In dealing with the passive transport of organic contaminants from soils to plants (including crops), a partition-limited model is proposed in which (i) the maximum (equilibrium) concentration of a contaminant in any location in the plant is determined by partition equilibrium with its concentration in the soil interstitial water, which in turn is determined essentially by the concentration in the soil organic matter (SOM) and (ii) the extent of approach to partition equilibrium, as measured by the ratio of the contaminant concentrations in plant water and soil interstitial water, αpt (≤ 1), depends on the transport rate of the contaminant in soil water into the plant and the volume of soil water solution that is required for the plant contaminant level to reach equilibrium with the external soil-water phase. Through reasonable estimates of plant organic-water compositions and of contaminant partition coefficients with various plant components, the model accounts for calculated values of αpt in several published crop-contamination studies, including near-equilibrium values (i.e., αpt ≅ 1) for relatively water-soluble contaminants and lower values for much less soluble contaminants; the differences are attributed to the much higher partition coefficients of the less soluble compounds between plant lipids and plant water, which necessitates much larger volumes of the plant water transport for achieving the equilibrium capacities. The model analysis indicates that for plants with high water contents the plant-water phase acts as the major reservoir for highly water-soluble contaminants. By contrast, the lipid in a plant, even at small amounts, is usually the major reservoir for highly water-insoluble contaminants.
Using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) measurements, we examined the sorption of Pb(II) to hematite in the presence of malonic acid. Pb LIII-edge EXAFS measurements performed in the presence of malonate indicate the presence of both Fe and C neighbors, suggesting that a major fraction of surface-bound malonate is bonded to adsorbed Pb(II). In the absence of Pb(II), ATR-FTIR measurements of sorbed malonate suggest the formation of more than one malonate surface complex. The dissimilarity of the IR spectrum of malonate sorbed on hematite to those for aqueous malonate suggest at least one of the sorbed malonate species is directly coordinated to surface Fe atoms in an inner-sphere mode. In the presence of Pb, little change is seen in the IR spectrum for sorbed malonate, indicating that geometry of malonate as it coordinates to sorbed Pb(II) adions is similar to the geometry of malonate as it coordinates to Fe in the hematite surface. Fits of the raw EXAFS spectra collected from pH 4 to pH 8 result in average Pb–C distances of 2.98 to 3.14 Å, suggesting the presence of both four- and six-membered Pb–malonate rings. The IR results are consistent with this interpretation. Thus, our results suggest that malonate binds to sorbed Pb(II) adions, forming ternary metal-bridging surface complexes.
Images from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) through August 1999 were analyzed for the global distribution of small-scale polygonal terrain not clearly resolved in Viking Orbiter imagery. With very few exceptions, small-scale polygonal terrain occurs at middle to high latitudes of the northern and southern hemisphere in Hesperian-age geologic units. The largest concentration of this terrain occurs in the Utopia basin in close association with scalloped depressions (interpreted as thermokarst) and appears to represent an Amazonia event. The morphology and occurrence of small polygonal terrain suggest they are either mud desiccation cracks or ice-wedge polygons. Because the small-scale polygons in Utopia and Argyre Planitiae are associated with other cold-climate permafrost or glacial features, an ice-wedge model is preferred for these areas. Both cracking mechanisms work most effectively in water- or ice-rich finegrained material and may imply the seasonal or episodic existence of liquid water at the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1029/2000GL012093","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Seibert, N., and Kargel, J., 2001, Small-scale martian polygonal terrain: Implications for liquid surface water: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 5, p. 899-902, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012093.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"902","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9197e4b08c986b3199af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seibert, N.M.","contributorId":6225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seibert","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023536,"text":"70023536 - 2001 - Some suggested future directions of quantitative resource assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T19:41:23","indexId":"70023536","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1392,"text":"Diqiu Kexue - Zhongguo Dizhi Daxue Xuebao/Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some suggested future directions of quantitative resource assessments","docAbstract":"Future quantitative assessments will be expected to estimate quantities, values, and locations of undiscovered mineral resources in a form that conveys both economic viability and uncertainty associated with the resources. Historically, declining metal prices point to the need for larger deposits over time. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the greatest opportunity for reducing uncertainty in assessments lies in lowering uncertainty associated with tonnage estimates. Of all errors possible in assessments, those affecting tonnage estimates are by far the most important. Selecting the correct deposit model is the most important way of controlling errors because the dominance of tonnage-deposit models are the best known predictor of tonnage. Much of the surface is covered with apparently barren rocks and sediments in many large regions. Because many exposed mineral deposits are believed to have been found, a prime concern is the presence of possible mineralized rock under cover. Assessments of areas with resources under cover must rely on extrapolation from surrounding areas, new geologic maps of rocks under cover, or analogy with other well-explored areas that can be considered training tracts. Cover has a profound effect on uncertainty and on methods and procedures of assessments because geology is seldom known and geophysical methods typically have attenuated responses. Many earlier assessment methods were based on relationships of geochemical and geophysical variables to deposits learned from deposits exposed on the surface-these will need to be relearned based on covered deposits. Mineral-deposit models are important in quantitative resource assessments for two reasons: (1) grades and tonnages of most deposit types are significantly different, and (2) deposit types are present in different geologic settings that can be identified from geologic maps. Mineral-deposit models are the keystone in combining the diverse geoscience information on geology, mineral occurrences, geophysics, and geochemistry used in resource assessments and mineral exploration. Grade and tonnage models and development of quantitative descriptive, economic, and deposit density models will help reduce the uncertainty of these new assessments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diqiu Kexue - Zhongguo Dizhi Daxue Xuebao/Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Chinese","issn":"10002383","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., 2001, Some suggested future directions of quantitative resource assessments: Diqiu Kexue - Zhongguo Dizhi Daxue Xuebao/Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 26, no. 2, p. 152-156.","startPage":"152","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92ede4b08c986b31a1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023538,"text":"70023538 - 2001 - Seismic response of the katmai volcanoes to the 6 December 1999 magnitude 7.0 Karluk Lake earthquake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023538","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic response of the katmai volcanoes to the 6 December 1999 magnitude 7.0 Karluk Lake earthquake, Alaska","docAbstract":"A sudden increase in earthquake activity was observed beneath volcanoes in the Katmai area on the Alaska Peninsula immediately following the 6 December 1999 magnitude (Mw) 7.0 Karluk Lake earthquake beneath southern Kodiak Island, Alaska. The observed increase in earthquake activity consisted of small (ML < 1.3), shallow (Z < 5.0 km) events. These earthquakes were located beneath Mount Martin, Mount Mageik, Trident Volcano, and the Katmai caldera and began within the coda of the Karluk Lake mainshock. All of these earthquakes occurred in areas and magnitude ranges that are typical for the background seismicity observed in the Katmai area. Seismicity rates returned to background levels 8 to 13 hours after the Karluk Lake mainshock. The close temporal relationship with the Karluk Lake mainshock, the onset of activity within the mainshock coda, and the simultaneous increase beneath four separate volcanic centers all suggest these earthquakes were remotely triggered. Modeling of the Coulomb stress changes from the mainshock for optimally oriented faults suggests negligible change in static stress beneath the Katmai volcanoes. This result favors models that involve dynamic stresses as the mechanism for triggered seismicity at Katmai.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000054","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Power, J., Moran, S., McNutt, S., Stihler, S., and Sanchez, J., 2001, Seismic response of the katmai volcanoes to the 6 December 1999 magnitude 7.0 Karluk Lake earthquake, Alaska: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 1, p. 57-63, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000054.","startPage":"57","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207470,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000054"},{"id":232451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b5be4b08c986b317788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNutt, S.R.","contributorId":26722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stihler, S.D.","contributorId":42616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sanchez, J.J.","contributorId":39168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023546,"text":"70023546 - 2001 - A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:21:48.913436","indexId":"70023546","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results","docAbstract":"Five common numerical techniques for solving the advection-dispersion equation (finite difference, predictor corrector, total variation diminishing, method of characteristics, and modified method of characteristics) were tested using simulations of a controlled conservative tracer-test experiment through a heterogeneous, two-dimensional sand tank. The experimental facility was constructed using discrete, randomly distributed, homogeneous blocks of five sand types. This experimental model provides an opportunity to compare the solution techniques: the heterogeneous hydraulic-conductivity distribution of known structure can be accurately represented by a numerical model, and detailed measurements can be compared with simulated concentrations and total flow through the tank. The present work uses this opportunity to investigate how three common types of results - simulated breakthrough curves, sensitivity analysis, and calibrated parameter values - change in this heterogeneous situation given the different methods of simulating solute transport. The breakthrough curves show that simulated peak concentrations, even at very fine grid spacings, varied between the techniques because of different amounts of numerical dispersion. Sensitivity-analysis results revealed: (1) a high correlation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity given the concentration and flow observations used, so that both could not be estimated; and (2) that the breakthrough curve data did not provide enough information to estimate individual values of dispersivity for the five sands. This study demonstrates that the choice of assigned dispersivity and the amount of numerical dispersion present in the solution technique influence estimated hydraulic conductivity values to a surprising degree.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02312.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2001, A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 2, p. 300-307, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02312.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"307","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e375e4b0c8380cd46033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023553,"text":"70023553 - 2001 - Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023553","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA","docAbstract":"Excavation and analyses of small animal remains from stratified raptor deposits spanning the last 11.5 ka, together with collection and analysis of over 60 dated fossil woodrat midden samples spanning the last 50 ka, provide a detailed record of changing climate in the eastern Great Basin during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Sagebrush steppe dominated the northern Bonneville basin during the Full Glacial, suggesting that conditions were cold and relatively dry, in contrast to the southern basin, which was also cold but moister. Limber pine woodlands dominated ???13-11.5 ka, indicating increased dryness and summer temperatures ???6-7??C cooler than present. This drying trend accelerated after ???11.5 ka causing Lake Bonneville to drop rapidly, eliminating 11 species of fish from the lake. From ???11.5-8.2 ka xerophytic sagebrush and shadscale scrub replaced more mesophilic shrubs in a step-wise fashion. A variety of small mammals and plants indicate the early Holocene was ???3??C cooler and moister than at present, not warmer as suggested by a number of climatic models. The diversity of plants and animals changed dramatically after 8.2 ka as many species disappeared from the record. Some of the upland species returned after ???4 ka and Great Salt Lake became fresh enough at ???3.4 and ???1.2 ka to support populations of Utah chub. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Madsen, D., Rhode, D., Grayson, D., Broughton, J., Livingston, S., Hunt, J., Quade, J., Schmitt, D., and Shaver, M.W., 2001, Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 167, no. 3-4, p. 243-271, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6.","startPage":"243","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207587,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6"},{"id":232656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4526e4b0c8380cd6708f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madsen, D.B.","contributorId":65615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhode, D.","contributorId":29145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhode","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grayson, D.K.","contributorId":98080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grayson","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Broughton, J.M.","contributorId":35496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broughton","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livingston, S.D.","contributorId":10196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livingston","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunt, J.","contributorId":18297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":398017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schmitt, D.N.","contributorId":103433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shaver, M. W. III","contributorId":96048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"M.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70023560,"text":"70023560 - 2001 - User interface for ground-water modeling: Arcview extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023560","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"User interface for ground-water modeling: Arcview extension","docAbstract":"Numerical simulation for ground-water modeling often involves handling large input and output data sets. A geographic information system (GIS) provides an integrated platform to manage, analyze, and display disparate data and can greatly facilitate modeling efforts in data compilation, model calibration, and display of model parameters and results. Furthermore, GIS can be used to generate information for decision making through spatial overlay and processing of model results. Arc View is the most widely used Windows-based GIS software that provides a robust user-friendly interface to facilitate data handling and display. An extension is an add-on program to Arc View that provides additional specialized functions. An Arc View interface for the ground-water flow and transport models MODFLOW and MT3D was built as an extension for facilitating modeling. The extension includes preprocessing of spatially distributed (point, line, and polygon) data for model input and postprocessing of model output. An object database is used for linking user dialogs and model input files. The Arc View interface utilizes the capabilities of the 3D Analyst extension. Models can be automatically calibrated through the Arc View interface by external linking to such programs as PEST. The efficient pre- and postprocessing capabilities and calibration link were demonstrated for ground-water modeling in southwest Kansas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:3(251)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Tsou, M., and Whittemore, D.O., 2001, User interface for ground-water modeling: Arcview extension: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, no. 3, p. 251-257, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:3(251).","startPage":"251","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207323,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:3(251)"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfc5e4b08c986b329d68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tsou, Ming-shu","contributorId":20507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsou","given":"Ming-shu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023561,"text":"70023561 - 2001 - Geology, coal quality, and resources of the Antaramut-Kurtan-Dzoragukh coal field, north-central Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023561","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, coal quality, and resources of the Antaramut-Kurtan-Dzoragukh coal field, north-central Armenia","docAbstract":"The Antaramut-Kurta-Dzoragukh (AKD) coal deposit is a previously unrecognized coal field in north-central Armenia. Coal has been known to exist in the general vicinity since the turn of the century, but coal was thought to be restricted to a small (1 km2) area only near the village of Antaramut. However, through detailed field work and exploratory drilling, this coal deposit has been expanded to at least 20 km2, and thus renamed the Antaramut-Kurtan-Dzoragukh coal field, for the three villages that the coal field encompasses. The entire coal-bearing horizon, a series of tuffaceous sandstones, siltstones, and claystones, is approximately 50 m thick. The AKD coal field contains two coal beds, each greater than 1 m thick, and numerous small rider beds, with a total resource of approximately 31,000,000 metric tonnes. The coals are late Eocene in age, high volatile bituminous in rank, relatively high in ash yield (approximately 40%, as-determined basis) and moderate in sulfur content (approximately 3%, as-determined basis). The two coal beds (No. 1 and No. 2), on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis, have high calorific values of 32.6 MJ/kg (7796 cal/g) and 36.0 MJ/kg (8599 cal/g), respectively. Coal is one of the few indigenous fossil fuel resources occurring in Armenia and thus, the AKD coal field could potentially provide fuel for heating and possibly energy generation in the Armenian energy budget. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00039-2","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., Martirosyan, A., Malkhasian, G., Harutunian, S., and Harutunian, G., 2001, Geology, coal quality, and resources of the Antaramut-Kurtan-Dzoragukh coal field, north-central Armenia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 45, no. 4, p. 267-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00039-2.","startPage":"267","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207324,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00039-2"},{"id":232177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a272fe4b0c8380cd59672","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martirosyan, A.","contributorId":18139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martirosyan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malkhasian, G.","contributorId":21727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malkhasian","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harutunian, S.","contributorId":81665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harutunian","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harutunian, G.","contributorId":64842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harutunian","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023562,"text":"70023562 - 2001 - Trace metal suites in Antarctic pre-industrial ice are consistent with emissions from quiescent degassing of volcanoes worldwide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023562","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metal suites in Antarctic pre-industrial ice are consistent with emissions from quiescent degassing of volcanoes worldwide","docAbstract":"Trace metals are more abundant in atmospheric load and deposition material than can be due to rock and soil dusts and ocean salt. In pre-industrial ice from coastal west Antarctica, dust and salt account for only a few percent of the lead, cadmium, and indium that is present in most samples, less than half in any sample. For these trace metals, the deposition rate to the pre-industrial ice is approximately matched by the output rate to the atmosphere by quiescent (non-explosive) degassing of volcanoes worldwide, according to a new estimate. The basis of the match is the masses and proportions of the metals, and the proportions of Pb isotopes, in ice and in volcano emissions. The isotopic compositions of Pb in ice are similar to those of a suite of ocean island volcanoes, mostly in the southern hemisphere. The natural baseline values for pre-industrial atmospheric deposition fluxes of trace metal suites at Taylor Dome, and the worldwide quiescent volcano emissions fluxes to which they are linked, constitute a reasonably well-constrained baseline component for deposition fluxes of metals in modern times. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00228-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Matsumoto, A., and Hinkley, T.K., 2001, Trace metal suites in Antarctic pre-industrial ice are consistent with emissions from quiescent degassing of volcanoes worldwide: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 186, no. 1, p. 33-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00228-X.","startPage":"33","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207325,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00228-X"},{"id":232178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb670e4b08c986b326c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsumoto, A.","contributorId":53987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsumoto","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023564,"text":"70023564 - 2001 - Abundance, modes of occurrence, and removal of mercury in Illinois coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023564","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance, modes of occurrence, and removal of mercury in Illinois coals","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Demir, I., 2001, Abundance, modes of occurrence, and removal of mercury in Illinois coals: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 46, no. 1, p. 289-291.","startPage":"289","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e660e4b0c8380cd47396","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demir, I.","contributorId":93214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demir","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023566,"text":"70023566 - 2001 - Oblique sinistral transpression in the Arabian shield: The timing and kinematics of a Neoproterozoic suture zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023566","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oblique sinistral transpression in the Arabian shield: The timing and kinematics of a Neoproterozoic suture zone","docAbstract":"The Hulayfah-Ad Dafinah-Ruwah fault zone is a belt of highly strained rocks that extends in a broad curve across the northeastern Arabian shield. It is a subvertical shear zone, 5-30 km wide and over 600 km long, and is interpreted as a zone of oblique sinistral transpression that forms the suture between the Afif terrane and the Asir-Jiddah-Hijaz-Hulayfah superterrane. Available data suggest that the terranes began to converge sometime after 720 Ma, were in active contact at about 680 Ma, and were in place, with suturing complete, by 630 Ma, The fault zone was affected by sinistral horizontal and local vertical shear, and simultaneous flattening and fault-zone-parallel extension. Structures include sinistral sense-of-shear indicators, L-S tectonite, and coaxial stretching lineations and fold axes. The stretching lineations switch from subhorizontal to subvertical along the fault zone indicating significant variation in finite strain consistent with an origin by oblique transpression. The sense of shear on the fault zone suggests sinistral trajectories for the converging terranes, although extrapolating the shear sense of the suture zone to infer far-field motion must be done with caution. The amalgamation model derived from the chronologic and structural data for the fault zone modifies an existing model of terrane amalgamation and clarifies the definitions of two deformational events (the Nabitah orogeny and the Najd fault system) that are widely represented in the Arabian shield. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00157-1","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., and Kattan, F., 2001, Oblique sinistral transpression in the Arabian shield: The timing and kinematics of a Neoproterozoic suture zone: Precambrian Research, v. 107, no. 1-2, p. 117-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00157-1.","startPage":"117","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00157-1"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a4ee4b0c8380cd740dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.R.","contributorId":37332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kattan, F.","contributorId":104250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kattan","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023569,"text":"70023569 - 2001 - Effects of suspended sediment on the reproductive success of the tricolor shiner, a crevice-spawning minnow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023569","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of suspended sediment on the reproductive success of the tricolor shiner, a crevice-spawning minnow","docAbstract":"Excessive sedimentation of rivers and creeks has been linked to increasing levels of imperilment in the diverse fish fauna of the southeastern United States. In particular, benthic-spawning fishes have decreased in both numbers and range. The tricolor shiner Cyprinella trichroistia is a crevice-spawning minnow that is widespread in the eastern Mobile River drainage above the Fall Line. While they are less sensitive to perturbation than the federally threatened blue shiner C. caerulea, tricolor shiners have decreased in numbers and range during the past few decades. This experiment examined the effects of 0 (control), 100, 300, and 600 mg/L initial concentrations of suspended sediment on the reproductive success of the tricolor shiner. Increasing levels of suspended sediment caused decreasing levels of reproductive success (fewer spawns and fewer eggs laid when spawning occurred). Increasing levels of suspended sediment also delayed the onset of spawning, resulting in distinct frequency distributions of clear eggs, eyed eggs, and larvae across treatments. Mortality of eggs and larvae was not a factor in the experiment. We examined daily sediment concentration data recorded at three sites in the upper Coosa River over the April-August spawning season of 1963. By weighting our experimental results by the number of days above each sediment concentration, we estimated that 20% fewer eggs were laid than would have been laid if conditions had been like those of the controls. Albeit our model is simplistic, it provides insight into how excessive sedimentation contributes to population extirpation. Mitigation of suspended sediments is an important management action for the conservation of southern Appalachian fishes that spawn in benthic habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0959:EOSSOT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Burkhead, N., and Jelks, H., 2001, Effects of suspended sediment on the reproductive success of the tricolor shiner, a crevice-spawning minnow: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 130, no. 5, p. 959-968, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0959:EOSSOT>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"959","endPage":"968","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207385,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0959:EOSSOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07eee4b0c8380cd518dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhead, N.M.","contributorId":34456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhead","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jelks, H.L. 0000-0002-0672-6297","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-6297","contributorId":12000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jelks","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023570,"text":"70023570 - 2001 - Alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie: Effects of vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T16:28:49.899515","indexId":"70023570","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie: Effects of vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance","docAbstract":"The ability of alien plant species to invade a region depends not only on attributes of the plant, but on characteristics of the habitat being invaded. Here, we examine characteristics that may influence the success of alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, in western North Dakota, USA. The park consists of two geographically separate units with similar vegetation types and management history, which allowed us to examine the effects of native vegetation type, anthropogenic disturbance, and the separate park units on the invasion of native plant communities by alien plant species common to counties surrounding both park units. If matters of chance related to availability of propagules and transient establishment opportunities determine the success of invasion, park unit and anthropogenic disturbance should better explain the variation in alien plant frequency. If invasibility is more strongly related to biotic or physical characteristics of the native plant communities, models of alien plant occurrence should include vegetation type as an explanatory variable. We examined >1300 transects across all vegetation types in both units of the park. Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) indicated that the fully parameterized model, including the interaction among vegetation type, disturbance, and park unit, best described the distribution of both total number of alien plants per transect and frequency of alien plants on transects where they occurred. Although all vegetation types were invaded by alien plants, mesic communities had both greater numbers and higher frequencies of alien plants than did drier communities. A strong element of stochasticity, reflected in differences in frequencies of individual species between the two park units, suggests that prediction of risk of invasion will always involve uncertainty. In addition, despite well-documented associations between anthropogenic disturbance and alien plant invasion, five of the six most abundant alien species at Theodore Roosevelt National Park had distributions unrelated to disturbance. We recommend that vegetation type be explicitly taken into account when designing monitoring plans for alien species in natural areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0128:APIIMG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Larson, D., Anderson, P., and Newton, W., 2001, Alien plant invasion in mixed-grass prairie: Effects of vegetation type and anthropogenic disturbance: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 1, p. 128-141, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0128:APIIMG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e963e4b0c8380cd48242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P.J.","contributorId":83058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newton, W.","contributorId":47119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023571,"text":"70023571 - 2001 - Methyl tert‐butyl ether degradation in the unsaturated zone and the relation between MTBE in the atmosphere and shallow groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:35:28","indexId":"70023571","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methyl tert‐butyl ether degradation in the unsaturated zone and the relation between MTBE in the atmosphere and shallow groundwater","docAbstract":"Atmospheric methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) concentrations in southern New Jersey generally exceeded concentrations in samples taken from the unsaturated zone. A simple unsaturated zone transport model indicates that MTBE degradation can explain the attenuation with half‐lives from a few months to a couple of years. Tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA), a possible degradation product of MTBE, was detected in unsaturated‐zone samples at concentrations exceeding atmospheric levels at some sites, suggesting the possible conversion of MTBE to TBA. At sites where MTBE was detected in shallow groundwater, the concentration was typically higher than the overlying unsaturated‐zone concentration. This observation is consistent with outgassing from the aquifer and combined with the unsaturated‐zone attenuation suggests some of the MTBE detections in shallow groundwater are nonatmospheric in origin, coming from leaking tanks, road runoff, or other sources. The identification of sources of MTBE in groundwater and attenuation mechanisms through the hydrologic cycle is critical in developing an understanding of the long‐term effect of MTBE releases.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900292","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., Charles, E., and Baker, R.J., 2001, Methyl tert‐butyl ether degradation in the unsaturated zone and the relation between MTBE in the atmosphere and shallow groundwater: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 2, p. 223-233, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900292.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"233","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900292","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5616e4b0c8380cd6d348","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charles, Emmanuel G. 0000-0002-3338-4958","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3338-4958","contributorId":3637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charles","given":"Emmanuel G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023572,"text":"70023572 - 2001 - Eruptive stratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, 36°S, sourthern volcanic zone, Chilean Andes: Reconstruction method and implications for magma evolution at long-lived arc volcanic centers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T19:34:43.999113","indexId":"70023572","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive stratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, 36°S, sourthern volcanic zone, Chilean Andes: Reconstruction method and implications for magma evolution at long-lived arc volcanic centers","docAbstract":"The Quaternary Tatara–San Pedro volcanic complex (36°S, Chilean Andes) comprises eight or more unconformity-bound volcanic sequences, representing variably preserved erosional remnants of volcanic centers generated during ∼930 ky of activity. The internal eruptive histories of several dominantly mafic to intermediate sequences have been reconstructed, on the basis of correlations of whole-rock major and trace element chemistry of flows between multiple sampled sections, but with critical contributions from photogrammetric, geochronologic, and paleomagnetic data. Many groups of flows representing discrete eruptive events define internal variation trends that reflect extrusion of heterogeneous or rapidly evolving magma batches from conduit–reservoir systems in which open-system processes typically played a large role. Long-term progressive evolution trends are extremely rare and the magma compositions of successive eruptive events rarely lie on precisely the same differentiation trend, even where they have evolved from similar parent magmas by similar processes. These observations are not consistent with magma differentiation in large long-lived reservoirs, but they may be accommodated by diverse interactions between newly arrived magma inputs and multiple resident pockets of evolved magma and/or crystal mush residing in conduit-dominated subvolcanic reservoirs. Without constraints provided by the reconstructed stratigraphic relations, the framework for petrologic modeling would be far different. A well-established eruptive stratigraphy may provide independent constraints on the petrologic processes involved in magma evolution—simply on the basis of the specific order in which diverse, broadly cogenetic magmas have been erupted. The Tatara–San Pedro complex includes lavas ranging from primitive basalt to high-SiO2 rhyolite, and although the dominant erupted magma type was basaltic andesite (∼52–55 wt % SiO2) each sequence is characterized by unique proportions of mafic, intermediate, and silicic eruptive products. Intermediate lava compositions also record different evolution paths, both within and between sequences. No systematic long-term pattern is evident from comparisons at the level of sequences. The considerable diversity of mafic and evolved magmas of the Tatara–San Pedro complex bears on interpretations of regional geochemical trends. The variable role of open-system processes in shaping the compositions of evolved Tatara–San Pedro complex magmas, and even some basaltic magmas, leads to the conclusion that addressing problems such as arc magma genesis and elemental fluxes through subduction zones on the basis of averaged or regressed reconnaissance geochemical datasets is a tenuous exercise. Such compositional indices are highly instructive for identifying broad regional trends and first-order problems, but they should be used with extreme caution in attempts to quantify processes and magma sources, including crustal components, implicated in these trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/42.3.555","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Dungan, M., Wulff, A., and Thompson, R., 2001, Eruptive stratigraphy of the Tatara-San Pedro complex, 36°S, sourthern volcanic zone, Chilean Andes: Reconstruction method and implications for magma evolution at long-lived arc volcanic centers: Journal of Petrology, v. 42, no. 3, p. 555-626, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.3.555.","productDescription":"72 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Andes Mountains, Tatara-San Pedro Volcanic Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.22932453832438,\n -32.53514728524265\n ],\n [\n -74.22932453832438,\n -37.51540860294333\n ],\n [\n -68.79863955586832,\n -37.51540860294333\n ],\n [\n -68.79863955586832,\n -32.53514728524265\n ],\n [\n -74.22932453832438,\n -32.53514728524265\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a59e4b0c8380cd522fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dungan, M.A.","contributorId":36304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wulff, A.","contributorId":96452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulff","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, R.","contributorId":103444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023575,"text":"70023575 - 2001 - Sources of global warming in upper ocean temperature during El Niño","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T14:02:29","indexId":"70023575","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of global warming in upper ocean temperature during El Niño","docAbstract":"Global average sea surface temperature (SST) from 40°S to 60°N fluctuates ±0.3°C on interannual period scales, with global warming (cooling) during El Niño (La Niña). About 90% of the global warming during El Niño occurs in the tropical global ocean from 20°S to 20°N, half because of large SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño and the other half because of warm SST anomalies occurring over ∼80% of the tropical global ocean. From examination of National Centers for Environmental Prediction [Kalnay et al., 1996] and Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set [Woodruff et al., 1993] reanalyses, tropical global warming during El Niño is associated with higher troposphere moisture content and cloud cover, with reduced trade wind intensity occurring during the onset phase of El Niño. During this onset phase the tropical global average diabatic heat storage tendency in the layer above the main pycnocline is 1–3 W m−2above normal. Its principal source is a reduction in the poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropical ocean of 2–5 W m−2. Subsequently, peak tropical global warming during El Niño is dissipated by an increase in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere of 2–5 W m−2, with reduced shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes in response to increased cloud cover tending to cancel each other. In the extratropical global ocean the reduction in poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropics during the onset of El Niño tends to be balanced by reduction in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere. Thus global warming and cooling during Earth's internal mode of interannual climate variability arise from fluctuations in the global hydrological balance, not the global radiation balance. Since it occurs in the absence of extraterrestrial and anthropogenic forcing, global warming on decadal, interdecadal, and centennial period scales may also occur in association with Earth's internal modes of climate variability on those scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1999JC000130","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"White, W.B., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M., and Auad, G., 2001, Sources of global warming in upper ocean temperature during El Niño: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 106, no. C3, p. 4349-4367, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000130.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"4349","endPage":"4367","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000130","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b937ae4b08c986b31a4f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Warren B.","contributorId":26111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Mike 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Mike","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auad, Guillermo","contributorId":78120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auad","given":"Guillermo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023578,"text":"70023578 - 2001 - Juxtaposition of Neoproterozoic units along the Baruda - Tulu Dimtu shear-belt in the East African Orogen of western Ethiopia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023578","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Juxtaposition of Neoproterozoic units along the Baruda - Tulu Dimtu shear-belt in the East African Orogen of western Ethiopia","docAbstract":"Amalgamation of East and West Gondwanaland during the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen is recorded by several shear-belts or 'suture zones', some of which are associated with ultramafic and mafic complexes that have been interpreted as ophiolite fragments. The Baruda shear-belt is a major structure of this type that belongs to the N-S trending Barka - Tulu Dimtu zone. The significance of this zone has been studied within a transect in western Ethiopia which covers a variety of metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequences, ultramafic rocks and synkinematic intrusive complexes. All rocks participated in the regional D1 event as reflected in a penetrative steep foliation in supracrustal rocks and marginal parts of the intrusions. Highly strained rocks contain a stretching lineation that plunge to the east. The several-km thick Baruda shear-belt, comprising mylonitic supracrustal and plutonic rocks including mafic-ultramafic mega-lenses, is the most prominent expression of this event. Shear-sense indicators demonstrate top-to-the-west shear. Subsequent D2 deformation is recorded in 2-300 m wide, N-S striking, subvertical shear-zones with subhorizontal stretching lineation relatable to sinistral transcurrent movements. Our data indicate that rock units on either side of the Baruda shear-belt are related, rather than being exotic to each other as implied in suture zone models, since there is no major lithologic or metamorphic difference, geochemical data on metavolcanic rocks and pre-tectonic intrusions suggest a paleotectonic link, and style and extent of deformation is similar across the shear-belt. A tentative model for the transect suggests an arc and back-arc setting which experienced later continental collision and tectonic shortening. The initial setting was that of a shallow marine platform characterised by carbonates and sandstones, which covered extensive areas prior to break-up of a pre-existing supercontinent. Continental convergence is first recorded in high-K calc-alkaline volcanism characterised by pyroclastic deposits of andesitic composition, at an active continental margin at about 800 Ma. Subaerial arc volcanism was temporally and spatially overlapping with limited arc rifting, represented by submarine basalts compositionally transitional between enriched MORB and calc-alkaline magmas, and associated dyke swarms in the older carbonate-sandstone platform sequence. It is suggested that the large, mafic-ultramafic, bodies relate to this event and were originally formed as intrusions along one or more propagating rift axis within the arc complex. The regional Baruda shear-belt formed in response to contractional D1 deformation, and its location may have been largely controlled by competence contrasts between the array of rift-related intrusions and the marble-dominated lithologies. Associated shortening of the arc and back-arc region led to crustal thickening and emplacement of synkinematic, composite, batholiths at about 570-550 Ma. These are composed of moderately peraluminous granite and coeval, intermediate to mafic intrusions of shoshonitic affinity. D2 sinistral movements succeeded the contractional deformation. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00143-1","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Braathen, A., Grenne, T., Selassie, M., and Worku, T., 2001, Juxtaposition of Neoproterozoic units along the Baruda - Tulu Dimtu shear-belt in the East African Orogen of western Ethiopia: Precambrian Research, v. 107, no. 3-4, p. 215-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00143-1.","startPage":"215","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207473,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00143-1"},{"id":232454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a403ce4b0c8380cd64bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braathen, A.","contributorId":74169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braathen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grenne, Tor","contributorId":7460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grenne","given":"Tor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35509,"text":"Geological Survey of Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":398101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Selassie, M.G.","contributorId":54764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selassie","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worku, T.","contributorId":92016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worku","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}