Copahue volcano erupted altered rock debris, siliceous dust, pyroclastic sulfur, and rare juvenile fragments between 1992 and 1995, and magmatic eruptions occurred in July– October 2000. Prior to 2000, the Copahue crater lake, acid hot springs, and rivers carried acid brines with compositions that reflected close to congruent rock dissolution. The ratio between rock-forming elements and chloride in the central zone of the volcano-hydrothermal system has diminished over the past few years, reflecting increased water/rock ratios as a result of progressive rock dissolution. Magmatic activity in 2000 provided fresh rocks for the acid fluids, resulting in higher ratios between rock-forming elements and chloride in the fluids and enhanced Mg fluxes. The higher Mg fluxes started several weeks prior to the eruption. Model data on the crater lake and river element flux determinations indicate that Copahue volcano was hollowed out at a rate of about 20 000–25 000 m3/yr, but that void space was filled with about equal amounts of silica and liquid elemental sulfur. The extensive rock dissolution has weakened the internal volcanic structure, making flank collapse a volcanic hazard at Copahue.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1059:HEFFCA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Varekamp, J., Ouimette, A., Herman, S., Bermudez, A., and Delpino, D., 2001, Hydrothermal element fluxes from Copahue, Argentina: A \"beehive\" volcano in turmoil: Geology, v. 29, no. 11, p. 1059-1062, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1059:HEFFCA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1062","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, Chile","otherGeospatial":"Copahue","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.1090087890625,\n -37.90249051864098\n ],\n [\n -70.916748046875,\n -37.907366581454944\n ],\n [\n -70.91194152832031,\n -37.773428545820934\n ],\n [\n -71.15570068359375,\n -37.767458038229684\n ],\n [\n -71.17218017578125,\n -37.78048397870301\n ],\n [\n -71.16119384765624,\n -37.79350762410675\n ],\n [\n -71.15570068359375,\n -37.810868914072984\n ],\n [\n -71.13853454589844,\n -37.81846319511329\n ],\n [\n -71.12686157226562,\n -37.822802433527556\n ],\n [\n -71.136474609375,\n -37.834191720600415\n ],\n [\n -71.15776062011719,\n -37.838530034214045\n ],\n [\n -71.16256713867188,\n -37.846663684549135\n ],\n [\n -71.19827270507812,\n -37.85425428219824\n ],\n [\n -71.20719909667969,\n -37.877021386076336\n ],\n [\n -71.17767333984375,\n -37.898155969343314\n ],\n [\n -71.14059448242188,\n -37.87810535842237\n ],\n [\n -71.11930847167969,\n -37.89056989382213\n ],\n [\n -71.1090087890625,\n -37.90249051864098\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a379de4b0c8380cd61006","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ouimette, A.P.","contributorId":99341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ouimette","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herman, S.W.","contributorId":44712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bermudez, A.","contributorId":61991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bermudez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Delpino, D.","contributorId":87724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delpino","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022991,"text":"70022991 - 2001 - Rhenium-osmium systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022991","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhenium-osmium systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites","docAbstract":"The Re-Os isotopic systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) in chondrites were investigated in order to shed light on the behavior of the Re-Os system in bulk chondrites, and to constrain the timing of chemical fractionation in primitive chondrites. CAIs with relatively unfractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns (groups I, III, V, VI) define a narrow range of 187Re/188Os (0.3764-0.4443) and 187Os/188Os (0.12599-0.12717), and high but variable Re and Os abundances (3209-41,820 ppb Os). In contrast, CAIs that show depletions in highly refractory elements and strongly fractionated REE patterns (group II) also show a much larger range in 187Re/188Os (0.409-0.535) and 187Os/188Os (0.12695-0.13770), and greater than an order of magnitude lower Re and Os abundances than other groups (e.g., 75.7-680.2 ppb Os). Sixteen bulk CAIs and CAI splits plot within analytical uncertainty of a 4558 Ga reference isochron, as is expected for materials of this antiquity. Eight samples, however, plot off the isochron. Several possible reasons for these deviations are discussed. Data for multiple splits of one CAI indicate that the nonisochronous behavior for at least this CAI is the result of Re-Os reequilibration at approximately 1.6 Ga. Thus, the most likely explanation for the deviations of most of the nonisochronous CAIs is late-stage open-system behavior of Re and Os in the asteroidal environment. The 187Os/188Os-Os systematics of CAIs are consistent with previous models that indicate group II CAIs are mixtures of components that lost the bulk of their highly refractory elements in a previous condensation event and a minor second component that provided refractory elements at chondritic relative proportions. The high Re/Os of group II CAIs relative to other CAIs and chondrite bulk rocks may have been caused by variable mobilization of Re and Os during medium- to low-temperature parent body alteration ??4.5 Ga ago. This model is favored over nebular models, which pose several difficulties. The narrow range of 187Os/188Os in group I, III, V, and VI bulk CAIs, and the agreement with 187Os/188Os of whole rock carbonaceous chondrites suggest that on a bulk inclusion scale, secondary alteration only modestly fractionated Re/Os in these CAIs. The average of 187Os/188Os for group I, III, V, and VI CAIs is indistinguishable from average CI chondrites, indicating a modern solar system value for 187Os/188Os of 0.12650, corresponding to a 187Re/188Os of 0.3964. Copyright ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00676-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Becker, H., Morgan, J.W., Walker, R., MacPherson, G., and Grossman, J.N., 2001, Rhenium-osmium systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 19, p. 3379-3390, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00676-7.","startPage":"3379","endPage":"3390","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00676-7"},{"id":233583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad39e4b0c8380cd86e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, H.","contributorId":103037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacPherson, G.J.","contributorId":84920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacPherson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022706,"text":"70022706 - 2001 - Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:01:34","indexId":"70022706","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration","docAbstract":"Over the past two decades of refinement and application of instream flow evaluations, we have examined the hydraulic habitat of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a variety of conditions, along with the role of these macroinvertebrates in sustaining ecosystem integrity. Instream flow analyses assume that predictable changes in channel flow characteristics can, in turn, be used to predict the change in the density or distribution of lotic species or, more appropriately, the availability of useable habitat for those species. Five major hydraulic conditions most affect the distribution and ecological success of lotic biota: suspended load, bedload movement, and water column effects, such as turbulence, velocity profile, and substratum interactions (near-bed hydraulics). The interactions of these hydraulic conditions upon the morphology and behavior of the individual organisms govern the distribution of aquatic biota. Historically, management decisions employing the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) have focused upon prediction of available habitat for life stages of target fish species. Regulatory agencies have rarely included evaluation of benthos for flow reservations. Although ‘taxonomic discomfort’ may be cited for the reluctant use or creation of benthic criteria, we suggest that a basic misunderstanding of the links between benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities is still a problem. This is derived from the lack of a perceived ‘value’ that can be assigned to macroinvertebrate species. With the exception of endangered mussel species (for which PHABSIM analysis is probably inappropriate), this is understandable. However, it appears that there is a greater ability to predict macroinvertebrate distribution (that is, a response to the change in habitat quality or location) and diversity without complex population models. Also, habitat suitability criteria for water quality indicator taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; the so-called ‘EPTs’) may also provide additional management options to stream regulators. The greatest application for macroinvertebrate criteria will be in low-order streams where a more immediate link to fish communities can be established. We present an example from Queens Creek, in North Carolina, USA, in which monthly allocations required to preserve the integrity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were significantly higher than for the target benthic fish species, Cottus bairdi. In the months when both Cottus and community diversity of macroinvertebrates were the ‘bottleneck’ life stages, preservation of only fish species could result in an additional 5–25% loss in macroinvertebrate habitat. We suggest that, as there becomes an increased emphasis on maintaining macroinvertebrates as monitors of stream health, there will be a concurrent emphasis on incorporating hydraulic habitat conditions as a part of bioassessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rrr.650","usgsCitation":"Gore, J.A., Layzer, J.B., and Mead, J., 2001, Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 17, no. 4-5, p. 527-542, https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.650.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"542","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b1de4b0c8380cd692d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gore, James A.","contributorId":57458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gore","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Layzer, James B. jim_layzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layzer","given":"James","email":"jim_layzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mead, Jim","contributorId":198945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mead","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023602,"text":"70023602 - 2001 - Analysis of streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-12T16:20:25.070282","indexId":"70023602","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal patterns in streamflow are rarely monitored for ephemeral streams. Flashy, erosive streamflows common in ephemeral channels create a series of operational and maintenance problems, which makes it impractical to deploy a series of gaging stations along ephemeral channels. Streambed temperature is a robust and inexpensive parameter to monitor remotely, leading to the possibility of analyzing temperature patterns to estimate streamflow frequency and duration along ephemeral channels. A simulation model was utilized to examine various atmospheric and hydrological upper boundary conditions compared with a series of hypothetical temperature‐monitoring depths within the streambed. Simulation results indicate that streamflow events were distinguished from changing atmospheric conditions with greater certainty using temperatures at shallow depths (e.g., 10–20 cm) as opposed to the streambed surface. Three ephemeral streams in the American Southwest were instrumented to monitor streambed temperature for determining the accuracy of using this approach to ascertain the long‐term temporal and spatial extent of streamflow along each stream channel. Streambed temperature data were collected at the surface or at shallow depth along each stream channel, using thermistors encased in waterproof, single‐channel data loggers tethered to anchors in the channel. On the basis of comparisons with site information, such as direct field observations and upstream flow records, diurnal temperature variations successfully detected the presence and duration of streamflow for all sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900271","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Stonestrom, D.A., Stewart, A.E., Niswonger, R., and Smith, T.R., 2001, Analysis of streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 2, p. 317-328, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900271.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"328","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900271","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb34e4b0c8380cd48ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, James E. 0000-0002-4062-2096 jconstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-2096","contributorId":1962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"James E.","email":"jconstan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Amy E.","contributorId":22812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G. rniswon@usgs.gov","contributorId":146549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","email":"rniswon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Tyson R.","contributorId":81959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Tyson","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70178293,"text":"70178293 - 2001 - The Hawai'i rare bird search 1994-1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:05:01","indexId":"70178293","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hawai'i rare bird search 1994-1996","docAbstract":"We compiled the recent history of sightings and searched for 13 rare and missing Hawaiian forest birds to update status and distribution information. We made 23 expeditions between August 1994 and April 1996 on the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, Moloka‘i, and Kaua‘i totaling 1,685 search hours, 146 field days, and 553 person days. During our surveys we found four critically endangered birds: the Po‘ouli (Melamprusops phaeosoma, five to six individuals), Maui Nukupu‘u (Hemignathus lucidus affinis, one individual), ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccinea) on Moloka‘i (one individual), and the Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri, 55-70 individuals). Detection rates for each species were 0.013, 0.002, 0.012, and 0.318 detections/hr, respectively. Although not visually confirmed during our surveys, auditory detections, unconfirmed sightings, and other reports suggest the possible existence of ‘O‘u (Psittirostra psittacea) on Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i Nukupu‘u (Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe), and Maui ‘Akepa (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) in perilously low numbers. Six undetected forest bird populations, Kama‘o (Myadestes myudestinus), Kaua‘i ‘O‘o (Moho braccatus), Bishop’s ‘O‘o (Moho bishopi), ‘O‘o on Kaua‘i, Greater ‘Akialoa (Hemignafhus ellisianus), and Kakawahie (Paroveomyza flammea) have high probabilities of being extinct. Oloma‘o (Myadestes lanaiensis) from Moloka‘i are probably extirpated from the areas searched on that island but may persist on the unsurveyed Oloku‘i Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., and Snetsinger, T.J., 2001, The Hawai'i rare bird search 1994-1996: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 22, p. 133-143.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"143","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259564e4b01fad86db242d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snetsinger, Thomas J.","contributorId":176132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snetsinger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162305,"text":"70162305 - 2001 - Morphometrics, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the Angonoka tortoise (Geochelone yniphora) of western Madagascar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T10:27:31","indexId":"70162305","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":671,"text":"African Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometrics, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the Angonoka tortoise (Geochelone yniphora) of western Madagascar","docAbstract":"The most recent description of the morphology of the rare endemic Madagascar tortoise,Geochelone yniphora was based on fewer than 20 specimens. We collected morphological data for 200 free‐ranging tortoises from five populations over a four‐year period. Tortoises ranged in size from 43.5 mm carapace length at hatching to a maximum of 481 mm in an adult male. We were able to develop a logistic regression model to predict the sex of adult tortoises in one of the five populations using principal component analysis; the model correctly predicted the sex of 25 of 26 adult tortoises. Growth of 40 tortoises was monitored and as in other chelonians, the annual relative growth rate decreased with age. The relative growth rate in adults was approximately 5% per year as compared to approximately 16% in juveniles. Juvenile tortoises accrued one scute growth layer per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/21564574.2001.9635446","usgsCitation":"Smith, L.L., Pedrono, M., Dorazio, R.M., and Bishko, J., 2001, Morphometrics, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the Angonoka tortoise (Geochelone yniphora) of western Madagascar: African Journal of Herpetology, v. 50, no. 1, p. 9-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2001.9635446.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4be4b0961cf2811c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Lora L.","contributorId":53684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pedrono, Miguel","contributorId":152391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pedrono","given":"Miguel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorazio, Robert M. 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":1668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bishko, Jack","contributorId":152396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishko","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184694,"text":"70184694 - 2001 - The role of hybridization in the distribution, conservation and management of aquatic species: Symposium review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T16:27:56","indexId":"70184694","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of hybridization in the distribution, conservation and management of aquatic species: Symposium review","docAbstract":"This issue of Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries contains six papers addressing several critical aspects of hybridization in fishes and aquatic organisms. Hybridization is a phenomenon long recognized in fishes (Hubbs, 1920, 1955; Schwarz, 1981), as well as in other plant and vertebrate taxa, despite some rather dogmatic proclamations to the contrary, e.g., comments made by David Starr Jordan at the beginning of the 20th century that the species “line” is rarely crossed in fishes (Clark Hubbs, personal communication). Since that time, interspecific genetic introgression has been well documented in many fish genera and species: Barbus (Berrebi and CattaneoBerrebi, 1993); Cyprinodon (Echelle and Connor, 1989; Dowling and DeMarais, 1993); Gambusia (Hubbs, 1959; Scribner and Avise, 1994); Esox (Wahl and Stein, 1993); Lepomis (Avise et al., 1984); Luxilus (Duvernell and Aspinwall, 1995); Morone (Harrell et al., 1993); Notropis (Dowling et al., 1989; Dowling and Hoeh, 1991); Oncorhynchus (Busack and Gall, 1981; Campton and Utter, 1985; Loudenslager et al., 1986; Leary et al., 1987; Forbes and Allendorf, 1991; Dowling and Childs, 1992); Salmo (Nyman, 1970; Wilkins et al., 1993; Giuffra et al., 1996; Hartley, 1996; Perez et al., 1999); Salvalinus (Hammar et al., 1991; Bernatchez et al., 1995; Baxter et al., 1997; Glemet et al., 1998; Wilson and Bernatchez, 1998); Sebastes (Seeb, 1988); Stizostedion (Billington et al., 1988). See also reviews in Campton (1987), Verspoor and Hammar (1991), Smith (1992), and Scribner et al. (2000). More recently, a number of investigations have documented not only first generation hybrids, but also subsequent generation introgressant hybrids (Bartley et al., 1990; Verspoor and Hammar, 1991). As a result, our views about species typology and hybrids continue to change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1016729132297","usgsCitation":"Epifanio, J., and Nielsen, J.L., 2001, The role of hybridization in the distribution, conservation and management of aquatic species: Symposium review: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 10, no. 3, p. 245-251, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016729132297.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"251","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c946e4b0f37a93ee9b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epifanio, John","contributorId":139202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epifanio","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178281,"text":"70178281 - 2001 - Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T22:17:44.886543","indexId":"70178281","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds","docAbstract":"Populations of endemic Hawaiian birds declined catastrophically following the colonization of the islands by Polynesians and later cultures. Extinction is still occurring, and recovery programs are urgently needed to prevent the disappearance of many other species. Programs to recover the endemic avifauna incorporate a variety of conceptual and practical approaches that are constrained by biological, financial, social, and legal factors. Avian recovery is difficult to implement in Hawai‘i because a variety of challenging biological factors limit bird populations. Hawaiian birds are threatened by alien predatory mammals, introduced mosquitoes that transmit diseases, alien invertebrate parasites and predators that reduce invertebrate food resources, and alien animals and plants that destroy and alter habitats. Life in the remote Hawaiian Archipelago has imposed other biological constraints to avian recovery, including limited geographical distributions and small population sizes. Recovery of the endemic avifauna is also challenging because resources are insufficient to mitigate the many complex, interacting factors that limit populations. Decisions must be made for allocating limited resources to species teetering on the brink of extinction and those in decline. If funds are spent primarily on saving the rarest species, more abundant species will decline and become more difficult to recover. However, critically rare species will disappear if efforts are directed mainly towards restoring species that are declining but not in immediate danger of becoming extinct. Determining priorities is difficult also because management is needed both to supplement bird populations and to restore habitats of many species. Rare species cannot respond quickly to management efforts intended only to improve habitat and reduce limiting factors. Recovery is slow, if it occurs at all, because years or decades are generally required for habitat rehabilitation and because small populations of birds initially increase slowly even when habitat conditions are favorable. Consequently, even as habitat conditions begin to improve, small populations may disappear unless they are supplemented directly. Hawaiian bird conservation is also affected by social and legal factors, including hunting alien game species, commercial land use practices, and lawsuits and policies concerning endangered species and critical habitat. Influenced by this mixture of conflicting and competing issues, Hawaiian bird recovery programs range from management of single species and some components of their habitats to limited forms of community or ecosystem management. Although the effectiveness of most programs is difficult to evaluate because of monitoring limitations, several programs exemplify species and community management. Programs primarily intended to recover single species include Hawaiian Goose or Nene (Branta sandvicensis), Hawaiian Crow or ‘Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis), and Palila (Loxioides bailleui). Programs attempting to manage entire communities of forest birds include Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge and Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park on Hawai‘i, and Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, and Haleakala National Park on Maui.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","usgsCitation":"Banko, P.C., David, R.E., Jacobi, J.D., and Banko, W.E., 2001, Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 22, p. 359-376.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"376","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378786,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/139636"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259564e4b01fad86db2433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banko, Paul C. 0000-0002-6035-9803 pbanko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":3179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Paul","email":"pbanko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Reginald E.","contributorId":176797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobi, James D. 0000-0003-2313-7862 jjacobi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-7862","contributorId":3705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"James","email":"jjacobi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banko, Winston E.","contributorId":99200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":52898,"text":"ofr01308 - 2001 - Hawaii Beach Monitoring Program: Profile locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T22:16:49.681635","indexId":"ofr01308","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"01-308","subseriesTitle":"Univ. of Hawaii Coastal Geology Program","title":"Hawaii Beach Monitoring Program: Profile locations","docAbstract":"Coastal erosion is widespread and locally severe in Hawaii and other low-latitude areas. Typical erosion rates in Hawaii are in the range of 15 to 30 cm/yr (0.5 to 1 ft/yr; Hwang, 1981; Sea Engineering, Inc., 1988; Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. and Sea Engineering, Inc.,1991). Recent studies on Oahu (Fletcher et al., 1997; Coyne et al., 1996) have shown that nearly 24%, or 27.5 km (17.1 mi) of an original 115 km (71.6 mi) of sandy shoreline (1940's) has been either significantly narrowed (17.2 km; 10.7 mi) or lost (10.3 km; 6.4 mi). Nearly one-quarter of the islands' beaches have been significantly degraded over the last half-century and all shorelines have been affected to some degree. Oahu shorelines are by far the most studied, however, beach loss has been identified on the other islands as well, with nearly 13 km (8 mi) of beach likely lost due to shoreline hardening on Maui (Makai Engineering, Inc. and Sea Engineering, Inc., 1991).\n\nCauses of coastal erosion and beach loss in Hawaii are numerous but, unfortunately, poorly understood and rarely quantified. Construction of shoreline protection structures limits coastal land loss, but does not alleviate beach loss and may actually accelerate the problem by prohibiting sediment deposition in front of the structures. Other factors contributing to beach loss include: a) reduced sediment supply; b) large storms; and, c) sea-level rise. Reduction in sand supply, either from landward or seaward (primarily reef) sources, can have a myriad of causes. Obvious causes such as beach sand mining and emplacement of structures that interrupt natural sediment transport pathways or prevent access to backbeach sand deposits, remove sediment from the active littoral system. More complex issues of sediment supply can be related to reef health and carbonate production which, in turn, may be linked to changes in water quality. Second, the accumulated effect of large storms is to transport sediment beyond the littoral system. Third, rising sea level leads to a natural landward migration of the shoreline.\n\nDramatic examples of coastal erosion, such as houses and roads falling into the sea, are rare in Hawaii, but the impact of erosion is still very serious. The signs of erosion are much more subtle and typically start as a \"temporary\" hardening structure designed to mitigate an immediate problem which, eventually, results in a proliferation of structures along a stretch of coast. The natural ability of the sandy shoreline to respond to changes in wave climate is lost.\n\nThe overall goals of this study are to document the coastal erosion history in Hawaii, determine the causal factors of that erosion, provide high-quality data for other \"end-users\" in applied studies (i.e. coastal engineers, planners, and managers), and increase our general understanding of low-latitude coastal geologic development. This project involves close cooperation between the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program and the University of Hawaii.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01308","isbn":"0607978554","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., Richmond, B.M., Fletcher, C., and Hillman, K.P., 2001, Hawaii Beach Monitoring Program: Profile locations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-308, HTML page, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01308.","productDescription":"HTML page","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282728,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0308/intro.html"},{"id":4962,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0308/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388780,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43627.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Oahu, Maui","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.2806,20.5518 ], [ -158.2806,21.7121 ], [ -155.9457,21.7121 ], [ -155.9457,20.5518 ], [ -158.2806,20.5518 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, Charles H.","contributorId":30286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Charles H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hillman, Kindra P.","contributorId":75381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillman","given":"Kindra","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70005311,"text":"70005311 - 2000 - Accuracy assessment for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:57:55","indexId":"70005311","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy assessment for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey Region","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with other government and private organizations, is producing a conterminous U.S. land-cover map using Landsat Thematic Mapper 30-meter data for the Federal regions designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accuracy assessment is to be conducted for each Federal region to estimate overall and class-specific accuracies. In Region 2, consisting of New York and New Jersey, the accuracy assessment was completed for 15 land-cover and land-use classes, using interpreted 1:40,000-scale aerial photographs as reference data. The methodology used for Region 2 features a two-stage, geographically stratified approach, with a general sample of all classes (1,033 sample sites), and a separate sample for rare classes (294 sample sites). A confidence index was recorded for each land-cover interpretation on the 1:40,000-scale aerial photography The estimated overall accuracy for Region 2 was 63 percent (standard error 1.4 percent) using all sample sites, and 75.2 percent (standard error 1.5 percent) using only reference sites with a high-confidence index. User's and producer's accuracies for the general sample and user's accuracy for the sample of rare classes, as well as variance for the estimated accuracy parameters, were also reported. Narrowly defined land-use classes and heterogeneous conditions of land cover are the major causes of misclassification errors. Recommendations for modifying the accuracy assessment methodology for use in the other nine Federal regions are provided.","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Zhu, Z., Yang, L., Stehman, S.V., and Czaplewski, R.L., 2000, Accuracy assessment for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey Region: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 66, p. 1425-1438.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1425","endPage":"1438","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91951,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2000_zhu_z001.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69966e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang","contributorId":70726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehman, Stephen V.","contributorId":77283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Czaplewski, Raymond L.","contributorId":62729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czaplewski","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224042,"text":"5224042 - 2000 - Consideraciones para la estimacion de abundancia de poblaciones de mamiferos. [Considerations for the estimation of abundance of mammal populations.]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:38","indexId":"5224042","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2695,"text":"Mastozoologia Neotropical / Journal of Neotropical Mammalogy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consideraciones para la estimacion de abundancia de poblaciones de mamiferos. [Considerations for the estimation of abundance of mammal populations.]","docAbstract":"Estimation of abundance of mammal populations is essential for monitoring programs and for many ecological investigations. The first step for any study of variation in mammal abundance over space or time is to define the objectives of the study and how and why abundance data are to be used. The data used to estimate abundance are count statistics in the form of counts of animals or their signs. There are two major sources of uncertainty that must be considered in the design of the study: spatial variation and the relationship between abundance and the count statistic. Spatial variation in the distribution of animals or signs may be taken into account with appropriate spatial sampling. Count statistics may be viewed as random variables, with the expected value of the count statistic equal to the true abundance of the population multiplied by a coefficient p. With direct counts, p represents the probability of detection or capture of individuals, and with indirect counts it represents the rate of production of the signs as well as their probability of detection. Comparisons of abundance using count statistics from different times or places assume that the p are the same for all times or places being compared (p= pi). In spite of considerable evidence that this assumption rarely holds true, it is commonly made in studies of mammal abundance, as when the minimum number alive or indices based on sign counts are used to compare abundance in different habitats or times. Alternatives to relying on this assumption are to calibrate the index used by testing the assumption of p= pi, or to incorporate the estimation of p into the study design.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mastozoologia Neotropical / Journal of Neotropical Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"In Spanish with English summary ; ISSN 0327-9383 5664_Walker.pdf","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Novare, A., and Nichols, J., 2000, Consideraciones para la estimacion de abundancia de poblaciones de mamiferos. [Considerations for the estimation of abundance of mammal populations.]: Mastozoologia Neotropical / Journal of Neotropical Mammalogy, v. 7, no. 2, p. 73-80.","productDescription":"73-80","startPage":"73","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.S.","contributorId":94011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novare, A.J.","contributorId":17735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novare","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211059,"text":"5211059 - 2000 - Contaminant effect endpoints in terrestrial vertebrates at and above the individual level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5211059","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contaminant effect endpoints in terrestrial vertebrates at and above the individual level","docAbstract":"Use of biochemical, physiological, anatomical, reproductive and behavioral characteristics of wild terrestrial vertebrates to assess contaminant exposure and effects has become commonplace over the past 3 decades. At the level of the individual organism, response patterns have been associated with and sometimes causally linked to contaminant exposure. However, such responses at the organismal level are rarely associated with or causally linked to effects at the population level. Although the ultimate goal of ecotoxicology is the protection of populations, communities, and ecosystems, most of the existing science and regulatory legislation focus on the level of the individual. Consequently, much of this overview concentrates on contaminant effects at the organismal level, with some extrapolation to higher-level effects. In this chapter, we review the state of the science for the evaluation of biotic end-points used to assess contaminant exposure and effects at or above the level of the individual. In addition, we describe extant contaminant concentration thresholds, guidelines, or standards (toxicant criteria) in environmental matrices (e.g., water, soil, sediment, foods) that have been developed to protect wild terrestrial vertebrates. Suggestions are provided to develop and embellish the use and value of such endpoints and criteria for extrapolation of effects to higher levels of biological organization. Increasing focus on populations, communities, and ecosystems is needed to develop biologically meaningful regulatory guidelines that will protect natural resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental contaminants and terrestrial vertebrates: effects on populations, communities, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","publisherLocation":"Pensacola, FL","collaboration":"OCLC: 43286528. Symposium on Environmental Contaminants and Terrestrial Vertebrates: Effects on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems (1998 : College Park, Md.)","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., Cohen, J., and Golden, N.H., 2000, Contaminant effect endpoints in terrestrial vertebrates at and above the individual level, chap. of Environmental contaminants and terrestrial vertebrates: effects on populations, communities, and ecosystems, p. 61-93.","productDescription":"344","startPage":"61","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"344","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8f97","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507540,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507542,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. M.","contributorId":28194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507541,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":329926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, J.B.","contributorId":29914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golden, N. H.","contributorId":55541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23050,"text":"ofr00442 - 2000 - Titanium mineral resources of the western U.S.: An update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T21:41:54.253708","indexId":"ofr00442","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-442","title":"Titanium mineral resources of the western U.S.: An update","docAbstract":"Thirteen deposits or districts in the western U.S. have been examined in which titanium mineral resources have been reported or implied. These deposits are of the following general types (in probable order of importance): 1) Cretaceous shoreline placer deposits, 2) silica-sand deposits of California, 3) fluvial monazite placers of Idaho, 4) anorthosite related deposits, and 5) clay and bauxite deposits of the northwestern U.S. Relative to previous reports, this one shows some greater and some lesser resources (table 1). In any case, titanium-mineral resources of the western U.S. (west of 103° longitude) remain modest at world scale except as unconventional (especially perovskite) and by-product (especially porphyry) resources. Some deposits, however, have enhanced value to the titanium explorationist for the geologic relations they illustrate. Among the new conclusions are: a) Loci of Cretaceous shoreline placers form linear patterns, nested as a function of age, that can be traced for thousands of kilometers, permitting focused exploration in whole new mountain ranges. b) Medial hematite-ilmenite solid-solution, which is highly magnetic, is a major carrier of TiO2 values in the Cretaceous deposits of Wyoming. This phase was previously thought to be relatively rare. c) Regressive shoreline placer deposits in indurated Cretaceous sequences expose intricate facies relations, such as the construction of shoreface sequences by long-shore drift over tidal-channel fill, without much loss of paleogeographic information. d) Due to deep weathering, virtually every Eocene sediment that accumulated in the Ione basin at the foot of the Sierra Nevada has economic value, permitting recovery of altered ilmenite and zircon along with silica, clay, coal, and gold. Ilmenite is most abundant in newly recognized shoreline sands. e) Upper Tertiary fluvial placers of Idaho formed in and filled fault-bounded basins and thus are far more voluminous than deposits in the modern valley system. Previously reported resources are thus far too low. f) Mafic igneous rocks of Proterozoic age near Bagdad, Arizona are of ophiolitic affinity, but contain nelsonitic ilmenite enrichments associated with anorthositic layers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00442","usgsCitation":"Force, E.R., and Creely, S., 2000, Titanium mineral resources of the western U.S.: An update: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-442, Report: 37 p.; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00442.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; Readme","numberOfPages":"37","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410030,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34250.htm","text":"Titanium mineral resources of the western U.S.","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281970,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281969,"rank":1,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0442/README.DOC"},{"id":52423,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0442/pdf/of00-442.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1475,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0442/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465512,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44963.htm","text":"Sanostee Mesa, NM","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465513,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44964.htm","text":"Calf Canyon-Dave Canyon, UT","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465514,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44965.htm","text":"Ione basin, CA","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465515,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44966.htm","text":"Long Valley, ID","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465516,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44967.htm","text":"southern Orocopia Mts., CA","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.75,31.329 ], [ -124.75,49 ], [ -103.05,49 ], [ -103.05,31.329 ], [ -124.75,31.329 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b3d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, Eric R.","contributorId":32916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creely, Scott","contributorId":16044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creely","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24436,"text":"ofr2000314 - 2000 - Mapping Typha Domingensis in the Cienega de Santa Clara Using Satellite Images, Global Positioning System, and Spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr2000314","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-314","title":"Mapping Typha Domingensis in the Cienega de Santa Clara Using Satellite Images, Global Positioning System, and Spectrometry","docAbstract":"The Cienega de Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexico, a brackish wetland area created near the delta of the Colorado River from drainage effluent flowing from the United States since 1977, may undergo changes owing to the operation of the Yuma Desalting Plant in the United States. This has become the largest wetland in the delta region containing rare and endangered species, yet little is known about the environmental impact of these changes. The water quality of the marsh is of growing concern to the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) which operates the Desalting Plant. Consequently, the BOR solicited the U.S. Geological Survey to investigate the limits and usefulness of satellite, global positioning system (GPS), and spectra data to map the Typha domingensis (cattail) of the Cienega de Santa Clara.\r\n\r\nTypha domingensis was selected by the BOR as the Cienega de Santa Clara indicator species to best predict the environmental effects of effl uent from the Yuma Desalting Plant. The successful base mapping of Typha domingensis will provide a viable tool for long-term monitoring and stress detection in the Cienega de Santa Clara.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000314","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Sanchez, R.D., Burnett, E.E., and Croxen, F., 2000, Mapping Typha Domingensis in the Cienega de Santa Clara Using Satellite Images, Global Positioning System, and Spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-314, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000314.","productDescription":"18 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0314/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53512,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ce4b07f02db69e2a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanchez, Richard D.","contributorId":66296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, Earl E.","contributorId":38188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Croxen, Fred","contributorId":73242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croxen","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr93407","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:33:28.578458","indexId":"ofr00212","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-212","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","docAbstract":"Qualitative and quantitative methods to\r\nprocess benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI)\r\nsamples have been developed and tested\r\nby the U.S. Geological Survey?s National\r\nWater Quality Laboratory Biological Group.\r\nThe qualitative processing method is\r\nbased on visually sorting a sample for up to\r\n2 hours. Sorting focuses on attaining organisms\r\nthat are likely to result in taxonomic\r\nidentifications to lower taxonomic levels (for\r\nexample, Genus or Species). Immature and\r\ndamaged organisms are also sorted when\r\nthey are likely to result in unique determinations.\r\nThe sorted sample remnant is\r\nscanned briefly by a second person to determine\r\nif obvious taxa were missed.\r\nThe quantitative processing method is\r\nbased on a fixed-count approach that targets\r\nsome minimum count, such as 100 or\r\n300 organisms. Organisms are sorted from\r\nrandomly selected 5.1- by 5.1-centimeter\r\nparts of a gridded subsampling frame. The\r\nsorted remnant from each sample is resorted\r\nby a second individual for at least 10\r\npercent of the original sort time. A large-rare\r\norganism search is performed on the unsorted\r\nremnant to sort BMI taxa that were\r\nnot likely represented in the sorted grids.\r\nAfter either qualitatively or quantitatively\r\nsorting the sample, BMIs are identified by\r\nusing one of three different types of taxonomic\r\nassessment. The Standard Taxonomic\r\nAssessment is comparable to the\r\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency\r\nRapid Bioassessment Protocol III and typically\r\nprovides Genus- or Species-level taxonomic\r\nresolution. The Rapid Taxonomic Assessment\r\nis comparable to the U.S. Environmental\r\nProtection Agency Rapid Bioassessment\r\nProtocol II and provides Familylevel\r\nand higher taxonomic resolution. The\r\nCustom Taxonomic Assessment provides\r\nSpecies-level resolution whenever possible\r\nfor groups identified to higher taxonomic\r\nlevels by using the Standard Taxonomic\r\nAssessment. The consistent use of standardized\r\ndesignations and notes facilitates\r\nthe interpretation of BMI data within and\r\namong water-quality studies. Taxonomic\r\nidentifications are quality assured by verifying\r\nall referenced taxa and randomly reviewing\r\n10 percent of the taxonomic identifications\r\nperformed weekly by Biological\r\nGroup taxonomists. Taxonomic errors discovered\r\nduring this review are corrected.\r\nBMI data are reviewed for accuracy and\r\ncompleteness prior to release. BMI data are\r\nreleased phylogenetically in spreadsheet\r\nformat and unprocessed abundances are\r\ncorrected for laboratory and field subsampling\r\nwhen necessary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00212","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moulton, S.R., Carter, J.L., Grotheer, S.A., Cuffney, T.F., and Short, T.M., 2000, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-212, vii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00212.","productDescription":"vii, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR00-212.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51421,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, Stephen R. II","contributorId":10451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"Stephen","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grotheer, Scott A. sagrothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":3467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grotheer","given":"Scott","email":"sagrothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Short, Terry M. 0000-0001-9941-4593 tmshort@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-4593","contributorId":1718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Terry","email":"tmshort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24821,"text":"ofr00190 - 2000 - Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:39:45","indexId":"ofr00190","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-190","title":"Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","docAbstract":"This report presents a proposal for conducting a water-quality modeling study at drought streamflow, a detailed comprehensive plan for collecting the data, and an annual drought-formation monitoring plan. A 30.8 mile reach of the Red River of the North receives treated wastewater from plants at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, and streamflow from the Sheyenne River. The water-quality modeling study will evaluate the effects of continuous treated-wastewater discharges to the study reach at drought streamflow. The study will define hydraulic characteristics and reaeration and selected reaction coefficients and will calibrate and verity a model.
The study includes collecting synoptic water-quality samples for various types of analyses at a number of sites in the study reach. Dye and gas samples will be collected for traveltime and reaeration measurements. Using the Lagrangian reference frame, synoptic water-quality samples will be collected for analysis of nutrients, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand. Field measurements will be made of specific conductance, pH, air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment oxygen demand. Two sets of water-quality data will be collected. One data set will be used to calibrate the model, and the other data set will be used to verity the model.
The DAFLOW/BLTM models will be used to evaluate the effects of the treated wastewater on the water quality of the river. The model will simulate specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen (organic, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), total orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, and phytoplankton as chlorophyll a.
The work plan identifies and discusses the work elements needed for accomplishing the data collection for the study. The work elements specify who will provide personnel, vehicles, instruments, and supplies needed during data collection. The work plan contains instructions for data collection; inventory lists of needed personnel, vehicles, instruments, and supplies; and examples of computations for determining quantities of tracer to be injected into the stream. The work plan also contains an annual drought-formation monitoring plan that includes a 9-month time line that specifies when essential planning actions must occur before actual project start up.
Drought streamflows are rare. The annual drought-formation monitoring plan is presented to assist project planning by providing early warning that conditions are favorable to produce drought streamflow. The plan to monitor drought-forming conditions discusses the drought indices to be monitored. To establish a baseline, historic values for some of the drought indices for selected years were reviewed. An annual review of the drought indices is recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00190","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 2000, Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-190, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00190.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53829,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174844,"text":"70174844 - 2000 - High flow and riparian vegetation along the San Miguel River, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T14:49:33","indexId":"70174844","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"High flow and riparian vegetation along the San Miguel River, Colorado","docAbstract":"Riparian ecosystems are characterized by abundance of water and frequent flow related disturbance. River regulation typically decreases peak flows, reducing the amount of disturbance and altering the vegetation. The San Miguel River is one of the last relatively unregulated rivers remaining in the Colorado River Watershed. One goal of major landowners along the San Miguel including the Bureau of Land Management and The Nature Conservancy is to maintain their lands in a natural condition. Conservation of an entire river corridor requires an integrated understanding of the variability in ecosystems and external influences along the river. Therefore, the Bureau of Land Management and others have fostered a series of studies designed to catalogue that variability, and to characterize the processes that maintain the river as a whole. In addition to providing information useful to managers, these studies present a rare opportunity to investigate how a Colorado river operates in the absence of regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70174844","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., and Auble, G., 2000, High flow and riparian vegetation along the San Miguel River, Colorado, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70174844.","productDescription":"57 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Miguel River","publicComments":"Project Completion Report for IAG USGS-3302-20C21 with Bureau of Land Management","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdb2e4b0f1bea0e0f862","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073841,"text":"70073841 - 2000 - Self-ordering and complexity in epizonal mineral deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-22T15:47:55","indexId":"70073841","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T15:43:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":806,"text":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Self-ordering and complexity in epizonal mineral deposits","docAbstract":"Epizonal base and precious metal deposits makeup a range of familiar deposit styles including porphyry copper-gold, epithermal veins and stockworks, carbonate-replacement deposits, and polymetallic volcanic rock-hosted (VHMS) deposits. They occur along convergent plate margins and are invariably associated directly with active faults and volcanism. They are complex in form, variable in their characteristics at all scales, and highly localized in the earth’s crust.\nMore than a century of detailed research has provided an extensive base of observational data characterizing these deposits, from their regional setting to the fluid and isotope chemistry of mineral deposition. This has led to a broad understanding of the large-scale hydrothermal systems within which they form. Low salinity vapor, released by magma crystallization and dispersed into vigorously convecting groundwater systems, is recognized as a principal source of metals and the gases that control redox conditions within systems. The temperature and pressure of the ambient fluid anywhere within these systems is close to its vapor-liquid phase boundary, and mineral deposition is a consequence of short timescale perturbations generated by localized release of crustal stress.\nHowever, a review of occurrence data raises questions about ore formation that are not addressed by traditional genetic models. For example, what are the origins of banding in epithermal veins, and what controls the frequency of oscillatory lamination? What controls where the phenomenon of mineralization occurs, and why are some porphyry deposits, for example, so much larger than others?\nThe distinctive, self-organized characteristics of epizonal deposits are shown to be the result of repetitive coupling of fracture dilation consequent on brittle failure, phase separation (“boiling”), and heat transfer between fluid and host rock. Process coupling substantially increases solute concentrations and triggers fast, far-from-equilibrium depositional processes. Since these coupled processes lead to localized transient changes in fluid characteristics, paragenetic, isotope, and fluid inclusion data relate to conditions at the site of deposition and only indirectly to the characteristics of the larger-scale hydrothermal system and its longer-term behavior. The metal concentrations (i.e. grade) of deposits and their internal variation is directly related to the geometry of the fracture array at the deposit scale, whereas finer-scale oscillatory fabrics in ores may be a result of molecular scale processes.\nGiant deposits are relatively rare and develop where efficient metal deposition is spatially focused by repetitive brittle failure in active fault arrays. Some brief case histories are provided for epithermal, replacement, and porphyry mineralization. These highlight how rock competency contrasts and feedback between processes, rather than any single component of a hydrothermal system, govern the size of individual deposits. In turn, the recognition of the probabilistic nature of mineralization provides a firmer foundation through which exploration investment and risk management decisions can be made.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.669","usgsCitation":"Henley, R.W., and Berger, B.R., 2000, Self-ordering and complexity in epizonal mineral deposits: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 28, p. 669-719, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.669.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"719","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281401,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.669"}],"volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7267e4b0b2908510847d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henley, Richard W.","contributorId":107193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015095,"text":"1015095 - 2000 - Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T13:19:13","indexId":"1015095","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"By 1950, bighorn sheep were extirpated from large areas of their range. Most extant populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the Intermountain West consist of <100 individuals occurring in a fragmented distribution across the landscape. Dispersal and successful colonizations of unoccupied habitat patches has been rarely reported, and, in particular, translocated populations have been characterized by limited population growth and limited dispersal rates. Restoration of the species is greatly assisted by dispersal and successful colonization of new patches within a metapopulation structure versus the existing scenario of negligible dispersal and fragmented, small populations. We investigated the correlates for the rate of colonizations of 79 suitable, but unoccupied, patches by 31 translocated populations of bighorn sheep released into nearby patches of habitat. Population growth rates of bighorn sheep in the release patches were correlated to Ne of the founder group, and early contact with a second released population in a nearby release patch (logistic regression, p = 0.08). Largest population size of all extant released populations in 1994 was correlated to potential Ne of the founder group, the number of different source populations represented in the founder, and early contact with a second released population (p = 0.016). Dispersal rates were 100% higher in rams than ewes (p = 0.001). Successful colonizations of unoccupied patches (n = 24 of 79 were colonized) were associated with rapid growth rates in the released population, years since release, larger area of suitable habitat in the release patch, larger population sizes, and a seasonal migratory tendency in the released population (p = 0.05). Fewer water barriers, more open vegetation and more rugged, broken terrain in the intervening habitat were also associated with colonizations (p = <0.05). We concluded that high dispersal rates and rapid reoccupation of large areas could occur if bighorn sheep are placed in large patches of habitat with few barriers to movements to other patches and with no domestic sheep present. Many restorations in the past that did not meet these criteria may have contributed to an insular population structure of bighorn sheep with limited observations of dispersal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80068.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Moses, M., Bellew, S., and Sloan, W., 2000, Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 66-74, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80068.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moses, M.E.","contributorId":57412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellew, S.","contributorId":49744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellew","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sloan, W.","contributorId":60165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015100,"text":"1015100 - 2000 - Using new video mapping technology in landscape ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T12:43:15","indexId":"1015100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using new video mapping technology in landscape ecology","docAbstract":"Biological and ecological monitoring continues to play an important role in the conservation of species, natural communities, and landscapes (Spellerberg 1991). Although resource-monitoring programs have advanced knowledge about natural ecosystems, weaknesses persist in our ability to rapidly transfer landscape-scale information to the public. Ecologists continue to search for new technologies to address this problem and to communicate natural resource information quickly and effectively. New video mapping technology may provide much-needed help.
Ecologists realize that only a small portion of large nature reserves can be monitored because of cost and logistical constraints. However, plant and animal populations are usually patchily distributed in subpopulations scattered throughout heterogeneous landscapes, and they are often associated with rare habitats. These subpopulations and rare habitats may respond differently to climate change, land use, and management practices such as grazing, fire suppression, prescribed burning, or invasion of exotic species (Stohlgren et al. 1997b). In many national parks, monuments, and wildlife reserves, a few long-term monitoring plots are used to infer the status and trends of natural resources in much larger areas. To make defensible inferences about populations, habitats, and landscapes, it is necessary to extrapolate from a few monitoring plots (local scale) to the larger, unsampled landscape with known levels of accuracy and precision.
Recent technological developments have given population biologists and landscape ecologists a unique tool for bridging the data gap between small, intensively sampled monitoring plots and the greater landscape and for transferring this information quickly to resource managers and the public. In this article, we briefly describe this tool, a hand-held video mapping system linked to a geographic information system (GIS). We provide examples of its use in quantifying patterns of native and exotic plant species and cryptobiotic crusts in the new Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah, and in surveying aspen clones and regeneration in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0529:UNVMTI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Kaye, M., McCrumb, A., Otsuki, Y., Pfister, B., and Villa, C., 2000, Using new video mapping technology in landscape ecology: BioScience, v. 50, no. 6, p. 529-536, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0529:UNVMTI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"536","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0529:unvmti]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602eac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaye, Margot W.","contributorId":102031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaye","given":"Margot W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCrumb, A.D.","contributorId":67834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrumb","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pfister, B.","contributorId":38515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfister","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Villa, C.A.","contributorId":87097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villa","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1015319,"text":"1015319 - 2000 - Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:26:22","indexId":"1015319","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","docAbstract":"Floodplain plant–herbivore–hydroperiod interactions have received little attention despite their potential as determinants of floodplain structure and functioning. We used five types of exclosures to differentially exclude small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals from accessing Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. wizlizenii (Watson) Eckenwalder) seedlings and saplings growing naturally on four landform types at an alluvial reach on each of two rivers, the Green and Yampa, in Colorado and Utah. The two study reaches differed primarily as a result of flow regulation on the Green River, which began in 1962. Landforms were a rarely flooded portion of the alluvial plain, geomorphically active slow- and fast-water channel margin sites on the Yampa reach, and an aggrading side channel on the Green. Small-mammal live-trapping and observational data indicated that, with minor exceptions, the kinds of mammals eating cottonwood within each reach were identical. We monitored condition and fates of individual cottonwood plants from October 1993 through the 1997 growing season. Differences in survival and growth were noted both within and between reaches, and both due to, and independent of, mammalian herbivory. Comparisons of cottonwood growth and survivorship among exclosures and between exclosures and controls indicated that a small mammal, Microtus montanus, reduced seedling and sapling survivorship at the Green River reach, but to a lesser extent (seedlings) or not at all (saplings) on the Yampa reach. In contrast, reductions in sapling height increment attributable to medium- and large-sized herbivores were detected only at the Yampa site. We suggest that these differences are a result of (1) flow regulation allowing Microtus populations to escape the mortality normally accompanying the large, snowmelt-driven spring flood, as well as regulation promoting a herbaceous understory favorable to voles, and (2) greater browsing pressure from overwintering deer and elk at the Yampa reach, unrelated to flow regulation. Within areas used by foraging beaver, the probability of a sapling being cut by beaver was similar on the two reaches. This study suggests that changes in riparian plant–herbivore relationships due to shifts in river hydrology may be a common and important consequence of river regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and Cooper, D., 2000, Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1384-1399, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1384","endPage":"1399","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68507b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, D.J.","contributorId":89489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016143,"text":"1016143 - 2000 - Ecology and conservation of a rare, old-growth-associated canopy lichen in a silvicultural landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T17:03:54.379462","indexId":"1016143","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1087,"text":"Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology and conservation of a rare, old-growth-associated canopy lichen in a silvicultural landscape","docAbstract":"Nephroma occultum Wetm. is a rare, epiphytic lichen associated with old-growth forests of northwestern North America. We describe its distribution, abundance, and habitat within the managed landscape of a southwestern Oregon watershed. Because this species is found mainly in the canopy, we used direct canopy access (tree climbing) in combination with ground (litter) searches for our surveys. We recommend this dual approach when confident determination of presence or absence of a canopy species is needed. Our surveys confirm that N. occultum is a rare old-growth associate within the area of this study, the southernmost extension of its known range. It was both rare across the landscape and uncommon in our primary study site, a 500 yr old stand. It was most often found growing close to the trunk on branches of large Pseudotsuga menziesii, but its distribution was sporadic even within an old-growth stand. The scarcity of very old stands, in combination with the limited ability of this species to disperse within and between stands, has likely contributed to its rarity within the watershed. Management for N. occultum should focus on populations and habitat needs rather than on individuals. Our calculations show that cutting with retention of individual trees surrounded by small buffers could result in the eventual loss of N. occultum from the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"The American Bryological and Lichenological Society","doi":"10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0117:EACOAR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rosso, A., McCune, B., and Rambo, T., 2000, Ecology and conservation of a rare, old-growth-associated canopy lichen in a silvicultural landscape: Bryologist, v. 103, no. 1, p. 117-127, https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0117:EACOAR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Douglas County","otherGeospatial":"Cobble Knob, Rock Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.94988632202148,\n 43.38315615359892\n ],\n [\n -122.92825698852539,\n 43.38315615359892\n ],\n [\n -122.92825698852539,\n 43.394133993457636\n ],\n [\n -122.94988632202148,\n 43.394133993457636\n ],\n [\n -122.94988632202148,\n 43.38315615359892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosso, A.L.","contributorId":12826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosso","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCune, B.","contributorId":22736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCune","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rambo, T.","contributorId":101620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rambo","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016162,"text":"1016162 - 2000 - Carbon distribution in subalpine forests and meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:21:09","indexId":"1016162","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon distribution in subalpine forests and meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington","docAbstract":"stimates of C storage in mountainous regions are rare. Forest–meadow ecotones in subalpine ecosystems, which contain a mosaic of forests and meadows, may be particularly sensitive to future changes in climate and are therefore important to include in estimates of terrestrial C storage. In this study, we quantified soil C and ecosystem C pools in subalpine forest and meadow soils of the northeastern (NE, dry climate) and southwestern (SW, wet climate) Olympic Mountains. Carbon concentrations of mineral soil are relatively high in upper horizons, ranging from 43 to 142 g kg−1 in NE soils and 27 to 162 g kg−1 in SW soils. Northeastern meadow soils store more C than NE forests ( P = 0.009), while SW forest soils store more C than SW meadows ( P = 0.038) Ecosystem C storage is greater in forests than in meadows. Under a warmer climatic scenario with drier summers and wetter winters, subalpine C storage may decrease in the NE and increase in the SW, and changes in C storage will be closely related to vegetation distribution, ecosystem productivity, decomposition rates, and local disturbance regimes. Because ecosystem processes and associated C storage differ between high- and low-elevation ecosystems, it is important that data from both high- and low-elevation sites are included in estimates of C storage in terrestrial ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Acsess","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2000.6451834x","usgsCitation":"Prichard, S., Peterson, D.L., and Hammer, R., 2000, Carbon distribution in subalpine forests and meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 64, no. 5, p. 1834-1845, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6451834x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1834","endPage":"1845","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6cc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prichard, S.J.","contributorId":86310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prichard","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammer, R.D.","contributorId":23907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammer","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022605,"text":"70022605 - 2000 - Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022605","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"Cadmium is known to be both extremely toxic and ubiquitous in natural environments. It occurs in almost all soils, surface waters and plants, and it is readily mobilized by human activities such as mining. As a result, cadmium has been named as a potential health threat to wildlife species; however, because it exists most commonly in the environment as a trace constituent, reported incidences of cadmium toxicity are rare. Here we have measured trace metals in the food web and tissues of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) in Colorado. Our results suggest that cadmium toxicity may be more common among natural populations of vertebrates than has been appreciated to date and that cadmium toxicity may often go undetected or unrecognized. In addition, our research shows that ingestion of even trace quantities of cadmium can influence not only the physiology and health of individual organisms, but also the demographics and the distribution of species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/35018068","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Larison, J., Likens, G., Fitzpatrick, J., and Crock, J., 2000, Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains: Nature, v. 406, no. 6792, p. 181-183, https://doi.org/10.1038/35018068.","startPage":"181","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35018068"},{"id":230769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"406","issue":"6792","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2efe4b0c8380cd4b4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larison, J.R.","contributorId":37107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larison","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Likens, G.E.","contributorId":68893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.W.","contributorId":33012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008258,"text":"1008258 - 2000 - Inter-decadal change in diet and population of sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T16:39:18.491398","indexId":"1008258","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inter-decadal change in diet and population of sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"After having been hunted to near-extinction in the Pacific maritime fur trade, the sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska increased from very low numbers in the early 1900s to near equilibrium density by the 1940s. The population persisted at or near equilibrium through the 1980s, but declined sharply in the 1990s in apparent response to increased killer whale predation. Sea otter diet and foraging behavior were studied at Amchitka from August 1992 to March 1994 and the data compared with similar information obtained during several earlier periods. In contrast with dietary patterns in the 1960s and 1970s, when the sea otter population was at or near equilibrium density and kelp-forest fishes were the dietary mainstay, these fishes were rarely eaten in the 1990s. Benthic invertebrates, particularly sea urchins, dominated the otter’s diet from early summer to mid-winter, then decreased in importance during late winter and spring when numerous Pacific smooth lumpsuckers (a large and easily captured oceanic fish) were eaten. The occurrence of spawning lumpsuckers in coastal waters apparently is episodic on a scale of years to decades. The otters’ recent dietary shift away from kelp-forest fishes is probably a response to the increased availability of lumpsuckers and sea urchins (both high-preference prey). Additionally, increased urchin densities have reduced kelp beds, thus further reducing the availability of kelp-forest fishes. Our findings suggest that dietary patterns reflect changes in population status and show how an ecosystem normally under top-down control and limited by coastal zone processes can be significantly perturbed by exogenous events.
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