A laboratory study examined changes in the blood chemistry of field-caught and hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush subjected to a nonlethal attack by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus. We measured glucose, total protein, amylase, alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase, calcium, magnesium, triglycerides, sodium, and potassium with a Kodak Ektachem DT60 Analyzer, Ektachem DTSC Module, and the DTE Module. Mean levels of total protein, AST, ALKP, hematocrit, calcium, magnesium, and sodium decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05), and mean levels of ALT and potassium increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after sea lamprey feeding. Lake trout condition (K) and hematocrit levels also decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after the sea lamprey attack. Frequency distributions of eight lake trout blood chemistry variables and the hematocrit were significantly different before and after a sea lamprey attack. A second study that used hatchery lake trout broodstock measured changes in hematocrit before and after a sea lamprey attack.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0051:EONSLA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Edsall, C.C., and Swink, W.D., 2001, Effects of nonlethal sea lamprey attack on the blood chemistry of lake trout: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, no. 1, p. 51-55, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0051:EONSLA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Traverse City, Rogers City","otherGeospatial":"Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.7912380616377,\n 45.414198458095996\n ],\n [\n -83.7747514175481,\n 45.40479441927525\n ],\n [\n -83.76238643448059,\n 45.405517862464876\n ],\n [\n -83.75895171696165,\n 45.40985832704351\n ],\n [\n -83.74727367739857,\n 45.402141714983514\n ],\n [\n -83.7366260530902,\n 45.40310634913769\n ],\n [\n -83.73353480732348,\n 45.40937606967185\n ],\n [\n -83.71601774797853,\n 45.411063952457965\n ],\n [\n -83.70605706717394,\n 45.43155564705904\n ],\n [\n -83.79776402492335,\n 45.47034894246863\n ],\n [\n -83.85237603347085,\n 45.45179895628635\n ],\n [\n -83.84859784419972,\n 45.43709918003273\n ],\n [\n -83.83382855886988,\n 45.43300183859421\n ],\n [\n -83.8290199543434,\n 45.42721685010369\n ],\n [\n -83.81459414076517,\n 45.42022586458924\n ],\n [\n -83.7912380616377,\n 45.414198458095996\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.59757757162636,\n 44.75941074941977\n ],\n [\n -85.58109092753676,\n 44.754532765625385\n ],\n [\n -85.53300488227494,\n 44.738920450271934\n ],\n [\n -85.49797076358435,\n 44.76477605597799\n ],\n [\n -85.50209242460646,\n 44.789157533267684\n ],\n [\n -85.47667551496828,\n 44.80280666378806\n ],\n [\n -85.65596776944436,\n 44.82668487371464\n ],\n [\n -85.64222889936993,\n 44.801344411368746\n ],\n [\n -85.64841139090335,\n 44.77599281414058\n ],\n [\n -85.64291584287305,\n 44.76672695300809\n ],\n [\n -85.59757757162636,\n 44.75941074941977\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Carol Cotant","contributorId":78690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Cotant","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swink, William D.","contributorId":60586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swink","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023672,"text":"70023672 - 2001 - Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023672","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","docAbstract":"The enhanced thematic mapper (plus) (ETM+) instrument on Landsat 7 shares the same basic design as the TM sensors on Landsats 4 and 5, with some significant improvements. In common are six multispectral bands with a 30-m ground-projected instantaneous field of view (GIFOV). However, the thermaL-IR (TIR) band now has a 60-m GIFOV, instead of 120-m. Also, a 15-m panchromatic band has been added. The artificial neural network (NN) image sharpening method described here uses data from the higher spatial resolution ETM+ bands to enhance (sharpen) the spatial resolution of the TIR imagery. It is based on an assumed correlation over multiple scales of resolution, between image edge contrast patterns in the TIR band and several other spectral bands. A multilayer, feedforward NN is trained to approximate TIR data at 60m, given degraded (from 30-m to 60-m) spatial resolution input from spectral bands 7, 5, and 2. After training, the NN output for full-resolution input generates an approximation of a TIR image at 30-m resolution. Two methods are used to degrade the spatial resolution of the imagery used for NN training, and the corresponding sharpening results are compared. One degradation method uses a published sensor transfer function (TF) for Landsat 5 to simulate sensor coarser resolution imagery from higher resolution imagery. For comparison, the second degradation method is simply Gaussian low pass filtering and subsampling, wherein the Gaussian filter approximates the full width at half maximum amplitude characteristics of the TF-based spatial filter. Two fixed-size NNs (that is, number of weights and processing elements) were trained separately with the degraded resolution data, and the sharpening results compared. The comparison evaluates the relative influence of the degradation technique employed and whether or not it is desirable to incorporate a sensor TF model. Preliminary results indicate some improvements for the sensor model-based technique. Further evaluation using a higher resolution reference image and strict application of sensor model to data is recommended.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Visual Information Processing X","conferenceDate":"19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001","conferenceLocation":"Orlando,FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.438256","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., and Schowengerdt, R., 2001, Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4388, Orlando,FL, 19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001, p. 181-192, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.438256.","startPage":"181","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.438256"},{"id":232703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4388","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43cde4b0c8380cd66623","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","contributorId":128439,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","id":536503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, G.P.","contributorId":106927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, R.A.","contributorId":83707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":87364,"text":"87364 - 2001 - Uncertainty and spatial linear models for ecological data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T14:19:49.009581","indexId":"87364","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Uncertainty and spatial linear models for ecological data","docAbstract":"Models are not perfect; they do not fit the data exactly and they do not allow exact prediction. Given that models are imperfect, we need to assess the uncertainties in the fits of the models and their ability to predict new outcomes. The goals of building models for scientific problems include (1) understanding and developing appropriate relationships between variables, and (2) predicting variables in the future or at locations where data have not been collected. Ecological models range in complexity from those that are relatively simple (e.g., linear regression) to those that are very complex (e.g., ecosystem models, forest-growth models, and nitrogen-cycling models). In a mathematical model, parameters control the relationships between variables in the model. In this framework of parametric modeling, inference is the process whereby we take output (data) and estimate model parameters, whereas deduction is the process whereby we take a parameterized model and obtain output (data) or deduce properties. We often add random components in both inference and deduction to reflect a model’s lack-of-fit and our uncertainty about predicting outcomes. Complex models in ecology have largely been of the deductive type, where the scientist takes some values of parameters (usually obtained from an independent data source or chosen from a reasonable range of values) and then simulates results based on model relationships. These models may be quite realistic, but the manner in which their parameters are obtained for the simulations is questionable.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Spatial uncertainty in ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4613-0209-4_10","usgsCitation":"Ver Hoef, J.M., Cressie, N., Fisher, R., and Case, T.J., 2001, Uncertainty and spatial linear models for ecological data, chap. of Spatial uncertainty in ecology, p. 214-237, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0209-4_10.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d51","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hunsaker, C.","contributorId":48887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunsaker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505087,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodchild, M.","contributorId":112893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodchild","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505089,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedl, Mark A.","contributorId":113388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedl","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505090,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Case, Ted J.","contributorId":70714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505088,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Ver Hoef, Jay M","contributorId":217318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ver Hoef","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":39604,"text":"NOAA-NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":297752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cressie, Noel","contributorId":200280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cressie","given":"Noel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16754,"text":"University of Wollongong, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":297749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Case, Ted J.","contributorId":70714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194282,"text":"70194282 - 2001 - A model for nematode locomotion in soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T13:46:41","indexId":"70194282","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5558,"text":"Nematology","onlineIssn":"1568-5411","printIssn":"1388-5545","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for nematode locomotion in soil","docAbstract":"Locomotion of nematodes in soil is important for both practical and theoretical reasons. We constructed a model for rate of locomotion. The first model component is a simple simulation of nematode movement among finite cells by both random and directed behaviours. Optimisation procedures were used to fit the simulation output to data from published experiments on movement along columns of soil or washed sand, and thus to estimate the values of the model's movement coefficients. The coefficients then provided an objective means to compare rates of locomotion among studies done under different experimental conditions. The second component of the model is an equation to predict the movement coefficients as a function of controlling factors that have been addressed experimentally: soil texture, bulk density, water potential, temperature, trophic group of nematode, presence of an attractant or physical gradient and the duration of the experiment. Parameters of the equation were estimated by optimisation to achieve a good fit to the estimated movement coefficients. Bulk density, which has been reported in a minority of published studies, is predicted to have an important effect on rate of locomotion, at least in fine-textured soils. Soil sieving, which appears to be a universal practice in laboratory studies of nematode movement, is predicted to negatively affect locomotion. Slower movement in finer textured soils would be expected to increase isolation among local populations, and thus to promote species richness. Future additions to the model that might improve its utility include representing heterogeneity within populations in rate of movement, development of gradients of chemical attractants, trade-offs between random and directed components of movement, species differences in optimal temperature and water potential, and interactions among factors controlling locomotion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Brill Publishers","doi":"10.1163/156854101753536082","usgsCitation":"Hunt, H.W., Wall, D., DeCrappeo, N., and Brenner, J.S., 2001, A model for nematode locomotion in soil: Nematology, v. 3, no. 7, p. 705-716, https://doi.org/10.1163/156854101753536082.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"716","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612054e4b06e28e9c25b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, H. William","contributorId":35665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wall, Diana H.","contributorId":189136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wall","given":"Diana H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeCrappeo, Nicole 0000-0002-6928-8853 ndecrappeo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-8853","contributorId":1939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeCrappeo","given":"Nicole","email":"ndecrappeo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, John S.","contributorId":196100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022790,"text":"70022790 - 2001 - Constants for mercury binding by organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:50:41","indexId":"70022790","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constants for mercury binding by organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been implicated as an important complexing agent for Hg that can affect its mobility and bioavailability in aquatic ecosystems. However, binding constants for natural Hg-DOM complexes are not well known. We employed a competitive ligand approach to estimate conditional stability constants for Hg complexes with DOM isolates collected from Florida Everglades surface waters. The isolates examined were the hydrophobic fraction of DOM from a eutrophic, sulfidic site (F1-HPoA) and the hydrophilic fraction from an oligotrophic, low-sulfide site (2BS-HPiA). Our experimental determinations utilized overall octanol-water partitioning coefficients (Dow) for 203Hg at 0.01 M chloride and across pH and DOM concentration gradients. Use of this radioisotope allowed rapid determinations of Hg concentrations in both water and octanol phases without problems of matrix interference.
Conditional stability constants (I = 0.06, 23°C) were log K′ = 11.8 for F1-HPoA and log K′ = 10.6 for 2BS-HPiA. These are similar to previously published stability constants for Hg binding to low-molecular-weight thiols. Further, F1-HPoA showed a pH-dependent decline in Dow that was consistent with models of Hg complexation with thiol groups as the dominant Hg binding sites in DOM. These experiments demonstrate that the DOM isolates are stronger ligands for Hg than chloride ion or ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid. Speciation calculations indicate that at the DOM concentrations frequently measured in Everglades, 20 to 40 μM, significant complexation of Hg by DOM would be expected in aerobic (sulfide-free) surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Benoit, J., Mason, R., Gilmour, C., and Aiken, G., 2001, Constants for mercury binding by organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 24, p. 4445-4451, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4445","endPage":"4451","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 24.943728712051445\n ],\n [\n -79.99969482421875,\n 24.943728712051445\n ],\n [\n -79.99969482421875,\n 26.45090222367262\n ],\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 26.45090222367262\n ],\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 24.943728712051445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa04e4b0c8380cd4d89b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benoit, J.M.","contributorId":102648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benoit","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, R.P.","contributorId":61989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmour, C.C.","contributorId":63558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmour","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180943,"text":"70180943 - 2001 - Lichens from St. Matthew and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T19:40:31","indexId":"70180943","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3547,"text":"The Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lichens from St. Matthew and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"One hundred thirty-nine taxa of lichens including two lichen parasites are reported from St. Matthew and St. Paul Islands in the Bering Sea. Caloplaca lithophila is new to Alaska. Wide-ranging arctic-alpine and boreal species dominate the lichens; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. In comparison with St. Paul Island, St. Matthew Island is richer in arctic-alpine species.
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About 90% of the global warming during El Niño occurs in the tropical global ocean from 20°S to 20°N, half because of large SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño and the other half because of warm SST anomalies occurring over ∼80% of the tropical global ocean. From examination of National Centers for Environmental Prediction [Kalnay et al., 1996] and Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set [Woodruff et al., 1993] reanalyses, tropical global warming during El Niño is associated with higher troposphere moisture content and cloud cover, with reduced trade wind intensity occurring during the onset phase of El Niño. During this onset phase the tropical global average diabatic heat storage tendency in the layer above the main pycnocline is 1–3 W m−2above normal. Its principal source is a reduction in the poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropical ocean of 2–5 W m−2. Subsequently, peak tropical global warming during El Niño is dissipated by an increase in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere of 2–5 W m−2, with reduced shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes in response to increased cloud cover tending to cancel each other. In the extratropical global ocean the reduction in poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropics during the onset of El Niño tends to be balanced by reduction in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere. Thus global warming and cooling during Earth's internal mode of interannual climate variability arise from fluctuations in the global hydrological balance, not the global radiation balance. Since it occurs in the absence of extraterrestrial and anthropogenic forcing, global warming on decadal, interdecadal, and centennial period scales may also occur in association with Earth's internal modes of climate variability on those scales.
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The kraft mill studied produces a 50/50 mix of bleached/unbleached market pulp with an estimated release of 36 million gal of efffluent/day. Bleaching sequences were C90d10EopHDp and CEHD for softwood (pines) and hardwoods (mainly tupelo, gums, magnolia, and water oaks), respectively. Bass were exposed to different effluent concentrations (0 [controls, exposed to well water], 10, 20, 40, or 80%) for either 28 or 56 days. At the end of each exposure period, fish were euthanized, gonads collected for histological evaluation and determination of gonadosomatic index (GSI), and plasma was analyzed for 17??-estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, and vitellogenin (VTG). Largemouth bass exposed to B/UKME responded with changes at the biochemical level (decline in sex steroids in both sexes and VTG in females) that were usually translated into tissue/organ-level responses (declines in GSI in both sexes and in ovarian development in females). Although most of these responses occurred after exposing fish to 40% B/UKME concentrations or greater, some were observed after exposures to 20% B/UKME. These threshold concentrations fall within the 60% average yearly concentration of effluent that exists in the stream near the point of discharge (Rice Creek), but are above the <10% effluent concentration present in the St. Johns River. The chemical(s) responsible for such changes as well as their mode(s) of action remain unknown at this time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002440010274","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, M.S., Ruessler, D.S., Denslow, N., Holm, S.E., Schoeb, T., and Gross, T., 2001, Assessment of reproductive effects in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to bleached/unbleached kraft mill effluents: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 41, no. 4, p. 475-482, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010274.","startPage":"475","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208087,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010274"},{"id":233506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee50e4b0c8380cd49cc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, M. 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S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1016204,"text":"1016204 - 2001 - Aeolian dust in Colorado Plateau soils: Nutrient inputs and recent change in source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T17:04:26.691286","indexId":"1016204","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeolian dust in Colorado Plateau soils: Nutrient inputs and recent change in source","docAbstract":"Aeolian dust (windblown silt and clay) is an important component in arid-land ecosystems because it may contribute to soil formation and furnish essential nutrients. Few geologic surfaces, however, have been characterized with respect to dust-accumulation history and resultant nutrient enrichment. We have developed a combination of methods to identify the presence of aeolian dust in arid regions and to evaluate the roles of this dust in ecosystem processes. Unconsolidated sandy sediment on isolated surfaces in the Canyonlands region of the Colorado Plateau differs greatly in mineralogical and chemical composition from associated bedrock, mainly aeolian sandstone. Detrital magnetite in the surficial deposits produces moderately high values of magnetic susceptibility, but magnetite is absent in nearby bedrock. A component of the surficial deposits must be aeolian to account for the abundance of magnetite, which formed originally in far-distant igneous rocks. Particle-size analysis suggests that the aeolian dust component is typically as much as 20–30%. Dust inputs have enriched the sediments in many elements, including P, Mg, Na, K, and Mo, as well as Ca, at sites where bedrock lacks calcite cement. Soil-surface biologic crusts are effective dust traps that apparently record a change in dust sources over the past several decades. Some of the recently fallen dust may result from human disturbance of land surfaces that are far from the Canyonlands, such as the Mojave Desert. Some land-use practices in the study area have the potential to deplete soil fertility by means of wind-erosion removal of aeolian silt.
Many studies have addressed the presence of aeolian dust in soils and surficial deposits in deserts to provide important geologic and ecologic information bearing on landscape dynamics (1–16). From this body of work, we have improved understanding about: (i) current and past sources and flux of dust, hence changing conditions of dust emission; (ii) the genesis of desert soils; (iii) the influences of aeolian silt and clay on water-infiltration rates in soil; (iv) the evolution of desert surfaces (such as desert pavement) relevant to surface stability, as well as the distribution of surface and subsurface water; and (v) interrelations among aeolian dust, distribution of plants and soil crust, rain-water runoff, and productivity. Nevertheless, we lack fundamental knowledge about the accumulation history of aeolian dust on most landscapes and about how to discriminate between contributions from parent material and aeolian dust to the biotic system.
Although many different methods provide clear evidence for aeolian input into soils (4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18), ecosystem studies would benefit from rapid assessment of aeolian components in soils. Here we demonstrate that magnetic methods, which characterize the type and distribution of iron oxide minerals, can be applied to detect the presence of aeolian dust in young surficial sediments and soils over large arid-land areas. The magnetic results, combined with geochemical and textural analyses, form a basis for understanding the influence of fine-grained aeolian inputs on soil fertility of the central Colorado Plateau, Utah.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.121094298","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., Belnap, J., Lamothe, P., and Luiszer, F., 2001, Aeolian dust in Colorado Plateau soils: Nutrient inputs and recent change in source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 98, no. 13, p. 7123-7127, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121094298.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"7123","endPage":"7127","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121094298","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Arches National Park, Canyonlands National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.09124755859375,\n 37.95502661288625\n ],\n [\n -109.44030761718749,\n 37.95502661288625\n ],\n [\n -109.44030761718749,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -110.09124755859375,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -110.09124755859375,\n 37.95502661288625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-06-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamothe, Paul","contributorId":18728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luiszer, Fred","contributorId":12436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luiszer","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023413,"text":"70023413 - 2001 - Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in U.S. streams from watershed characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T14:59:29.873017","indexId":"70023413","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in U.S. streams from watershed characteristics","docAbstract":"Regression models were developed for estimating stream concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin from use-intensity data and watershed characteristics. Concentrations were determined from samples collected from 45 streams throughout the United States during 1993 to 1995 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA). Separate regression models were developed for each of six percentiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th) of the annual distribution of stream concentrations and for the annual time-weighted mean concentration. Estimates for the individual percentiles can be combined to provide an estimate of the annual distribution of concentrations for a given stream. Agricultural use of the herbicide in the watershed was a significant predictor in nearly all of the models. Several hydrologic and soil parameters also were useful in explaining the variability in concentrations of herbicides among the streams. Most of the regression models developed for estimation of concentration percentiles and annual mean concentrations accounted for 50 percent to 90 percent of the variability among streams. Predicted concentrations were nearly always within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations for the model-development streams, and predicted concentration distributions reasonably matched the actual distributions in most cases. Results from application of the models to streams not included in the model development data set are encouraging, but further validation of the regression approach described in this paper is needed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03644.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., and Gilliom, R.J., 2001, Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in U.S. streams from watershed characteristics: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1349-1367, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03644.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1349","endPage":"1367","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a5cfe4b0e8fec6cdc00a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016044,"text":"1016044 - 2001 - Space-time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:52","indexId":"1016044","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space-time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon","docAbstract":"Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to study the effect of vegetation cover, elevation, slope, and precipitation on the probability of ignition in the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and to estimate the probability of ignition occurrence at different locations in space and in time. Data on starting location of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains between April 1986 and September 1993 constituted the base for the analysis. The study area was divided into a pixela??time array. For each pixela??time location we associated a value of 1 if at least one ignition occurred and 0 otherwise. Covariate information for each pixel was obtained using a geographic information system. The GLMMs were fitted in a Bayesian framework. Higher ignition probabilities were associated with the following cover types: subalpine herbaceous, alpine tundra, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.). Within each vegetation type, higher ignition probabilities occurred at lower elevations. Additionally, ignition probabilities are lower in the northern and southern extremes of the Blue Mountains. The GLMM procedure used here is suitable for analysing ignition occurrence in other forested regions where probabilities of ignition are highly variable because of a spatially complex biophysical environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Diaz-Avalos, C., Peterson, D.L., Alvarado, E., Ferguson, S.A., and Besag, J.E., 2001, Space-time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 31, no. 9, p. 1579-1593.","productDescription":"p. 1579-1593","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1593","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e66f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz-Avalos, Carlos","contributorId":19133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz-Avalos","given":"Carlos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alvarado, Ernesto","contributorId":63368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarado","given":"Ernesto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferguson, Sue A.","contributorId":23914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sue","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Besag, Julian E.","contributorId":71524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besag","given":"Julian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1016039,"text":"1016039 - 2001 - Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T18:48:44.136466","indexId":"1016039","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","title":"Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","docAbstract":"Improved understanding of tree growth responses to climate is needed to model and predict forest ecosystem responses to current and future climatic variability. We used dendroecological methods to study the effects of climatic variability on radial growth of a subalpine conifer, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Tree-ring chronologies were developed for 31 sites, spanning the latitudinal and elevational ranges of mountain hemlock in the Pacific Northwest. Factor analysis was used to identify common patterns of interannual growth variability among the chronologies, and correlation and regression analyses were used to identify climatic factors associated with that variability.
Factor analysis identified three common growth patterns, representing groups of sites with different climate–growth relationships. At high-elevation and midrange sites in Washington and northern Oregon, growth was negatively correlated with spring snowpack depth, and positively correlated with growth-year summer temperature and the winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO). In southern Oregon, growth was negatively correlated with spring snowpack depth and previous summer temperature, and positively correlated with previous summer precipitation. At the low-elevation sites, growth was mostly insensitive to annual climatic variability but displayed sensitivity to decadal variability in the PDO opposite to that found at high-elevation sites.
Mountain hemlock growth appears to be limited by late snowmelt, short growing seasons, and cool summer temperatures throughout much of its range in the Pacific Northwest. Earlier snowmelt, higher summer temperatures, and lower summer precipitation in southern Oregon produce conditions under which growth is limited by summer temperature and/or soil water availability.
Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations could produce warmer temperatures and reduced snowpack depths in the next century. Such changes would likely increase mountain hemlock growth and productivity throughout much of its range in Washington and northern Oregon. Increased summer drought stress and reduced productivity would be likely, however, in mountain hemlock forests of southern Oregon and near the species lower elevation limit at some sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3330:MHGRTC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., and Peterson, D.L., 2001, Mountain hemlock growth responds to climatic variability at annual and decadal time scales: Ecology, v. 82, no. 12, p. 3330-3345, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3330:MHGRTC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3330","endPage":"3345","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Olympic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.42016601562499,\n 47.27177506640828\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 47.27177506640828\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 48.12943437745315\n ],\n [\n -124.42016601562499,\n 48.12943437745315\n ],\n [\n -124.42016601562499,\n 47.27177506640828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 48.68370757165364\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 47.88688085106901\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 47.092565552235705\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 46.79253827035982\n ],\n [\n -122.89306640624999,\n 46.22545288226939\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 45.805828539928356\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 44.19795903948531\n ],\n [\n -123.101806640625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -123.629150390625,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -123.431396484375,\n 42.56926437219384\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -121.915283203125,\n 42.94838139765314\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -121.36596679687499,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -121.278076171875,\n 44.34742225636393\n ],\n [\n -120.92651367187499,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 45.259422036351694\n ],\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 45.82114340079471\n ],\n [\n -121.058349609375,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 46.430285240839964\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 46.86770273172814\n ],\n [\n -119.827880859375,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -119.46533203125,\n 48.42920055556841\n ],\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 49.001843917978526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023694,"text":"70023694 - 2001 - Supply-limited horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted, unvegetated saline playa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-30T17:56:28.833124","indexId":"70023694","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Supply-limited horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted, unvegetated saline playa","docAbstract":"A site at Owens Dry Lake was observed for more than 4 years. The site was a vegetation-free saline playa where the surface formed “ephemeral crusts,” crusts that form after rainfall. Sometimes these crusts were destroyed and often a layer of particles on the crust would engage in vigorous aeolian activity. Three “phases” of active sand drifting are defined as almost no movement (extreme supply limitation), loose particles on crust with some degree of sand drift (moderate supply limitation), and unlimited source movement corresponding to a destroyed surface crust (unlimited supply). These “phases” occurred 45, 49, and 6% of the time, respectively. The accumulation of loose particles on the crust was mostly the result of in situ formation. Crusted sediments with loose particles on top can exhibit mass flux rates about the same as for noncrusted sediments. Crusted sediments limit or eliminate sand drift in two conditions: for rough crusts that effect a sufficiently high threshold friction velocity (above the wind friction velocity) and for limited amounts of loose particles on the crust where particle supply is less than would be transported in normal saltation for a thick sandy surface. These “supply-limited” cases are similar to wind erosion of limited spilled material on a hard concrete surface. We quantified “supply limitation” by defining a “potential” or “supply unlimited” sand drift function Q = AG where A represents supply limitation that decreases as the particle source is depleted. Here Q is the mass of sand transported through a surface perpendicular to the ground and to the wind and having unit width during time period t, and G = ∫ u*(u2* − u2*t) dt for u* > u*t. G is integrated for the same time period t as for Q, u* is the friction velocity of the wind, and u*t is the threshold friction velocity of the wind. Hard crusts (usually formed in the summer) tended to show almost no change of threshold friction velocity with time and often gave total protection from wind erosion. Rough crusts provided sufficient protection expressed as high threshold friction velocities. For these high threshold friction velocities, aeolian activity was greatly reduced or practically prevented. The softest crusts, usually formed in the winter, provided much less protection and sometimes were destroyed by the wind. Following this destruction the “potential” or “supply unlimited” sand drift would be observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JD900324","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gillette, D.A., Niemeyer, T., and Helm, P.J., 2001, Supply-limited horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted, unvegetated saline playa: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 106, no. D16, p. 18085-18098, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900324.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"18085","endPage":"18098","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Dry Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.00645230814385,\n 36.28068304808269\n ],\n [\n -117.9762399058002,\n 36.309460991230694\n ],\n [\n -117.95976041361254,\n 36.32052660394291\n ],\n [\n -117.94053433939388,\n 36.32550561719327\n ],\n [\n -117.82311795755803,\n 36.42888645114458\n ],\n [\n -117.86019681497984,\n 36.48245765831453\n ],\n [\n -117.89384244486257,\n 36.51226476727186\n ],\n [\n -117.90688870951114,\n 36.52826755298044\n ],\n [\n -117.92405484720624,\n 36.535991851077725\n ],\n [\n -117.93504117533124,\n 36.54426702863137\n ],\n [\n -117.99546598001885,\n 36.57570462491685\n ],\n [\n -118.00782559915936,\n 36.57625604750936\n ],\n [\n -118.02567838236251,\n 36.57791029165797\n ],\n [\n -118.03666471048751,\n 36.58066728648009\n ],\n [\n -118.05795072122974,\n 36.57956450036521\n ],\n [\n -118.05863736673751,\n 36.57460176791942\n ],\n [\n -118.05383084818291,\n 36.567984295165985\n ],\n [\n -118.04490445658118,\n 36.52826755298044\n ],\n [\n -118.03254483744068,\n 36.50619387933419\n ],\n [\n -118.03666471048751,\n 36.46644540211088\n ],\n [\n -118.035291419472,\n 36.452639077996\n ],\n [\n -118.035291419472,\n 36.44048747956731\n ],\n [\n -118.02430509134702,\n 36.39352024270403\n ],\n [\n -118.02293180033118,\n 36.35426702011024\n ],\n [\n -118.02155850931568,\n 36.337675199236045\n ],\n [\n -118.02842496439384,\n 36.31831360706056\n ],\n [\n -118.01881192728435,\n 36.29230618762864\n ],\n [\n -118.00645230814385,\n 36.28068304808269\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"D16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f7be4b08c986b31e5f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillette, Dale A.","contributorId":14126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niemeyer, T.C.","contributorId":82468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemeyer","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helm, P. J.","contributorId":72813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helm","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174299,"text":"70174299 - 2001 - Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:37:27","indexId":"70174299","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8","docAbstract":"A NOAA project was initiated in 1998, with support from the U.S. EPA, to develop state-of-the-art estimates of atmospheric N deposition to estuarine watersheds and water surfaces and its delivery to the estuaries. Work groups were formed to address N deposition rates, indirect (from the watershed) yields from atmospheric and other anthropogenic sources, and direct deposition on the estuarine waterbodies, and to evaluate the levels of uncertainty within the estimates. Watershed N yields were estimated using both a land-use based process approach and a national (SPARROW) model, compared to each other, and compared to estimates of N yield from the literature. The total N yields predicted by the national model were similar to values found in the literature and the land-use derived estimates were consistently higher. Atmospheric N yield estimates were within a similar range for the two approaches, but tended to be higher in the land-use based estimates and were not wellcorrelated. Median atmospheric N yields were around 15% of the total N yield for both groups, but ranged as high as 60% when both direct and indirect deposition were considered. Although not the dominant source of anthropogenic N, atmospheric N is, and will undoubtedly continue to be, an important factor in culturally eutrophied estuarine systems, warranting additional research and management attention.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nitrogen loading in coastal water bodies: An atmospheric perspective","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/CE057p0187","isbn":"9780875902715","usgsCitation":"Stacey, P.E., Greening, H., Kremer, J.N., Peterson, D., and Tomasko, D.A., 2001, Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8, chap. of Nitrogen loading in coastal water bodies: An atmospheric perspective, p. 187-226, https://doi.org/10.1029/CE057p0187.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d2ee4b0ef4d2f45fa9a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Valigura, Richard A.","contributorId":172722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valigura","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641724,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641725,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro, Mark S.","contributorId":172723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641726,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyers, Tilden P.","contributorId":146138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyers","given":"Tilden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16598,"text":"NOAA/ATDD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641727,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paerl, Hans W.","contributorId":172724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paerl","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641728,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stacey, Paul E.","contributorId":172725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stacey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641729,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turner, R. Eugene","contributorId":172726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641730,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7}],"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, Paul E.","contributorId":172725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stacey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greening, Holly","contributorId":64299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greening","given":"Holly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kremer, James N.","contributorId":172727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kremer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, David","contributorId":15287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tomasko, David A.","contributorId":172728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomasko","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023302,"text":"70023302 - 2001 - Influence of reactive sulfide (AVS) and supplementary food on Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:55:15","indexId":"70023302","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of reactive sulfide (AVS) and supplementary food on Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata","docAbstract":"A laboratory bioassay determined the relative contribution of various pathways of Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata exposed to moderately contaminated sediments. Juvenile worms were exposed for 25 d to experimental sediments containing 5 different reactive sulfide (acid volatile sulfides, AVS) concentrations (1 to 30 ??mol g-1), but with constant Ag, Cd, and Zn concentrations of 0.1, 0.1 and 7 ??mol g-1, respectively. The sediments were supplemented with contaminated food (TetraMin??) containing 3 levels of Ag-Cd-Zn (uncontaminated, 1?? or 5??1 metal concentrations in the contaminated sediment). The results suggest that bioaccumulation of Ag, Cd and Zn in the worms occurred predominantly from ingestion of contaminated sediments and contaminated supplementary food. AVS or dissolved metals (in porewater and overlying water) had a minor effect on bioaccumulation of the 3 metals in most of the treatments. The contribution to uptake from the dissolved source was most important in the most oxic sediments, with maximum contributions of 8% for Ag, 30% for Cd and 20% for Zn bioaccumulation. Sediment bioassays where uncontaminated supplemental food is added could seriously underestimate metal exposures in an equilibrated system; N. arenaceodentata feeding on uncontaminated food would be exposed to 40-60% less metal than if the food source was equilibrated (as occurs in nature). Overall, the results show that pathways of metal exposure are dynamically linked in contaminated sediments and shift as external geochemical characteristics and internal biological attributes vary.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps216129","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Lee, J., Lee, B., Yoo, H., Koh, C., and Luoma, S., 2001, Influence of reactive sulfide (AVS) and supplementary food on Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 216, p. 129-140, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps216129.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps216129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"216","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b6de4b0c8380cd62513","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J.-S.","contributorId":15787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, B.-G.","contributorId":11777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"B.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yoo, H.","contributorId":46725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoo","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koh, C.-H.","contributorId":9797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"C.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185082,"text":"70185082 - 2001 - North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T16:58:26.463721","indexId":"70185082","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661","docAbstract":"Climate in the North Pacific and North American sectors has experienced interdecadal shifts during the twentieth century. A network of recently developed tree-ring chronologies for Southern and Baja California extends the instrumental record and reveals decadal-scale variability back to 1661. The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is closely matched by the dominant mode of tree-ring variability that provides a preliminary view of multiannual climate fluctuations spanning the past four centuries. The reconstructed PDO index features a prominent bidecadal oscillation, whose amplitude weakened in the late l700s to mid-1800s. A comparison with proxy records of ENSO suggests that the greatest decadal-scale oscillations in Pacific climate between 1706 and 1977 occurred around 1750, 1905, and 1947.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C0005:NPDCVS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Biondi, F., Gershunov, A., and Cayan, D.R., 2001, North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661: Journal of Climate, v. 14, no. 1, p. 5-10, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C0005:NPDCVS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biondi, Franco","contributorId":75849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biondi","given":"Franco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gershunov, Alexander","contributorId":45238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gershunov","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023570,"text":"70023570 - 2001 - Alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie: Effects of vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T16:28:49.899515","indexId":"70023570","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie: Effects of vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance","docAbstract":"The ability of alien plant species to invade a region depends not only on attributes of the plant, but on characteristics of the habitat being invaded. Here, we examine characteristics that may influence the success of alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, in western North Dakota, USA. The park consists of two geographically separate units with similar vegetation types and management history, which allowed us to examine the effects of native vegetation type, anthropogenic disturbance, and the separate park units on the invasion of native plant communities by alien plant species common to counties surrounding both park units. If matters of chance related to availability of propagules and transient establishment opportunities determine the success of invasion, park unit and anthropogenic disturbance should better explain the variation in alien plant frequency. If invasibility is more strongly related to biotic or physical characteristics of the native plant communities, models of alien plant occurrence should include vegetation type as an explanatory variable. We examined >1300 transects across all vegetation types in both units of the park. Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) indicated that the fully parameterized model, including the interaction among vegetation type, disturbance, and park unit, best described the distribution of both total number of alien plants per transect and frequency of alien plants on transects where they occurred. Although all vegetation types were invaded by alien plants, mesic communities had both greater numbers and higher frequencies of alien plants than did drier communities. A strong element of stochasticity, reflected in differences in frequencies of individual species between the two park units, suggests that prediction of risk of invasion will always involve uncertainty. In addition, despite well-documented associations between anthropogenic disturbance and alien plant invasion, five of the six most abundant alien species at Theodore Roosevelt National Park had distributions unrelated to disturbance. We recommend that vegetation type be explicitly taken into account when designing monitoring plans for alien species in natural areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0128:APIIMG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Larson, D., Anderson, P., and Newton, W., 2001, Alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie: Effects of vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 1, p. 128-141, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0128:APIIMG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e963e4b0c8380cd48242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P.J.","contributorId":83058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newton, W.","contributorId":47119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162305,"text":"70162305 - 2001 - Morphometrics, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the Angonoka tortoise (Geochelone yniphora) of western Madagascar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T10:27:31","indexId":"70162305","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":671,"text":"African Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometrics, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the Angonoka tortoise (Geochelone yniphora) of western Madagascar","docAbstract":"The most recent description of the morphology of the rare endemic Madagascar tortoise,Geochelone yniphora was based on fewer than 20 specimens. We collected morphological data for 200 free‐ranging tortoises from five populations over a four‐year period. Tortoises ranged in size from 43.5 mm carapace length at hatching to a maximum of 481 mm in an adult male. We were able to develop a logistic regression model to predict the sex of adult tortoises in one of the five populations using principal component analysis; the model correctly predicted the sex of 25 of 26 adult tortoises. Growth of 40 tortoises was monitored and as in other chelonians, the annual relative growth rate decreased with age. The relative growth rate in adults was approximately 5% per year as compared to approximately 16% in juveniles. Juvenile tortoises accrued one scute growth layer per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/21564574.2001.9635446","usgsCitation":"Smith, L.L., Pedrono, M., Dorazio, R.M., and Bishko, J., 2001, Morphometrics, sexual dimorphism, and growth in the Angonoka tortoise (Geochelone yniphora) of western Madagascar: African Journal of Herpetology, v. 50, no. 1, p. 9-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2001.9635446.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4be4b0961cf2811c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Lora L.","contributorId":53684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pedrono, Miguel","contributorId":152391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pedrono","given":"Miguel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorazio, Robert M. 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":1668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bishko, Jack","contributorId":152396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishko","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023525,"text":"70023525 - 2001 - Assessing an open-well aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T05:34:49","indexId":"70023525","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing an open-well aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock","docAbstract":"Use of open wells to conduct aquifer tests in fractured crystalline rock aquifers is potentially problematic, because open wells can hydraulically connect highly permeable fracture zones at different depths within the rock. Because of this effect, it is questionable whether estimates of the hydraulic properties of the rock obtained from analysis of an open-well aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock are representative of the true rock properties. To address this issue, rock properties estimated from such a test are compared with rock properties estimated from an aquifer test at the same location in which packers were installed in wells to restrict vertical fluid movement along the wellbores. Results indicate that when the open-hole test is analyzed with a numerical model that accurately represents the three-dimensional heterogeneity structure in the wellfield, the open-hole test estimates of the rock hydraulic properties are similar to the packer-isolated test estimates. When the open-well test is analyzed using a model having an oversimplified representation of the rock heterogeneity, the estimates of rock transmissivity are similar to the transmissivity estimates from the packer-isolated test, but the storativity estimates are larger than the storativity estimates from the packer-isolated test. These results indicate the importance of accurately representing the rock heterogeneity structure when analyzing an open-hole aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock.Use of open wells to conduct aquifer tests in fractured crystalline rock aquifers is potentially problematic, because open wells can hydraulically connect highly permeable fracture zones at different depths within the rock. Because of this effect, it is questionable whether estimates of the hydraulic properties of the rock obtained from analysis of an open-well aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock are representative of the true rock properties. To address this issue, rock properties estimated from such a test are compared with rock properties estimated from an aquifer test at the same location in which packers were installed in wells to restrict vertical fluid movement along the wellbores. Results indicate that when the open-hole test is analyzed with a numerical model that accurately represents the three-dimensional heterogeneity structure in the wellfield, the open-hole test estimates of the rock hydraulic properties are similar to the packer-isolated test estimates. When the open-well test is analyzed using a model having an oversimplified representation of the rock heterogeneity, the estimates of rock transmissivity are similar to the transmissivity estimates from the packer-isolated test, but the storativity estimates are larger than the storativity estimates from the packer-isolated test. These results indicate the importance of accurately representing the rock heterogeneity structure when analyzing an open-hole aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock.","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb00352.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., and Hsieh, P.A., 2001, Assessing an open-well aquifer test in fractured crystalline rock: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 1, p. 68-78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb00352.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.037353515625,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -72.037353515625,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -72.037353515625,\n 43.9058083561574\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc9e4b0c8380cd499e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, C. R.","contributorId":104107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023564,"text":"70023564 - 2001 - Abundance, modes of occurrence, and removal of mercury in Illinois coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023564","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance, modes of occurrence, and removal of mercury in Illinois coals","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Demir, I., 2001, Abundance, modes of occurrence, and removal of mercury in Illinois coals: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 46, no. 1, p. 289-291.","startPage":"289","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e660e4b0c8380cd47396","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demir, I.","contributorId":93214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demir","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022773,"text":"70022773 - 2001 - Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T18:40:09.353891","indexId":"70022773","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions","docAbstract":"The formation of impermeable fault seals between earthquake events is a feature of many models of earthquake generation, suggesting that earthquake recurrence may depend in part on the rate of permeability reduction of fault zone materials under hydrothermal conditions. In this study, permeability measurements were conducted on intact, fractured, and gouge-bearing Westerly granite at an effective pressure of 50 MPa and at temperatures from 150° to 500°C, simulating conditions in the earthquake-generating portions of fault zones. Pore fluids were cycled back and forth under a 2 MPa pressure differential for periods of up to 40 days. Permeability of the granite decreased with time t, following the exponential relation k=c(10−rt). For intact samples run between 250° and 500°C the time constant for permeability decrease r was proportional to temperature and ranged between 0.001 and 0.1 days−1 (i.e., between 0.4 and 40 decades year−1 loss of permeability). Values of r for the lower-temperature experiments differed little from the 250°C runs. In contrast, prefractured samples showed higher rates of permeability decrease at a given temperature. The surfaces of the fractured samples showed evidence of dissolution and mineral growth that increased in abundance with both temperature and time. The experimentally grown mineral assemblages varied with temperature and were consistent with a rock-dominated hydrothermal system. As such mineral deposits progressively seal the fractured samples, their rates of permeability decrease approach the rates for intact rocks at the same temperature. These results place constraints on models of precipitation sealing and suggest that fault rocks may seal at a rate consistent with earthquake recurrence intervals of typical fault zones.
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