Breeding-season productivity (the per capita number of offspring surviving to the end of the breeding season) is seldom estimated for multibrooded songbirds because of cost and logistical constraints. However, this parameter is critical for predictions of population growth rates and comparisons of seasonal productivity across geographic or temporal scales. We constructed a dynamic, stochastic, individual-based model of breeding-season productivity using demographic data from Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in central Georgia from 1993 to 1996. The model predicts breeding-season productivity as a function of adult survival, juvenile survival, nesting success, season length, renesting interval, and juvenile-care intervals. The model predicted that seasonal fecundity (number of fledglings produced) was 3.04, but only 2.04 juveniles per female survived to the end of the breeding season. Sensitivity analyses showed that differences in renesting interval, nesting success, fledglings per successful nest, and adult and juvenile survival caused variation in breeding-season productivity. Contrary to commonly held notions, season length and fledgling-care interval length did not cause variation in breeding-season productivity. This modeling exercise emphasizes the need for demographic data for songbird species, and we encourage biologists to use similar models to evaluate productivity in songbird populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089680","usgsCitation":"Powell, L., Conroy, M., Krementz, D., and Lang, J.D., 1999, A model to predict breeding-season productivity for multibrooded songbirds: The Auk, v. 116, no. 4, p. 1001-1008, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089680.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1001","endPage":"1008","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089680","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":200353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6aded5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, L.A.","contributorId":51262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lang, J. D.","contributorId":88058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224552,"text":"5224552 - 1999 - Predicting chick survival and productivity of Roseate Terns from data on early growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224552","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting chick survival and productivity of Roseate Terns from data on early growth","docAbstract":"Early growth of Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) chicks is a strong predictor of chick survival and hence of productivity. We developed discriminant functions to predict chick survival from body-masses measured during the first 3 days of life. Productivity is estimated by assuming that almost all A-chicks (first-hatched in each brood) survive to fledging, and using the discriminant functions to predict survival of B-chicks (second-hatched in each brood). A relation between survival rates and classification rates is derived, allowing discriminant function results to be used in predicting survival rates. In the absence of predation, the resulting estimates of chick survival and productivity are almost as good as those obtained by more intensive methods, but require much less effort and much less disturbance. This approach might be useful for other seabird species in which chick survival is determined primarily by parental performance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1999, Predicting chick survival and productivity of Roseate Terns from data on early growth: Waterbirds, v. 22, no. 1, p. 116-117.","productDescription":"90-97","startPage":"116","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17432,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1521997","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e87b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223394,"text":"5223394 - 1999 - Modeling pattern in collections of parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T12:12:04.067853","indexId":"5223394","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling pattern in collections of parameters","docAbstract":"Wildlife management is increasingly guided by analyses of large and complex datasets. The description of such datasets often requires a large number of parameters, among which certain patterns might be discernible. For example, one may consider a long-term study producing estimates of annual survival rates; of interest is the question whether these rates have declined through time. Several statistical methods exist for examining pattern in collections of parameters. Here, I argue for the superiority of 'random effects models' in which parameters are regarded as random variables, with distributions governed by 'hyperparameters' describing the patterns of interest. Unfortunately, implementation of random effects models is sometimes difficult. Ultrastructural models, in which the postulated pattern is built into the parameter structure of the original data analysis, are approximations to random effects models. However, this approximation is not completely satisfactory: failure to account for natural variation among parameters can lead to overstatement of the evidence for pattern among parameters. I describe quasi-likelihood methods that can be used to improve the approximation of random effects models by ultrastructural models.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802817 •","usgsCitation":"Link, W., 1999, Modeling pattern in collections of parameters: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 3, p. 1017-1027, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802817 •.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1017","endPage":"1027","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69981c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223262,"text":"5223262 - 1999 - Annual survival of Snail Kites in Florida: Radio telemetry versus capture-resighting data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:31:44","indexId":"5223262","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual survival of Snail Kites in Florida: Radio telemetry versus capture-resighting data","docAbstract":"We estimated annual survival of Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida using the Kaplan-Meier estimator with data from 271 radio-tagged birds over a three-year period and capture-recapture (resighting) models with data from 1,319 banded birds over a six-year period. We tested the hypothesis that survival differed among three age classes using both data sources. We tested additional hypotheses about spatial and temporal variation using a combination of data from radio telemetry and single- and multistrata capture-recapture models. Results from these data sets were similar in their indications of the sources of variation in survival, but they differed in some parameter estimates. Both data sources indicated that survival was higher for adults than for juveniles, but they did not support delineation of a subadult age class. Our data also indicated that survival differed among years and regions for juveniles but not for adults. Estimates of juvenile survival using radio telemetry data were higher than estimates using capture-recapture models for two of three years (1992 and 1993). Ancillary evidence based on censored birds indicated that some mortality of radio-tagged juveniles went undetected during those years, resulting in biased estimates. Thus, we have greater confidence in our estimates of juvenile survival using capture-recapture models. Precision of estimates reflected the number of parameters estimated and was surprisingly similar between radio telemetry and single-stratum capture-recapture models, given the substantial differences in sample sizes. Not having to estimate resighting probability likely offsets, to some degree, the smaller sample sizes from our radio telemetry data. Precision of capture-recapture models was lower using multistrata models where region-specific parameters were estimated than using single-stratum models, where spatial variation in parameters was not taken into account.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089377","usgsCitation":"Bennetts, R., Dreitz, V., Kitchens, W., Hines, J., and Nichols, J., 1999, Annual survival of Snail Kites in Florida: Radio telemetry versus capture-resighting data: The Auk, v. 116, no. 2, p. 435-447, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089377.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"447","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089377","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":195853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667ef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennetts, R.E.","contributorId":103214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dreitz, V.J.","contributorId":65432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreitz","given":"V.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223263,"text":"5223263 - 1999 - Factors influencing counts in an annual survey of Snail Kites in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:29:07","indexId":"5223263","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing counts in an annual survey of Snail Kites in Florida","docAbstract":"Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida were monitored between 1969 and 1994 using a quasi-systematic annual survey. We analyzed data from the annual Snail Kite survey using a generalized linear model where counts were regarded as overdispersed Poisson random variables. This approach allowed us to investigate covariates that might have obscured temporal patterns of population change or induced spurious patterns in count data by influencing detection rates. We selected a model that distinguished effects related to these covariates from other temporal effects, allowing us to identify patterns of population change in count data. Snail Kite counts were influenced by observer differences, site effects, effort, and water levels. Because there was no temporal overlap of the primary observers who collected count data, patterns of change could be estimated within time intervals covered by an observer, but not for the intervals among observers. Modeled population change was quite different from the change in counts, suggesting that analyses based on unadjusted counts do not accurately model Snail Kite population change. Results from this analysis were consistent with previous reports of an association between water levels and counts, although further work is needed to determine whether water levels affect actual population size as well as detection rates of Snail Kites. Although the effects of variation in detection rates can sometimes be mitigated by including controls for factors related to detection rates, it is often difficult to distinguish factors wholly related to detection rates from factors related to population size. For factors related to both, count survey data cannot be adequately analyzed without explicit estimation of detection rates, using procedures such as capture-recapture.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089366","usgsCitation":"Bennetts, R., Link, W., Sauer, J., and Sykes, P., 1999, Factors influencing counts in an annual survey of Snail Kites in Florida: The Auk, v. 116, no. 2, p. 316-323, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089366.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"316","endPage":"323","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089366","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":195854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f872d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennetts, R.E.","contributorId":103214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224111,"text":"5224111 - 1999 - Role of banding in forest conservation strategy in eastern Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224111","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of banding in forest conservation strategy in eastern Guatemala","docAbstract":"In response to a request from FUNDAECO, a Guatemalan non-government organization, we worked with them to develop a conservation strategy for the Cerro San Gil Protected Area and surrounding private lands. Volunteer banders from a dozen states and Canadian provinces assisted in long-term monitoring of populations of resident and migratory species through banding and point counts. Guatemalan students were trained to continue the research and initiate other conservation projects. Banding data helped demonstrate habitat and elevational affiliations, effects of habitat fragmentation, site fidelity, survival rates, local movements, and presence of rare species not otherwise detected. Banding was also an excellent teaching tool and provided videos for conservation programs on Guatemala national television. Roadside and off-road Breeding Bird Survey transects were used to map distribution of breeding species on habitat maps derived from satellite imagery, and point count surveys on private lands were used to identify prime habitats that warrant protection through conservation easements--a new concept for Central America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Bird Bander","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Dowell, B., Arias, I., and Cerezo B., A., 1999, Role of banding in forest conservation strategy in eastern Guatemala: North American Bird Bander, v. 24, no. 3, p. 93-94(abs).","productDescription":"93-94 (abstract)","startPage":"93","endPage":"94(abs)","numberOfPages":"-92","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17374,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/NABB/v024n03/p0090-p0099.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69693b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arias, I.","contributorId":72105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arias","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cerezo B., A.","contributorId":11315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerezo B.","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223850,"text":"5223850 - 1999 - Abundance and reproduction of songbirds in burned and unburned pine forests of the Georgia Piedmont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:38","indexId":"5223850","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:36","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance and reproduction of songbirds in burned and unburned pine forests of the Georgia Piedmont","docAbstract":"We studied the abundance and productivity of songbirds in prescribed burned and unburned mature (>60 yr) pine forests at Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia, during 1993-1995. We estimated species abundance, richness, and evenness using data from 312 point counts in 18 burned sites and six unburned sites. We measured gross habitat features in 0.04-ha circles centered on each point count station. We calculated productivity estimates at nests of seven of the most common nesting species. Habitat components we measured in 1-, 2-, and 3-yr post-burn sites were similar, but most components differed between burned and unburned sites. Although 98 species were detected during point counts, we report only on the 46 species that nested in the area and were detected >10% of the counts in either habitat class. Twenty-one species preferred burned sites and six preferred unburned sites. Avian species richness and evenness were similar for burned and unburned sites. Burned sites were preferred for nesting over unburned sites. Only nine nests of six species were found in unburned sites. Productivity estimates were low in burned sites. One or more eggs hatched in only 59 of 187 nests monitored, and an average of only 0.82 chicks per nest were estimated to have fledged. Predation was the most common probable cause for nest failure, ranging from 45% in the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) to 64% in the Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). Because the sources of predation at the refuge are unknown, future research should address this issue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"White, D.H., Chapman, B., Brunjes, J., Raftovich, R., and Seginak, J., 1999, Abundance and reproduction of songbirds in burned and unburned pine forests of the Georgia Piedmont: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 70, no. 3, p. 414-424.","productDescription":"414-424","startPage":"414","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16987,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v070n03/p0414-p0424.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, B.R.","contributorId":56762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunjes, J.H. IV","contributorId":32269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunjes","given":"J.H.","suffix":"IV","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raftovich, R.V. Jr.","contributorId":59914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raftovich","given":"R.V.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seginak, J.T.","contributorId":100783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seginak","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223389,"text":"5223389 - 1999 - Predicting chick survival and productivity of Roseate Terns from data on early growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223389","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting chick survival and productivity of Roseate Terns from data on early growth","docAbstract":"Early growth of Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) chicks is a strong predictor of chick survival and hence of productivity. We developed discriminant functions to predict chick survival from body-masses measured during the first 3 days of life. Productivity is estimated by assuming that almost all A-chicks (first-hatched in each brood) survive to fledging, and using the discriminant functions to predict survival of B-chicks (second-hatched in each brood). A relation between survival rates and classification rates is derived, allowing discriminant function results to be used in predicting survival rates. In the absence of predation, the resulting estimates of chick survival and productivity are almost as good as those obtained by more intensive methods, but require much less effort and much less disturbance. This approach might be useful for other seabird species in which chick survival is determined primarily by parental performance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nisbet, I., Hatfield, J., Link, W., and Spendelow, J., 1999, Predicting chick survival and productivity of Roseate Terns from data on early growth: Waterbirds, v. 22, no. 1, p. 90-97.","startPage":"90","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200170,"text":"5200170 - 1999 - Cumulative Index to Chemicals and to Common and Scientific Names of Species Listed in Contaminant Hazard Reviews 1 through 34","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T14:57:32","indexId":"5200170","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":167,"text":"Contaminant Hazard Reviews","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"Report 35. USGS/BRD/BSR--1999-0002.","title":"Cumulative Index to Chemicals and to Common and Scientific Names of Species Listed in Contaminant Hazard Reviews 1 through 34","docAbstract":"The Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Contaminant Hazard Reviews (CHR) series synthesizes ecotoxicological data of selected environmental contaminants, with emphasis on hazards to native species of flora and fauna. From 1985 through 1998 a total of 34 reviews were published in various Reports series of the U.S. Department of the Interior on agricultural pesticides (carbofuran, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diflubenzuron, fenvalerate, mirex, paraquat, toxaphene), herbicides (acrolein, atrazine), metals and metalloids (arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, tin, zinc), predacides (sodium monofluoroacetate), organic industrial wastes (dioxins, pentachlorophenol), veterinary chemicals (famphur), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, mining wastes (cyanide), and ionizing radiations. This report is a cumulative index to the common and scientific names of all biological species listed in the first 34 reports in the CHR series, with individual species cross-referenced by contaminant and corresponding page numbers. A similar index is shown for chemicals. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1999, Cumulative Index to Chemicals and to Common and Scientific Names of Species Listed in Contaminant Hazard Reviews 1 through 34: Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 35. USGS/BRD/BSR--1999-0002., iii, 67 p.","productDescription":"iii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91947,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/eisler/CHR_35_Cumulative_index.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211378,"text":"5211378 - 1999 - Marsh birds and the North American Breeding Bird Survey: judging the value of a landscape level survey for habitat specialist species with low detection rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211378","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Marsh birds and the North American Breeding Bird Survey: judging the value of a landscape level survey for habitat specialist species with low detection rates","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey was started in 1966, and provides information on population change for >400 species of birds. it covers the continental United States, Canada, and Alaska, and is conducted once each year, in June, by volunteer observers. A 39.4 kIn roadside survey route is driven starting 30 min before sunrise, and a 3 min point count is conducted at each of 50 stops spaced every 0.8 kIn. Existing analyses of the data are internet-based (http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.govlbbslbbs.html), and include maps of relative abundance, estimates of population change including trends (%/yr), composite annual indices (pattern in time), and maps of population trend (pattern in space). At least 36 species of marsh birds are encountered on the BBS, and the survey provides estimates with greatly varying levels of efficiency for the species. It is often difficult to understand how well the BBS surveys a species. Often, efficiency is judged by estimating trend and its variance for a species, then by calculating power and needed samples to detect a prespecified trend over some time period (e.g., a 2%/yr trend over 31 yr). Unfortunately, this approach is not always valid, as estimated trends and variances can be of little use if the population is poorly sampled. Lurking concerns with BBS data include (1) incomplete coverage of species range; (2) undersampling of habitats; and (3) low and variable visibility of birds during point counts. It is difficult to evaluate these concerns, because known populations do not exist for comparison with counts, and detection rates are time-consuming and costly to estimate. I evaluated the efficiency of the BBS for selected rails (Rallidae) and snipes (Scolopacidae), presenting estimates of population trend over 1966-1996 (T), power to detect 2%/yr trend over 31 yr, needed samples to achieve power of 0.75 with alpha= 0.1, number of survey routes with data for the species (N), average abundance on survey routes (RA), and maps of relative abundance. Examples include Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) (T=12 %/yr; P= 0.0085; N =28; routes; RA=0.05; Power=0.37; Needed samples=85), Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) (No trend data or power information available, N =8), Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris) (T=1.9%/yr; P=0.55; N =64; RA=0.31; Power=0.35; Needed samples=590), King Rail (Rallus elegans) (T=-4.2 %/yr; P= 0.03; N =76; Power=0.41; Needed samples=159), Sora (Porzana carolina) (T=0.98 %/yr; P= 0.24; N =720; RA= 0.92; Power=0.69; Needed samples= 377), and Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) (T=-0.24 %/yr; P= 0.54; N =1412; RA= 2.19; Power=0.98; Needed samples=205). With regard to quality of BBS data, marsh birds fall into 3 categories: (1) almost never encountered on BBS routes; (2) encountered at extremely low abundances on BBS routes; and (3) probably fairly well sampled by BBS roadside counts. BBS data can provide useful information for many marsh bird species, but users should be aware of the limitations of the BBS sample for monitoring species that have low visibility from point counts and prefer habitats not often encountered on roadsides.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Md","collaboration":"Workshop held April 26-28, 1998 at Patuxent Research Refuge, National Wildlife Visitor Center, Laurel, Maryland. Visit related website at URL. ","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., 1999, Marsh birds and the North American Breeding Bird Survey: judging the value of a landscape level survey for habitat specialist species with low detection rates, chap. of Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop.","productDescription":"iv, 52","startPage":"43 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fbe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211377,"text":"5211377 - 1999 - Vocalization behavior and response of black rails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211377","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Vocalization behavior and response of black rails","docAbstract":"We measured the vocal responses and movements of radio-tagged black rails (Laterallus jamaicensis) (n = 43, 26 males, 17 females) to playback of vocalizations at 2 sites in Florida during the breeding seasons of 1992-95. We used regression coefficients from logistic regression equations to model the probability of a response conditional to the birds' sex, nesting status, distance to playback source, and the time of survey. With a probability of 0.811, non-nesting male black rails were most likely to respond to playback, while nesting females were the least likely to respond (probability = 0.189). Linear regression was used to determine daily, monthly, and annual variation in response from weekly playback surveys along a fixed route during the breeding seasons of 1993-95. Significant sources of variation in the linear regression model were month (F = 3.89, df = 3, p = 0.0140), year (F = 9.37, df = 2, p = 0.0003), temperature (F = 5.44, df=1, p = 0.0236), and month*year (F = 2.69, df = 5, p = 0.0311). The model was highly significant (p < 0.0001) and explained 53% of the variation of mean response per survey period (R2 = 0.5353). Response probability data obtained from the radio-tagged black rails and data from the weekly playback survey route were combined to provide a density estimate of 0.25 birds/ha for the St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge. Density estimates for black rails may be obtained from playback surveys, and fixed radius circular plots. Circular plots should be considered as having a radius of 80 m and be located so the plot centers are 150 m apart. Playback tapes should contain one series of Kic-kic-kerr and Growl vocalizations recorded within the same geographic region as the study area. Surveys should be conducted from 0-2 hours after sunrise or 0-2 hours before sunset, during the pre-nesting season, and when wind velocity is < 20 kph. Observers should listen for 3-4 minutes after playing the survey tape and record responses heard during that time. Observers should be trained to identify black rail vocalizations and should have acceptable hearing ability. Given the number of variables that may have large effects on the response behavior of black rails to tape playback, we recommend that future studies using playback surveys should be cautious when presenting estimates of 'absolute' density. Though results did account for variation in response behavior, we believe that additional variation in vocal response between sites, with breeding status, and bird density remains in question. Playback surveys along fixed routes providing a simple index of abundance would be useful to monitor populations over large geographic areas, and over time. Considering the limitations of most agency resources for webless waterbirds, index surveys may be more appropriate. Future telemetry studies of this type on other species and at other sites would be useful to calibrate information obtained from playback surveys whether reporting an index of abundance or density estimate.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Md","collaboration":"Workshop held April 26-28, 1998 at Patuxent Research Refuge, National Wildlife Visitor Center, Laurel, Maryland. Visit related website at URL. ","usgsCitation":"Legare, M., Eddleman, W., Buckley, P.A., and Kelly, C., 1999, Vocalization behavior and response of black rails, chap. of Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop.","productDescription":"iv, 52","startPage":"39 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db546093","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Legare, M.L.","contributorId":15317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legare","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eddleman, W.R.","contributorId":49487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddleman","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelly, C.","contributorId":34625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210981,"text":"5210981 - 1999 - Population status of North American grassland birds from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5210981","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Population status of North American grassland birds from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"We summarize population trends for grassland birds from 1966 to 1996 using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Collectively, grassland birds showed the smallest percentage of species that increased of any Breeding Bird Survey bird group, and population declines prevailed throughout most of North America. Although 3 grassland bird species experienced significant population increases between 1966 and 1996, 13 species declined significantly and 9 exhibited non-significant trend estimates. We summarize the temporal and geographic patterns of the trends for grassland bird species and discuss factors that have contributed to these trends.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and conservation of grassland birds of the western hemisphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Summary also in Spanish","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B., and Sauer, J., 1999, Population status of North American grassland birds from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Ecology and conservation of grassland birds of the western hemisphere, p. 27-44.","productDescription":"299","startPage":"27","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"299","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683dfc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Vickery, Peter D.","contributorId":111635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vickery","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507420,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkert, James R.","contributorId":113967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkert","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507421,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, B.","contributorId":68690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210886,"text":"5210886 - 1999 - Regional analysis of population trajectories from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5210886","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Regional analysis of population trajectories from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) was started in 1966, and provides information on population change and distribution for most of the birds in North America. The geographic extent of the survey, and the logistical compromises needed to survey such a large area, present many challenges for estimation from BBS data. In this paper, we describe the survey and discuss some of the limitations of the survey design and implementation. Analysis of the survey has evolved over time as new statistical methods and insights into the analysis of count data are developed. Survey results and analysis tools for the BBS are now available over intemet; we present new methods that use generalized linear models for estimation of population change and empirical Bayes procedures for regional summaries.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird numbers 1998: where monitoring and ecological research meet: proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) in Cottbus (Brandenburg), Germany, 23-31 March 1998.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"AULU-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Wiebelsheim, Germany","collaboration":"OCLC: 44821381. A summary of present methods used to estimate population change from the BBS.","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Link, W., 1999, Regional analysis of population trajectories from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Bird numbers 1998: where monitoring and ecological research meet: proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) in Cottbus (Brandenburg), Germany, 23-31 March 1998., p. 31-38.","productDescription":"402","startPage":"31","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"402","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613b55","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Helbig, Andreas J.","contributorId":111381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helbig","given":"Andreas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507269,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flade, Martin","contributorId":111819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flade","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507270,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211019,"text":"5211019 - 1999 - Demography of forest birds in Panama: How do transients affect estimates of survival rates?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211019","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Demography of forest birds in Panama: How do transients affect estimates of survival rates?","docAbstract":"Estimates of annual survival rates of neotropical birds have proven controversial. Traditionally, tropical birds were thought to have high survival rates for their size, but analyses of a multispecies assemblage from Panama by Karr et al. (1990) provided a counterexample to that view. One criticism of that study has been that the estimates were biased by transient birds captured only once as they passed through the area being sampled. New models that formally adjust for transient individuals have been developed since 1990. Preliminary analyses indicate that these models are indeed useful in modelling the data from Panama. Nonetheless, there is considerable interspecific variation and overall estimates of annual survival rates for understorey birds in Panama remain lower than those from other studies in the Neotropics and well below the rates long assumed for tropical birds (i.e. > 0.80). Therefore, tropical birds may not have systematically higher survival rates than temperate-zone species. Variation in survival rates among tropical species suggests that theory based on a simple tradeoff between clutch size and longevity is inadequate. The demographic traits of birds in the tropics (and elsewhere) vary within and among species according to some combination of historical and ongoing ecological factors. Understanding these processes is the challenge for future work.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings 22nd International Ornithological Congress, 16-22 August 1998, Durban.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bird Life South Africa","publisherLocation":"Johannesburg, South Africa","collaboration":"Title on liner notes: Making rain for African ornithology. Within contents, click on S06. Demography of tropical forest birds. Convenors: Francis, C.M. & Piper, S. Other sections of this IOC are published in Ostrich v. 69 #3-4 and v. 70 #1.","usgsCitation":"Brawn, J.D., Karr, J., Nichols, J., and Robinson, W., 1999, Demography of forest birds in Panama: How do transients affect estimates of survival rates?, chap. of Proceedings 22nd International Ornithological Congress, 16-22 August 1998, Durban., p. 297-305.","productDescription":"on CD-ROM: lxxxi, 3229","startPage":"297","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed1a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Adams, N.J.","contributorId":112031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507493,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slotow, R.H.","contributorId":113203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slotow","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507494,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Brawn, J. D.","contributorId":31850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brawn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karr, J.R.","contributorId":74091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karr","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, W.D.","contributorId":29928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210884,"text":"5210884 - 1999 - On the importance of controlling for effort in analysis of count survey data: Modeling population change from Christmas Bird Count data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5210884","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"On the importance of controlling for effort in analysis of count survey data: Modeling population change from Christmas Bird Count data","docAbstract":"Count survey data are commonly used for estimating temporal and spatial patterns of population change. Since count surveys are not censuses, counts can be influenced by 'nuisance factors' related to the probability of detecting animals but unrelated to the actual population size. The effects of systematic changes in these factors can be confounded with patterns of population change. Thus, valid analysis of count survey data requires the identification of nuisance factors and flexible models for their effects. We illustrate using data from the Christmas Bird Count (CBC), a midwinter survey of bird populations in North America. CBC survey effort has substantially increased in recent years, suggesting that unadjusted counts may overstate population growth (or understate declines). We describe a flexible family of models for the effect of effort, that includes models in which increasing effort leads to diminishing returns in terms of the number of birds counted.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird numbers 1998: where monitoring and ecological research meet: proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) in Cottbus (Brandenburg), Germany, 23-31 March 1998.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"AULU-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Wiebelsheim, Germany","collaboration":"OCLC: 44821381","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Sauer, J., 1999, On the importance of controlling for effort in analysis of count survey data: Modeling population change from Christmas Bird Count data, chap. of Bird numbers 1998: where monitoring and ecological research meet: proceedings of the 14th International Conference of the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) in Cottbus (Brandenburg), Germany, 23-31 March 1998., p. 119-124.","productDescription":"402","startPage":"119","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"402","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691b30","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Helbig, Andreas J.","contributorId":111381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helbig","given":"Andreas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507267,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flade, Martin","contributorId":111819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flade","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507268,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210735,"text":"5210735 - 1999 - Historical land cover changes in the Great Lakes Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-26T18:40:04","indexId":"5210735","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Historical land cover changes in the Great Lakes Region","docAbstract":"Two different methods of reconstructing historical vegetation change, drawing on General Land Office (GLO) surveys and fossil pollen deposits, are demonstrated by using data from the Great Lakes region. Both types of data are incorporated into landscape-scale analyses and presented through geographic information systems. Results from the two methods reinforce each other and allow reconstructions of past landscapes at different time scales. Changes to forests of the Great Lakes region during the last 150 years were far greater than the changes recorded over the preceding 1,000 years. Over the last 150 years, the total amount of forested land in the Great Lakes region declined by over 40%, and much of the remaining forest was converted to early successional forest types as a result of extensive logging. These results demonstrate the utility of using GLO survey data in conjunction with other data sources to reconstruct a generalized 'presettlement' condition and assess changes in landcover.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Perspectives on the land use history of North America: A context for understanding our changing environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cole, K., Davis, M., Stearns, F., Guntenspergen, G., and Walker, K., 1999, Historical land cover changes in the Great Lakes Region: Biological Science Report, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":202,"text":"Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688552","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sisk, Thomas D.","contributorId":68157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisk","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506991,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, M.B.","contributorId":45809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stearns, F.","contributorId":10518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stearns","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.","contributorId":88305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walker, K.","contributorId":23663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5200257,"text":"5200257 - 1999 - Studying wind energy/bird interactions: a guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed wind energy sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5200257","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Studying wind energy/bird interactions: a guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed wind energy sites","docAbstract":"In the 1980s little was known about the potential environmental effects associated with large scale wind energy development. Although wind turbines have been used in farming and remote location applications throughout this country for centuries, impacts on birds resulting from these dispersed turbines had not been reported. Thus early wind energy developments were planned, permitted, constructed, and operated with little consideration for the potential effects on birds. In the ensuing years wind plant impacts on birds became a source of concern among a number of stakeholder groups. Based on the studies that have been done to date, significant levels of bird fatalities have been identified at only one major commercial wind energy development in the United States. Research on wind energy/bird interactions has spanned such a wide variety of protocols and vastly different levels of study effort that it is difficult to make comparisons among study findings. As a result there continues to be interest, confusion, and concern over wind energy development's potential impacts on birds. Some hypothesize that technology changes, such as less dense wind farms with larger, slower-moving turbines, will decrease the number of bird fatalities from wind turbines. Others hypothesize that, because the tip speed may be the same or faster, new turbines will not result in decreased bird fatalities but may actually increase bird impacts. Statistically significant data sets from scientifically rigorous studies will be required before either hypothesis can be tested.","language":"English","publisher":"National Wind Coordinating Committee.","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC 43856628 and OCLC: 45118257 PDF on file: 5882_Anderson.pdf ","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K., Strickland, D., Davis, H., and Kendall, W., 1999, Studying wind energy/bird interactions: a guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed wind energy sites, iv, 87.","productDescription":"iv, 87","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.","contributorId":104191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrison, M.","contributorId":48285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sinclair, K.","contributorId":68435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strickland, D.","contributorId":7811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, H.","contributorId":64367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, W.","contributorId":61132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79806,"text":"ofr99240 - 1999 - Assessing biological effects from highway-runoff constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:25:45","indexId":"ofr99240","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-240","title":"Assessing biological effects from highway-runoff constituents","docAbstract":"Increased emphasis on evaluation of nonpoint-source pollution has intensified the need for techniques that can be used to discern the toxicological effects of complex chemical mixtures. In response, the use of biological assessment techniques is receiving increased regulatory emphasis. When applied with documented habitat assessment and chemical analysis, these techniques can increase our understanding of the influence of environmental contaminants on the biological integrity and ecological function of aquatic communities.
The contaminants of greatest potential concern in highway runoff are those that arise from highway construction, maintenance, and use. The major contaminants of interest are deicers; nutrients; metals; petroleum-related organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE); sediment washed off the road surface; and agricultural chemicals used in highway maintenance.
Hundreds, if not thousands, of biological endpoints (measurable responses of living organisms) may be either directly or associatively affected by contaminant exposure. Measurable effects can occur throughout ecosystem processes across the wide range of biological complexity, ranging from responses at the biochemical level to the community level.
The challenge to the environmental scientist is to develop an understanding of the relationship of effects at various levels of biological organization in order to determine whether a causal relationship exists between chemical exposure and substantial ecological impairment. This report provides a brief history of the evolution of biological assessment techniques, a description of the major classes of contaminants that are of particular interest in highway runoff, an overview of representative biological assessment techniques, and a discussion of data-quality considerations.
Published reports with a focus on the effects of highway runoff on the local ecosystem were reviewed to provide information on (1) the suitability of the existing data for a quantitative national synthesis, (2) the methods available to study the effects of highway runoff on local ecosystems, and (3) the potential for adverse effects on the roadside environment and receiving waters. Although many biological studies have been done, the use of different methods and a general lack of sufficient documentation precludes a quantitative national synthesis on the basis of the existing data. The Federal Highway Administration, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality, and the National Resources Conservation Service all have developed and documented methods for assessing the effects of contaminants on ecosystems in receiving waters. These published methods can be used to formulate a set of protocols to provide consistent information from highway-runoff studies.
Review of the literature indicates (qualitatively) that highway runoff (even from highways with high traffic volume) may not usually be acutely toxic. Tissue analysis and community assessments, however, indicate effects from highway- runoff sediments near discharge points (even from sites near highways with relatively low traffic volumes). At many sites, elevated concentrations of highway-runoff constituents were measured in tissues of species associated with aquatic sediments. Community assessments also indicate decreases in the diversity and productivity of aquatic ecosystems at some sites receiving highway runoff. These results are not definitive, however, and depend on many site-specific criteria that were not sufficiently documented in most of the studies reviewed.
In the 1980s significant nutrient-related water-quality problems that impacted beneficial uses were identified in the Tualatin River during the low-flow summer months, defined as .May 1 to October 31. Unsightly algal blooms resulted in fluctuations in oxygen concentrations and pH conditions; reduction of phosphorus concentrations was determined to the effective control mechanism for these conditions. Elevated ammonia concentrations also contributed to low oxygen concentrations. Because standards for beneficial uses were not being met, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality established Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for phosphorus and ammonia in the Tualatin Basin, as required by the Clean Water Act. To provide necessary context for the TMDL process, data were collected during the period 1991-93 to characterize the sources and transport of water, phosphorus, and major forms of nitrogen in the main-stem Tualatin River during the summer. A significant source of water to the river was not accounted for by surface-water inputs, and was consistent with direct discharge of ground water to the main-stem river channel. Ground water is also the primary source of water for the tributaries during the summer low-flow season. Because large natural supplies of highly mobile phosphorus exist in the upper 500 feet of valley-fill sediments throughout the Tualatin Basin, ground water in the basin is naturally enriched with phosphorus. While improvement in wastewater treatment efficiencies and land management practices have resulted in significant reductions in nutrient concentrations in the Tualatin River, phosphorus concentrations continue to exceed TMDL criterion concentrations. The presence of significant geologic sources of phosphorus in the basin will confound the achievement of current TMDL criteria for phosphorus in the Tualatin River and its tributaries. In contrast, natural sources of all forms of nitrogen to the Tualatin River are insignificant relative to the effluent from the wastewater treatment plants in the basin. Efficient wastewater treatment is, therefore, an effective means for controlling ammonia concentrations in the main-stem river.
The degradation of trail resources associated with expanding recreation and tourism visitation is a growing management problem in protected areas worldwide. In order to make judicious trail and visitor management decisions, protected area managers need objective and timely information on trail resource conditions. This paper introduces a trail survey method that efficiently characterizes the location and lineal extent of common trail problems. The method was applied to a large sample of trails within Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a high-use protected area in the USA. The Trail Problem-Assessment Method (TPAM) employs a continuous search for multiple indicators of pre-defined tread problems, yielding census data documenting the location, occurrence and extent of each problem. The present application employed 23 different indicators in three categories to gather inventory, resource condition, and design and maintenance data of each surveyed trail. Seventy-two backcountry hiking trails (528 km), or 35% of the Park's total trail length, were surveyed. Soil erosion and wet soil were found to be the two most common impacts on a lineal extent basis. Trails with serious tread problems were well distributed throughout the Park, although trails with wet muddy treads tended to be concentrated in areas where horse use was high. The effectiveness of maintenance features installed to divert water from trail treads was also evaluated. Water bars were found to be more effective than drainage dips. The TPAM was able to provide Park managers with objective and quantitative information for use in trail planning, management and maintenance decisions, and is applicable to other protected areas elsewhere with different environmental and impact characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892999000399","usgsCitation":"Leung, Y., and Marion, J.L., 1999, Assessing trail conditions in protected areas: Application of a problem-assessment method in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA: Environmental Conservation, v. 26, no. 4, p. 270-279, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892999000399.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479405,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000399","text":"External Repository"},{"id":200078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.48575575923628,\n 35.44260623108066\n ],\n [\n -83.41544748003105,\n 35.46306074943692\n ],\n [\n -83.19280459588197,\n 35.532567206596084\n ],\n [\n -83.10240823690397,\n 35.551636887867346\n ],\n [\n -83.0505140308243,\n 35.58840132328123\n ],\n [\n -83.03377396434679,\n 35.65235841720056\n ],\n [\n -83.11245227679058,\n 35.78419314979122\n ],\n [\n -83.22126270889368,\n 35.78419314979122\n ],\n [\n -83.3836413537241,\n 35.75159455724028\n ],\n [\n -83.47571171934972,\n 35.723059830663374\n ],\n [\n -83.52258390548653,\n 35.70267162332887\n ],\n [\n -83.6698964904875,\n 35.69723388722129\n ],\n [\n -83.74187877633996,\n 35.65371865062512\n ],\n [\n -83.77535890929495,\n 35.626509581321955\n ],\n [\n -83.83562314861359,\n 35.678198890746614\n ],\n [\n -83.90258341452277,\n 35.659159352674436\n ],\n [\n -83.94108556742104,\n 35.622427421928236\n ],\n [\n -83.96452166048905,\n 35.60337458933542\n ],\n [\n -84.0013498067393,\n 35.555722658190476\n ],\n [\n -83.98628374690983,\n 35.4821469415152\n ],\n [\n -83.95112960730722,\n 35.4985029284545\n ],\n [\n -83.9377375541254,\n 35.47805742461382\n ],\n [\n -83.88919136134095,\n 35.452152320035935\n ],\n [\n -83.84231917520454,\n 35.44533380060521\n ],\n [\n -83.74187877633996,\n 35.43578690291386\n ],\n [\n -83.64646039741909,\n 35.424874776437136\n ],\n [\n -83.5778261248619,\n 35.4235106566677\n ],\n [\n -83.48575575923628,\n 35.44260623108066\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leung, Yu-Fai","contributorId":197451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leung","given":"Yu-Fai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, Jeffrey L. 0000-0003-2226-689X jeff_marion@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":3614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff_marion@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30184,"text":"wri994232 - 1999 - Depth-Duration Frequency of Precipitation for Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri994232","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4232","title":"Depth-Duration Frequency of Precipitation for Oklahoma","docAbstract":"A regional frequency analysis was conducted to estimate the depth-duration frequency of precipitation for 12 durations in Oklahoma (15, 30, and 60 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours; and 1, 3, and 7 days). Seven selected frequencies, expressed as recurrence intervals, were investigated (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years). L-moment statistics were used to summarize depth-duration data and to determine the appropriate statistical distributions. Three different rain-gage networks provided the data (15minute, 1-hour, and 1-day). The 60-minute, and 1-hour; and the 24-hour, and 1-day durations were analyzed separately. \r\n\r\nData were used from rain-gage stations with at least 10-years of record and within Oklahoma or about 50 kilometers into bordering states. Precipitation annual maxima (depths) were determined from the data for 110 15-minute, 141 hourly, and 413 daily stations. \r\n\r\nThe L-moment statistics for depths for all durations were calculated for each station using unbiased L-mo-ment estimators for the mean, L-scale, L-coefficient of variation, L-skew, and L-kur-tosis. The relation between L-skew and L-kurtosis (L-moment ratio diagram) and goodness-of-fit measures were used to select the frequency distributions. The three-parameter generalized logistic distribution was selected to model the frequencies of 15-, 30-, and 60-minute annual maxima; and the three-parameter generalized extreme-value distribution was selected to model the frequencies of 1-hour to 7-day annual maxima. \r\n\r\nThe mean for each station and duration was corrected for the bias associated with fixed interval recording of precipitation amounts. The L-scale and spatially averaged L-skew statistics were used to compute the location, scale, and shape parameters of the selected distribution for each station and duration. The three parameters were used to calculate the depth-duration-frequency relations for each station. The precipitation depths for selected frequencies were contoured from weighted depth surfaces to produce maps from which the precipitation depth-duration-frequency curve for selected storm durations can be determined for any site in Oklahoma.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Tortorelli, R.L., Rea, A., and Asquith, W.H., 1999, Depth-Duration Frequency of Precipitation for Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4232, iii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994232.","productDescription":"iii, 113 p.","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12612,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri994232/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,32 ], [ -104,38 ], [ -93,38 ], [ -93,32 ], [ -104,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tortorelli, Robert L.","contributorId":65071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tortorelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27186,"text":"wri974036 - 1999 - Geohydrology of the unsaturated zone and simulated time of arrival of landfill leachate at the water table, Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T21:39:37.607464","indexId":"wri974036","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4036","title":"Geohydrology of the unsaturated zone and simulated time of arrival of landfill leachate at the water table, Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss Municipal \r\nSolid Waste Landfill Facility (MSWLF) is located about 10 miles \r\nnortheast of downtown El Paso, Texas. The landfill is built on \r\nthe Hueco Bolson, a deposit that yields water to five public-supply \r\nwells within 1.1 miles of the landfill boundary on all sides. \r\nThe bolson deposits consist of lenses and mixtures of sand, clay, \r\nsilt, gravel, and caliche. The unsaturated zone at the landfill \r\nis about 300 feet thick. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill \r\nPerformance (HELP) and the Multimedia Exposure Assessment \r\nModel for Evaluating the Land Disposal of Wastes (MULTIMED) \r\ncomputer models were used to simulate the time of first arrival \r\nof landfill leachate at the water table. \r\n\r\nSite-specific data were collected for model input. At five \r\nsites on the landfill cover, hydraulic conductivity was \r\nmeasured by an in situ method; in addition, laboratory values were \r\nobtained for porosity, moisture content at field capacity, and \r\nmoisture content at wilting point. Twenty-seven sediment samples were \r\ncollected from two adjacent boreholes drilled near the \r\nsouthwest corner of the landfill. Of these, 23 samples were assumed \r\nto represent the unsaturated zone beneath the landfill. The core \r\nsamples were analyzed in the laboratory for various \r\ncharacteristics required for the HELP and MULTIMED models: initial \r\nmoisture content, dry bulk density, porosity, saturated \r\nhydraulic conductivity, moisture retention percentages at various \r\nsuction values, total organic carbon, and pH. Parameters were \r\ncalculated for the van Genuchten and Brooks-Corey equations that \r\nrelate hydraulic conductivity to saturation. A reported recharge \r\nvalue of 0.008 inch per year was estimated on the basis of soil-\r\nwater chloride concentration.\r\n\r\nThe HELP model was implemented using input values that were based \r\nmostly on site-specific data or assumed in a conservative manner. \r\nExceptions were the default values used for waste characteristics. \r\nFlow through the landfill was assumed to be at steady state. The \r\nHELP-estimated landfill leakage rate was 101.6 millimeters per \r\nyear, approximately 500 times the estimated recharge rate for the \r\narea near the landfill. \r\n\r\nThe MULTIMED model was implemented using input values \r\nthat were based mainly on site-specific data and some \r\nconservatively assumed values. Landfill leakage was assumed to \r\nbegin when the landfill was established and to continue at a \r\nsteady-state rate of 101.6 millimeters per year as estimated \r\nby the HELP model. By using an assumed solute concentration in \r\nthe leachate of 1 milligram per liter and assuming no delay or \r\ndecay of solute, the solute serves as a tracer to indicate the first \r\narrival of landfill leachate. The simulated first arrival of \r\nleachate at the water table was 204 to 210 years after the \r\nestablishment of the landfill.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974036","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., and Abeyta, C.G., 1999, Geohydrology of the unsaturated zone and simulated time of arrival of landfill leachate at the water table, Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4036, Report: iv, 26 p.; 1 Plate: 7.94 × 19.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974036.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 26 p.; 1 Plate: 7.94 × 19.99 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394223,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22935.htm"},{"id":56061,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56060,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4036/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"El Paso County","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.388,\n 31.8760\n ],\n [\n -106.397,\n 31.8760\n ],\n [\n -106.397,\n 31.885\n ],\n [\n -106.388,\n 31.885\n ],\n [\n -106.388,\n 31.8760\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a87ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Peter F.","contributorId":59442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}