During explosive eruptions, airborne particles collide and stick together, accelerating the fallout of volcanic ash and climate-forcing aerosols. This aggregation process remains a major source of uncertainty both in ash dispersal forecasting and interpretation of eruptions from the geological record. Here we illuminate the mechanisms and timescales of particle aggregation from a well-characterized ‘wet’ eruption. The 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano in Alaska incorporated water from the surface (in this case, a glacier), which is a common occurrence during explosive volcanism worldwide. Observations from C-band weather radar, fall deposits, and numerical modeling demonstrate that volcanic hail formed rapidly in the eruption plume, leading to mixed-phase aggregation of ~95% of the fine ash and stripping much of the cloud out of the atmosphere within 30 minutes. Based on these findings, we propose a mechanism of hail-like aggregation that contributes to the anomalously rapid fallout of fine ash and the occurrence of concentrically-layered aggregates in volcanic deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/ncomms8860","usgsCitation":"Van Eaton, A., Mastin, L.G., Herzog, M., Schwaiger, H.F., Schneider, D.J., Wallace, K.L., and Clarke, A.B., 2015, Hail formation triggers rapid ash aggregation in volcanic plumes: Nature Communications, v. 6, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8860.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065437","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8860","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324280,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150803/ncomms8860/full/ncomms8860.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.8912353515625,\n 60.411818175211664\n ],\n [\n -152.8912353515625,\n 60.53972302275651\n ],\n [\n -152.56645202636716,\n 60.53972302275651\n ],\n [\n -152.56645202636716,\n 60.411818175211664\n ],\n [\n -152.8912353515625,\n 60.411818175211664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576d0831e4b07657d1a37565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":140076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa R.","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzog, M.","contributorId":92122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwaiger, Hans F. 0000-0001-7397-8833 hschwaiger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-8833","contributorId":4108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwaiger","given":"Hans","email":"hschwaiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schneider, David J. 0000-0001-9092-1054 djschneider@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-1054","contributorId":633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"David","email":"djschneider@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L. 0000-0002-0962-048X kwallace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-048X","contributorId":3454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi","email":"kwallace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clarke, Amanda B","contributorId":172399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":12629,"text":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ (DETAIL TO BE ADDED)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168479,"text":"70168479 - 2015 - Landscape and local effects on occupancy and densities of an endangered wood-warbler in an urbanizing landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T12:44:39","indexId":"70168479","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape and local effects on occupancy and densities of an endangered wood-warbler in an urbanizing landscape","docAbstract":"Golden-cheeked warblers (Setophaga chrysoparia), an endangered wood-warbler, breed exclusively in woodlands co-dominated by Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) in central Texas. Their breeding range is becoming increasingly urbanized and habitat loss and fragmentation are a main threat to the species’ viability.
\nWe investigated the effects of remotely sensed local habitat and landscape attributes on point occupancy and density of warblers in an urban preserve and produced a spatially explicit density map for the preserve using model-supported relationships.
\nWe conducted 1507 point-count surveys during spring 2011–2014 across Balcones Canyonlands Preserve (BCP) to evaluate warbler habitat associations and predict density of males. We used hierarchical Bayesian models to estimate multiple components of detection probability and evaluate covariate effects on detection probability, point occupancy, and density.
\nPoint occupancy was positively related to landscape forest cover and local canopy cover; mean occupancy was 0.83. Density was influenced more by local than landscape factors. Density increased with greater amounts of juniper and mixed forest and decreased with more open edge. There was a weak negative relationship between density and landscape urban land cover.
\nLandscape composition and habitat structure were important determinants of warbler occupancy and density, and the large intact patches of juniper and mixed forest on BCP (>2100 ha) supported a high density of warblers. Increasing urbanization and fragmentation in the surrounding landscape will likely result in lower breeding density due to loss of juniper and mixed forest and increasing urban land cover and edge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10980-015-0250-0","usgsCitation":"Reidy, J., Thompson III, F., Amundson, C.L., and O’Donnell, L., 2015, Landscape and local effects on occupancy and densities of an endangered wood-warbler in an urbanizing landscape: Landscape Ecology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 365-382, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0250-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"382","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063535","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Travis County","otherGeospatial":"Balcones Canyonlands Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.01040649414062,\n 30.234154095850688\n ],\n [\n -98.01040649414062,\n 30.57053816380884\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 30.57053816380884\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 30.234154095850688\n ],\n [\n -98.01040649414062,\n 30.234154095850688\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c4564ae4b0946c6521855e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reidy, Jennifer","contributorId":166951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reidy","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson III, Frank R.","contributorId":166950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson III","given":"Frank R.","affiliations":[{"id":5121,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1221 South Main Street, Moscow, ID 83843","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amundson, Courtney L. 0000-0002-0166-7224 camundson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-7224","contributorId":4833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Courtney","email":"camundson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Donnell, Lisa","contributorId":166952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24578,"text":"City of Austin, Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168453,"text":"70168453 - 2015 - Tree mortality in mature riparian forest: Implications for Fremont cottonwood conservation in the American southwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T15:29:36","indexId":"70168453","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree mortality in mature riparian forest: Implications for Fremont cottonwood conservation in the American southwest","docAbstract":"Mature tree mortality rates are poorly documented in desert riparian woodlands. I monitored deaths and calculated annual survivorship probability (Ps) in 2 groups of large (27–114 cm DBH), old (≥40 years old) Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii Wats.) in a stand along the free-flowing Yampa River in semiarid northwestern Colorado. Ps = 0.993 year-1 in a group (n = 126) monitored over 2003–2013, whereas Ps = 0.985 year-1 in a group (n = 179) monitored over the same period plus 3 earlier years (2000–2003) that included drought and a defoliating insect outbreak. Assuming Ps was the same for both groups during the 10-year postdrought period, the data indicate that Ps = 0.958 year-1 during the drought. I found no difference in canopy dieback level between male and female survivors. Mortality was equal among size classes, suggesting Ps is independent of age, but published longevity data imply that either Ps eventually declines with age or, as suggested in this study, periods with high Ps are interrupted by episodes of increased mortality. Stochastic population models featuring episodes of low Ps suggest a potential for an abrupt decline in mature tree numbers where recruitment is low. The modeling results have implications for woodland conservation, especially for relictual stands along regulated desert rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.3398/064.075.0204","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 2015, Tree mortality in mature riparian forest: Implications for Fremont cottonwood conservation in the American southwest: Western North American Naturalist, v. 75, no. 2, p. 157-169, https://doi.org/10.3398/064.075.0204.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064513","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol75/iss2/3","text":"External Repository"},{"id":318031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 40.99648401437787\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 40.99648401437787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c304e0e4b0946c65208820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":152661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70155813,"text":"70155813 - 2015 - Spatially explicit modeling of blackbird abundance in the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-13T12:19:16","indexId":"70155813","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatially explicit modeling of blackbird abundance in the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"Knowledge of factors influencing animal abundance is important to wildlife biologists developing management plans. This is especially true for economically important species such as blackbirds (Icteridae), which cause more than $100 million in crop damages annually in the United States. Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, the National Land Cover Dataset, and the National Climatic Data Center, we modeled effects of regional environmental variables on relative abundance of 3 blackbird species (red-winged blackbird,Agelaius phoeniceus; yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus; common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula) in the Prairie Pothole Region of the central United States. We evaluated landscape covariates at 3 logarithmically related spatial scales (1,000 ha, 10,000 ha, and 100,000 ha) and modeled weather variables at the 100,000-ha scale. We constructed models a priori using information from published habitat associations. We fit models with WinBUGS using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Both landscape and weather variables contributed strongly to predicting blackbird relative abundance (95% credibility interval did not overlap 0). Variables with the strongest associations with blackbird relative abundance were the percentage of wetland area and precipitation amount from the year before bird surveys were conducted. The influence of spatial scale appeared small—models with the same variables expressed at different scales were often in the best model subset. This large-scale study elucidated regional effects of weather and landscape variables, suggesting that management strategies aimed at reducing damages caused by these species should consider the broader landscape, including weather effects, because such factors may outweigh the influence of localized conditions or site-specific management actions. The regional species distributional models we developed for blackbirds provide a tool for understanding these broader landscape effects and guiding wildlife management practices to areas that are optimally beneficial. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.912","usgsCitation":"Forcey, G.M., Thogmartin, W.E., Linz, G.M., McKann, P., and Crimmins, S.M., 2015, Spatially explicit modeling of blackbird abundance in the Prairie Pothole Region: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 6, p. 1022-1033, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.912.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1022","endPage":"1033","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060021","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesotta, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.31298828125,\n 48.879167148960214\n ],\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 48.151428143221224\n ],\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -111.90673828125,\n 47.5913464767971\n ],\n [\n -110.4345703125,\n 47.32393057095941\n ],\n [\n -105.93017578125,\n 47.29413372501023\n ],\n [\n -103.55712890625,\n 47.44294999517949\n ],\n [\n -102.1728515625,\n 47.11499982620772\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -101.3818359375,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -100.96435546875,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -92.3291015625,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -91.95556640625,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -97.998046875,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -113.31298828125,\n 48.879167148960214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb38e4b08400b1fdb72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forcey, Greg M.","contributorId":82835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forcey","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linz, George M.","contributorId":32859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKann, Patrick C.","contributorId":14940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKann","given":"Patrick C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crimmins, Shawn M. 0000-0001-6229-5543 scrimmins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-5543","contributorId":5498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crimmins","given":"Shawn","email":"scrimmins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70155524,"text":"70155524 - 2015 - Increasing elevation of fire in the Sierra Nevada and implications for forest change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-10T13:11:08","indexId":"70155524","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing elevation of fire in the Sierra Nevada and implications for forest change","docAbstract":"Fire in high-elevation forest ecosystems can have severe impacts on forest structure, function and biodiversity. Using a 105-year data set, we found increasing elevation extent of fires in the Sierra Nevada, and pose five hypotheses to explain this pattern. Beyond the recognized pattern of increasing fire frequency in the Sierra Nevada since the late 20th century, we find that the upper elevation extent of those fires has also been increasing. Factors such as fire season climate and fuel build up are recognized potential drivers of changes in fire regimes. Patterns of warming climate and increasing stand density are consistent with both the direction and magnitude of increasing elevation of wildfire. Reduction in high elevation wildfire suppression and increasing ignition frequencies may also contribute to the observed pattern. Historical biases in fire reporting are recognized, but not likely to explain the observed patterns. The four plausible mechanistic hypotheses (changes in fire management, climate, fuels, ignitions) are not mutually exclusive, and likely have synergistic interactions that may explain the observed changes. Irrespective of mechanism, the observed pattern of increasing occurrence of fire in these subalpine forests may have significant impacts on their resilience to changing climatic conditions.
Multiple-aperture SAR interferometry (MAI) has demonstrated outstanding measurement accuracy of along-track displacement when compared to pixel-offset-tracking methods; however, measuring slow-moving (cm/year) surface displacement remains a challenge. Stacking of multi-temporal observations is a potential approach to reducing noise and increasing measurement accuracy, but it is difficult to achieve a significant improvement by applying traditional stacking methods to multi-temporal MAI interferograms. This paper proposes an efficient MAI stacking method, where multi-temporal forward- and backward-looking residual interferograms are individually stacked before the MAI interferogram is generated. We tested the performance of this method using ENVISAT data from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, where displacement on the order of several centimeters per year is common. By comparing results from the proposed stacking methods with displacements from GPS data, we documented measurement accuracies of about 1.03 and 1.07 cm/year for the descending and ascending tracks, respectively—an improvement of about a factor of two when compared with that from the conventional stacking approach. Three-dimensional surface-displacement maps can be constructed by combining stacked InSAR and MAI observations, which will contribute to a better understanding of a variety of geological phenomena.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Germany","doi":"10.1007/s00190-014-0786-9","usgsCitation":"Jo, M., Jung, H., Won, J., Poland, M.P., Miklius, A., and Lu, Z., 2015, Measurement of slow-moving along-track displacement from an efficient multiple-aperture SAR interferometry (MAI) stacking: Journal of Geodesy, v. 89, no. 5, p. 411-425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-014-0786-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053829","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.412353515625,\n 18.89329397442673\n ],\n [\n -156.412353515625,\n 20.29053732272331\n ],\n [\n -154.632568359375,\n 20.29053732272331\n ],\n [\n -154.632568359375,\n 18.89329397442673\n ],\n [\n -156.412353515625,\n 18.89329397442673\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb37e4b08400b1fdb71a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jo, Min-Jeong","contributorId":146119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jo","given":"Min-Jeong","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16586,"text":"Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, South Korea","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, Hyung-Sup","contributorId":58382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Hyung-Sup","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Won, Joong-Sun","contributorId":16966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Won","given":"Joong-Sun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886 asta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":2060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","email":"asta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":566418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155807,"text":"70155807 - 2015 - Optimizing fish sampling for fish - mercury bioaccumulation factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:36:18","indexId":"70155807","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimizing fish sampling for fish - mercury bioaccumulation factors","docAbstract":"Fish Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs; ratios of mercury (Hg) in fish (Hgfish) and water (Hgwater)) are used to develop Total Maximum Daily Load and water quality criteria for Hg-impaired waters. Both applications require representative Hgfish estimates and, thus, are sensitive to sampling and data-treatment methods. Data collected by fixed protocol from 11 streams in 5 states distributed across the US were used to assess the effects of Hgfish normalization/standardization methods and fish sample numbers on BAF estimates. Fish length, followed by weight, was most correlated to adult top-predator Hgfish. Site-specific BAFs based on length-normalized and standardized Hgfish estimates demonstrated up to 50% less variability than those based on non-normalized Hgfish. Permutation analysis indicated that length-normalized and standardized Hgfish estimates based on at least 8 trout or 5 bass resulted in mean Hgfish coefficients of variation less than 20%. These results are intended to support regulatory mercury monitoring and load-reduction program improvements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.068","usgsCitation":"Scudder Eikenberry, B.C., Riva-Murray, K., Knightes, C.D., Journey, C.A., Chasar, L., Brigham, M.E., and Bradley, P.M., 2015, Optimizing fish sampling for fish - mercury bioaccumulation factors: Chemosphere, v. 135, p. 467-473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.068.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"473","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044433","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.068","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb37e4b08400b1fdb71e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder Eikenberry, Barbara C.","contributorId":63771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder Eikenberry","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riva-Murray, Karen 0000-0001-6683-2238 krmurray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-2238","contributorId":2984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"Karen","email":"krmurray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knightes, Christopher D.","contributorId":32666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knightes","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":566404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chasar, Lia C.","contributorId":52905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chasar","given":"Lia C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70155219,"text":"70155219 - 2015 - Influences of supplemental feeding on winter elk calf:cow ratios in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:32:56","indexId":"70155219","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of supplemental feeding on winter elk calf:cow ratios in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"Several elk herds in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem are fed during winter to alleviate interactions with livestock, reduce damage to stored crops, and to manage for high elk numbers. The effects of supplemental feeding on ungulate population dynamics has rarely been examined, despite the fact that supplemental feeding is partially justified as necessary for maintaining or enhancing population growth rates. We used linear regression to assess how the presence of feedgrounds, snowpack, summer rainfall, indices of grizzly bear density and wolves per elk, elk population trend counts, brucellosis seroprevalence, and survey date were correlated with midwinter calf:cow ratios, a metric correlated with population growth, from 1983–2010 from 12 ecologically similar elk herd units (7 fed and 5 unfed) in Wyoming, USA. Our statistical approach allowed for rigorous tests of the hypotheses that supplemental feeding had positive effects on calf:cow ratios and reduced sensitivity of calf:cow ratios to bottom-up limitation relative to top-down limitation from native predators. Calf:cow ratios generally declined across all herd units over the study period and varied widely among units with feedgrounds. We found no evidence that the presence of feedgrounds had positive effects on midwinter calf:cow ratios in Wyoming. Further, fed elk showed stronger correlations with environmental factors, whereas calf:cow ratios for unfed elk showed stronger correlations with predator indices. Although we found no consistent association between winter feeding and higher calf:cow ratios, we did not assess late winter mortality and differences in human offtake between fed and unfed regions, which remain a priority for future research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.908","usgsCitation":"M. Foley, A., Cross, P.C., Christianson, D.A., Scurlock, B.M., and Creely, S., 2015, Influences of supplemental feeding on winter elk calf:cow ratios in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 6, p. 887-897, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.908.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"897","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059378","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.51220703125,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -110.478515625,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -109.4677734375,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -108.91845703124999,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -108.30322265624999,\n 41.820455096140314\n ],\n [\n -107.6220703125,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -107.22656249999999,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -106.67724609375,\n 42.47209690919285\n ],\n [\n -106.50146484374999,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -106.5234375,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -106.787109375,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 43.58039085560786\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -106.80908203125,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -107.22656249999999,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -107.51220703125,\n 45.01141864227728\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c090b2e4b033ef521042a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"M. 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Foley","given":"Aaron","affiliations":[{"id":16222,"text":"Department of Ecology, Montana State University, 302 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christianson, David A","contributorId":145749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christianson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":16223,"text":"Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, 325 Biological Sciences East, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scurlock, Brandon M.","contributorId":93788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scurlock","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6917,"text":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Creely, Scott","contributorId":16044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creely","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156134,"text":"70156134 - 2015 - Mapping the 3-D extent of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld layered mafic intrusion from geophysical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-09T12:12:45","indexId":"70156134","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the 3-D extent of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld layered mafic intrusion from geophysical data","docAbstract":"Geophysical models image the 3D geometry of the mafic portion of the Bushveld Complex north of the Thabazimbi-Murchison Lineament (TML), critical for understanding the origin of the world's largest layered mafic intrusion and platinum group element deposits. The combination of the gravity and magnetic data with recent seismic, MT, borehole and rock property measurements powerfully constrains the models. The intrusion north of the TML is generally shallowly buried (generally <1500 m) with a modeled area of ∼160 km × ∼125 km. The modeled thicknesses are not well constrained but vary from ∼<1000 to >12,000 m, averaging ∼4000 m. A feeder, suggested by a large modeled thickness (>10,000 m) and funnel shape, for Lower Zone magmas could have originated near the intersection of NS and NE trending TML faults under Mokopane. The TML has been thought to be the feeder zone for the entire Bushveld Complex but the identification of local feeders and/or dikes in the TML in the models is complicated by uncertainties on the syn- and post-Bushveld deformation history. However, modeled moderately thick high density material near the intersection of faults within the central and western TML may represent feeders for parts of the Bushveld Complex if deformation was minimal. The correspondence of flat, high resistivity and density regions reflect the sill-like geometry of the Bushveld Complex without evidence for feeders north of Mokopane. Magnetotelluric models indicate that the Transvaal sedimentary basin underlies much of the Bushveld Complex north of the TML, further than previously thought and important because the degree of reaction and assimilation of the Transvaal rocks with the mafic magmas resulted in a variety of mineralization zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Union of Geological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2015.07.003","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., Bedrosian, P.A., Cole, J., Khoza, T.D., and Webb, S.J., 2015, Mapping the 3-D extent of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld layered mafic intrusion from geophysical data: Precambrian Research, v. 268, p. 279-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.07.003.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061722","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37273,"text":"Advanced Research Computing (ARC)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"268","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d305b7e4b0518e35468d0a","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2015.07.003","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.07.003","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Finn Carol A., Bedrosian Paul A., Cole Janine C., Khoza Tshepo David, Webb Susan J.","journalName":"Precambrian Research","publicationDate":"10/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, Janine","contributorId":146446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Janine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16693,"text":"Council for Geoscience South Africa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Khoza, Tshepo David","contributorId":146447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khoza","given":"Tshepo","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":16694,"text":"University of Witwatersrand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webb, Susan J.","contributorId":146448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16694,"text":"University of Witwatersrand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70155349,"text":"70155349 - 2015 - Bidirectional recovery patterns of Mojave Desert vegetation in an aqueduct pipeline corridor after 36 years: II. Annual plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-07T11:41:31","indexId":"70155349","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bidirectional recovery patterns of Mojave Desert vegetation in an aqueduct pipeline corridor after 36 years: II. Annual plants","docAbstract":"We studied recovery of winter annual plants in a 97-m wide disturbed aqueduct corridor in the Mojave Desert 36 years after construction. We established plots at 0, 20, and 40 m from the road verge at the corridor center and at 100 m in undisturbed vegetation. We recorded 47 annual species, of which 41 were native and six were exotic. Exotic species composed from 64 to 91% of total biomass. We describe a bilateral process of recovery: from the road verge to the outward edge of the corridor and from undisturbed habitat into the corridor. Native annual plants significantly increased in richness from road verge to undisturbed vegetation, but not in density, biomass, or cover. In contrast, exotic annual plants increased in density, biomass, cover and richness with increasing distance from the road verge. The species of colonizing shrubs and type of canopy cover affected density, biomass, and richness of annuals. Species composition of native annuals differed significantly by distance, suggesting secondary succession. In general, native annuals were closer to achieving recovery on the 40-m plots than at the road verge. Recovery estimates were in centuries and dependent on location, canopy type, and whether considering all annuals or natives only.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.06.016","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., Mack, J.S., Weigand, J.F., Gowan, T.A., and LaBerteaux, D., 2015, Bidirectional recovery patterns of Mojave Desert vegetation in an aqueduct pipeline corridor after 36 years: II. Annual plants: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 122, p. 141-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.06.016.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009846","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e41b24e4b05561fa208321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mack, Jeremy S. jmack@usgs.gov","contributorId":3851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Jeremy","email":"jmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weigand, James F.","contributorId":145871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weigand","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16275,"text":"BLM, Sacramento, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gowan, Timothy A.","contributorId":138595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gowan","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LaBerteaux, Denise","contributorId":145872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LaBerteaux","given":"Denise","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16276,"text":"EREMICO Biological Services, Weldon, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70155821,"text":"70155821 - 2015 - Community clusters of tsunami vulnerability in the US Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-13T10:07:33","indexId":"70155821","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community clusters of tsunami vulnerability in the US Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"Many coastal communities throughout the world are threatened by local (or near-field) tsunamis that could inundate low-lying areas in a matter of minutes after generation. Although the hazard and sustainability literature often frames vulnerability conceptually as a multidimensional issue involving exposure, sensitivity, and resilience to a hazard, assessments often focus on one element or do not recognize the hazard context. We introduce an analytical framework for describing variations in population vulnerability to tsunami hazards that integrates (i) geospatial approaches to identify the number and characteristics of people in hazard zones, (ii) anisotropic path distance models to estimate evacuation travel times to safety, and (iii) cluster analysis to classify communities with similar vulnerability. We demonstrate this approach by classifying 49 incorporated cities, 7 tribal reservations, and 17 counties from northern California to northern Washington that are directly threatened by tsunami waves associated with a Cascadia subduction zone earthquake. Results suggest three primary community groups: (i) relatively low numbers of exposed populations with varied demographic sensitivities, (ii) high numbers of exposed populations but sufficient time to evacuate before wave arrival, and (iii) moderate numbers of exposed populations but insufficient time to evacuate. Results can be used to enhance general hazard-awareness efforts with targeted interventions, such as education and outreach tailored to local demographics, evacuation training, and/or vertical evacuation refuges.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1420309112","collaboration":"Seth Spielman, University of Colorado, Boulder; Mathew C. Schmidtlein, California State University, Sacramento","usgsCitation":"Wood, N.J., Jones, J.M., Spielman, S., and Schmidtlein, M.C., 2015, Community clusters of tsunami vulnerability in the US Pacific Northwest: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 112, no. 17, p. 5354-5359, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420309112.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"5354","endPage":"5359","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060754","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420309112","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 40.43022363450859\n ],\n [\n -124.12353515624999,\n 41.475660200278234\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -124.56298828125001,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 46.22545288226939\n ],\n [\n -124.21142578125,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 48.25394114463431\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 49.081062364320736\n ],\n [\n -121.00341796874999,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -120.82763671875,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 47.88688085106898\n ],\n [\n -122.9150390625,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 44.43377984606825\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -120.84960937499999,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -122.80517578125,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -122.73925781250001,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfade4b08400b1fe13da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Nathan J. 0000-0002-6060-9729 nwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-9729","contributorId":3347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Nathan","email":"nwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Jeanne M. 0000-0001-7549-9270 jmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7549-9270","contributorId":4676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jeanne","email":"jmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spielman, Seth","contributorId":146151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spielman","given":"Seth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6713,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidtlein, Mathew C.","contributorId":90999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidtlein","given":"Mathew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156786,"text":"70156786 - 2015 - On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T15:06:35","indexId":"70156786","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene","docAbstract":"Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality and associated broad-scale forest die-off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic of the Anthropocene—are the focus of rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, and modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability of trees to hotter drought and associated pests and pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management and policy-making communities regarding future tree mortality risks. We summarize key mortality-relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels of vulnerability. Evidence suggesting lesser vulnerability includes forest benefits of elevated [CO2] and increased water-use efficiency; observed and modeled increases in forest growth and canopy greening; widespread increases in woody-plant biomass, density, and extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, and genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; and potential mitigation by forest management. In contrast, recent studies document more rapid mortality under hotter drought due to negative tree physiological responses and accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence suggesting greater vulnerability includes rising background mortality rates; projected increases in drought frequency, intensity, and duration; limitations of vegetation models such as inadequately represented mortality processes; warming feedbacks from die-off; and wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape the vulnerability debate but have not been discussed collectively. We also present a set of global vulnerability drivers that are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) warming produces hotter droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand increases nonlinearly with temperature during drought; (4) mortality can occur faster in hotter drought, consistent with fundamental physiology; (5) shorter droughts occur more frequently than longer droughts and can become lethal under warming, increasing the frequency of lethal drought nonlinearly; and (6) mortality happens rapidly relative to growth intervals needed for forest recovery. These high-confidence drivers, in concert with research supporting greater vulnerability perspectives, support an overall viewpoint of greater forest vulnerability globally. We surmise that mortality vulnerability is being discounted in part due to difficulties in predicting threshold responses to extreme climate events. Given the profound ecological and societal implications of underestimating global vulnerability to hotter drought, we highlight urgent challenges for research, management, and policy-making communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/ES15-00203.1","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., Breshears, D.D., and McDowell, N., 2015, On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene: Ecosphere, v. 6, no. 8, p. 1-55, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065454","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00203.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e81dbde4b0dacf699e668a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breshears, David D.","contributorId":51620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDowell, Nathan G.","contributorId":9176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Nathan G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157115,"text":"70157115 - 2015 - A general consumer-resource population model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-09T10:42:37","indexId":"70157115","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general consumer-resource population model","docAbstract":"Food-web dynamics arise from predator-prey, parasite-host, and herbivore-plant interactions. Models for such interactions include up to three consumer activity states (questing, attacking, consuming) and up to four resource response states (susceptible, exposed, ingested, resistant). Articulating these states into a general model allows for dissecting, comparing, and deriving consumer-resource models. We specify this general model for 11 generic consumer strategies that group mathematically into predators, parasites, and micropredators and then derive conditions for consumer success, including a universal saturating functional response. We further show how to use this framework to create simple models with a common mathematical lineage and transparent assumptions. Underlying assumptions, missing elements, and composite parameters are revealed when classic consumer-resource models are derived from the general model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1126/science.aaa6224","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., DeLeo, G., Briggs, C.J., Dobson, A.P., Gross, T., and Kuris, A.M., 2015, A general consumer-resource population model: Science, v. 349, no. 6250, p. 854-857, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6224.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"854","endPage":"857","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065179","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"349","issue":"6250","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f1582ce4b0dacf699eb954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeLeo, Giulio","contributorId":147447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeLeo","given":"Giulio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16854,"text":"Standford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Cheryl J.","contributorId":127721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dobson, Andrew P.","contributorId":63693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gross, Thilo","contributorId":16336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"Thilo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kuris, Armand M.","contributorId":54332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"Armand","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155902,"text":"70155902 - 2015 - Response of plant productivity to experimental flooding in a stable and a submerging marsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-17T10:19:59","indexId":"70155902","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of plant productivity to experimental flooding in a stable and a submerging marsh","docAbstract":"Recent models of tidal marsh evolution rely largely on the premise that plants are most productive at an optimal flooding regime that occurs when soil elevations are somewhere between mean sea level and mean high tide. Here, we use 4 years of manipulative “marsh organ” flooding experiments to test the generality of this conceptual framework and to examine how the optimal flooding frequency may change between years and locations. In our experiments, above and belowground growth of Schoenoplectus americanus was most rapid when flooded about 40% of the time in a rapidly submerging marsh and when flooded about 25% of the time in a historically stable marsh. Optimum flooding durations were nearly identical in each year of the experiment and did not differ for above and belowground growth. In contrast, above and belowground growth of Spartina patensdecreased monotonically with increased flooding in all years and at both sites, indicating no optimal flooding frequency or elevation relative to sea level. Growth patterns in both species suggest a wider tolerance to flooding, and greater biomass for a given flooding duration, in the rapidly deteriorating marsh.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/s10021-015-9870-0","usgsCitation":"Kirwan, M., and Guntenspergen, G.R., 2015, Response of plant productivity to experimental flooding in a stable and a submerging marsh: Ecosystems, v. 18, no. 5, p. 903-913, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9870-0.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"903","endPage":"913","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063162","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d305b9e4b0518e35468d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirwan, Matthew L. 0000-0002-0658-3038","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-3038","contributorId":84060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirwan","given":"Matthew L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70155900,"text":"70155900 - 2015 - A comparison of auditory brainstem responses across diving bird species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T10:35:53","indexId":"70155900","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2225,"text":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of auditory brainstem responses across diving bird species","docAbstract":"There is little biological data available for diving birds because many live in hard-to-study, remote habitats. Only one species of diving bird, the black-footed penguin (Spheniscus demersus), has been studied in respect to auditory capabilities (Wever et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 63:676–680, 1969). We, therefore, measured in-air auditory threshold in ten species of diving birds, using the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The average audiogram obtained for each species followed the U-shape typical of birds and many other animals. All species tested shared a common region of the greatest sensitivity, from 1000 to 3000 Hz, although audiograms differed significantly across species. Thresholds of all duck species tested were more similar to each other than to the two non-duck species tested. The red-throated loon (Gavia stellata) and northern gannet (Morus bassanus) exhibited the highest thresholds while the lowest thresholds belonged to the duck species, specifically the lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) and ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis). Vocalization parameters were also measured for each species, and showed that with the exception of the common eider (Somateria mollisima), the peak frequency, i.e., frequency at the greatest intensity, of all species' vocalizations measured here fell between 1000 and 3000 Hz, matching the bandwidth of the most sensitive hearing range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/s00359-015-1024-5","usgsCitation":"Crowell, S.E., Berlin, A., Carr, C.E., Olsen, G.H., Therrien, R.E., Yannuzzi, S.E., and Ketten, D.R., 2015, A comparison of auditory brainstem responses across diving bird species: Journal of Comparative Physiology A, v. 201, no. 8, p. 803-815, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-015-1024-5.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"803","endPage":"815","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066076","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-015-1024-5","text":"External Repository"},{"id":306780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"201","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d305aae4b0518e35468ccf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowell, Sara E.","contributorId":146550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crowell","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berlin, Alicia aberlin@usgs.gov","contributorId":4139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Alicia","email":"aberlin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":566700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, Catherine E.","contributorId":146232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carr","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7083,"text":"University of Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":566702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Therrien, Ronald E.","contributorId":146233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Therrien","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16639,"text":"EcoSmart Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yannuzzi, Sally E.","contributorId":146234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yannuzzi","given":"Sally","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7083,"text":"University of Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ketten, Darlene R.","contributorId":146235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ketten","given":"Darlene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159709,"text":"70159709 - 2015 - Crustal deformation in the New Madrid seismic zone and the role of postseismic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T10:20:22","indexId":"70159709","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation in the New Madrid seismic zone and the role of postseismic processes","docAbstract":"Global Navigation Satellite System data across the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) in the central United States over the period from 2000 through 2014 are analyzed and modeled with several deformation mechanisms including the following: (1) creep on subsurface dislocations, (2) postseismic frictional afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation from the 1811–1812 and 1450 earthquakes in the NMSZ, and (3) regional strain. In agreement with previous studies, a dislocation creeping at about 4 mm/yr between 12 and 20 km depth along the downdip extension of the Reelfoot fault reproduces the observations well. We find that a dynamic model of postseismic frictional afterslip from the 1450 and February 1812 Reelfoot fault events can explain this creep. Kinematic and dynamic models involving the Cottonwood Grove fault provide minimal predictive power. This is likely due to the smaller size of the December 1811 event on the Cottonwood Grove fault and a distribution of stations better suited to constrain localized strain across the Reelfoot fault. Regional compressive strain across the NMSZ is found to be less than 3 × 10−9/yr. If much of the present-day surface deformation results from afterslip, it is likely that many of the earthquakes we see today in the NMSZ are aftershocks from the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Despite this conclusion, our results are consistent with observations and models of intraplate earthquake clustering. Given this and the recent paleoseismic history of the region, we suggest that seismic hazard is likely to remain significant.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2015JB012049","usgsCitation":"Boyd, O.S., Robert Smalley, J., and Zeng, Y., 2015, Crustal deformation in the New Madrid seismic zone and the role of postseismic processes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 120, no. 8, p. 5782-5803, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012049.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"5782","endPage":"5803","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058057","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012049","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311478,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf46e4b0112df6c62dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robert Smalley, Jr","contributorId":149957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robert Smalley","given":"Jr","affiliations":[{"id":17864,"text":"University of Memphis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeng, Yuehua 0000-0003-1161-1264 zeng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-1264","contributorId":145693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Yuehua","email":"zeng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157413,"text":"70157413 - 2015 - Spatial sorting promotes the spread of maladaptive hybridization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-23T10:15:17","indexId":"70157413","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3653,"text":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial sorting promotes the spread of maladaptive hybridization","docAbstract":"Invasive hybridization is causing loss of biodiversity worldwide. The spread of such introgression can occur even when hybrids have reduced Darwinian fitness, which decreases the frequency of hybrids due to low survival or reproduction through time. This paradox can be partially explained by spatial sorting, where genotypes associated with dispersal increase in frequency at the edge of expansion, fueling further expansion and allowing invasive hybrids to increase in frequency through space rather than time. Furthermore, because all progeny of a hybrid will be hybrids (i.e., will possess genes from both parental taxa), nonnative admixture in invaded populations can increase even when most hybrid progeny do not survive. Broader understanding of spatial sorting is needed to protect native biodiversity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.008","usgsCitation":"Lowe, W., Muhlfeld, C.C., and Allendorf, F., 2015, Spatial sorting promotes the spread of maladaptive hybridization: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 30, no. 8, p. 456-462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.008.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"462","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054021","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd5ae4b03bc34f544b3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowe, Winsor H.","contributorId":64532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Winsor H.","affiliations":[{"id":5097,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allendorf, Fred W.","contributorId":83432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allendorf","given":"Fred W.","affiliations":[{"id":5091,"text":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, Fish and Wildlife Genomics Group, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169888,"text":"70169888 - 2015 - Holocene geologic slip rate for the Banning strand of the southern San Andreas Fault, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T10:11:41","indexId":"70169888","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene geologic slip rate for the Banning strand of the southern San Andreas Fault, southern California","docAbstract":"Northwest directed slip from the southern San Andreas Fault is transferred to the Mission Creek, Banning, and Garnet Hill fault strands in the northwestern Coachella Valley. How slip is partitioned between these three faults is critical to southern California seismic hazard estimates but is poorly understood. In this paper, we report the first slip rate measured for the Banning fault strand. We constrain the depositional age of an alluvial fan offset 25 ± 5 m from its source by the Banning strand to between 5.1 ± 0.4 ka (95% confidence interval (CI)) and 6.4 + 3.7/−2.1 ka (95% CI) using U-series dating of pedogenic carbonate clast coatings and 10Be cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating of surface clasts. We calculate a Holocene geologic slip rate for the Banning strand of 3.9 + 2.3/−1.6 mm/yr (median, 95% CI) to 4.9 + 1.0/−0.9 mm/yr (median, 95% CI). This rate represents only 25–35% of the total slip accommodated by this section of the southern San Andreas Fault, suggesting a model in which slip is less concentrated on the Banning strand than previously thought. In rejecting the possibility that the Banning strand is the dominant structure, our results highlight an even greater need for slip rate and paleoseismic measurements along faults in the northwestern Coachella Valley in order to test the validity of current earthquake hazard models. In addition, our comparison of ages measured with U-series and 10Be exposure dating demonstrates the importance of using multiple geochronometers when estimating the depositional age of alluvial landforms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2015JB012004","usgsCitation":"Gold, P.O., Behr, W.M., Rood, D., Sharp, W.D., Rockwell, T., Kendrick, K.J., and Salin, A., 2015, Holocene geologic slip rate for the Banning strand of the southern San Andreas Fault, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 120, no. 8, p. 5639-5663, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012004.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"5639","endPage":"5663","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063024","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fba7aae4b0a6037df1a14e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gold, Peter O.","contributorId":90188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behr, Whitney M.","contributorId":21040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behr","given":"Whitney","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rood, Dylan","contributorId":167067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rood","given":"Dylan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24608,"text":"Imperial College London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharp, Warren D.","contributorId":72272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rockwell, Thomas","contributorId":58810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendrick, Katherine J. 0000-0002-9839-6861 kendrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":2716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"Katherine","email":"kendrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Salin, Aaron","contributorId":168316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salin","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70155503,"text":"70155503 - 2015 - Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-10T10:11:31","indexId":"70155503","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1454,"text":"Ecological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood","docAbstract":"The 2011 Mississippi River Flood resulted in the opening of the Morganza Spillway for the second time since its construction in 1954 releasing 7.6 km3 of water through agricultural and forested lands in the Morganza Floodway and into the Atchafalaya River Basin. This volume, released over 54 days, represented 5.5% of the Mississippi River (M.R.) discharge and 14% of the total discharge through the Atchafalaya River Basin (A.R.B.) during the Spillway operation and 1.1% of the M.R. and 3.3% of the A.R.B. 2011 water year discharge. During the release, 1.03 teragrams (Tg) of sediment was deposited on the Morganza Forebay and Floodway and 0.26 Tg was eroded from behind the Spillway structure. The majority of deposition (86 %) occurred in the Forebay (upstream of the structure) and within 4 km downstream of the Spillway structure with minor deposition on the rest of the Floodway. There was a net deposition of 26 × 10−4 Tg of N and 5.36 × 10−4 Tg of P, during the diversion, that was equivalent to 0.17% N and 0.33% P of the 2011 annual M.R. load. Median deposited sediment particle size at the start of the Forebay was 13 μm and decreased to 2 μm 15 km downstream of the Spillway structure. Minimal accretion was found greater than 4 km downstream of the structure suggesting the potential for greater sediment and nutrient trapping in the Floodway. However, because of the large areas involved, substantial sediment mass was deposited even at distances greater than 30 km. Sediment and nutrient deposition on the Morganza Floodway was limited because suspended sediment was quickly deposited along the flowpath and not refreshed by incremental water exchanges between the Atchafalaya River (A.R.) and the Floodway. Sediment and nutrient trapping could have been greater and more evenly distributed if additional locations of hydraulic input from and outputs to the A.R. (connectivity) were added.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.056","usgsCitation":"Kroes, D., Schenk, E.R., Noe, G.E., and Benthem, A.J., 2015, Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood: Ecological Engineering, v. 82, p. 91-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.056.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058083","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Morganza Spillway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.37191772460938,\n 30.43801807352744\n ],\n [\n -91.38771057128906,\n 30.461695615612108\n ],\n [\n -91.38702392578125,\n 30.476491157902103\n ],\n [\n -91.38771057128906,\n 30.49838443460377\n ],\n [\n -91.40556335449219,\n 30.504892296693658\n ],\n [\n -91.42959594726562,\n 30.537425073997134\n ],\n [\n -91.42478942871094,\n 30.58354378627138\n ],\n [\n -91.395263671875,\n 30.617232055390453\n ],\n [\n -91.40419006347656,\n 30.641456722807753\n ],\n [\n -91.42684936523438,\n 30.644410535632897\n ],\n [\n -91.44744873046874,\n 30.636139632397274\n ],\n [\n -91.45843505859375,\n 30.626095442050495\n ],\n [\n -91.47628784179688,\n 30.588863765400625\n ],\n [\n -91.49276733398438,\n 30.537425073997134\n ],\n [\n -91.49002075195312,\n 30.50193423154247\n ],\n [\n -91.47697448730469,\n 30.4912844521002\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 30.472348632640834\n ],\n [\n -91.48384094238281,\n 30.44808173174511\n ],\n [\n -91.46942138671875,\n 30.411966135142258\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 30.420256142845158\n ],\n [\n -91.395263671875,\n 30.431505741151742\n ],\n [\n -91.37191772460938,\n 30.435650002980296\n ],\n [\n -91.37191772460938,\n 30.43801807352744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb38e4b08400b1fdb726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroes, Daniel 0000-0001-9104-9077 dkroes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-9077","contributorId":3830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroes","given":"Daniel","email":"dkroes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe, Gregory E. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":139100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benthem, Adam J. 0000-0003-2372-0281 abenthem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-0281","contributorId":2740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthem","given":"Adam","email":"abenthem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - 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The AFBWS is a plot-based survey that covers most of the northern and central portions of the Flyway; when analyzed with adjustments for survey time of day effects, these data can be used to estimate population size. The BBS provides an index of wood duck abundance along roadside routes. Although factors influencing change in BBS counts over time can be controlled in BBS analysis, BBS indices alone cannot be used to derive population size estimates. We used AFBWS data to scale BBS indices for Bird Conservation Regions (BCR), basing the scaling factors on the ratio of estimated AFBWS population sizes to regional BBS indices for portions of BCRs that were common to both surveys. We summed scaled BBS results for portions of the Flyway not covered by the AFBWS with AFBWS population estimates to estimate a mean yearly total of 1,295,875 (mean 95% CI: 1,013,940–1,727,922) wood ducks. Scaling factors varied among BCRs from 16.7 to 148.0; the mean scaling factor was 68.9 (mean 95% CI: 53.5–90.9). Flyway-wide, population estimates from the combined analysis were consistent with alternative estimates derived from harvest data, and also provide population estimates within states and BCRs. We recommend their use in harvest and habitat management within the Atlantic Flyway.
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Chloride concentrations in some wells increased during that time and exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 mg/L, resulting in removal of some wells from service. Sources of high-chloride water include irrigation return in 16 % of sampled wells and water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater in 50 % of sampled wells. Chloride concentrations resulting from irrigation return commonly did not exceed 100 mg/L, although nitrate concentrations were as high as 25 mg/L as nitrogen. Chloride concentrations ranged from less than 100–2,050 mg/L in wells affected by water from delta sediments and deeper groundwater. Sequential electromagnetic logs show movement of high-chloride water from delta sediments to pumping wells through permeable interconnected aquifer layers. δD and δ18O data show most groundwater originated as recharge along the front of the Sierra Nevada, but tritium and carbon-14 data suggest recharge rates in this area are low and have decreased over recent geologic time. Managed aquifer recharge at two sites show differences in water-level responses to recharge and in the physical movement of recharged water with depth related to subsurface geology. Well-bore flow logs also show rapid movement of water from recharge sites through permeable interconnected aquifer layers to pumping wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrogeologists","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s10040-015-1277-7","usgsCitation":"O’Leary, D., Izbicki, J., and Metzger, L.F., 2015, Sources of high-chloride water and managed aquifer recharge in an alluvial aquifer in California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 23, no. 7, p. 1515-1533, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1277-7.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1533","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041824","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1277-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eastern San Joaquin Groundwater Subbasin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 38.20797181420939\n ],\n [\n -121.3604736328125,\n 38.257593120395356\n ],\n [\n -121.42913818359376,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -121.50054931640625,\n 38.27053224010455\n ],\n [\n -121.58294677734374,\n 38.225235239076824\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -121.59393310546875,\n 38.04592811939912\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 37.974514992024616\n ],\n [\n -121.46759033203125,\n 37.920367835943516\n ],\n [\n -121.42913818359376,\n 37.8553385894982\n ],\n [\n -121.40991210937499,\n 37.77722770873696\n ],\n [\n -121.39343261718749,\n 37.694687703235914\n ],\n [\n -121.30828857421875,\n 37.63380988687154\n ],\n [\n -121.19842529296875,\n 37.63380988687154\n ],\n [\n -121.04736328125,\n 37.67729913640427\n ],\n [\n -120.860595703125,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -120.5474853515625,\n 37.8271414168374\n ],\n [\n -120.487060546875,\n 37.90736658145496\n ],\n [\n -120.42938232421874,\n 37.97234987199528\n ],\n [\n -120.47332763671874,\n 38.0545795282119\n ],\n [\n -120.55297851562499,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -120.64910888671876,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -120.7342529296875,\n 38.3287297527893\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 38.33519326105276\n ],\n [\n -121.00616455078124,\n 38.33088431959968\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 38.257593120395356\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 38.20797181420939\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c090b5e4b033ef521042b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Leary, David 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":139900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":565032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155504,"text":"70155504 - 2015 - Screening tool to evaluate the vulnerability of down-gradient receptors to groundwater contaminants from uncapped landfills","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-10T10:00:42","indexId":"70155504","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3707,"text":"Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Screening tool to evaluate the vulnerability of down-gradient receptors to groundwater contaminants from uncapped landfills","docAbstract":"A screening tool for quantifying levels of concern for contaminants detected in monitoring wells on or near landfills to down-gradient receptors (streams, wetlands and residential lots) was developed and evaluated. The tool uses Quick Domenico Multi-scenario (QDM), a spreadsheet implementation of Domenico-based solute transport, to estimate concentrations of contaminants reaching receptors under steady-state conditions from a constant-strength source. Unlike most other available Domenico-based model applications, QDM calculates the time for down-gradient contaminant concentrations to approach steady state and appropriate dispersivity values, and allows for up to fifty simulations on a single spreadsheet. Sensitivity of QDM solutions to critical model parameters was quantified. The screening tool uses QDM results to categorize landfills as having high, moderate and low levels of concern, based on contaminant concentrations reaching receptors relative to regulatory concentrations. The application of this tool was demonstrated by assessing levels of concern (as defined by the New Jersey Pinelands Commission) for thirty closed, uncapped landfills in the New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve, using historic water-quality data from monitoring wells on and near landfills and hydraulic parameters from regional flow models. Twelve of these landfills are categorized as having high levels of concern, indicating a need for further assessment. This tool is not a replacement for conventional numerically-based transport model or other available Domenico-based applications, but is suitable for quickly assessing the level of concern posed by a landfill or other contaminant point source before expensive and lengthy monitoring or remediation measures are taken. In addition to quantifying the level of concern using historic groundwater-monitoring data, the tool allows for archiving model scenarios and adding refinements as new data become available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.009","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.J., Reilly, T.J., Lopez, A.R., Romanok, K., and Wengrowski, E.W., 2015, Screening tool to evaluate the vulnerability of down-gradient receptors to groundwater contaminants from uncapped landfills: Waste Management, v. 43, p. 363-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.009.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055964","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.84710693359375,\n 39.86758762451019\n ],\n [\n -74.65484619140625,\n 40.00026797264677\n ],\n [\n -74.46807861328125,\n 40.15578608609647\n ],\n [\n -74.2291259765625,\n 40.12639098502455\n ],\n [\n -74.190673828125,\n 40.02551125229785\n ],\n [\n -74.37469482421875,\n 39.66491373749131\n ],\n [\n -74.5697021484375,\n 39.38101803294523\n ],\n [\n -74.73724365234375,\n 39.16201148082406\n ],\n [\n -74.8443603515625,\n 39.07677595221322\n ],\n [\n -75.13275146484375,\n 39.2173592639196\n ],\n [\n -75.22064208984375,\n 39.25352462727606\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 39.29392267616436\n ],\n [\n -75.33050537109375,\n 39.35766163717121\n ],\n [\n -75.333251953125,\n 39.41497702499074\n ],\n [\n -75.31402587890625,\n 39.52522954427751\n ],\n [\n -75.15472412109375,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -75.091552734375,\n 39.69662085337441\n ],\n [\n -74.84710693359375,\n 39.86758762451019\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb38e4b08400b1fdb724","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Timothy J. 0000-0002-2939-3050 tjreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2939-3050","contributorId":1858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Timothy","email":"tjreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopez, Anthony R.","contributorId":21471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Romanok, Kristin M. kromanok@usgs.gov","contributorId":3771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanok","given":"Kristin M.","email":"kromanok@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wengrowski, Edward W","contributorId":145891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wengrowski","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[{"id":16285,"text":"New Jersey Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ, 08064","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70155196,"text":"70155196 - 2015 - Measuring floodplain spatial patterns using continuous surface metrics at multiple scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:50:16","indexId":"70155196","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring floodplain spatial patterns using continuous surface metrics at multiple scales","docAbstract":"Interactions between fluvial processes and floodplain ecosystems occur upon a floodplain surface that is often physically complex. Spatial patterns in floodplain topography have only recently been quantified over multiple scales, and discrepancies exist in how floodplain surfaces are perceived to be spatially organised. We measured spatial patterns in floodplain topography for pool 9 of the Upper Mississippi River, USA, using moving window analyses of eight surface metrics applied to a 1 × 1 m2 DEM over multiple scales. The metrics used were Range, SD, Skewness, Kurtosis, CV, SDCURV,Rugosity, and Vol:Area, and window sizes ranged from 10 to 1000 m in radius. Surface metric values were highly variable across the floodplain and revealed a high degree of spatial organisation in floodplain topography. Moran's I correlograms fit to the landscape of each metric at each window size revealed that patchiness existed at nearly all window sizes, but the strength and scale of patchiness changed within window size, suggesting that multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure exist in the topography of this floodplain. Scale thresholds in the spatial patterns were observed, particularly between the 50 and 100 m window sizes for all surface metrics and between the 500 and 750 m window sizes for most metrics. These threshold scales are ~ 15–20% and 150% of the main channel width (1–2% and 10–15% of the floodplain width), respectively. These thresholds may be related to structuring processes operating across distinct scale ranges. By coupling surface metrics, multi-scale analyses, and correlograms, quantifying floodplain topographic complexity is possible in ways that should assist in clarifying how floodplain ecosystems are structured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.026","usgsCitation":"Scown, M.W., Thoms, M.C., and De Jager, N.R., 2015, Measuring floodplain spatial patterns using continuous surface metrics at multiple scales: Geomorphology, v. 245, p. 87-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.026.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061396","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"245","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c090b3e4b033ef521042a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scown, Murray W.","contributorId":145709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scown","given":"Murray","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24492,"text":"Riverine Landscapes Research Laboratory, University of New England, Armidale, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thoms, Martin C. 0000-0002-8074-0476","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-0476","contributorId":145710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thoms","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16205,"text":"Riverine Landscapes Research Laboratory, University of New England, NSW, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Jager, Nathan R. 0000-0002-6649-4125 ndejager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-4125","contributorId":3717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Jager","given":"Nathan","email":"ndejager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155012,"text":"ofr20151129 - 2015 - Preliminary geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology near the Questa Mine Tailing Facility and Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-03T08:31:01","indexId":"ofr20151129","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1129","title":"Preliminary geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology near the Questa Mine Tailing Facility and Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"This report presents geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology in the vicinity of the Tailing Facility of the Questa Mine near Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department. The interpretations were developed from aeromagnetic data, regional gravity data, data from four ground magnetic traverses, geologic mapping, a digital elevation model, and information from a few shallow wells. The resolution of the geophysical data is only appropriate for a broad assessment of the regional setting. Aeromagnetic data provided the most comprehensive information for interpretation. Qualitative and semiquantitative interpretations indicate the nature and extent of volcanic rocks, their relative depths, and inferred contacts between them, as well as conjectured locations of faults. In particular, the aeromagnetic data indicate places where volcanic rocks extend at shallow depths under sedimentary cover. Trachydacites of Guadalupe Mountain are magnetic, but their associated aeromagnetic anomalies are opposite in sign over the northern versus the southern parts of the mountain. The difference indicates that lavas erupted during different magnetic-polarity events in the north (reverse polarity) versus the south (normal polarity) and therefore have different ages. We postulate a buried volcano with reverse-polarity magnetization lies under the northeast side of Guadalupe Mountain, which likely predated the exposed trachydacites. Faults interpreted for the study area generally align with known fault zones. We interpret a northern extension to one of these faults that crosses northwesterly underneath the Tailing Facility. Gravity data indicate that Guadalupe Mountain straddles the western margin of a subbasin of the Rio Grande rift and that significant (>400 meters) thicknesses of both volcanic and sedimentary rocks underlie the mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J.S., Drenth, B.J., Thompson, R.A., and Bauer, P.W., 2015, Preliminary geophysical interpretations of regional subsurface geology near the Questa Mine Tailing Facility and Guadalupe Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1129, 35 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151129.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065303","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/ofr20151129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1129"},{"id":306278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1129/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Guadalupe Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.651618852404454\n ],\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.74383627787639\n ],\n [\n -105.59028625488281,\n 36.74383627787639\n ],\n [\n -105.59028625488281,\n 36.651618852404454\n ],\n [\n -105.68195343017578,\n 36.651618852404454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 964
Denver, CO 80225
http://crustal.usgs.gov/
The central United States has undergone a dramatic increase in seismicity over the past 6 years (Fig. 1), rising from an average of 24 M≥3 earthquakes per year in the years 1973–2008 to an average of 193 M≥3 earthquakes in 2009–2014, with 688 occurring in 2014 alone. Multiple damaging earthquakes have occurred during this increase including the 2011 M 5.6 Prague, Oklahoma, earthquake; the 2011 M 5.3 Trinidad, Colorado, earthquake; and the 2011M 4.7 Guy‐Greenbrier, Arkansas, earthquake. The increased seismicity is limited to a few areas and the evidence is mounting that the seismicity in many of these locations is induced by the deep injection of fluids from nearby oil and gas operations. Earthquakes that are caused by human activities are known as induced earthquakes. Most injection operations, though, do not appear to induce earthquakes. Although the message that these earthquakes are induced by fluid injection related to oil and gas production has been communicated clearly, there remains confusion in the popular press beyond this basic level of understanding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Albany, CA","doi":"10.1785/0220150067","usgsCitation":"Rubinstein, J.L., and Mahani, A.B., 2015, Myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, and induced seismicity: Seismological Research Letters, v. 86, no. 4, p. 1060-1067, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150067.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1060","endPage":"1067","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064474","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfbae4b08400b1fe1420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubinstein, Justin L. 0000-0003-1274-6785 jrubinstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-6785","contributorId":2404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubinstein","given":"Justin","email":"jrubinstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahani, Alireza Babaie","contributorId":146483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahani","given":"Alireza","email":"","middleInitial":"Babaie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}