Locomotion of nematodes in soil is important for both practical and theoretical reasons. We constructed a model for rate of locomotion. The first model component is a simple simulation of nematode movement among finite cells by both random and directed behaviours. Optimisation procedures were used to fit the simulation output to data from published experiments on movement along columns of soil or washed sand, and thus to estimate the values of the model's movement coefficients. The coefficients then provided an objective means to compare rates of locomotion among studies done under different experimental conditions. The second component of the model is an equation to predict the movement coefficients as a function of controlling factors that have been addressed experimentally: soil texture, bulk density, water potential, temperature, trophic group of nematode, presence of an attractant or physical gradient and the duration of the experiment. Parameters of the equation were estimated by optimisation to achieve a good fit to the estimated movement coefficients. Bulk density, which has been reported in a minority of published studies, is predicted to have an important effect on rate of locomotion, at least in fine-textured soils. Soil sieving, which appears to be a universal practice in laboratory studies of nematode movement, is predicted to negatively affect locomotion. Slower movement in finer textured soils would be expected to increase isolation among local populations, and thus to promote species richness. Future additions to the model that might improve its utility include representing heterogeneity within populations in rate of movement, development of gradients of chemical attractants, trade-offs between random and directed components of movement, species differences in optimal temperature and water potential, and interactions among factors controlling locomotion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Brill Publishers","doi":"10.1163/156854101753536082","usgsCitation":"Hunt, H.W., Wall, D., DeCrappeo, N., and Brenner, J.S., 2001, A model for nematode locomotion in soil: Nematology, v. 3, no. 7, p. 705-716, https://doi.org/10.1163/156854101753536082.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"716","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612054e4b06e28e9c25b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, H. William","contributorId":35665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wall, Diana H.","contributorId":189136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wall","given":"Diana H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeCrappeo, Nicole 0000-0002-6928-8853 ndecrappeo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-8853","contributorId":1939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeCrappeo","given":"Nicole","email":"ndecrappeo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, John S.","contributorId":196100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010415,"text":"70010415 - 2001 - Characteristics of water-well yields in part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T18:58:55.5502","indexId":"70010415","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of water-well yields in part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County, Virginia","docAbstract":"Loudoun County, Virginia, which is located about 50 km to the west of Washington, DC, was the site of intensive suburban development during the 1980s and 1990s. In the western half of the county, the source of water for domestic use has been from wells drilled into the fractured crystalline bedrock of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province. A comprehensive digital database that contains information on initial yield, location, depth, elevation, and other data for 3651 wells drilled in this 825.5-km2 area was combined with a digital geologic map to form the basis for a study of geologic and temporal controls on water-well yields. Statistical modeling procedures were used to determine that mean yields for the wells were significantly different as a function of structural setting, genetic rock type, and geologic map unit. The Bonferroni procedure then was used to determine which paired comparisons contributed to these significant differences. The data were divided into 15 temporal drilling increments to determine if the time-dependent trends that exist for the Loudoun County data are similar to those discovered in a previous study of water-well yields in the Pinardville 7.5-min quadrangle, New Hampshire. In both regions, trends, which include increasing proportions of very low yield wells and increasing well depths through time, and the counterintuitive result of increasing mean well yields through time, were similar. In addition, a yield-to-depth curve similar tothat discovered in the Pinardville quadrangle was recognized in this study. Thus, the temporal model with a feed-forward-loop mechanism to explain the temporal trends in well characteristics proposed for the New Hampshire study appears to apply to western Loudoun County.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011559113969","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"Sutphin, D.M., Drew, L., Schuenemeyer, J., and Burton, W., 2001, Characteristics of water-well yields in part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County, Virginia: Natural Resources Research, v. 10, no. 1, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011559113969.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Loudoun County","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge Geologic 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D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023277,"text":"70023277 - 2001 - Diamond-anvil cell observations of a new methane hydrate phase in the 100-MPa pressure range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023277","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2424,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diamond-anvil cell observations of a new methane hydrate phase in the 100-MPa pressure range","docAbstract":"A new high-pressure phase of methane hydrate has been identified based on its high optical relief, distinct pressure-temperature phase relations, and Raman spectra. In-situ optical observations were made in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell at temperatures between -40?? and 60 ??C and at pressures up to 900 MPa. Two new invariant points were located at -8.7 ??C and 99 MPa for the assemblage consisting of the new phase, structure I methane hydrate, ice Ih, and water, and at 35.3 ??C and 137 MPa for the new phase-structure I methane hydrate-water-methane vapor. Existence of the new phase is critical for understanding the phase relations among the hydrates at low to moderate pressures, and may also have important implications for understanding the hydrogen bonding in H2O and the behavior of water in the planetary bodies, such as Europa, of the outer solar system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Chemistry A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/jp002735w","issn":"10895639","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., Sharma, A., Burruss, R., Hemley, R., Goncharov, A., Stern, L., and Kirby, S.H., 2001, Diamond-anvil cell observations of a new methane hydrate phase in the 100-MPa pressure range: Journal of Physical Chemistry A, v. 105, no. 19, p. 4664-4668, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp002735w.","startPage":"4664","endPage":"4668","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207638,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp002735w"},{"id":232760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a7e4b0c8380cd4f83b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharma, A.","contributorId":59978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hemley, R.J.","contributorId":70118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goncharov, A.F.","contributorId":12230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goncharov","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023780,"text":"70023780 - 2001 - Volcano monitoring using the Global Positioning System: Filtering strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:43:58.015268","indexId":"70023780","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano monitoring using the Global Positioning System: Filtering strategies","docAbstract":"Permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) networks are routinely used for producing improved orbits and monitoring secular tectonic deformation. For these applications, data are transferred to an analysis center each day and routinely processed in 24-hour segments. To use GPS for monitoring volcanic events, which may last only a few hours, real-time or near real-time data processing and subdaily position estimates are valuable. Strategies have been researched for obtaining station coordinates every 15 min using a Kalman filter; these strategies have been tested on data collected by a GPS network on Kilauea Volcano. Data from this network are tracked continuously, recorded every 30 s, and telemetered hourly to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. A white noise model is heavily impacted by data outages and poor satellite geometry, but a properly constrained random walk model fits the data well. Using a borehole tiltmeter at Kilauea's summit as ground-truth, solutions using different random walk constraints were compared. This study indicates that signals on the order of 5 mm/h are resolvable using a random walk standard deviation of 0.45 cm/√h. Values lower than this suppress small signals, and values greater than this have significantly higher noise at periods of 1–6 hours.
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However, this method assumes survival is constant throughout the study period, which often ignores biologically relevant variation and may lead to biased survival estimates. We examined the bias and accuracy of 1 modification to the Mayfield method that allows for temporal variation in survival, and we developed and similarly tested 2 additional methods. One of these 2 new methods is simply an iterative extension of Klett and Johnson's method, which we refer to as the Iterative Mayfield method and bears similarity to Kaplan-Meier methods. The other method uses maximum likelihood techniques for estimation and is best applied to survival of animals in groups or families, rather than as independent individuals. We also examined how robust these estimators are to heterogeneity in the data, which can arise from such sources as dependent survival probabilities among siblings, inherent differences among families, and adoption. Testing of estimator performance with respect to bias, accuracy, and heterogeneity was done using simulations that mimicked a study of survival of emperor goose (Chen canagica) goslings. Assuming constant survival for inappropriately long periods of time or use of Klett and Johnson's methods resulted in large bias or poor accuracy (often >5% bias or root mean square error) compared to our Iterative Mayfield or maximum likelihood methods. Overall, estimator performance was slightly better with our Iterative Mayfield than our maximum likelihood method, but the maximum likelihood method provides a more rigorous framework for testing covariates and explicity models a heterogeneity factor. We demonstrated use of all estimators with data from emperor goose goslings. We advocate that future studies use the new methods outlined here rather than the traditional Mayfield method or its previous modifications.
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This study illustrates a technique for visualizing timely information on key events during the growing season (e.g., onset, peak, duration, and end of growing season), as well as the status of the current growing season with respect to the recent historical average. Using time-series analysis of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite sensor, seasonal dynamics can be derived. We have developed a set of Java-based visualization and analysis tools to make comparisons between the seasonal dynamics of the current year with those from the past twelve years. In addition, the visualization tools allow the user to query underlying databases such as land cover or administrative boundaries to analyze the seasonal dynamics of areas of their own interest. The Java-based tools (data exploration and visualization analysis or DEVA) use a Web-based client-server model for processing the data. The resulting visualization and analysis, available via the Internet, is of value to those responsible for land management decisions, resource allocation, and at-risk population targeting.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2001)","conferenceDate":"Jul 9-13, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, NSW, Australia","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., Swets, D., Bard, L., Brown, J., and Rowland, J., 2001, Interactive visualization of vegetation dynamics, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 1, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Jul 9-13, 2001, p. 210-212.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce2e4b0c8380cd63118","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B. C. 0000-0002-1132-7178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":55594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swets, D.","contributorId":78118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swets","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bard, L.","contributorId":95652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bard","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, J.","contributorId":57801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowland, James 0000-0003-4837-3511 rowland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-3511","contributorId":3108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"James","email":"rowland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022705,"text":"70022705 - 2001 - Identifying variably saturated water-flow patterns in a steep hillslope under intermittent heavy rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022705","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying variably saturated water-flow patterns in a steep hillslope under intermittent heavy rainfall","docAbstract":"The objective of this paper is to identify water-flow patterns in part of an active landslide, through the use of numerical simulations and data obtained during a field study. The approaches adopted include measuring rainfall events and pore-pressure responses in both saturated and unsaturated soils at the site. To account for soil variability, the Richards equation is solved within deterministic and stochastic frameworks. The deterministic simulations considered average water-retention data, adjusted retention data to account for stones or cobbles, retention functions for a heterogeneous pore structure, and continuous retention functions for preferential flow. The stochastic simulations applied the Monte Carlo approach which considers statistical distribution and autocorrelation of the saturated conductivity and its cross correlation with the retention function. Although none of the models is capable of accurately predicting field measurements, appreciable improvement in accuracy was attained using stochastic, preferential flow, and heterogeneous pore-structure models. For the current study, continuum-flow models provide reasonable accuracy for practical purposes, although they are expected to be less accurate than multi-domain preferential flow models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s100400100129","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"El-Kadi, A., and Torikai, J., 2001, Identifying variably saturated water-flow patterns in a steep hillslope under intermittent heavy rainfall: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 9, no. 3, p. 231-242, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400100129.","startPage":"231","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400100129"},{"id":233674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a385de4b0c8380cd61545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"El-Kadi, A. I.","contributorId":103838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El-Kadi","given":"A. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022706,"text":"70022706 - 2001 - Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:01:34","indexId":"70022706","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration","docAbstract":"Over the past two decades of refinement and application of instream flow evaluations, we have examined the hydraulic habitat of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a variety of conditions, along with the role of these macroinvertebrates in sustaining ecosystem integrity. Instream flow analyses assume that predictable changes in channel flow characteristics can, in turn, be used to predict the change in the density or distribution of lotic species or, more appropriately, the availability of useable habitat for those species. Five major hydraulic conditions most affect the distribution and ecological success of lotic biota: suspended load, bedload movement, and water column effects, such as turbulence, velocity profile, and substratum interactions (near-bed hydraulics). The interactions of these hydraulic conditions upon the morphology and behavior of the individual organisms govern the distribution of aquatic biota. Historically, management decisions employing the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) have focused upon prediction of available habitat for life stages of target fish species. Regulatory agencies have rarely included evaluation of benthos for flow reservations. Although ‘taxonomic discomfort’ may be cited for the reluctant use or creation of benthic criteria, we suggest that a basic misunderstanding of the links between benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities is still a problem. This is derived from the lack of a perceived ‘value’ that can be assigned to macroinvertebrate species. With the exception of endangered mussel species (for which PHABSIM analysis is probably inappropriate), this is understandable. However, it appears that there is a greater ability to predict macroinvertebrate distribution (that is, a response to the change in habitat quality or location) and diversity without complex population models. Also, habitat suitability criteria for water quality indicator taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; the so-called ‘EPTs’) may also provide additional management options to stream regulators. The greatest application for macroinvertebrate criteria will be in low-order streams where a more immediate link to fish communities can be established. We present an example from Queens Creek, in North Carolina, USA, in which monthly allocations required to preserve the integrity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were significantly higher than for the target benthic fish species, Cottus bairdi. In the months when both Cottus and community diversity of macroinvertebrates were the ‘bottleneck’ life stages, preservation of only fish species could result in an additional 5–25% loss in macroinvertebrate habitat. We suggest that, as there becomes an increased emphasis on maintaining macroinvertebrates as monitors of stream health, there will be a concurrent emphasis on incorporating hydraulic habitat conditions as a part of bioassessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rrr.650","usgsCitation":"Gore, J.A., Layzer, J.B., and Mead, J., 2001, Macroinvertebrate instream flow studies after 20 years: A role in stream management and restoration: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 17, no. 4-5, p. 527-542, https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.650.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"542","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b1de4b0c8380cd692d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gore, James A.","contributorId":57458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gore","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Layzer, James B. jim_layzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layzer","given":"James","email":"jim_layzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mead, Jim","contributorId":198945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mead","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022712,"text":"70022712 - 2001 - Density structure of the lithosphere in the southwestern United States and its tectonic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:32:52.049226","indexId":"70022712","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density structure of the lithosphere in the southwestern United States and its tectonic significance","docAbstract":"We calculate a density model of the lithosphere of the southwestern United States through an integrated analysis of gravity, seismic refraction, drill hole, and geological data. Deviations from the average upper mantle density are as much as ?? 3%. A comparison with tomographic images of seismic velocities indicates that a substantial part (>50%) of these density variations is due to changes in composition rather than temperature. Pronounced mass deficits are found in the upper mantle under the Basin and Range Province and the northern part of the California Coast Ranges and adjacent ocean. The density structure of the northern and central/southern Sierra Nevada is remarkably different. The central/southern part is anomalous and is characterized by a relatively light crust underlain by a higher-density upper mantle that may be associated with a cold, stalled subducted plate. High densities are also determined within the uppermost mantle beneath the central Transverse Ranges and adjoining continental slope. The average density of the crystalline crust under the Great Valley and western Sierra Nevada is estimated to be up to 200 kg m~3 higher than the regional average, consistent with tectonic models for the obduction of oceanic crust and uppermost mantle in this region.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900235","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kaban, M., and Mooney, W.D., 2001, Density structure of the lithosphere in the southwestern United States and its tectonic significance: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B1, p. 721-739, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900235.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"739","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900235","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea9e4b0c8380cd4ee61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaban, M.K.","contributorId":47124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaban","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022727,"text":"70022727 - 2001 - Rehabilitation of gypsum-mined lands in the Indian desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T16:15:40","indexId":"70022727","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":905,"text":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rehabilitation of gypsum-mined lands in the Indian desert","docAbstract":"The economic importance of mining in the Indian Desert is second only to agriculture. Land disturbed by mining, however, has only recently been the focus of rehabilitation efforts. This research assesses the success of rehabilitation plans used to revegetate gypsum mine spoils within the environmental constraints of the north-west Indian hot-desert ecosystem. The rehabilitation plan first examined both mined and unmined areas and established assessments of existing vegetative cover and the quality of native soils and mine spoils. Tests were made on the effect of the use, and conservation, of available water through rainwater harvesting, amendment application (for physical and chemical spoil modification), plant establishment protocols, and the selection of appropriate germ plasm. Our results show that the resulting vegetative cover is capable of perpetuating itself under natural conditions while concurrently meeting the needs of farmers. Although the mine spoils are deficient in organic matter and phosphorus, they possess adequate amounts of all other nutrients. Total boron concentrations (>5.0 mg kg-1) in both the topsail and mine spoil indicate potentially phytotoxic conditions. Electrical conductance of mine spoil is 6-10 times higher than for topsail with a near-neutral pH. Populations of spoil fungi, Azotobactor, and nitrifying bacteria are low. The soil moisture storage in rainwater harvesting plots increased by 8% over the control and 48% over the unmined area. As a result of rehabilitation efforts, mine spoils show a steady buildup in organic carbon, and P and K due to the decomposition of farmyard manure and the contribution of nitrogen fixation by the established leguminous plant species. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful. Following revegetation of the area with a mixture of trees, shrubs, and grasses, native implanted species have become established. Species diversity, measured in terms of species richness, increased after one year and then gradually declined over time; the decline was the result of the loss of annual species. The study not only develops methods of gypsum mine land rehabilitation but also helps in understanding processes of rehabilitation success in arid regions and emphasizes the importance of long-term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright ?? 2001 Taylor & Francis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15324980119929","issn":"08903069","usgsCitation":"Sharma, K., Kumar, S., and Gough, L.P., 2001, Rehabilitation of gypsum-mined lands in the Indian desert: Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, v. 15, no. 1, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1080/15324980119929.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265777,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324980119929"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a601e4b0e8fec6cdc063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharma, K.D.","contributorId":53545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022732,"text":"70022732 - 2001 - Moss and lichen cover mapping at local and regional scales in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T13:46:24","indexId":"70022732","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moss and lichen cover mapping at local and regional scales in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada","docAbstract":"Mosses and lichens are important components of boreal landscapes [Vitt et al., 1994; Bubier et al., 1997]. They affect plant productivity and belowground carbon sequestration and alter the surface runoff and energy balance. We report the use of multiresolution satellite data to map moss and lichens over the BOREAS region at a 10 m, 30 m, and 1 km scales. Our moss and lichen classification at the 10 m scale is based on ground observations of associations among soil drainage classes, overstory composition, and cover type among four broad classes of ground cover (feather, sphagnum, and brown mosses and lichens). For our 30 m map, we used field observations of ground cover-overstory associations to map mosses and lichens in the BOREAS southern study area (SSA). To scale up to a 1 km (AVHRR) moss map of the BOREAS region, we used the TM SSA mosaics plus regional field data to identify AVHRR overstory-ground cover associations. We found that: 1) ground cover, overstory composition and density are highly correlated, permitting inference of moss and lichen cover from satellite-based land cover classifications; 2) our 1 km moss map reveals that mosses dominate the boreal landscape of central Canada, thereby a significant factor for water, energy, and carbon modeling; 3) TM and AVHRR moss cover maps are comparable; 4) satellite data resolution is important; particularly in detecting the smaller wetland features, lakes, and upland jack pine sites; and 5) distinct regional patterns of moss and lichen cover correspond to latitudinal and elevational gradients. Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2001JD000509","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rapalee, G., Steyaert, L.T., and Hall, F., 2001, Moss and lichen cover mapping at local and regional scales in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 106, no. D24, p. 33551-33563, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000509.","startPage":"33551","endPage":"33563","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000509","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"D24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e88e4b0c8380cd70ad5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapalee, G.","contributorId":35904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapalee","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, F.G.","contributorId":47099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022734,"text":"70022734 - 2001 - Coastline complexity: A parameter for functional classification of coastal environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022734","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Coastline complexity: A parameter for functional classification of coastal environments","docAbstract":"To understand the role of the world's coastal zone (CZ) in global biogeochemical fluxes (particularly those of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediments) we must generalise from a limited number of observations associated with a few well-studied coastal systems to the global scale. Global generalisation must be based on globally available data and on robust techniques for classification and upscaling. These requirements impose severe constraints on the set of variables that can be used to extract information about local CZ functions such as advective and metabolic fluxes, and differences resulting from changes in biotic communities. Coastal complexity (plan-view tortuosity of the coastline) is a potentially useful parameter, since it interacts strongly with both marine and terrestrial forcing functions to determine coastal energy regimes and water residence times, and since 'open' vs. 'sheltered' categories are important components of most coastal habitat classification schemes. This study employs the World Vector Shoreline (WVS) dataset, originally developed at a scale of 1:250 000. Coastline complexity measures are generated using a modification of the Angle Measurement Technique (AMT), in which the basic measurement is the angle between two lines of specified length drawn from a selected point to the closest points of intersection with the coastline. Repetition of these measurements for different lengths at the same point yields a distribution of angles descriptive of the extent and scale of complexity in the vicinity of that point; repetition of the process at different points on the coast provides a basis for comparing both the extent and the characteristic scale of coastline variation along different reaches of the coast. The coast of northwestern Mexico (Baja California and the Gulf of California) was used as a case study for initial development and testing of the method. The characteristic angle distribution plots generated by the AMT analysis were clustered using LOICZVIEW, a high dimensionality clustering routine developed for large-scale coastal classification studies. The results show distinctive differences in coastal environments that have the potential for interpretation in terms of both biotic and hydrogeochemical environments, and that can be related to the resolution limits and uncertainties of the shoreline data used. These objective, quantitative measures of coastal complexity as a function of scale can be further developed and combined with other data sets to provide a key component of functional classification of coastal environments. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sea Research","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00073-9","issn":"13851101","usgsCitation":"Bartley, J., Buddemeier, R., and Bennett, D., 2001, Coastline complexity: A parameter for functional classification of coastal environments, in Journal of Sea Research, v. 46, no. 2, p. 87-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00073-9.","startPage":"87","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478858,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.589.3057","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208127,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00073-9"},{"id":233602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f794e4b0c8380cd4cbbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, D.A.","contributorId":98919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022743,"text":"70022743 - 2001 - Sex-biased gene flow in spectacled eiders (Anatidae): Inferences from molecular markers with contrasting modes of inheritance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:20:29","indexId":"70022743","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1598,"text":"Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex-biased gene flow in spectacled eiders (Anatidae): Inferences from molecular markers with contrasting modes of inheritance","docAbstract":"Genetic markers that differ in mode of inheritance and rate of evolution (a sex-linked Z-specific microsatellite locus, five biparentally inherited microsatellite loci, and maternally inherited mitochondrial [mtDNA] sequences) were used to evaluate the degree of spatial genetic structuring at macro- and microgeographic scales, among breeding regions and local nesting populations within each region, respectively, for a migratory sea duck species, the spectacled eider (Somateria fisheri). Disjunct and declining breeding populations coupled with sex-specific differences in seasonal migratory patterns and life history provide a series of hypotheses regarding rates and directionality of gene flow among breeding populations from the Indigirka River Delta, Russia, and the North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. The degree of differentiation in mtDNA haplotype frequency among breeding regions and populations within regions was high (ϕCT = 0.189, P < 0.01; ϕSC = 0.059, P < 0.01, respectively). Eleven of 17 mtDNA haplotypes were restricted to a single breeding region. Genetic differences among regions were considerably lower for nuclear DNA loci (sex-linked: ϕST = 0.001, P > 0.05; biparentally inherited microsatellites: mean θ = 0.001, P > 0.05) than was observed for mtDNA. Using models explicitly designed for uniparental and biparentally inherited genes, estimates of spatial divergence based on nuclear and mtDNA data together with elements of the species' breeding ecology were used to estimate effective population size and degree of male and female gene flow. Differences in the magnitude and spatial patterns of gene correlations for maternally inherited and nuclear genes revealed that females exhibit greater natal philopatry than do males. Estimates of generational female and male rates of gene flow among breeding regions differed markedly (3.67 × 10−4 and 1.28 × 10−2, respectively). Effective population size for mtDNA was estimated to be at least three times lower than that for biparental genes (30,671 and 101,528, respectively). Large disparities in population sizes among breeding areas greatly reduces the proportion of total genetic variance captured by dispersal, which may accelerate rates of inbreeding (i.e., promote higher coancestries) within populations due to nonrandom pairing of males with females from the same breeding population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Evolution","doi":"10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2105:SBGFIS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00143820","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., Petersen, M.R., Fields, R.L., Talbot, S.L., Pearce, J.M., and Chesser, R.K., 2001, Sex-biased gene flow in spectacled eiders (Anatidae): Inferences from molecular markers with contrasting modes of inheritance: Evolution, v. 55, no. 10, p. 2105-2115, https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2105:SBGFIS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2105","endPage":"2115","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Indigirka River Delta, North Slope [Alaska], Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8daee4b08c986b3184d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fields, Raymond L.","contributorId":182354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chesser, Ronald K.","contributorId":113098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesser","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022748,"text":"70022748 - 2001 - Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022748","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests","docAbstract":"Numerical solutions of the equations describing flow of variably fluidized Coulomb mixtures predict key features of dry granular avalanches and water-saturated debris flows measured in physical experiments. These features include time-dependent speeds, depths, and widths of flows as well as the geometry of resulting deposits. Threedimensional (3-D) boundary surfaces strongly influence flow dynamics because transverse shearing and cross-stream momentum transport occur where topography obstructs or redirects motion. Consequent energy dissipation can cause local deceleration and deposition, even on steep slopes. Velocities of surge fronts and other discontinuities that develop as flows cross 3-D terrain are predicted accurately by using a Riemann solution algorithm. The algorithm employs a gravity wave speed that accounts for different intensities of lateral stress transfer in regions of extending and compressing flow and in regions with different degrees of fluidization. Field observations and experiments indicate that flows in which fluid plays a significant role typically have high-friction margins with weaker interiors partly fluidized by pore pressure. Interaction of the strong perimeter and weak interior produces relatively steep-sided, flat-topped deposits. To simulate these effects, we compute pore pressure distributions using an advection-diffusion model with enhanced diffusivity near flow margins. Although challenges remain in evaluating pore pressure distributions in diverse geophysical flows, Riemann solutions of the depthaveraged 3-D Coulomb mixture equations provide a powerful tool for interpreting and predicting flow behavior. They provide a means of modeling debris flows, rock avalanches, pyroclastic flows, and related phenomena without invoking and calibrating Theological parameters that have questionable physical significance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., and Iverson, R., 2001, Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B1, p. 553-566.","startPage":"553","endPage":"566","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124ae4b0c8380cd5424c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022754,"text":"70022754 - 2001 - Processes of nickel and cobalt uptake by a manganese oxide forming sediment in Pinal Creek, Globe mining district, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:57:28","indexId":"70022754","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes of nickel and cobalt uptake by a manganese oxide forming sediment in Pinal Creek, Globe mining district, Arizona","docAbstract":"A series of column experiments was conducted using manganese oxide coated sediments collected from the hyporheic zone in Pinal Creek (AZ), a metal-contaminated stream, to study the uptake and retention of Mn, Ni, and Co. Experimental variables included the absence (abiotic) and presence (biotic) of active Mn-oxidizing bacteria, the absence and presence of dissolved Mn, and sediment manganese oxide content. Uptake of Mn under biotic conditions was between 8 and 39% higher than under abiotic conditions. Continuous uptake of Mn due to biotic oxidation was evident from extraction of column sediments. Manganese uptake is hypothesized to initially occur as adsorption, which led to subsequent surface and/or microbial oxidation. Complete breakthrough of Ni within 100 pore volumes indicated no process of continuous uptake and was modeled as an equilibrium adsorption process. Nickel uptake in the presence of dissolved Mn was 67-100% reversible. Sediment extractions suggest that Ni uptake occurred through weak and strong adsorption. Continuous uptake of cobalt increased with sediment manganese oxide content, and Co uptake was up to 75% greater under biotic than abiotic conditions. Cobalt uptake was controlled by both existing and newly formed manganese oxides. Only a small amount of Co uptake was reversible (10-25%). XANES spectral analysis indicated that most Co(II) was oxidized to Co(III) and probably incorporated structurally into manganese oxides. Although manganese oxides were the primary phase controlling uptake and retention of Mn, Ni, and Co, the mechanisms varied among the metals.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es010514d","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kay, J., Conklin, M., Fuller, C.C., and O’Day, P.A., 2001, Processes of nickel and cobalt uptake by a manganese oxide forming sediment in Pinal Creek, Globe mining district, Arizona: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 24, p. 4719-4725, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010514d.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4719","endPage":"4725","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208007,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010514d"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Pinal Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.913,33.604 ], [ -110.913,33.615 ], [ -110.906,33.615 ], [ -110.906,33.604 ], [ -110.913,33.604 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"35","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dbae4b0c8380cd7edc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, J.T.","contributorId":50327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conklin, M.H.","contributorId":82875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Day, P. A.","contributorId":26857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Day","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022758,"text":"70022758 - 2001 - Transport processes near coastal ocean outfalls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022758","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Transport processes near coastal ocean outfalls","docAbstract":"The central Southern California Bight is an urbanized coastal ocean where complex topography and largescale atmospheric and oceanographic forcing has led to numerous sediment-distribution patterns. Two large embayments, Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays, are connected by the short, very narrow shelf off the Palos Verdes peninsula. Ocean-sewage outfalls are located in the middle of Santa Monica Bay, on the Palos Verdes shelf and at the southeastern edge of San Pedro Bay. In 1992, the US Geological Survey, together with allied agencies, began a series of programs to determine the dominant processes that transport sediment and associated pollutants near the three ocean outfalls. As part of these programs, arrays of instrumented moorings that monitor currents, waves, water clarity, water density and collect resuspended materials were deployed on the continental shelf and slope information was also collected on the sediment and contaminant distributions in the region. The data and models developed for the Palos Verdes shelf suggest that the large reservoir of DDT/DDE in the coastal ocean sediments will continue to be exhumed and transported along the shelf for a long time. On the Santa Monica shelf, very large internal waves, or bores, are generated at the shelf break. The near-bottom currents associated with these waves sweep sediments and the associated contaminants from the shelf onto the continental slope. A new program underway on the San Pedro shelf will determine if water and contaminants from a nearby ocean outfall are transported to the local beaches by coastal ocean processes. The large variety of processes found that transport sediments and contaminants in this small region of the continental margin suggest that in regions with complex topography, local processes change markedly over small spatial scales. One cannot necessarily infer that the dominant transport processes will be similar even in adjacent regions.","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Oceans 2001 MTS/IEEE - An Ocean Odyssey","conferenceDate":"5 November 2001 through 8 November 2001","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI","language":"English","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., Sherwood, C.R., Lee, H., Xu, J., Dartnell, P., Robertson, G., and Martini, M., 2001, Transport processes near coastal ocean outfalls, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), v. 3, Honolulu, HI, 5 November 2001 through 8 November 2001, p. 1996-2000.","startPage":"1996","endPage":"2000","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb75be4b08c986b327202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Hooi-Ling","contributorId":16618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Hooi-Ling","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, J.","contributorId":25324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dartnell, P.","contributorId":60797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robertson, G.","contributorId":100585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martini, M.","contributorId":24909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022764,"text":"70022764 - 2001 - Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T17:25:28.186289","indexId":"70022764","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery","docAbstract":"We determine the scaling relationships between earthquake stress drop and recurrence interval tr that are implied by laboratory-measured fault strength. We assume that repeating earthquakes can be simulated by stick-slip sliding using a spring and slider block model. Simulations with static/kinetic strength, time-dependent strength, and rate- and state-variable-dependent strength indicate that the relationship between loading velocity and recurrence interval can be adequately described by the power law VL∝trn where n≈−1. Deviations from n=−1 arise from second order effects on strength, with n>−1 corresponding to apparent time-dependent strengthening and n<−1 corresponding to weakening. Simulations with rate and state-variable equations show that dynamic shear stress drop Δτd scales with recurrence as dΔτd/dlntr≤σe(b-a), where σe is the effective normal stress, μ=τ/σe, and (a-b)=dμss/dlnV is the steady-state slip rate dependence of strength. In addition, accounting for seismic energy radiation, we suggest that the static shear stress drop Δτs scales as dΔτs/dlntr≤σe(1 +ζ)(b-a), where ζ is the fractional overshoot. The variation of Δτs with lntr for earthquake stress drops is somewhat larger than implied by room temperature laboratory values of ζ and b-a. However, the uncertainty associated with the seismic data is large and the discrepancy between the seismic observations and the rate of strengthening predicted by room temperature experiments is less than an order of magnitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900242","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Hickman, S., and Wong, T., 2001, Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B12, p. 30701-30713, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900242.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"30701","endPage":"30713","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900242","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0504e4b0c8380cd50c03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, T.-F.","contributorId":64852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"T.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022773,"text":"70022773 - 2001 - Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T18:40:09.353891","indexId":"70022773","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions","docAbstract":"The formation of impermeable fault seals between earthquake events is a feature of many models of earthquake generation, suggesting that earthquake recurrence may depend in part on the rate of permeability reduction of fault zone materials under hydrothermal conditions. In this study, permeability measurements were conducted on intact, fractured, and gouge-bearing Westerly granite at an effective pressure of 50 MPa and at temperatures from 150° to 500°C, simulating conditions in the earthquake-generating portions of fault zones. Pore fluids were cycled back and forth under a 2 MPa pressure differential for periods of up to 40 days. Permeability of the granite decreased with time t, following the exponential relation k=c(10−rt). For intact samples run between 250° and 500°C the time constant for permeability decrease r was proportional to temperature and ranged between 0.001 and 0.1 days−1 (i.e., between 0.4 and 40 decades year−1 loss of permeability). Values of r for the lower-temperature experiments differed little from the 250°C runs. In contrast, prefractured samples showed higher rates of permeability decrease at a given temperature. The surfaces of the fractured samples showed evidence of dissolution and mineral growth that increased in abundance with both temperature and time. The experimentally grown mineral assemblages varied with temperature and were consistent with a rock-dominated hydrothermal system. As such mineral deposits progressively seal the fractured samples, their rates of permeability decrease approach the rates for intact rocks at the same temperature. These results place constraints on models of precipitation sealing and suggest that fault rocks may seal at a rate consistent with earthquake recurrence intervals of typical fault zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB000010","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., Moore, D., and Lockner, D., 2001, Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B12, p. 30551-30560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000010.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"30551","endPage":"30560","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.09636229503576,\n 40.89063338977229\n ],\n [\n -124.74193056744747,\n 40.87267155928282\n ],\n [\n -124.03806197806892,\n 38.97253445661306\n ],\n [\n -122.76435346473136,\n 37.36320210378459\n ],\n [\n -121.22676482959784,\n 36.19804170185962\n ],\n [\n -118.9318421549558,\n 34.106452928120135\n ],\n [\n -117.0409855715942,\n 32.54537015113459\n ],\n [\n -114.53040114973001,\n 32.79733481640308\n ],\n [\n -118.19682366273418,\n 34.89737205322061\n ],\n [\n -121.84707719023254,\n 37.929348792567325\n ],\n [\n -124.09636229503576,\n 40.89063338977229\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76b3e4b0c8380cd78282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, C.A.","contributorId":99977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}