.","contributorId":89489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184260,"text":"70184260 - 2000 - Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T12:12:06","indexId":"70184260","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor)","docAbstract":"Dominance ranks in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were determined from 6 measurements that mimicked environmental situations that might be encountered by prairie voles in communal groups, including agonistic interactions resulting from competition for food and water and encounters in burrows. Male and female groups of 6 individuals each were tested against one another in pairwise encounters (i.e., dyads) for 5 of the measurements and together as a group in a 6th measurement. Two types of response variables, aggressive behaviors and possession time of a limiting resource, were collected during trials, and those data were used to determine cardinal ranks and principal component ranks for all animals within each group. Cardinal ranks and principal component ranks seldom yielded similar rankings for each animal across measurements. However, dominance measurements that were conducted in similar environmental contexts, regardless of the response variable recorded, ranked animals similarly. Our results suggest that individual dominance measurements assessed situation- or resource-specific responses. Our study demonstrates problems inherent in determining dominance rankings of individuals within groups, including choosing measurements, response variables, and statistical techniques. Researchers should avoid using a single measurement to represent social dominance until they have first demonstrated that a dominance relationship between 2 individuals has been learned (i.e., subsequent interactions show a reduced response rather than an escalation), that this relationship is relatively constant through time, and that the relationship is not context dependent. Such assessments of dominance status between all dyads then can be used to generate dominance rankings within social groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., and Best, L.B., 2000, Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 3, p. 734-745, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"734","endPage":"745","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:comfdd>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ee4b014cc3a3a9a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Louis B.","contributorId":52525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}