{"pageNumber":"1171","pageRowStart":"29250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70022282,"text":"70022282 - 2000 - Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022282","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP","docAbstract":"The objective biomization method developed by Prentice et al. (1996) for Europe was extended using modern pollen samples from Beringia and then applied to fossil pollen data to reconstruct palaeovegetation patterns at 6000 and 18,000 14C yr BP. The predicted modern distribution of tundra, taiga and cool conifer forests in Alaska and north-western Canada generally corresponds well to actual vegetation patterns, although sites in regions characterized today by a mosaic of forest and tundra vegetation tend to be preferentially assigned to tundra. Siberian larch forests are delimited less well, probably due to the extreme under-representation of Larix in pollen spectra. The biome distribution across Beringia at 6000 14C yr BP was broadly similar to today, with little change in the northern forest limit, except for a possible northward-advance in the Mackenzie delta region. The western forest limit in Alaska was probably east of its modern position. At 18,000 14C yr BP the whole of Beringia was covered by tundra. However, the importance of the various plant functional types varied from site to site, supporting the idea that the vegetation cover was a mosaic of different tundra types.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M.E., Anderson, P.M., Brubaker, L., Ager, T.A., Andreev, A., Bigelow, N., Cwynar, L., Eisner, W.R., Harrison, S.P., Hu, F., Jolly, D., Lozhkin, A., MacDonald, G.M., Mock, C.J., Ritchie, J., Sher, A., Spear, R., Williams, J., and Yu, G., 2000, Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP: Journal of Biogeography, v. 27, no. 3, p. 521-554, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x.","startPage":"521","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206645,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x"},{"id":230452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7cd9e4b0c8380cd79bf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P. M.","contributorId":71722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brubaker, L.B.","contributorId":29153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brubaker","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andreev, A.A.","contributorId":102229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreev","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bigelow, N.H.","contributorId":85352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cwynar, L.C.","contributorId":107458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cwynar","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eisner, Wendy R.","contributorId":35497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisner","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrison, S. P.","contributorId":78488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hu, F.-S.","contributorId":33481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"F.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jolly, D.","contributorId":81655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolly","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lozhkin, A.V.","contributorId":62782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lozhkin","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"MacDonald, G. M.","contributorId":31546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mock, Cary J.","contributorId":87323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mock","given":"Cary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Ritchie, J.C.","contributorId":89299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Sher, A.V.","contributorId":84533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sher","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Spear, R.W.","contributorId":87324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Williams, J.W.","contributorId":53553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Yu, G.","contributorId":61198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":1016032,"text":"1016032 - 2000 - Monitoring air quality in mountains: Designing an effective network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:21:56.131843","indexId":"1016032","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring air quality in mountains: Designing an effective network","docAbstract":"<p><span>A quantitatively robust yet parsimonious air-quality monitoring network in mountainous regions requires special attention to relevant spatial and temporal scales of measurement and inference. The design of monitoring networks should focus on the objectives required by public agencies, namely: 1) determine if some threshold has been exceeded (e.g., for regulatory purposes), and 2) identify spatial patterns and temporal trends (e.g., to protect natural resources). A short-term, multi-scale assessment to quantify spatial variability in air quality is a valuable asset in designing a network, in conjunction with an evaluation of existing data and simulation-model output. A recent assessment in Washington state (USA) quantified spatial variability in tropospheric ozone distribution ranging from a single watershed to the western third of the state. Spatial and temporal coherence in ozone exposure modified by predictable elevational relationships (∼ 1.3 ppbv ozone per 100 m elevation gain) extends from urban areas to the crest of the Cascade Range. This suggests that a sparse network of permanent analyzers is sufficient at all spatial scales, with the option of periodic intensive measurements to validate network design. It is imperative that agencies cooperate in the design of monitoring networks in mountainous regions to optimize data collection and financial efficiencies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006498704222","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.L., 2000, Monitoring air quality in mountains: Designing an effective network: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 64, no. 1, p. 81-91, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006498704222.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015967,"text":"1015967 - 2000 - Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:33:10","indexId":"1015967","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Hatch year (HY) mallards (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Anas platyrhynchos</i>) in the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River Basin had higher concentrations of lead in their blood than HY Western Canada geese (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Branta canadensis moffitti</i>) (geometric means 0.98 versus 0.28 μg/g, wet weight). The pattern for adults of both species was similar, although geometric means (1.77 versus 0.41 μg/g) were higher than in HY birds. HY mallards captured in the CDA River Basin in 1987 contained significantly lower lead concentrations in their blood than in 1994–95 (0.36 versus 0.98 μg/g); however, some very young mallards were sampled in 1987, and concentrations in adults were not significantly different in 1987, 1994, or 1995 (1.52, 2.07, 1.55 μg/g, respectively). Both species in the CDA River Basin in 1994–95 showed significantly reduced red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity compared to the reference areas: Canada geese (HY −65.4 to −86.0%, adults −82.3%), and mallards (HY −90.7 to −95.5%, adults −94.1%). Canada goose goslings were divided into size classes, and the two smaller classes from the CDA River Basin had significantly elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (protoporphyrin) levels compared to the reference area (15.2× and 6.9×). HY and adult mallards both had significantly elevated protoporphyrin (5.9× and 7.5×). Recognizing that interspecific differences exist in response and sensitivity to lead, it appears (at least for hemoglobin and hematocrit) that Canada geese were more sensitive to lead than mallards, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">i.e</i>., adverse hematologic effects occur at lower blood lead concentrations. Only Canada geese from the CDA River Basin, in spite of lower blood lead concentrations, had significantly reduced mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. No euthanized Canada geese (all HYs) from CDA River Basin were classified as clinically lead poisoned, but 38 Canada geese found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study succumbed to lead poisoning between 1992 and 1997. Only 6 (15.8%) of these 38 contained ingested lead shot, which contrasts greatly with the 75–94% incidence of ingested lead shot when mortality was due to lead shot ingestion. Lead from other contaminated sources (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">i.e</i>., sediments and vegetation) in the CDA River Basin was strongly implicated in most Canada goose deaths. Based on the 31 live mallards and Canada geese collected in the CDA River Basin, which were representative of the live populations blood sampled only, the prevalence of subclinical and clinical lead poisoning (as determined by liver lead concentrations, excluding birds with ingested lead shot) was higher in mallards: subclinical (4 of 8, 50% HYs and 6 of 11, 55% adults); clinical (0% HYs and 4 of 11, 36% adults), with less data available for Canada geese (only 1 of 9, 11% HYs marginally subclinical). The clinically lead-poisoned mallards had extremely high concentrations of lead in blood (2.69–8.82 μg/g) and liver (6.39–17.89 μg/g). Eight mallards found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study were diagnosed as lead poisoned, and only one (12.5%) contained ingested lead shot, which again strongly implicates other lead sources. The finding of dead lead poisoned Canada geese together with the high percentage of live mallards classified as subclinically or clinically lead poisoned, in combination with the low incidence of ingested lead shot causes us concern for both of these species, which live in association with lead-contaminated sediment in the CDA River Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010085","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Blus, L.J., Hoffman, D.J., Sileo, L., Audet, D.J., and Snyder, M.R., 2000, Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 97-112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010085.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Cour d'Alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1307373046875,\n              46.837649560937464\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              46.568302354495195\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94696044921875,\n              46.470024689385305\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.949951171875,\n              46.604167162931844\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89501953124999,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.37841796874999,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.4498291015625,\n              47.45780853075031\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              47.787325537803106\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.99914550781249,\n              47.89424772020999\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3067626953125,\n              47.99359789867388\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6912841796875,\n              47.98256841921402\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8c6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Audet, Daniel J.","contributorId":106851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Audet","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Snyder, Mark R.","contributorId":36526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022679,"text":"70022679 - 2000 - Geochemical and mineralogical evidence from eolian sediments for northwesterly mid-Holocene paleowinds, central Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:25:00","indexId":"70022679","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and mineralogical evidence from eolian sediments for northwesterly mid-Holocene paleowinds, central Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"A prominent (4500 km2) dune field in the Great Plains is the Great Bend Sand Prairie of south-central Kansas. Dunes here overlie late Quaternary alluvium and were reactivated extensively in the late Holocene. Geomorphic and soil evidence suggests that the most likely eolian sand source is the Arkansas River valley to the northwest. Nevertheless, orientations of stabilized dunes indicate that the most recent dune-forming winds came from the south or southwest, in agreement with modern wind data. Mineralogy and trace element concentrations in eolian sands of the Great Bend Sand Prairie are similar to those to the Arkansas River, which permits the Arkansas River as a sediment source. Ca and Sr abundances, which reflect small amounts of carbonate minerals, are higher in Arkansas River sand compared to eolian sands and show a systematic depletion away from the Arkansas River to the southeast. These trends are likely due to carbonate mineral depletion downwind from abrasion and size reduction. Thus, paleowinds probably were northwesterly during initial deposition. Northwesterly winds occur today when dry, Pacific-derived air is dominant. We hypothesize that the residence time of this air mass was much greater while dunes initially formed, possibly during a warmer and drier mid-Holocene period.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00012-4","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Arbogast, A., and Muhs, D., 2000, Geochemical and mineralogical evidence from eolian sediments for northwesterly mid-Holocene paleowinds, central Kansas, USA: Quaternary International, v. 67, no. 1, p. 107-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00012-4.","startPage":"107","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208284,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00012-4"},{"id":233926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15e0e4b0c8380cd54f8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arbogast, A.F.","contributorId":38313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arbogast","given":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033610,"text":"70033610 - 2000 - Non-destructive measurement of soil liquefaction density change by crosshole radar tomography, Treasure Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:51:14","indexId":"70033610","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Non-destructive measurement of soil liquefaction density change by crosshole radar tomography, Treasure Island, California","docAbstract":"A ground penetrating radar (GPR) experiment at the Treasure Island Test Site [TILT] was performed to non-destructively image the soil column for changes in density prior to, and following, a liquefaction event. The intervening liquefaction was achieved by controlled blasting. A geotechnical borehole radar technique was used to acquire high-resolution 2-D radar velocity data. This method of non-destructive site characterization uses radar trans-illumination surveys through the soil column and tomographic data manipulation techniques to construct radar velocity tomograms, from which averaged void ratios can be derived at 0.25 - 0.5m pixel footprints. Tomograms of void ratio were constructed through the relation between soil porosity and dielectric constant. Both pre- and post-blast tomograms were collected and indicate that liquefaction related densification occurred at the site. Volumetric strains estimated from the tomograms correlate well with the observed settlement at the site. The 2-D imagery of void ratio can serve as high-resolution data layers for numerical site response analysis.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 - Computer Simulation of Earthquake Effects, GSP 110","conferenceTitle":"Sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 - Computer Simulation of Earthquake Effects, GSP 110","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40523(298)3","isbn":"9780784405239","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R., Barnhardt, W., Ashford, S., and Rollins, K., 2000, Non-destructive measurement of soil liquefaction density change by crosshole radar tomography, Treasure Island, California, v. 298, https://doi.org/10.1061/40523(298)3.","startPage":"52","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40523(298)3"},{"id":242056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"298","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a673be4b0c8380cd7322a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, Robert E. rkayen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert E.","email":"rkayen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":441658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnhardt, Walter A.","contributorId":80656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"Walter A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashford, Scott","contributorId":51401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashford","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rollins, Kyle","contributorId":53614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollins","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015946,"text":"1015946 - 2000 - Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"1015946","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA","docAbstract":"We quantified the distribution of tropospheric ozone in topographically complex western Washington state, USA (total area a??6000 km2), using passive ozone samplers along nine river drainages to measure ozone exposure from near sea level to high-elevation mountain sites. Weekly average ozone concentrations were higher with increasing distance from the urban core and at higher elevations, increasing a mean of 1.3 ppbv per 100 m elevation gain for all mountain transects. Weekly average ozone concentrations were generally highest in Cascade Mountains drainages east and southeast of Seattle (maximum=55a??67 pbv) and in the Columbia River Gorge east of Portland (maximum=59 ppbv), and lowest in the western Olympic Peninsula (maximum=34 ppbv). Higher ozone concentrations in the Cascade Mountains and Columbia River locations downwind of large cities indicate that significant quantities of ozone and ozone precursors are being transported eastward toward rural wildland areas by prevailing westerly winds. In addition, temporal (week to week) variation in ozone distribution is synchronous within and between all drainages sampled, which indicates that there is regional coherence in air pollution detectable with weekly averages. These data provide insight on large-scale spatial variation of ozone distribution in western Washington, and will help regulatory agencies optimize future monitoring networks and identify locations where human health and natural resources could be at risk.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cooper, S., and Peterson, D.L., 2000, Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA: Environmental Pollution, v. 107, no. 3, p. 339-347.","productDescription":"p. 339-347","startPage":"339","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e763c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, S.M.","contributorId":11576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022391,"text":"70022391 - 2000 - Estimation of wave phase speed and nearshore bathymetry from video imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:19:17.602049","indexId":"70022391","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of wave phase speed and nearshore bathymetry from video imagery","docAbstract":"<p>A new remote sensing technique based on video image processing has been developed for the estimation of nearshore bathymetry. The shoreward propagation of waves is measured using pixel intensity time series collected at a cross-shore array of locations using remotely operated video cameras. The incident band is identified, and the cross-spectral matrix is calculated for this band. The cross-shore component of wavenumber is found as the gradient in phase of the first complex empirical orthogonal function of this matrix. Water depth is then inferred from linear wave theory's dispersion relationship. Full bathymetry maps may be measured by collecting data in a large array composed of both cross-shore and longshore lines. Data are collected hourly throughout the day, and a stable, daily estimate of bathymetry is calculated from the median of the hourly estimates. The technique was tested using 30 days of hourly data collected at the SandyDuck experiment in Duck, North Carolina, in October 1997. Errors calculated as the difference between estimated depth and ground truth data show a mean bias of −35 cm (rms error = 91 cm). Expressed as a fraction of the true water depth, the mean percent error was 13% (rms error = 34%). Excluding the region of known wave nonlinearities over the bar crest, the accuracy of the technique improved, and the mean (rms) error was −20 cm (75 cm). Additionally, under low-amplitude swells (wave height <i>H</i> ≤ 1 m), the performance of the technique across the entire profile improved to 6% (29%) of the true water depth with a mean (rms) error of −12 cm (71 cm).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JC000124","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stockdon, H., and Holman, R., 2000, Estimation of wave phase speed and nearshore bathymetry from video imagery: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 105, no. C9, p. 22015-22033, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000124.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"22015","endPage":"22033","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Dare County","city":"Duck","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.75802803039551,\n              36.17619759021374\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75725555419922,\n              36.172456218233535\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75828552246094,\n              36.17107047957444\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75854301452637,\n              36.169407560838614\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75819969177246,\n              36.167328862799664\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75725555419922,\n              36.165457987427416\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75485229492188,\n              36.16386424355495\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75373649597168,\n              36.15991439082061\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.74111938476562,\n              36.16081525194505\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.74772834777832,\n              36.17709826419589\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75802803039551,\n              36.17619759021374\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"C9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bbfe4b0c8380cd5286c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stockdon, H.F. 0000-0003-0791-4676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":55992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holman, R.A.","contributorId":73751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70162394,"text":"70162394 - 2000 - Is <i>Acropora palmata</i> (elkhorn coral) making a comeback in the Virgin Islands?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T11:18:33.274857","indexId":"70162394","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3241,"text":"Reef Encounters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Is Acropora palmata (elkhorn coral) making a comeback in the Virgin Islands?","title":"Is <i>Acropora palmata</i> (elkhorn coral) making a comeback in the Virgin Islands?","docAbstract":"<p>White band disease (WBD) ravaged <i>Acropora palmata</i> (elkhorn coral) on many coral reefs in the Caribbean in the late 1970’s and 1980’s, including those around St. John and St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands—USVI (Gladfelter 1982, Rogers 1985). Quantitative data, photographs, and anecdotal observations indicate WBD killed large stands of elkhorn coral in the USVI from about 1976 until sometime in the late 1980’s. Branching Acroporid species, which are most susceptible to WBD, are also the most vulnerable to storm damage (Rogers et al. 1982). Since 1979, eight hurricanes have passed near or over the USVI. Because elkhorn coral contributed most of the living coral and determined the physical structure of many shallow reef zones, its demise dramatically altered many areas. But now, some of the reefs in the Virgin Islands once again have large, actively growing colonies of this important, reef-building species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Reef Studies","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C.S., 2000, Is <i>Acropora palmata</i> (elkhorn coral) making a comeback in the Virgin Islands?: Reef Encounters, v. 27, p. 15-17.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314676,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://coralreefs.org/society-publications/reef-encounter/"}],"country":"Virgin Islands","otherGeospatial":"Buck Island Reef National Monument, Saint Croix, St. John, Virgin Gorda","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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0000-0001-9056-6961 caroline_rogers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6961","contributorId":3126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Caroline","email":"caroline_rogers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010278,"text":"70010278 - 2000 - Analyzing slug tests in wells screened across the watertable: A field assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T09:50:32","indexId":"70010278","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analyzing slug tests in wells screened across the watertable: A field assessment","docAbstract":"<p>The slug test is the most widely used technique for the in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity in confined and unconfined formations. Currently, there are no generally accepted methods in the groundwater literature for the analysis of response data from slug tests performed in wells screened across the watertable. A field study was undertaken in an attempt to develop a set of practical guidelines for tests conducted in such wells. Three wells, screened within unconsolidated material exhibiting a range of hydraulic conductivities (.05-30.0 m/day), were installed to depths of up to 9 m (30 ft) in Kansas River alluvium that ranges in thickness from 15 m to 21 m (50 ft to 70 ft) near Lawrence, Kansas. Intensive well-development efforts removed any drilling debris that could interfere with well-formation hydraulics. Once the wells were developed properly, a series of slug tests was performed at each well. The tests were designed to assess the role of the unsaturated zone and the appropriateness of assuming a fixed hydraulic head upper boundary. The results of this investigation can be summarized as follows: (1) the sufficiency of well development should be based on repeat slug tests and not the clarity of pumped water; (2) the effective screen radius for best model analysis should be based on a mass balance and not nominal screen dimensions; (3) the watertable can be represented as a constant head boundary and flow in the unsaturated zone can be ignored in most situations; (4) conventional techniques for the analysis of slug-test data seem to be reasonable for slug tests conducted in wells screened across the watertable, when used with the appropriate effective screen radius and normalized head range; and (5) fluctuations in the watertable elevation through time can be exploited to obtain some insight into the nature of vertical variation in hydraulic conductivity at a well. The results of this investigation indicate that multiple slug tests should be performed at wells screened across the watertable in order to reliably assess the sufficiency of well development and the appropriateness of conventional theory. ?? 2000 International Association for Mathematical Geology.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1010191309737","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"Stanford, K., and McElwee, C., 2000, Analyzing slug tests in wells screened across the watertable: A field assessment: Natural Resources Research, v. 9, no. 2, p. 111-124, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010191309737.","startPage":"111","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebeee4b0c8380cd48f8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanford, K.L.","contributorId":79616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McElwee, C.D.","contributorId":66408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30624,"text":"wri004156 - 2000 - A revised load estimation procedure for the Susquehanna, Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T18:42:49.98233","indexId":"wri004156","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4156","title":"A revised load estimation procedure for the Susquehanna, Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey's Chesapeake Bay River Input Program has updated the nutrient and suspended-sediment load data base for the Susquehanna, Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank Rivers using a multiple-window, center-estimate regression methodology. The revised method optimizes the seven-parameter regression approach that has been used historically by the program. The revised method estimates load using the fifth or center year of a sliding 9-year window. Each year a new model is run for each site and constituent, the most recent year is added, and the previous 4 years of estimates are updated. The fifth year in the 9-year window is considered the best estimate and is kept in the data base. The last year of estimation shows the most change from the previous year's estimate and this change approaches a minimum at the fifth year. Differences between loads computed using this revised methodology and the loads populating the historical data base have been noted but the load estimates do not typically change drastically. The data base resulting from the application of this revised methodology is populated by annual and monthly load estimates that are known with greater certainty than in the previous load data base.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004156","usgsCitation":"Yochum, S.E., 2000, A revised load estimation procedure for the Susquehanna, Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4156, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004156.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415367,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34747.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna, Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.75,\n              42.833\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.75,\n              37.85\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.067,\n              37.85\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.067,\n              42.833\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.75,\n              42.833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a7359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochum, Steven E.","contributorId":72835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochum","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022192,"text":"70022192 - 2000 - Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T19:03:02.20853","indexId":"70022192","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","docAbstract":"<p>Stable isotope studies of sulfate minerals are especially useful for unraveling the geochemical history of geological systems. All sulfate minerals can yield sulfur and oxygen isotope data. Hydrous sulfate minerals, such as gypsum, also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for the water of hydration, and more complex sulfate minerals, such as alunite and jarosite also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data from hydroxyl sites. Applications of stable isotope data can be divided into two broad categories: geothermometry and tracer studies. The equilibrium partitioning of stable isotopes between two substances, such as the isotopes of sulfur between barite and pyrite, is a function of temperature. Studies can also use stable isotopes as a tracer to fingerprint various sources of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and to identify physical and chemical processes such as evaporation of water, mixing of waters, and reduction of sulfate to sulfide.</p><p>Studies of sulfate minerals range from low-temperature surficial processes associated with the evaporation of seawater to form evaporite deposits to high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with the formation of base-and precious-metal deposits. Studies have been conducted on scales from submicroscopic chemical processes associated with the weathering of pyrite to global processes affecting the sulfur budget of the oceans. Sulfate isotope studies provide important information to investigations of energy and mineral resources, environmental geochemistry, paleoclimates, oceanography (past and present), sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes, Earth systems, geomicrobiology, and hydrology.</p><p>One of the most important aspects of understanding and interpreting the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals is the complex interplay between equilibrium and kinetic chemical and isotopic processes. With few exceptions, sulfate minerals are precipitated from water or have extensively interacted with water at some time in their history. Because of this nearly ubiquitous association with water, the kinetics of isotopic exchange reactions among dissolved species and solids are fundamental in dictating the isotopic composition of sulfate minerals. In general, the heavier isotope of sulfur is enriched in the higher oxidation state, such that under equilibrium conditions, sulfate minerals (e.g. barite, anhydrite) are expected to be enriched in the heavy isotope relative to disulfide minerals (e.g. pyrite, marcasite), which in turn are expected to be enriched relative to monosulfide minerals (e.g. pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena) (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"sakai-1968\">Sakai 1968</a>,<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"bachinski-1969\">Bachinski 1969</a>). The kinetics of isotopic exchange among minerals with sulfur at the same oxidation state, such as sphalerite, and galena, are such that equilibrium is commonly observed. In contrast, isotopic equilibrium for exchange reactions between minerals of different oxidation states depends on factors such as the pH, time and temperature of reaction, the direction of reaction, fluid composition, and the presence or absence of catalysts (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"ohmoto-and-lasaga-1982\">Ohmoto and Lasaga 1982</a>). The kinetics of oxygen isotope exchange between dissolved sulfate and water are extremely sluggish. Extrapolation of the high-temperature (100 to 300°C) isotopic exchange kinetic data of<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"chiba-and-sakai-1985\">Chiba and Sakai (1985)</a><span>&nbsp;</span>to ambient temperatures suggests that it would take several billions of years for dissolved sulfate and seawater to reach oxygen isotopic equilibrium. In contrast, the residence time of sulfate in the oceans is only 7.9 million years (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"holland-1978\">Holland 1978</a>). However, at higher temperatures (&gt;200°C), oxygen isotopic exchange is sufficiently rapid to permit application of sulfate isotope geothermometry to geothermal systems and hydrothermal mineral deposits. In general, equilibrium prevails at low pH and high temperatures, whereas kinetic factors preclude equilibrium at low temperatures even at low pH. Thus, the sluggish kinetics of sulfur and oxygen isotope exchange reaction at low temperatures impair the use of these isotopes to understand the conditions of formation of sulfate minerals in these environments. However, because of these slow kinetics, the oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfate minerals may preserve a record of the sources and processes that initially produced the dissolved sulfate, because the isotope ratios may not re-equilibrate during fluid transport and mineral precipitation.</p><p>The first part of this chapter is designed to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the principles that form the foundations of stable isotope geochemistry. Next, an overview of analytical methods used to determine the stable isotope composition of sulfate minerals is presented. This overview is followed by a discussion of geochemical processes that determine the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals and related compounds. The chapter then concludes with an examination of the stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals in a variety of geochemical environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Alpers, C.N., and Rye, R.O., 2000, Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 541-602, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"602","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b967fe4b08c986b31b54d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, Robert R.  II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":149066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R. ","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70196247,"text":"70196247 - 2000 - Survival and brood rearing ecology of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T12:05:37","indexId":"70196247","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Survival and brood rearing ecology of emperor geese","docAbstract":"<p><span>Emperor Geese (<i>Chen canagica</i>) breed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in an area inhabited by three other goose species. Whereas populations of other geese increased since the mid 1980s, Emperor Goose numbers remained low. Because survival and habitat selection by broods of Emeperor Geese had not been studied previously and numbers of predatory Glaucous Gulls (<i>Larus hyperboreus</i>) had recently increased, I studied brood rearing ecology of Emperor Geese during 1993-1996 to assess whether this seasonal period could be limiting population growth. Survival of goslings to 30 days varied among years from 0.32 to 0.70 and was primarily influenced by mortality during the first five days after hatch. Other goose species with similar rates of gosling survival are increasing rapidly. Survival of Emperor Goose goslings was lowest in 1994, when unusually heavy rainfall occurred during early brood rearing. Using a long-term data set from Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, sizes of families in fall (n=23 years) were related to rainfall during early brood rearing. Gosling survival was lower and gull disturbance of broods greater in 1993-1994 than in 1995-1996. Although goslings wer commonly consumed by Glaucous Gulls, gull diets during 1993 were similar to those observed in the 1970s. Across a broad scale, broods of Emperor Geese (n=56) strongly selected habitats dominated by<i> Carex subspathaceae, Carex ramenskii</i>, and unvegetated areas interspersed among these forage species, as determined from telemetry. These selected habitats comprised one-third of all available habitat. Habitat selection by the composite goose community (dominated by Cackling Canada Geese [<i>Branta canadensis minima</i>]) was assessed by feces collections and differed substantially from that of Emperor Geese. Broods of Emperor Geese spent more time feeding during 1993-1996 than during an earlier study in 1985-1986. During 1994-1996, feeding rates of gosling and adult females was related more to total goose density than to Emperor Goose density. Although Cackling Canada Geese exhibited strongest selection of other habitats, their greater overall abundance resulted in numerical equivalence to Emperor Geese in habitats preferred by Emperor Geese. Interspecific competition for food has impacted behavior in Emperor Geese, which may impact growth and survival of juvenile geese.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 2000, Survival and brood rearing ecology of emperor geese, 138 p.","productDescription":"138 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11122/4995"}],"publicComments":"PhD Dissertation, University of Alaska - Fairbanks","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff104be4b0da30c1bfd27c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6341,"text":"pp1609 - 2000 - Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-14T22:52:38.948613","indexId":"pp1609","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1609","title":"Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Conventional reservoir quality data for more than 300 wells provided by the Illinois and Indiana state geological surveys were analyzed to determine the factors governing porosity and permeability in the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, an important hydrocarbon-producing unit in the Illinois Basin. In addition, approximately 150 samples of the Aux Vases Sandstone were collected for mineralogical and geochemical analysis to reconstruct the burial and diagenetic history and to establish the timing of diagenesis relative to the entrapment of hydrocarbons. One aspect of the study involved linking inorganic and organic diagenesis to late Paleozoic tectonism and hydrothermal fluid-flow events in the region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1609","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Henry, M.E., and Leetaru, H.E., 2000, Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1609, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1609.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22656.htm"},{"id":33681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1609/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.758056640625,\n              38.57393751557591\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.769775390625,\n              38.57393751557591\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.769775390625,\n              41.69752591075902\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.758056640625,\n              41.69752591075902\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.758056640625,\n              38.57393751557591\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dc38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Mitchell E.","contributorId":57447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leetaru, Hannes E.","contributorId":75909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leetaru","given":"Hannes","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70174259,"text":"70174259 - 2000 - Recent research on the hydrodynamics of the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta and north San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T13:51:53","indexId":"70174259","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent research on the hydrodynamics of the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta and north San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>This article presents an overview of recent findings from hydrodynamic research on circulation and mixing in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) (Figure 1) and North San Francisco Bay (North Bay) (Figure 2). For the purposes of this article, North Bay includes San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Strait, and Suisun Bay. The findings presented are those gained from field studies carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of the Interagency Ecological Program (IEP), and Stanford University beginning about 1993. The premise behind these studies was that a basic understanding of circulation and mixing patterns in the Bay and Delta is an essential part of understanding how biota and water quality are affected by natural hydrologic variability, water appropriation, and development activities. Data collected for the field studies described in this article have significantly improved our understanding of Bay and Delta hydrodynamics. Measured flows ,in the Delta have provided valuable information on how water moves through the Delta's network of channels and how export pumping affects flows. Studies of the shallows and shallow-channel exchange processes conducted in Honker Bay have shown that the water residence time in Honker Bay is much shorter than previously reported (on the order of hours to several tidal cycles instead ofweeks). Suisun Bay studies have provided data on hydrodynamic transport and accumulation mechanisms that operate primarily in the channels. The Suisun Bay studies have caused us to revise our understanding of residual circulation in the channels of North Bay and of \"entrapment\" mechanisms in the low salinity zone. Finally, detailed tidal and residual (tidally averaged) time-scale studies of the mechanisms that control gravitational circulation in the estuary show that density-driven transport in the channels is governed by turbulence time-scale (seconds) interactions between the mean flow and stratification. The hydrodynamic research summarized in this article spans a range of estuarine environments (deep water channels to shallow water habitats and brackish water to freshwater) at time scales that range from seconds to years.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Burau, J.R., Monismith, S., Stacey, M., Oltmann, R.N., Lacy, J., and Schoellhamer, D., 2000, Recent research on the hydrodynamics of the Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta and north San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 11, no. 2, p. 45-55.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Environmental-Services/Interagency-Ecological-Program/Files/Newsletters/IEP-Newsletter-2000-Vol13-Issue3.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.41241455078125,\n              38.15723682167875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50167846679686,\n              38.120512892298976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.508544921875,\n              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jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stacey, Mark T.","contributorId":13367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"Mark T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oltmann, Richard N.","contributorId":63377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica","contributorId":71277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":6814,"text":"fs10397 - 2000 - Taking the Earth's Pulse","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5595,"text":"fs10397_1997 - 1997 - Taking the Earth's pulse","indexId":"fs10397_1997","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Taking the Earth's pulse"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6814,"text":"fs10397 - 2000 - Taking the Earth's Pulse","indexId":"fs10397","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Taking the Earth's Pulse"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:01","indexId":"fs10397","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"103-97","title":"Taking the Earth's Pulse","docAbstract":"During the past 35 years, scientists have developed a vast network of seismometers that record earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and nuclear explosions throughout the world. Seismographic data support disaster response, scientific research, and global security. With this network, the United States maintains world leadership in monitoring the greatest natural and technological events that threaten our planet's population.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs10397","usgsCitation":"Woodward, R.L., Benz, H.M., Shedlock, K.M., and Brown, W.M., 2000, Taking the Earth's Pulse (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 103-97, 1 sheet [2] p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. col. ill. ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10397.","productDescription":"1 sheet [2] p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. col. ill. ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":822,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_103_97.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686aa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Robert L.","contributorId":92656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley Mitchell","contributorId":76298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"Mitchell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, William M. III","contributorId":72365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":54207,"text":"wdrTX996 - 2000 - Water resources data Texas, water year 1999, volume 6. Ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:16:36","indexId":"wdrTX996","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-99-6","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 1999, volume 6. Ground water","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1999 water year for Texas consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 6 contains water levels for 759 observation wells and 146 water-quality data for monitoring wells. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX996","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Texas and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S.C., and Barbie, D.L., 2000, Water resources data Texas, water year 1999, volume 6. 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,{"id":54206,"text":"wdrTX995 - 2000 - Water resources data Texas, water year 1999, volume 5. Guadalupe River basin, Nueces River basin, Rio Grande basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:16:57","indexId":"wdrTX995","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-99-5","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 1999, volume 5. 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These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. Records for a few pertinent stations in the bordering States also are included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX994","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Texas and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., Gibbons, W., Barbie, D., and Jones, R.E., 2000, Water resources data Texas, water year 1999, volume 4. 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