{"pageNumber":"1170","pageRowStart":"29225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40893,"records":[{"id":70023518,"text":"70023518 - 2001 - A simple algorithm for sequentially incorporating gravity observations in seismic traveltime tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T16:30:10.25075","indexId":"70023518","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple algorithm for sequentially incorporating gravity observations in seismic traveltime tomography","docAbstract":"The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm is portable to any seismic analysis method that uses a gridded representation of velocity structure. Our technique calculates the gravity anomaly resulting from a velocity model by converting to density with Gardner's rule. The residual between calculated and observed gravity is minimized by weighted adjustments to the model velocity-depth gradient where the gradient is steepest and where seismic coverage is least. The adjustments are scaled by the sign and magnitude of the gravity residuals, and a smoothing step is performed to minimize vertical streaking. The adjusted model is then used as a starting model in the next seismic traveltime iteration. The process is repeated until one velocity model can simultaneously satisfy both the gravity anomaly and seismic traveltime observations within acceptable misfits. We test our algorithm with data gathered in the Puget Lowland of Washington state, USA (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound [SHIPS] experiment). We perform resolution tests with synthetic traveltime and gravity observations calculated with a checkerboard velocity model using the SHIPS experiment geometry, and show that the addition of gravity significantly enhances resolution. We calculate a new velocity model for the region using SHIPS traveltimes and observed gravity, and show examples where correlation between surface geology and modeled subsurface velocity structure is enhanced.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810109465061","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Blakely, R., and Brocher, T., 2001, A simple algorithm for sequentially incorporating gravity observations in seismic traveltime tomography: International Geology Review, v. 43, no. 12, p. 1073-1086, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810109465061.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1086","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.68408203124999,\n              46.924007100770275\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47033691406249,\n              46.924007100770275\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47033691406249,\n              48.23199134320962\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.68408203124999,\n              48.23199134320962\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.68408203124999,\n              46.924007100770275\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58ae4b0c8380cd46de5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023748,"text":"70023748 - 2001 - International collaboration: The cornerstone of satellite land remote sensing in the 21st century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:46:35","indexId":"70023748","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3453,"text":"Space Policy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International collaboration: The cornerstone of satellite land remote sensing in the 21st century","docAbstract":"Satellite land remotely sensed data are used by scientists and resource managers world-wide to study similar multidisciplinary earth science problems. Most of their information requirements can be met by a small number of satellite sensor types. Moderate-resolution resource satellites and low-resolution environmental satellites are the most prominent of these, and they are the focus of this paper. Building, launching, and operating satellite systems are very expensive endeavors. Consequently, nations should change the current pattern of independently launching and operating similar, largely redundant resource and environmental satellite systems in favor of true and full collaboration in developing, launching, operating, and sharing the data from such systems of the future. The past decade has seen encouraging signs of increasing international collaboration in earth remote sensing, but full collaboration has not yet been attempted. A general strategy to achieve such international collaboration is presented here, including discussion of potential obstacles, ideas for organizing and overseeing the long-term process toward collaboration, and short-term objectives whereby early successes critical to accomplishing long-term goals can be achieved.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0265-9646(01)00030-3","issn":"02659646","usgsCitation":"Bailey, G.B., Lauer, D.T., and Carneggie, D.M., 2001, International collaboration: The cornerstone of satellite land remote sensing in the 21st century: Space Policy, v. 17, no. 3, p. 161-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-9646(01)00030-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207592,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-9646(01)00030-3"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d38e4b0c8380cd633c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, G. Bryan","contributorId":22689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauer, Donald T.","contributorId":32211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carneggie, David M.","contributorId":62758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carneggie","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023325,"text":"70023325 - 2001 - Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: Areview of the Panola Mountain experience","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023325","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: Areview of the Panola Mountain experience","docAbstract":"A hallmark of the scientific method is its iterative application to a problem to increase and refine the understanding of the underlying processes controlling it. A successful iterative application of the scientific method to catchment science (including the fields of hillslope hydrology and biogeochemistry) has been hindered by two factors. First, the scale at which controlled experiments can be performed is much smaller than the scale of the phenomenon of interest. Second, computer simulation models generally have not been used as hypothesis-testing tools as rigorously as they might have been. Model evaluation often has gone only so far as evaluation of goodness of fit, rather than a full structural analysis, which is more useful when treating the model as a hypothesis. An iterative application of a simple mixing model to the Panola Mountain Research Watershed is reviewed to illustrate the increase in understanding gained by this approach and to discern general principles that may be applicable to other studies. The lessons learned include the need for an explicitly stated conceptual model of the catchment, the definition of objective measures of its applicability, and a clear linkage between the scale of observations and the scale of predictions. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.255","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., 2001, Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: Areview of the Panola Mountain experience: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 2039-2050, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.255.","startPage":"2039","endPage":"2050","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479048,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.255","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.255"},{"id":232203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecd1e4b0c8380cd494ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023324,"text":"70023324 - 2001 - A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023324","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment","docAbstract":"Runoff sources and dominant flowpaths are still poorly understood in most catchments; consequently, most hydrograph separations are essentially 'black box' models where only external information is used. The well-instrumented 490 m2 Hydrohill artificial grassland catchment located near Nanjing (China) was used to examine internal catchment processes. Since groundwater levels never reach the soil surface at this site, two physically distinct flowpaths can unambiguously be defined: surface and subsurface runoff. This study combines hydrometric, isotopic and geochemical approaches to investigating the relations between the chloride, silica, and oxygen isotopic compositions of subsurface waters and rainfall. During a 120 mm storm over a 24 h period in 1989, 55% of event water input infiltrated and added to soil water storage; the remainder ran off as infiltration-excess overland flow. Only about 3-5% of the pre-event water was displaced out of the catchment by in-storm rainfall. About 80% of the total flow was quickflow, and 10% of the total flow was pre-event water, mostly derived from saturated flow from deeper soils. Rain water with high ??18O values from the beginning of the storm appeared to be preferentially stored in shallow soils. Groundwater at the end of the storm shows a wide range of isotopic and chemical compositions, primarily reflecting the heterogeneous distribution of the new and mixed pore waters. High chloride and silica concentrations in quickflow runoff derived from event water indicate that these species are not suitable conservative tracers of either water sources or flowpaths in this catchment. Determining the proportion of event water alone does not constrain the possible hydrologic mechanisms sufficiently to distinguish subsurface and surface flowpaths uniquely, even in this highly controlled artificial catchment. We reconcile these findings with a perceptual model of stormflow sources and flowpaths that explicitly accounts for water, isotopic, and chemical mass balance. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.245","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., McDonnell, J.J., and Gu, W., 2001, A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1877-1902, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.245.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1902","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.245"},{"id":232202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e441e4b0c8380cd46520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gu, W.","contributorId":6629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023562,"text":"70023562 - 2001 - Trace metal suites in Antarctic pre-industrial ice are consistent with emissions from quiescent degassing of volcanoes worldwide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023562","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metal suites in Antarctic pre-industrial ice are consistent with emissions from quiescent degassing of volcanoes worldwide","docAbstract":"Trace metals are more abundant in atmospheric load and deposition material than can be due to rock and soil dusts and ocean salt. In pre-industrial ice from coastal west Antarctica, dust and salt account for only a few percent of the lead, cadmium, and indium that is present in most samples, less than half in any sample. For these trace metals, the deposition rate to the pre-industrial ice is approximately matched by the output rate to the atmosphere by quiescent (non-explosive) degassing of volcanoes worldwide, according to a new estimate. The basis of the match is the masses and proportions of the metals, and the proportions of Pb isotopes, in ice and in volcano emissions. The isotopic compositions of Pb in ice are similar to those of a suite of ocean island volcanoes, mostly in the southern hemisphere. The natural baseline values for pre-industrial atmospheric deposition fluxes of trace metal suites at Taylor Dome, and the worldwide quiescent volcano emissions fluxes to which they are linked, constitute a reasonably well-constrained baseline component for deposition fluxes of metals in modern times. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00228-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Matsumoto, A., and Hinkley, T.K., 2001, Trace metal suites in Antarctic pre-industrial ice are consistent with emissions from quiescent degassing of volcanoes worldwide: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 186, no. 1, p. 33-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00228-X.","startPage":"33","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207325,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00228-X"},{"id":232178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb670e4b08c986b326c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsumoto, A.","contributorId":53987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsumoto","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023560,"text":"70023560 - 2001 - User interface for ground-water modeling: Arcview extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023560","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"User interface for ground-water modeling: Arcview extension","docAbstract":"Numerical simulation for ground-water modeling often involves handling large input and output data sets. A geographic information system (GIS) provides an integrated platform to manage, analyze, and display disparate data and can greatly facilitate modeling efforts in data compilation, model calibration, and display of model parameters and results. Furthermore, GIS can be used to generate information for decision making through spatial overlay and processing of model results. Arc View is the most widely used Windows-based GIS software that provides a robust user-friendly interface to facilitate data handling and display. An extension is an add-on program to Arc View that provides additional specialized functions. An Arc View interface for the ground-water flow and transport models MODFLOW and MT3D was built as an extension for facilitating modeling. The extension includes preprocessing of spatially distributed (point, line, and polygon) data for model input and postprocessing of model output. An object database is used for linking user dialogs and model input files. The Arc View interface utilizes the capabilities of the 3D Analyst extension. Models can be automatically calibrated through the Arc View interface by external linking to such programs as PEST. The efficient pre- and postprocessing capabilities and calibration link were demonstrated for ground-water modeling in southwest Kansas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:3(251)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Tsou, M., and Whittemore, D.O., 2001, User interface for ground-water modeling: Arcview extension: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, no. 3, p. 251-257, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:3(251).","startPage":"251","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207323,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:3(251)"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfc5e4b08c986b329d68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tsou, Ming-shu","contributorId":20507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsou","given":"Ming-shu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023522,"text":"70023522 - 2001 - Effect of depth-dependent shear modulus on tsunami generation along subduction zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023522","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of depth-dependent shear modulus on tsunami generation along subduction zones","docAbstract":"Estimates of the initial size of tsunamis generated by subduction zone earthquakes are significantly affected by the choice of shear modulus at shallow depths. Analysis of over 360 circum-Pacific subduction zone earthquakes indicates that for a given seismic moment, source duration increases significantly with decreasing depth (Bilek and Lay, 1998; 1999). Under the assumption that stress drop is constant, the increase of source duration is explained by a 5-fold reduction of shear modulus from depths of 20 km to 5 km. This much lower value of shear modulus at shallow depths in comparison to standard earth models has the effect of increasing the amount of slip estimated from seismic moment determinations, thereby increasing tsunami amplitude. The effect of using depth dependent shear modulus values is tested by modeling the tsunami from the 1992 Nicaraguan tsunami earthquake using a previously determined moment distribution (lhmle??, 1996a). We find that the tide gauge record of this tsunami is well matched by synthetics created using the depth dependent shear modulus and moment distribution. Because excitation of seismic waves also depends on elastic heterogeneity, it is important, particularly for the inversion of short period waves, that a consistent seismic/tsunami shear modulus model be used for calculating slip distributions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL012385","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Bilek, S., 2001, Effect of depth-dependent shear modulus on tsunami generation along subduction zones: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 7, p. 1315-1318, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012385.","startPage":"1315","endPage":"1318","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478941,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012385","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207342,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012385"},{"id":232218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05cfe4b0c8380cd50f91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilek, S.L.","contributorId":89169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilek","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44907,"text":"wri014045 - 2001 - Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:21:49.283202","indexId":"wri014045","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4045","title":"Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","docAbstract":"<p>Lake Maumelle is the major drinking-water source for the Little Rock metropolitan area in central Arkansas. Urban and agricultural development has increased in the Lake Maumelle Basin and information is needed related to constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading or hydrologic regime. This report characterizes ambient conditions in Lake Maumelle and its major tributary, Maumelle River; describes the calibration and verification of a numerical model of hydrodynamics and water quality; and provides several simulations that describe constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading and hydrologic regime.</p><p>Ambient hydrologic and water-quality conditions demonstrate the relatively undisturbed nature of Lake Maumelle and the Maumelle River. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were low, one to two orders of magnitude lower than estimates of national background nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in Lake Maumelle demonstrate its oligotrophic/mesotrophic condition. However, concentrations of chlorophyll a appeared to increase since 1990 within the upper and middle reaches of the reservoir.</p><p>A two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water-quality model developed and calibrated for Lake Maumelle simulates water level, currents, heat transport and temperature distribution, conservative material transport, and the transport and transformation of 11 chemical constituents. Simulations included the movement and dispersion of spills or releases in the reservoir during stratified and unstratified conditions, release of the fish nursery pond off the southern shore of Lake Maumelle, and algal responses to changes in external loading.</p><p>The model was calibrated using 1991 data and verified using 1992 data. Simulated temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations related well when compared to measured values. Simulated nutrient and algal biomass also related reasonably well when compared to measured values. A simulated spill of conservative material at the upper end of Lake Maumelle during a major storm event took less than 102 hours to disperse the entire length of the reservoir. Simulation of a nursery pond release into a tributary to Lake Maumelle demonstrated how the released water plunges within the receiving embayment and enters the main stem of the reservoir at mid depths. Simulations of algal response to increases of nitrogen and phosphorus loads demonstrate the phosphorus limiting condition in Lake Maumelle.</p><p>Results from this study will provide water-resource management with information to better understand how changes in hydrology and water quality in the basin affects water quality in the reservoir. With this information, managers will be able to more effectively manage their drinking-water source supply.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Little Rock Municipal Water Works","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 2001, Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4045, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014045.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403213,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42702.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maumelle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.67860412597655,\n              34.83691357851903\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.47604370117186,\n              34.83691357851903\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.47604370117186,\n              34.920282010051096\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.67860412597655,\n              34.920282010051096\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.67860412597655,\n              34.83691357851903\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023728,"text":"70023728 - 2001 - MAUP: Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in raster GIS datasets. Raster pixels as modifiable areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023728","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1720,"text":"GIM International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MAUP: Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in raster GIS datasets. Raster pixels as modifiable areas","docAbstract":"The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) is a well-studied aspect of geographic phenomena. It is usually associated with socio-economic data collected by census enumeration units. This problem also applies directly to geographic data in raster formats, including both GIS categorical data layers and remotely sensed images. The author briefly provides a foundation for examining the component parts of the MAUP in remotely sensed raster data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GIM International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15669076","usgsCitation":"Lyn, U.E., 2001, MAUP: Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in raster GIS datasets. Raster pixels as modifiable areas: GIM International, v. 15, no. 8, p. 43-45.","startPage":"43","endPage":"45","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4abce4b0c8380cd68fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyn, Usery E.","contributorId":10193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyn","given":"Usery","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023761,"text":"70023761 - 2001 - Protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific DNA vaccination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T12:10:00.215268","indexId":"70023761","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3673,"text":"Vaccine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific DNA vaccination","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id11\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id12\"><p>A DNA vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) held at 15°C. Nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. In a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a DNA vaccine against another fish rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, provided a significant level of cross-protection against IHNV challenge for a transient period of time, whereas a rabies virus DNA vaccine was not protective. This indication of distinct early and late protective mechanisms was not dependent on DNA vaccine doses from 0.1 to 2.5 μg.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00113-X","issn":"0264410X","usgsCitation":"LaPatra, S., Corbeil, S., Jones, G.R., Shewmaker, W.D., Lorenzen, N., Anderson, E., and Kurath, G., 2001, Protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific DNA vaccination: Vaccine, v. 19, no. 28-29, p. 4011-4019, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00113-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4011","endPage":"4019","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"28-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f6ce4b0c8380cd7f75a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaPatra, S. E.","contributorId":55371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LaPatra","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corbeil, S.","contributorId":65252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbeil","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, G. R.","contributorId":74545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shewmaker, W. D.","contributorId":107066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shewmaker","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lorenzen, N.","contributorId":92461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenzen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, Eric","contributorId":168940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023523,"text":"70023523 - 2001 - A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T05:41:03","indexId":"70023523","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">In dealing with the passive transport of organic contaminants from soils to plants (including crops), a partition-limited model is proposed in which (i) the maximum (equilibrium) concentration of a contaminant in any location in the plant is determined by partition equilibrium with its concentration in the soil interstitial water, which in turn is determined essentially by the concentration in the soil organic matter (SOM) and (ii) the extent of approach to partition equilibrium, as measured by the ratio of the contaminant concentrations in plant water and soil interstitial water, α<sub>pt</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(≤ 1), depends on the transport rate of the contaminant in soil water into the plant and the volume of soil water solution that is required for the plant contaminant level to reach equilibrium with the external soil-water phase. Through reasonable estimates of plant organic-water compositions and of contaminant partition coefficients with various plant components, the model accounts for calculated values of α<sub>pt</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in several published crop-contamination studies, including near-equilibrium values (i.e., α<sub>pt</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≅ 1) for relatively water-soluble contaminants and lower values for much less soluble contaminants; the differences are attributed to the much higher partition coefficients of the less soluble compounds between plant lipids and plant water, which necessitates much larger volumes of the plant water transport for achieving the equilibrium capacities. The model analysis indicates that for plants with high water contents the plant-water phase acts as the major reservoir for highly water-soluble contaminants. By contrast, the lipid in a plant, even at small amounts, is usually the major reservoir for highly water-insoluble contaminants.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es0017561","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., Sheng, G., and Manes, M., 2001, A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 7, p. 1437-1444, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0017561.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1444","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207360,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0017561"}],"volume":"35","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d3e4b0c8380cd46959","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheng, G.","contributorId":70961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheng","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manes, M.","contributorId":17390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manes","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023414,"text":"70023414 - 2001 - Sinking mafic body in a reactivated lower crust: A mechanism for stress concentration at the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023414","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sinking mafic body in a reactivated lower crust: A mechanism for stress concentration at the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"We propose a geodynamic model for stress concentration in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). The model postulates that a high-density (mafic) body situated in the deep crust directly beneath the most seismically active part of the NMSZ began sinking several thousands of years ago when the lower crust was suddenly weakened. Based on the fact that deformation rates in the NMSZ have accelerated over the past 9 k.y., we envision the source of this perturbation to be related to the last North American deglaciation. Excess mass of the mafic body exerts a downward pull on the elastic upper crust, leading to a cycle of primary thrust faulting with secondary strike-slip faulting, after which continued sinking of the mafic body reloads the upper crust and renews the process. This model is consistent with the youth of activity, the generation of a sequence of earthquakes, and the velocity evolution during interseismic periods, which depend upon the density contrast of the mafic body with respect to the surrounding crust, its volume, and the viscosity of the lower crust.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000277","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Kellogg, L., and Burgmann, R., 2001, Sinking mafic body in a reactivated lower crust: A mechanism for stress concentration at the New Madrid seismic zone: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 6, p. 1882-1897, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000277.","startPage":"1882","endPage":"1897","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207466,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000277"},{"id":232444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90e8e4b08c986b3196cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellogg, L.","contributorId":64844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023960,"text":"70023960 - 2001 - Marine chemistry of the permian phosphoria formation and basin, Southeast Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023960","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine chemistry of the permian phosphoria formation and basin, Southeast Idaho","docAbstract":"Major components in the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation are apatite, dolomite, calcite, organic matter, and biogenic silica-a marine fraction; and aluminosilicate quartz debris-a terrigenous fraction. Samples from Enoch Valley, in southeast Idaho, have major element oxide abundances of Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, and TiO2 that closely approach the composition of the world shale average. Factor analysis further identifies the partitioning of several trace elements-Ba, Ga, Li, Sc, and Th and, at other sites in southeast Idaho and western Wyoming, B, Co, Cs, Hf, Rb, and Ta-totally into this fraction. Trace elements that fail to show such correlations or factor loadings include Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se, the rare earth elements (REE), U, V, and Zn. Their terrigenous contribution is determined from minimum values of trace elements versus the terrigenous fraction. These minima too define trace element concentrations in the terrigenous fraction that approximately equal their concentrations in the world shale average. The marine fraction of trace elements represents the difference between the bulk trace element content of a sample and the terrigenous contribution. Of the trace elements enriched above a terrigenous contribution, Ag, Cr, Cu, Mo, and Se show strong loadings on the factor with an organic matter loading and U and the REE on the factor with a strong apatite loading. Cd, Ni, V, and Zn do not show a strong correlation with any of the marine components but are, nonetheless, strongly enriched above a terrigenous contribution. Interelement relationships between the trace elements identify two seawater sources-planktonic debris and basinal bottom water. Relationships between Cd, Cu, Mo, Zn, and possibly Ni and Se suggest a solely biogenic source. Their accumulation rates, and that of PO3-4, further identify the level of primary productivity as having been moderate and the residence time of water in the basin at 4.5 yr. Enrichments of Cr, U, V, and the REE, above both terrigenous and biogenic contributions, define bottom-water redox conditions as having been oxygen depleted, that is, denitrifying but not sulfate reducing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/96.3.599","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 2001, Marine chemistry of the permian phosphoria formation and basin, Southeast Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 599-620, https://doi.org/10.2113/96.3.599.","startPage":"599","endPage":"620","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207018,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/96.3.599"},{"id":231555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51d1e4b0c8380cd6bf63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023374,"text":"70023374 - 2001 - Effects of Land-Cover Change, Floods, and Stream Position on Geomorphic Processes - Implications for Restoration Activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023374","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of Land-Cover Change, Floods, and Stream Position on Geomorphic Processes - Implications for Restoration Activities","docAbstract":"A geomorphic study for North Fish Creek, a northern Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior was analyzed to determine the hydrologic and geomorphic changes caused by clear-cut logging and agricultural activity. Discharge magnitude estimated with HEC-2 for full-channel capacities indicate that modern full-channel discharges are about twice as large as pre-1946 full-channel discharges. Flood-plain deposition rates were high along the transitional main stem after European settlement. Restoration and protection activities would be most effective if focused on watershed practices to reduce runoff and on channel restoration that reduce buff and bank erosion in the upper and transitional main stems.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference","conferenceDate":"27 August 2001 through 31 August 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0784405816","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., 2001, Effects of Land-Cover Change, Floods, and Stream Position on Geomorphic Processes - Implications for Restoration Activities, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference, Reno, NV, 27 August 2001 through 31 August 2001, p. 537-550.","startPage":"537","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a065ae4b0c8380cd511f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hayes D.F.Hayes D.F.","contributorId":128356,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hayes D.F.Hayes D.F.","id":536497,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023730,"text":"70023730 - 2001 - A method for mapping apparent stress and energy radiation applied to the 1994 Northridge earthquake fault zone-revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023730","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for mapping apparent stress and energy radiation applied to the 1994 Northridge earthquake fault zone-revisited","docAbstract":"McGarr and Fletcher (2000) introduced a technique for estimating apparent stress and seismic energy radiation associated with small patches of a larger fault plane and then applied this method to the slip model of the Northridge earthquake (Wald et al., 1996). These results must be revised because we did not take account of the difference between the seismic energy near the fault and that in the farfield. The fraction f(VR) of the near-field energy that propagates into the far-field is a monotonic function that ranges from 0.11 to 0.40 as rupture velocity VR increases from 0.6?? to 0.95??, where ?? is the shear wave speed. The revised equation for apparent stress for subfault ij is taij = f(VR) ????/ 2 Dij??? D(t)ij2dt, where ?? is density, D(t)ij is the time-dependent slip, and Dij is the final slip. The corresponding seismic energy is Eaij = ADijtaij, where A is the subfault area. Our corrected distributions of apparent stress and radiated energy over the Northridge earthquake fault zone are about 35% of those published before.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001GL013094","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Fletcher, J.B., 2001, A method for mapping apparent stress and energy radiation applied to the 1994 Northridge earthquake fault zone-revisited: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 18, p. 3529-3532, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013094.","startPage":"3529","endPage":"3532","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489796,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207436,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013094"}],"volume":"28","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e454e4b0c8380cd465b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023379,"text":"70023379 - 2001 - Visible/near-infrared spectra and two-layer modeling of palagonite-coated Basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70023379","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visible/near-infrared spectra and two-layer modeling of palagonite-coated Basalts","docAbstract":"Fine-grained dust coatings on Martian rocks and soils obscure underlying surfaces and hinder mineralogic interpretations of both remote sensing and in-situ observations. We investigate laboratory visible/near-infrared spectra of various thicknesses of palagonite coatings on basalt substrates. We develop a two-layer Hapke scattering model incorporating porosity, grain size, and derived absorption coefficients of palagonite and basalt that reproduces the observed spectra only when the single scattering particle phase function is varied with wavelength.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL012669","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., and Grundy, W., 2001, Visible/near-infrared spectra and two-layer modeling of palagonite-coated Basalts: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 10, p. 2101-2104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012669.","startPage":"2101","endPage":"2104","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478919,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012669","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207516,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012669"},{"id":232523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc28be4b08c986b32abe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grundy, W.M.","contributorId":12659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundy","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023629,"text":"70023629 - 2001 - Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:45:03","indexId":"70023629","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Rhodamine WT dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin yield concentration-time curves with characteristically long recession times suggestive of active transient storage processes. The scale of drainage areas contributing to the stream reaches studied in the Willamette Basin ranges from 10 to 12,000 km2. A transient storage assessment of the tracer studies has been completed using the U.S. Geological Survey's One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model, which incorporates storage exchange and decay functions along with the traditional dispersion and advection transport equation. The analysis estimates solute transport of the dye. It identifies first-order decay coefficients to be on the order of 10-5/sec for the nonconservative Rhodamine WT. On an individual subreach basis, the first-order decay is slower (typically by an order of magnitude) than the transient storage process, indicating that nonconservative tracers may be used to evaluate transient storage in rivers. In the transient storage analysis, a dimensionless parameter (As/A) expresses the spatial extent of storage zone area relative to stream cross section. In certain reaches of Willamette Basin pool-and-riffle, gravel-bed rivers, this parameter was as large as 0.5. A measure of the storage exchange flux was calculated for each stream subreach in the simulation analysis. This storage exchange is shown subjectively to be higher at higher stream discharges. Hyporheic linkage between streams and subsurface flows is the probable physical mechanism contributing to a significant part of this inferred active transient storage. Hyporheic linkages are further suggested by detailed measurements of river discharge with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system delineating zones in two large rivers where water alternately enters and leaves the surface channels through graveland-cobble riverbeds. Measurements show patterns of hyporheic exchange that are highly variable in time and space.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00975.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Bencala, K., 2001, Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 2, p. 367-377, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00975.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"377","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Basin","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb704e4b08c986b326ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, A.","contributorId":92827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023410,"text":"70023410 - 2001 - A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its implication for microearthquakes at Parkfield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023410","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its implication for microearthquakes at Parkfield","docAbstract":"If repeating earthquakes are represented by circular ruptures, have constant stress drops, and experience no aseismic slip, then their recurrence times should vary with seismic moment as tr ?? Mo1/3. In contrast, the observed variation for small, characteristic repeating earthquakes along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield (Nadeau and Johnson, 1998) is much weaker. Also, the Parkfield repeating earthquakes have much longer recurrence intervals than expected if the static stress drop is 10 MPa and if the loading velocity VL is assumed equal to the geodetically inferred slip rate of the fault Vf. To resolve these discrepancies, previous studies have assumed no aseismic slip during the interseismic period, implying either high stress drop or VL ??? Vf. In this study, we show that a model that includes aseismic slip provides a plausible alternative explanation for the Parkfield repeating earthquakes. Our model of a repeating earthquake is a fixed-area fault patch that is allowed to continuously creep and strain harden until reaching a failure threshold stress. The strain hardening is represented by a linear coefficient C, which when much greater than the elastic loading stiffness k leads to relatively small interseismic slip (stick-slip). When C and k are of similar size creep-slip occurs, in which relatively large aseismic slip accrues prior to failure. Because fault-patch stiffness varies with patch radius, if C is independent of radius, then the model predicts that the relative amount of seismic to total slip increases with increasing radius or Mo, consistent with variations in slip required to explain the Parkfield data. The model predicts a weak variation in tr with Mo similar to the Parkfield data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000096","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Lockner, D., and Hickman, S., 2001, A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its implication for microearthquakes at Parkfield: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 6, p. 1797-1804, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000096.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1804","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207448,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000096"},{"id":232402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e592e4b0c8380cd46e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.L.","contributorId":14979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023759,"text":"70023759 - 2001 - Characterization of the Mississippian chat in south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T16:42:49.327972","indexId":"70023759","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the Mississippian chat in south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"<p class=\"abstractnoin\">To understand production from low resistivity-high porosity Mississippian chat reservoirs in south-central Kansas it is necessary to understand the nature of deposition and diagenesis, how tectonics is a factor, the lithofacies controls on petrophysical properties, and log response to these properties. The initial mudstones to sponge-spicule wacke-packstones were deposited in transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles on a shelf to shelf margin setting, resulting in a series of shallowing-upward cycles. Sponge-spicule content appears to increase upward with increasing cycle thickness.</p><p class=\"abstract\">After early silicification, inter- and post-Mississippian subaerial exposure resulted in further diagenesis, including sponge-spicule dissolution, vuggy porosity development in moldic-rich rocks, and autobrecciation. Meteoric water infiltration is limited in depth below the exposure surface and in distance downdip into unaltered, cherty Cowley Formation facies. Areas of thicker preserved chat and increased diagenesis can be correlated with structural lineaments and, in some areas, with recurrent basement block movement. Combination of folding or block fault movement prior to or during development of the basal Pennsylvanian unconformity, sponge-spicule concentration, and possibly thickness of overlying bioclastic wacke-grainstones resulted in variable reservoir properties and the creation of pods of production separated by nonproductive cherty dolomite mudstones. These events also resulted in alteration of the depositional cycles to produce a series of lithofacies that exhibit unique petrophysical properties.</p><p class=\"abstract\">From bottom to top in a complete cycle seven lithofacies are present: (1) argillaceous dolomite mudstone, (2) argillaceous dolomite mudstone that has chert nodules, (3) clean dolomite mudstone that has nodular chert, (4) nodular to bedded chert, (5) autoclastic chert, (6) autoclastic chert that has clay infill, and (7) bioclastic wacke-grainstone. The uppermost cycle was terminated by another lithofacies, a chert conglomerate of Mississippian and/or Pennsylvanian age. The chert facies exhibit porosities ranging from 25 to 50% and permeabilities greater than 5 md. The<span>&nbsp;</span><strong class=\"pagebreak\">(Begin page 86)</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>cherty dolomite mudstones, argillaceous dolomite mudstones, and bioclastic wacke-grainstones exhibit nonreservoir properties.</p><p class=\"abstract\">Reservoir production, numerical simulation, and whole core data indicate fracturing can be present in chat reservoirs and can enhance permeability by as much as an order of magnitude. Capillary pressure data indicate the presence of microporosity and can explain high water saturations and low resistivity observed in wire-line logs. Relative permeabilities to oil decrease rapidly for saturations greater than 60% and may be influenced by dual pore systems. Archie cementation exponents increase from 1.8 for mudstones to more than 2.5 in the cherts that have increasing sponge-spicule mold and vug content. Detailed modified Pickett plot analysis of logs reveals critical aspects of chat character and can provide reliable indices of reservoir properties and pay delineation. Models developed provide additional insight into the chat of south-central Kansas and understanding of the nature of controls on shallow-shelf chert reservoir properties.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/8626C767-173B-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Watney, W.L., Guy, W.J., and Byrne, A., 2001, Characterization of the Mississippian chat in south-central Kansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, no. 1, p. 85-113, https://doi.org/10.1306/8626C767-173B-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.5029296875,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.27319335937499,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.27319335937499,\n              39.410733055084954\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5029296875,\n              39.410733055084954\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5029296875,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e5e4b0c8380cd4bfb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watney, W. Lynn","contributorId":60785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, W. J.","contributorId":23293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrne, Alan","contributorId":178985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023415,"text":"70023415 - 2001 - Evaluation of the UnTRIM model for 3-D tidal circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023415","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of the UnTRIM model for 3-D tidal circulation","docAbstract":"A family of numerical models, known as the TRIM models, shares the same modeling philosophy for solving the shallow water equations. A characteristic analysis of the shallow water equations points out that the numerical instability is controlled by the gravity wave terms in the momentum equations and by the transport terms in the continuity equation. A semi-implicit finite-difference scheme has been formulated so that these terms and the vertical diffusion terms are treated implicitly and the remaining terms explicitly to control the numerical stability and the computations are carried out over a uniform finite-difference computational mesh without invoking horizontal or vertical coordinate transformations. An unstructured grid version of TRIM model is introduced, or UnTRIM (pronounces as \"you trim\"), which preserves these basic numerical properties and modeling philosophy, only the computations are carried out over an unstructured orthogonal grid. The unstructured grid offers the flexibilities in representing complex study areas so that fine grid resolution can be placed in regions of interest, and coarse grids are used to cover the remaining domain. Thus, the computational efforts are concentrated in areas of importance, and an overall computational saving can be achieved because the total number of grid-points is dramatically reduced. To use this modeling approach, an unstructured grid mesh must be generated to properly reflect the properties of the domain of the investigation. The new modeling flexibility in grid structure is accompanied by new challenges associated with issues of grid generation. To take full advantage of this new model flexibility, the model grid generation should be guided by insights into the physics of the problems; and the insights needed may require a higher degree of modeling skill.","largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference","conferenceDate":"5 November 2001 through 7 November 2001","conferenceLocation":"St. Petersburg, FL","language":"English","isbn":"0784406286","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Casulli, V., 2001, Evaluation of the UnTRIM model for 3-D tidal circulation, <i>in</i> Estuarine and Coastal Modeling: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, St. Petersburg, FL, 5 November 2001 through 7 November 2001, p. 628-642.","startPage":"628","endPage":"642","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cdae4b0c8380cd52d0a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding M.L.Spaulding M.L.","contributorId":128417,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding M.L.Spaulding M.L.","id":536498,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casulli, V.","contributorId":65994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casulli","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023722,"text":"70023722 - 2001 - Initial yield to depth relation for water wells drilled into crystalline bedrock - Pinardville quadrangle, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:57:27.304003","indexId":"70023722","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initial yield to depth relation for water wells drilled into crystalline bedrock - Pinardville quadrangle, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"<p>A model is proposed to explain the statistical relations between the mean initial water well yields from eight time increments from 1984 to 1998 for wells drilled into the crystalline bedrock aquifer system in the Pinardville area of southern New Hampshire and the type of bedrock, mean well depth, and mean well elevation. Statistical analyses show that the mean total yield of drilling increments is positively correlated with mean total well depth and mean well elevation. In addition, the mean total well yield varies with rock type from a minimum of 46.9 L/min (12.4 gpm) in the Damon Pond granite to a maximum of 74.5 L/min (19.7 gpm) in the Permian pegmatite and granite unit. Across the eight drilling increments that comprise 211 wells each, the percentages of very low-yield wells (1.9 L/min [0.5 gpm] or less) and high-yield wells (151.4 L/min [40 gpm] or more) increased, and those of intermediate-yield wells decreased. As housing development progressed during the 1984 to 1998 interval, the mean depth of the wells and their elevations increased, and the mix of percentages of the bedrock types drilled changed markedly.</p><p>The proposed model uses a feed-forward mechanism to explain the interaction between the increasing mean elevation, mean well depth, and percentages of very low-yielding wells and the mean well yield. The increasing percentages of very low-yielding wells through time and the economics of the housing market may control the system that forces the mean well depths, percentages of high-yield wells, and mean well yields to increase. The reason for the increasing percentages of very low-yield wells is uncertain, but the explanation is believed to involve the complex structural geology and tectonic history of the Pinardville quadrangle.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02357.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., Schuenemeyer, J., Amstrong, T., and Sutphin, D.M., 2001, Initial yield to depth relation for water wells drilled into crystalline bedrock - Pinardville quadrangle, New Hampshire: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 5, p. 676-684, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02357.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"676","endPage":"684","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Pinardville","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.70639038085936,\n              42.897094603161904\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.36856079101562,\n              42.897094603161904\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.36856079101562,\n              43.087946269000135\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.70639038085936,\n              43.087946269000135\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.70639038085936,\n              42.897094603161904\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bece4b0c8380cd62937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrong, T.R.","contributorId":15791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amstrong","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023710,"text":"70023710 - 2001 - Three-parameter AVO crossplotting in anisotropic media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T18:32:25.590961","indexId":"70023710","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-parameter AVO crossplotting in anisotropic media","docAbstract":"<p>Amplitude versus offset (AVO) interpretation can be facilitated by crossplotting AVO intercept (<i>A</i>), gradient (<i>B</i>), and curvature (<i>C</i>) terms. However, anisotropy, which exists in the real world, usually complicates AVO analysis. Recognizing anisotropic behavior on AVO crossplots can help avoid AVO interpretation errors.</p><p>Using a modification to a three-term (<i>A</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>B</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i>) approximation to the exact anisotropic reflection coefficients for transversely isotropic media, we find that anisotropy has a nonlinear effect on an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A</i><span>&nbsp;</span>versus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><span>&nbsp;</span>crossplot yet causes slope changes and differing intercepts on<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A</i><span>&nbsp;</span>versus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>B</i><span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><span>&nbsp;</span>crossplots. Empirical corrections that result in more accurate crossplot interpretation are introduced for specific circumstances.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1487081","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Hao, C., Castagna, J., Brown, R., and Ramos, A., 2001, Three-parameter AVO crossplotting in anisotropic media: Geophysics, v. 66, no. 5, p. 1359-1363, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1487081.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1363","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb352e4b08c986b325cff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hao, Chen","contributorId":89306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hao","given":"Chen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castagna, J.P.","contributorId":90078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castagna","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, R.L.","contributorId":107014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramos, A.C.B.","contributorId":35910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos","given":"A.C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023329,"text":"70023329 - 2001 - Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 1. Method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:59:08.941587","indexId":"70023329","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 1. Method","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a probabilistic method to locate the source of seismic events using seismic antennas. The method is based on a comparison of the event azimuths and slownesses derived from frequency-slowness analyses of array data, with a slowness vector model. Several slowness vector models are considered including both homogeneous and horizontally layered half-spaces and also a more complex medium representing the actual topography and three-dimensional velocity structure of the region under study. In this latter model the slowness vector is obtained from frequency-slowness analyses of synthetic signals. These signals are generated using the finite difference method and include the effects of topography and velocity structure to reproduce as closely as possible the behavior of the observed wave fields. A comparison of these results with those obtained with a homogeneous half-space demonstrates the importance of structural and topographic effects, which, if ignored, lead to a bias in the source location. We use synthetic seismograms to test the accuracy and stability of the method and to investigate the effect of our choice of probability distributions. We conclude that this location method can provide the source position of shallow events within a complex volcanic structure such as Kilauea Volcano with an error of ±200 m.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000310","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2001, Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 1. Method: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13565-13580, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000310.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"13565","endPage":"13580","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/97988","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26519626593304,\n              19.40231282179836\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2530083081693,\n              19.407655849794338\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23910373663622,\n              19.406846311379084\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23704380011282,\n              19.414941514169755\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24974674200735,\n              19.42433144440021\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26021808600137,\n              19.43015940404547\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.279959144351,\n              19.4316163612869\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29849857306192,\n              19.41332250585515\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29884189581594,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29437870001507,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29386371588427,\n              19.394055069727003\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28013080572794,\n              19.396807700313744\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9479e4b08c986b31aaef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023418,"text":"70023418 - 2001 - Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023418","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow","docAbstract":"Models are needed that describe how topography and other watershed characteristics affect the chemical composition of runoff waters, yet little spatially distributed data exist to develop such models. A topographically driven flushing mechanism for nitrate (NO3-) and dissolved organic carbon has been described in recent literature; however, this mechanism has not yet been thoroughly tested. A 24 ha catchment in the Catskill Mountains of New York was clearcut in the winter of 1996-97, resulting in elevated NO3- concentrations in soil water, groundwater and streamflow. We sampled shallow subsurface stormflow (SSSF) and streamflow six times during the spring and summer of 1998, 1 year after the harvest. We used a spatially distributed network of piezometers to investigate the relationship between topography and SSSF chemistry. Several indices of topography were computed, including the commonly employed topographic index of Beven and Kirkby (1979; Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24: 43-69). Topographic index was positively correlated with NO3- concentrations in SSSF. The strength of the NO3- -topography relationship was best explained by antecedent soil temperature and antecedent precipitation conditions. Results suggest a topographically driven flushing of high NO3- shallow soil at the site during storm events. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.247","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Welsch, D., Kroll, C., McDonnell, J.J., and Burns, D.A., 2001, Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1925-1938, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.247.","startPage":"1925","endPage":"1938","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207517,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.247"},{"id":232526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb478e4b08c986b3263b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsch, D.L.","contributorId":70562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsch","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroll, C.N.","contributorId":98916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroll","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023412,"text":"70023412 - 2001 - Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023412","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru","docAbstract":"Rodent (Abrocoma, Lagidium, Phyllotis) middens collected from 2350 to 2750 m elevation near Arequipa, Peru (16??S), provide an ???9600-yr vegetation history of the northern Atacama Desert, based on identification of >50 species of plant macrofossils. These midden floras show considerable stability throughout the Holocene, with slightly more mesophytic plant assemblages in the middle Holocene. Unlike the southwestern United States, rodent middens of mid-Holocene age are common. In the Arequipa area, the midden record does not reflect any effects of a mid-Holocene mega drought proposed from the extreme lowstand (100 m below modern levels, >6000 to 3500 yr B.P.) of Lake Titicaca, only 200 km east of Arequipa. This is perhaps not surprising, given other evidence for wetter summers on the Pacific slope of the Andes during the middle Holocene as well as the poor correlation of summer rainfall among modern weather stations in the central AndesAtacama Desert. The apparent difference in paleoclimatic reconstructions suggests that it is premature to relate changes observed during the Holocene to changes in El Nin??o Southern Oscillation modes. ?? 2001 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2262","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Holmgren, C., Betancourt, J., Rylander, K., Roque, J., Tovar, O., Zeballos, H., Linares, E., and Quade, J., 2001, Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru: Quaternary Research, v. 56, no. 2, p. 242-251, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2262.","startPage":"242","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2262"},{"id":232404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31fbe4b0c8380cd5e404","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmgren, C.A.","contributorId":19692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmgren","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rylander, K.A.","contributorId":58414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rylander","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roque, J.","contributorId":82992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roque","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tovar, O.","contributorId":36022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tovar","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zeballos, H.","contributorId":64520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeballos","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Linares, E.","contributorId":60919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linares","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
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