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Water volumes used (injected) to hydraulically fracture over 263,859 oil and gas wells drilled between 2000 and 2014 were compiled and used to create the first U.S. map of hydraulic fracturing water use. Although median annual volumes of 15,275 m3 and 19,425 m3 of water per well was used to hydraulically fracture individual horizontal oil and gas wells, respectively, in 2014, about 42% of wells were actually either vertical or directional, which required less than 2600 m3 water per well. The highest average hydraulic fracturing water usage (10,000&minus;36,620 m3 per well) in watersheds across the United States generally correlated with shale-gas areas (versus coalbed methane, tight oil, or tight gas) where the greatest proportion of hydraulically fractured wells were horizontally drilled, reflecting that the natural reservoir properties influence water use. This analysis also demonstrates that many oil and gas resources within a given basin are developed using a mix of horizontal, vertical, and some directional wells, explaining why large volume hydraulic fracturing water usage is not widespread. This spatial variability in hydraulic fracturing water use relates to the potential for environmental impacts such as water availability, water quality, wastewater disposal, and possible wastewater injection-induced earthquakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017278","usgsCitation":"Gallegos, T.J., Varela, B.A., Haines, S.S., and Engle, M.A., 2015, Hydraulic fracturing water use variability in the United States and potential environmental implications: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 7, p. 5839-5845, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017278.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"5839","endPage":"5845","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063868","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017278","text":"Publisher Index 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,{"id":70192560,"text":"70192560 - 2015 - Opinion: Endogenizing culture in sustainability science research and policy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T12:46:57","indexId":"70192560","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Opinion: Endogenizing culture in sustainability science research and policy","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-2\" class=\"flushleft\">Integrating the analysis of natural and social systems to achieve sustainability has been an international scientific goal for years (<span class=\"xref-bibr\">1</span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"xref-bibr\">2</span>). However, full integration has proven challenging, especially in regard to the role of culture (<span class=\"xref-bibr\">3</span>), which is often missing from the complex sustainability equation. To enact policies and practices that can achieve sustainability, researchers and policymakers must do a better job of accounting for culture, difficult though this task may be.</p><p id=\"p-3\">The concept of culture is complex, with hundreds of definitions that for years have generated disagreement among social scientists (<span class=\"xref-bibr\">4</span>). Understood at the most basic level, culture constitutes shared values, beliefs, and norms through which people “see,” interpret, or give meaning to ideas, actions, and environments. Culture is often used synonymously with “worldviews” or “cosmologies” (<span class=\"xref-bibr\">5</span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"xref-bibr\">6</span>) to explain the patterned ways of assigning meanings and interpretations among individuals within groups. Used in this way, culture has been found to have only limited empirical support as an explanation of human risk perception (<span class=\"xref-bibr\">7</span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"xref-bibr\">8</span>) and environmentalism (<span class=\"xref-bibr\">9</span>).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1510010112","usgsCitation":"Caldas, M.M., Sanderson, M.R., Mather, M.E., Daniels, M.D., Bergtold, J.S., Aistrup, J., Heier Stamm, J.L., Haukos, D.A., Douglas-Mankin, K., Sheshukov, A.Y., and Lopez-Carr, D., 2015, Opinion: Endogenizing culture in sustainability science research and policy: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 112, no. 27, p. 8157-8159, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510010112.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8157","endPage":"8159","ipdsId":"IP-060354","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510010112","text":"External Repository"},{"id":349364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"27","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fe80e4b06e28e9c2530b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldas, Marcellus M.","contributorId":200844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldas","given":"Marcellus","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanderson, Matthew R.","contributorId":200845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderson","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mather, Martha E. 0000-0003-3027-0215 mather@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-0215","contributorId":2580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"Martha","email":"mather@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daniels, Melinda D.","contributorId":166701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daniels","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergtold, Jason S.","contributorId":200846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergtold","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aistrup, Joseph","contributorId":200847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aistrup","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Heier Stamm, Jessica L.","contributorId":200848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heier Stamm","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haukos, David A. 0000-0001-5372-9960 dhaukos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-9960","contributorId":3664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"David","email":"dhaukos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Douglas-Mankin, Kyle R. 0000-0002-3155-3666","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3155-3666","contributorId":200849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Douglas-Mankin","given":"Kyle R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sheshukov, Aleksey Y.","contributorId":172092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheshukov","given":"Aleksey","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lopez-Carr, David","contributorId":193003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez-Carr","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70193444,"text":"70193444 - 2015 - Variables associated with detection probability, detection latency, and behavioral responses of Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-11T13:33:09","indexId":"70193444","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Variables associated with detection probability, detection latency, and behavioral responses of Golden-winged Warblers (<i>Vermivora chrysoptera</i>)","title":"Variables associated with detection probability, detection latency, and behavioral responses of Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera)","docAbstract":"<p>Detection probability during point counts and its associated variables are important considerations for bird population monitoring and have implications for conservation planning by influencing population estimates. During 2008–2009, we evaluated variables hypothesized to be associated with detection probability, detection latency, and behavioral responses of male Golden-winged Warblers in pastures in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, USA. This is the first study of male Golden-winged Warbler detection probability, detection latency, or behavioral response based on point-count sampling with known territory locations and identities for all males. During 3-min passive point counts, detection probability decreased as distance to a male's territory and time since sunrise increased. During 3-min point counts with playback, detection probability decreased as distance to a male's territory increased, but remained constant as time since sunrise increased. Detection probability was greater when point counts included type 2 compared with type 1 song playback, particularly during the first 2 min of type 2 song playback. Golden-winged Warblers primarily use type 1 songs (often <i>zee bee bee bee</i> with a higher-pitched first note) in intersexual contexts and type 2 songs (strident, rapid stutter ending with a lower-pitched buzzy note) in intrasexual contexts. Distance to a male's territory, ordinal date, and song playback type were associated with the type of behavioral response to song playback. Overall, ~2 min of type 2 song playback may increase the efficacy of point counts for monitoring populations of Golden-winged Warblers by increasing the conspicuousness of males for visual identification and offsetting the consequences of surveying later in the morning. Because playback may interfere with the ability to detect distant males, it is important to follow playback with a period of passive listening. Our results indicate that even in relatively open pasture vegetation, detection probability of male Golden-winged Warblers is imperfect and highly variable.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/CONDOR-14-142.1","usgsCitation":"Aldinger, K.R., and Wood, P.B., 2015, Variables associated with detection probability, detection latency, and behavioral responses of Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera): The Condor, v. 117, no. 3, p. 364-375, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-142.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"375","ipdsId":"IP-029454","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-14-142.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07eb50e4b09af898c8ccd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldinger, Kyle R.","contributorId":171892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aldinger","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12432,"text":"West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":34541,"text":"West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":719075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Petra B. 0000-0002-8575-1705 pbwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-1705","contributorId":199090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70191095,"text":"70191095 - 2015 - Diverting lava flows in the lab","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-26T11:46:23","indexId":"70191095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diverting lava flows in the lab","docAbstract":"<p>Recent volcanic eruptions in Hawai'i, Iceland and Cape Verde highlight the challenges of mitigating hazards when lava flows threaten infrastructure. Diversion barriers are the most common form of intervention, but historical attempts to divert lava flows have met with mixed success<span>&nbsp;</span>and there has been little systematic analysis of optimal barrier design. We examine the interaction of viscous flows of syrup and molten basalt with barriers in the laboratory. We find that flows thicken immediately upslope of an obstacle, forming a localized bow wave that can overtop barriers. Larger bow waves are generated by faster flows and by obstacles oriented at a high angle to the flow direction. The geometry of barriers also influences flow behaviour. Barriers designed to split or dam flows will slow flow advance, but cause the flow to widen, whereas oblique barriers can effectively divert flows, but may also accelerate flow advance. We argue that to be successful, mitigation of lava-flow hazards must incorporate the dynamics of lava flow–obstacle interactions into barrier design. The same generalizations apply to the effect of natural topographic features on flow geometry and advance rates<font size=\"1\">.</font></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group ","doi":"10.1038/ngeo2470","usgsCitation":"Dietterich, H.R., Cashman, K., Rust, A.C., and Lev, E., 2015, Diverting lava flows in the lab: Nature Geoscience, v. 8, p. 494-496, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2470.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"494","endPage":"496","ipdsId":"IP-062976","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59cb6735e4b017cf3141c6ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343 hdietterich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":194354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah","email":"hdietterich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rust, Alison C.","contributorId":196700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rust","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lev, Einat 0000-0002-8174-0558","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8174-0558","contributorId":194355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lev","given":"Einat","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27369,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":711163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70192580,"text":"70192580 - 2015 - Patterns and predictability in the intra-annual organic carbon variability across the boreal and hemiboreal landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T11:43:17","indexId":"70192580","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns and predictability in the intra-annual organic carbon variability across the boreal and hemiboreal landscape","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0005\">Factors affecting total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in 215 watercourses across Sweden were investigated using parameter parsimonious regression approaches to explain spatial and temporal variabilities of the TOC water quality responses. We systematically quantified the effects of discharge, seasonality, and long-term trend as factors controlling intra-annual (among year) and inter-annual (within year) variabilities of TOC by evaluating the spatial variability in model coefficients and catchment characteristics (e.g. land cover, retention time, soil type).</p><p id=\"sp0010\">Catchment area (0.18–47,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and land cover types (forests, agriculture and alpine terrain) are typical for the boreal and hemiboreal zones across Fennoscandia. Watercourses had at least 6&nbsp;years of monthly water quality observations between 1990 and 2010. Statistically significant models (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05) describing variation of TOC in streamflow were identified in 209 of 215 watercourses with a mean Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index of 0.44. Increasing long-term trends were observed in 149 (70%) of the watercourses, and intra-annual variation in TOC far exceeded inter-annual variation. The average influences of the discharge and seasonality terms on intra-annual variations in daily TOC concentration were 1.4 and 1.3&nbsp;mg&nbsp;l<sup>−&nbsp;1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(13 and 12% of the mean annual TOC), respectively. The average increase in TOC was 0.17&nbsp;mg&nbsp;l<sup>−&nbsp;1</sup>&nbsp;year<sup>−&nbsp;1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(1.6% year<sup>−&nbsp;1</sup>).</p><p id=\"sp0015\">Multivariate regression with over 90 different catchment characteristics explained 21% of the spatial variation in the linear trend coefficient, less than 20% of the variation in the discharge coefficient and 73% of the spatial variation in mean TOC. Specific discharge, water residence time, the variance of daily precipitation, and lake area, explained 45% of the spatial variation in the amplitude of the TOC seasonality.</p><p id=\"sp0020\">Because the main drivers of temporal variability in TOC are seasonality and discharge, first-order estimates of the influences of climatic variability and change on TOC concentration should be predictable if the studied catchments continue to respond similarly.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.041","usgsCitation":"Hytteborn, J.K., Temnerud, J., Alexander, R.B., Boyer, E.W., Futter, M.N., Froberg, M., Dahne, J., and Bishop, K.H., 2015, Patterns and predictability in the intra-annual organic carbon variability across the boreal and hemiboreal landscape: Science of the Total Environment, v. 520, p. 260-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.041.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"269","ipdsId":"IP-062350","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"520","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fe80e4b06e28e9c25309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hytteborn, Julia K.","contributorId":198524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hytteborn","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Temnerud, Johan","contributorId":198525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Temnerud","given":"Johan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyer, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":44659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Futter, Martyn N.","contributorId":198527,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Futter","given":"Martyn","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Froberg, Mats","contributorId":198528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Froberg","given":"Mats","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dahne, Joel","contributorId":198529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dahne","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bishop, Kevin H.","contributorId":198530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishop","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70191255,"text":"70191255 - 2015 - The distribution of selected elements and minerals in soil of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:08:03.94424","indexId":"70191255","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of selected elements and minerals in soil of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a low-density (1 site per 1600&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, 4857 sites) geochemical and mineralogical survey of soil of the conterminous United States as part of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project. Three soil samples were collected, if possible, from each site; (1) a sample from a depth of 0 to 5&nbsp;cm, (2) a composite of the soil A-horizon, and (3) a deeper sample from the soil C-horizon or, if the top of the C-horizon was at a depth greater than 100&nbsp;cm, from a depth of approximately 80–100&nbsp;cm. The &lt;&nbsp;2&nbsp;mm fraction of each sample was analysed for a suite of 45 major and trace elements following near-total multi-acid digestion. The major mineralogical components in samples from the soil A- and C-horizons were determined by a quantitative X-ray diffraction method using Rietveld refinement. Sampling ended in 2010 and chemical and mineralogical analyses were completed in May 2013. Maps of the conterminous United States showing predicted element and mineral concentrations were interpolated from actual soil data for each soil sample type by an inverse distance weighted (IDW) technique using ArcGIS software. Regional- and national-scale map patterns for selected elements and minerals apparent in interpolated maps are described here in the context of soil-forming factors and possible human inputs. These patterns can be related to (1) soil parent materials, for example, in the distribution of quartz, (2) climate impacts, for example, in the distribution of feldspar and kaolinite, (3) soil age, for example, in the distribution of carbonate in young glacial deposits, and (4) possible anthropogenic loading of phosphorus (P) and lead (Pb) to surface soil. This new geochemical and mineralogical data set for the conterminous United States represents a major step forward from prior national-scale soil geochemistry data and provides a robust soil data framework for the United States now and into the future.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.01.006","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Cannon, W.F., Smith, D.B., and Solano, F., 2015, The distribution of selected elements and minerals in soil of the conterminous United States: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 154, p. 49-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.01.006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"60","ipdsId":"IP-054587","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"154","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d35029e4b05fe04cc34d6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":138565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solano, Federico 0000-0002-0308-5850 fsolanoc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-5850","contributorId":4302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solano","given":"Federico","email":"fsolanoc@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70192607,"text":"70192607 - 2015 - Climate-induced lake drying causes heterogeneous reductions in waterfowl species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T11:40:56","indexId":"70192607","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate-induced lake drying causes heterogeneous reductions in waterfowl species richness","docAbstract":"<div id=\"ASec1\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Context</strong></p><p id=\"Par1\" class=\"Para\">Lake size has declined on breeding grounds for international populations of waterfowl.</p></div><div id=\"ASec2\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Objectives</strong></p><p id=\"Par2\" class=\"Para\">Our objectives were to (1) model the relationship between waterfowl species richness and lake size; (2) use the model and trends in lake size to project historical, contemporary, and future richness at 2500+ lakes; (3) evaluate mechanisms for the species–area relationship (SAR); and (4) identify species most vulnerable to shrinking lakes.</p></div><div id=\"ASec3\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Methods</strong></p><p id=\"Par3\" class=\"Para\">Monte Carlo simulations of the richness model were used to generate projections. Correlations between richness and both lake size and habitat diversity were compared to identify mechanisms for the SAR. Patterns of nestedness were used to identify vulnerable species.</p></div><div id=\"ASec4\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Results</strong></p><p id=\"Par4\" class=\"Para\">Species richness was greatest at lakes that were larger, closer to rivers, had more wetlands along their perimeters and were within 5&nbsp;km of a large lake. Average richness per lake was projected to decline by 11&nbsp;% from 1986 to 2050 but was heterogeneous across sub-regions and lakes. Richness in sub-regions with species-rich lakes was projected to remain stable, while richness in the sub-region with species-poor lakes was projected to decline. Lake size had a greater effect on richness than did habitat diversity, suggesting that large lakes have more species because they provide more habitat but not more habitat types. The vulnerability of species to shrinking lakes was related to species rarity rather than foraging guild.</p></div><div id=\"ASec5\" class=\"AbstractSection\"><p class=\"Heading\"><strong>Conclusions</strong></p><p id=\"Par5\" class=\"Para\">Our maps of projected changes in species richness and rank-ordered list of species most vulnerable to shrinking lakes can be used to identify targets for conservation or monitoring.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10980-015-0207-3","usgsCitation":"Roach, J., and Griffith, D.B., 2015, Climate-induced lake drying causes heterogeneous reductions in waterfowl species richness: Landscape Ecology, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1005-1022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0207-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1022","ipdsId":"IP-055332","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a06c8d4e4b09af898c86162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roach, Jennifer K.","contributorId":30861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roach","given":"Jennifer K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Dennis B. ffdbg@usgs.gov","contributorId":510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Dennis","email":"ffdbg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70171446,"text":"70171446 - 2015 - Habitat quality from individual- and population-level perspectives and implications for management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T09:44:53","indexId":"70171446","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat quality from individual- and population-level perspectives and implications for management","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many wildlife management prescriptions are either implicitly or explicitly designed to improve habitat quality for a focal species, but habitat quality is often difficult to quantify. Depending upon the approach used to define and identify high-quality habitat, management decisions may differ widely. Although individual-level measures of habitat quality based on per capita reproduction (e.g., average nesting success, number of young produced per pair) are most common in the literature, they may not align with population-level measures that reflect number of young produced within a defined area. Using data on the cerulean warbler (</span><i>Setophaga cerulea</i><span>) collected in the Cumberland Mountains (Tennessee, USA; 2008&ndash;2010) as an example, we illustrate how lack of concordance between individual- and population-level measures of habitat quality can have real-world management implications.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/wsb.528","usgsCitation":"Boves, T.J., Rodewald, A.D., Wood, P.B., Buehler, D.A., Larkin, J.L., Wigley, T.B., and Keyser, P.D., 2015, Habitat quality from individual- and population-level perspectives and implications for management: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 39, no. 2, p. 443-447, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.528.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"447","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056027","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/9d3a5c06f84a4a4290d5b7038a311ac5","text":"External Repository"},{"id":321977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500766e4b0ee97d51bb63c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boves, Than J.","contributorId":169750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boves","given":"Than","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodewald, Amanda D.","contributorId":169748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodewald","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Petra Bohall pbwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":1791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bohall","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":630998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buehler, David A.","contributorId":169746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buehler","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larkin, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":169747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larkin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17929,"text":"American Bird Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":34542,"text":"Department of Biology. Indiana University of Pennsylvania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wigley, T. Bently","contributorId":169749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wigley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bently","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keyser, Patrick D.","contributorId":146945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keyser","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70168390,"text":"70168390 - 2015 - Linking degradation status with ecosystem vulnerability to environmental change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-11T10:09:18","indexId":"70168390","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking degradation status with ecosystem vulnerability to environmental change","docAbstract":"<p><span>Environmental change can cause regime shifts in ecosystems, potentially threatening ecosystem services. It is unclear if the degradation status of ecosystems correlates with their vulnerability to environmental change, and thus the risk of future regime shifts. We assessed resilience in acidified (degraded) and circumneutral (undegraded) lakes with long-term data (1988&ndash;2012), using time series modeling. We identified temporal frequencies in invertebrate assemblages, which identifies groups of species whose population dynamics vary at particular temporal scales. We also assessed species with stochastic dynamics, those whose population dynamics vary irregularly and unpredictably over time. We determined the distribution of functional feeding groups of invertebrates within and across the temporal scales identified, and in those species with stochastic dynamics, and assessed attributes hypothesized to contribute to resilience. Three patterns of temporal dynamics, consistent across study lakes, were identified in the invertebrates. The first pattern was one of monotonic change associated with changing abiotic lake conditions. The second and third patterns appeared unrelated to the environmental changes we monitored. Acidified and the circumneutral lakes shared similar levels and patterns of functional richness, evenness, diversity, and redundancy for species within and across the observed temporal scales and for stochastic species groups. These similar resilience characteristics suggest that both lake types did not differ in vulnerability to the environmental changes observed here. Although both lake types appeared equally vulnerable in this study, our approach demonstrates how assessing systemic vulnerability by quantifying ecological resilience can help address uncertainty in predicting ecosystem responses to environmental change across ecosystems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-015-3281-y","usgsCitation":"Angeler, D., Baho, D.L., Allen, C.R., and Johnson, R.K., 2015, Linking degradation status with ecosystem vulnerability to environmental change: Oecologia, v. 178, no. 3, p. 899-913, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3281-y.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"913","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064260","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/12748/8/angeler_d_et_al_151029.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":317934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Sweden","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[22.18317,65.72374],[21.21352,65.02601],[21.36963,64.41359],[19.77888,63.60955],[17.84778,62.7494],[17.11955,61.34117],[17.83135,60.63658],[18.78772,60.08191],[17.86922,58.95377],[16.82919,58.71983],[16.44771,57.04112],[15.87979,56.1043],[14.66668,56.20089],[14.10072,55.40778],[12.94291,55.36174],[12.6251,56.30708],[11.78794,57.44182],[11.02737,58.85615],[11.46827,59.43239],[12.30037,60.11793],[12.63115,61.29357],[11.99206,61.80036],[11.93057,63.12832],[12.57994,64.06622],[13.57192,64.04911],[13.91991,64.44542],[13.55569,64.78703],[15.10841,66.19387],[16.10871,67.30246],[16.76888,68.01394],[17.72918,68.01055],[17.99387,68.56739],[19.87856,68.40719],[20.02527,69.06514],[20.64559,69.10625],[21.97853,68.61685],[23.53947,67.93601],[23.56588,66.39605],[23.90338,66.00693],[22.18317,65.72374]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Sweden\"}}]}","volume":"178","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bdbec6e4b06458514aeed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angeler, David G.","contributorId":25027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeler","given":"David G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baho, Didier L.","contributorId":166724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baho","given":"Didier","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Richard K.","contributorId":21810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185020,"text":"70185020 - 2015 - Evapotranspiration in the Nile Basin: Identifying dynamics and drivers, 2002–2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:08:23","indexId":"70185020","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration in the Nile Basin: Identifying dynamics and drivers, 2002–2011","docAbstract":"<p><span>Analysis of the relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and its natural and anthropogenic drivers is critical in water-limited basins such as the Nile. The spatiotemporal relationships of ET with rainfall and vegetation dynamics in the Nile Basin during 2002–2011 were analyzed using satellite-derived data. Non-parametric statistics were used to quantify ET-rainfall interactions and trends across land cover types and subbasins. We found that 65% of the study area (2.5 million km2) showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlations between monthly ET and rainfall, whereas 7% showed significant negative correlations. As expected, positive ET-rainfall correlations were observed over natural vegetation, mixed croplands/natural vegetation, and croplands, with a few subbasin-specific exceptions. In particular, irrigated croplands, wetlands and some forests exhibited negative correlations. Trend tests revealed spatial clusters of statistically significant trends in ET (6% of study area was negative; 12% positive), vegetation greenness (24% negative; 12% positive) and rainfall (11% negative; 1% positive) during 2002–2011. The Nile Delta, Ethiopian highlands and central Uganda regions showed decline in ET while central parts of Sudan, South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia and northeastern Uganda showed increases. Except for a decline in ET in central Uganda, the detected changes in ET (both positive and negative) were not associated with corresponding changes in rainfall. Detected declines in ET in the Nile delta and Ethiopian highlands were found to be attributable to anthropogenic land degradation, while the ET decline in central Uganda is likely caused by rainfall reduction.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w7094914","usgsCitation":"Alemu, H., Kaptue, A.T., Senay, G., Wimberly, M.C., and Henebry, G.M., 2015, Evapotranspiration in the Nile Basin: Identifying dynamics and drivers, 2002–2011: Water, v. 7, no. 9, p. 4914-1931, https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094914.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"4914","endPage":"1931","ipdsId":"IP-066148","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094914","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Nile Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              32.431640625,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ],\n            [\n              30.8935546875,\n              31.952162238024975\n            ],\n            [\n              29.091796875,\n              31.015278981711266\n            ],\n            [\n              27.9931640625,\n              21.94304553343818\n            ],\n            [\n              23.6865234375,\n              8.624472107633936\n            ],\n            [\n              27.2021484375,\n              5.134714634014467\n            ],\n            [\n              30.629882812499996,\n              3.601142320158735\n            ],\n            [\n              30.761718749999996,\n              -3.90809888189411\n            ],\n            [\n              34.9365234375,\n              -3.46955730306146\n            ],\n            [\n              37.0458984375,\n              4.083452772038619\n            ],\n            [\n              40.7373046875,\n              14.817370620155254\n            ],\n            [\n              32.431640625,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90128e4b0849ce97abcf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alemu, Henok","contributorId":124527,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alemu","given":"Henok","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5087,"text":"Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaptue, Armel T.","contributorId":189254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaptue","given":"Armel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wimberly, Michael C.","contributorId":167855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wimberly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henebry, Geoffrey M.","contributorId":124528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henebry","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5087,"text":"Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70193232,"text":"70193232 - 2015 - Statistical analysis of soil geochemical data to identify pathfinders associated with mineral deposits: An example from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T16:53:41.817888","indexId":"70193232","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical analysis of soil geochemical data to identify pathfinders associated with mineral deposits: An example from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Soil geochemical anomalies can be used to identify pathfinders in exploration for ore deposits. In this study, compositional data analysis is used with multivariate statistical methods to analyse soil geochemical data collected from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA, to identify pathfinders associated with this deposit. Elemental compositions and relationships were compared between the collected Coles Hill soil and reference soil samples extracted from a regional subset of a national-scale geochemical survey. Results show that pathfinders for the Coles Hill deposit include light rare earth elements (La and Ce), which, when normalised by their Al content, are correlated with U/Al, and elevated Th/Al values, which are not correlated with U/Al, supporting decoupling of U from Th during soil generation. These results can be used in genetic and weathering models of the Coles Hill deposit, and can also be applied to future prospecting for similar U deposits in the eastern United States, and in regions with similar geological/climatic conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.012","usgsCitation":"Levitan, D.M., Zipper, C.E., Donovan, P., Schreiber, M.E., Seal, R.R., Engle, M.A., Chermak, J.A., Bodnar, R.J., Johnson, D.K., and Aylor, J.G., 2015, Statistical analysis of soil geochemical data to identify pathfinders associated with mineral deposits: An example from the Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 154, p. 238-251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"251","ipdsId":"IP-056717","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Coles Hill uranium deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.3333,\n              36.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.3333,\n              36.85\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2667,\n              36.85\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2667,\n              36.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.3333,\n              36.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"154","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fe80e4b06e28e9c25307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levitan, Denise M.","contributorId":199138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levitan","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zipper, Carl E.","contributorId":198104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zipper","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, Patricia","contributorId":199139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donovan","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schreiber, Madeline E.","contributorId":138959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreiber","given":"Madeline","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12594,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":193011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":250,"text":"Eastern Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Engle, Mark A. 0000-0001-5258-7374 engle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-7374","contributorId":584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"Mark","email":"engle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chermak, John A.","contributorId":199140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chermak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bodnar, Robert J.","contributorId":199141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bodnar","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":718303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Daniel K.","contributorId":200614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aylor, Joseph G. Jr.","contributorId":199142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aylor","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70123516,"text":"70123516 - 2015 - Comment on “The role of interbasin groundwater transfers in geologically complex terranes, demonstrated by the Great Basin in the western United States”: report published in Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22:807–828, by Stephen T. Nelson and Alan L. Mayo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-28T09:34:35","indexId":"70123516","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “The role of interbasin groundwater transfers in geologically complex terranes, demonstrated by the Great Basin in the western United States”: report published in Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22:807–828, by Stephen T. Nelson and Alan L. Mayo","docAbstract":"<p>The subject article (Nelson and Mayo 2014) presents an overview of previous reports of interbasin flow in the Great Basin of the western United States. This Comment is presented by authors of a cited study (comprising chapters in one large report) on the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system (GBCAAS; Heilweil and Brooks 2011; Masbruch et al. 2011; Sweetkind et al. 2011a, b), who agree that water budget imbalances alone are not enough to accurately quantify interbasin flow; however, it is proposed that statements made in the subject article about the GBCAAS report are inaccurate. The Comment authors appreciate the opportunity to clarify some statements made about the work.</p>","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-014-1208-z","usgsCitation":"Masbruch, M.D., Brooks, L.E., Heilweil, V.M., and Sweetkind, D., 2015, Comment on “The role of interbasin groundwater transfers in geologically complex terranes, demonstrated by the Great Basin in the western United States”: report published in Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22:807–828, by Stephen T. Nelson and Alan L. Mayo: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 23, no. 1, p. 209-210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1208-z.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"210","ipdsId":"IP-058108","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877b9e4b0b7ea54521c22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masbruch, Melissa D. 0000-0001-6568-160X mmasbruch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-160X","contributorId":1902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masbruch","given":"Melissa","email":"mmasbruch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180313,"text":"70180313 - 2015 - Enhanced microbial coalbed methane generation: A review of research, commercial activity, and remaining challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T16:41:06","indexId":"70180313","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhanced microbial coalbed methane generation: A review of research, commercial activity, and remaining challenges","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coalbed methane (CBM) makes up a significant portion of the world’s natural gas resources. The discovery that approximately 20% of natural gas is microbial in origin has led to interest in microbially enhanced CBM (MECoM), which involves stimulating microorganisms to produce additional CBM from existing production wells. This paper reviews current laboratory and field research on understanding processes and reservoir conditions which are essential for microbial CBM generation, the progress of efforts to stimulate microbial methane generation in coal beds, and key remaining knowledge gaps. Research has been primarily focused on identifying microbial communities present in areas of CBM generation and attempting to determine their function, in-situ reservoir conditions that are most favorable for microbial CBM generation, and geochemical indicators of metabolic pathways of methanogenesis (i.e., acetoclastic or hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis). Meanwhile, researchers at universities, government agencies, and companies have focused on four primary MECoM strategies: 1) microbial stimulation (i.e., addition of nutrients to stimulate native microbes); 2) microbial augmentation (i.e., addition of microbes not native to or abundant in the reservoir of interest); 3) physically increasing microbial access to coal and distribution of amendments; and 4) chemically increasing the bioavailability of coal organics. Most companies interested in MECoM have pursued microbial stimulation: Luca Technologies, Inc., successfully completed a pilot scale field test of their stimulation strategy, while two others, Ciris Energy and Next Fuel, Inc., have undertaken smaller scale field tests. Several key knowledge gaps remain that need to be addressed before MECoM strategies can be implemented commercially. Little is known about the bacterial community responsible for coal biodegradation and how these microorganisms may be stimulated to enhance microbial methanogenesis. In addition, research is needed to understand what fraction of coal is available for biodegradation, and methods need to be developed to determine the extent of in-situ coal biodegradation by MECoM processes for monitoring changes to coal quality. Questions also remain about how well field-scale pilot tests will scale to commercial production, how often amendments will need to be added to maintain new methane generation, and how well MECoM strategies transfer between coal basins with different formation water geochemistries and coal ranks. Addressing these knowledge gaps will be key in determining the feasibility and commercial viability of MECoM technology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2015.04.013","usgsCitation":"Ritter, D.J., Vinson, D.S., Barnhart, E.P., Akob, D.M., Fields, M.W., Cunningham, A.B., Orem, W.H., and McIntosh, J.C., 2015, Enhanced microbial coalbed methane generation: A review of research, commercial activity, and remaining challenges: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 146, p. 28-41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.04.013.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"41","ipdsId":"IP-065234","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/11535","text":"External Repository"},{"id":334138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"146","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6a8ee4b08c8121c9090a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ritter, Daniel J.","contributorId":139869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritter","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13301,"text":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vinson, David S.","contributorId":172390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vinson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":25392,"text":"Department of Geography and Earth Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhart, Elliott P. 0000-0002-8788-8393 epbarnhart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-8393","contributorId":5385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"Elliott","email":"epbarnhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akob, Denise M. 0000-0003-1534-3025 dakob@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-3025","contributorId":4980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akob","given":"Denise","email":"dakob@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fields, Matthew W.","contributorId":172391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fields","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cunningham, Al B.","contributorId":178823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Al","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McIntosh, Jennifer C. 0000-0001-5055-4202","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-4202","contributorId":150557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIntosh","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70177800,"text":"70177800 - 2015 - Use of dynamic occupancy models to assess the response of Darters (Teleostei: Percidae) to varying hydrothermal conditions in a southeastern United States tailwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T15:00:24","indexId":"70177800","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of dynamic occupancy models to assess the response of Darters (Teleostei: Percidae) to varying hydrothermal conditions in a southeastern United States tailwater","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the past 100 years, most large rivers in North America have been altered for flood control, hydropower, navigation or water supply development. Although these activities clearly provide important human services, their associated environmental disturbances can profoundly affect stream-dwelling organisms. We used dynamic multi-species occupancy models combined with a trait-based approach to estimate the influence of site-level and species-level characteristics on patch dynamic rates for 15 darter species native to the Elk River, a large, flow-regulated Tennessee River tributary in Tennessee and Alabama. Dynamic occupancy modelling results indicated that for every 2.5 °C increase in stream temperature, darters were 3.94 times more likely to colonize previously unoccupied stream reaches. Additionally, large-bodied darter species were 3.72 times more likely to colonize stream reaches compared with small-bodied species, but crevice-spawning darter species were 5.24 times less likely to colonize previously unoccupied stream reaches. In contrast, darters were 2.21 times less likely to become locally extinct for every 2.5 °C increase in stream temperature, but high stream discharge conditions elevated the risk of local extinction. Lastly, the presence of populations in neighbouring upstream study reaches contributed to a lower risk of extinction, whereas the presence of populations in neighbouring downstream study reaches contributed to higher rates of colonization. Our study demonstrates the application of a trait-based approach combined with a metapopulation framework to assess the patch dynamics of darters in a regulated river. Results from our study will provide a baseline for evaluating the ecological consequences of alternative dam operations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.2766","usgsCitation":"Shea, C., Bettoli, P.W., Potoka, K., Saylor, C.F., and Shute, P.W., 2015, Use of dynamic occupancy models to assess the response of Darters (Teleostei: Percidae) to varying hydrothermal conditions in a southeastern United States tailwater: River Research and Applications, v. 31, no. 6, p. 676-691, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2766.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"676","endPage":"691","ipdsId":"IP-043451","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5810c6e9e4b0f497e797345b","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/rra.2766","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.2766","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Shea C. P., Bettoli P. W., Potoka K. M., Saylor C. F., Shute P. W.","journalName":"River Research and Applications","publicationDate":"5/13/2014","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shea, C.P.","contributorId":92885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shea","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettoli, Phillip William pbettoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"Phillip","email":"pbettoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potoka, K. M.","contributorId":176185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Potoka","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saylor, C. F.","contributorId":176186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saylor","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shute, P. W.","contributorId":176187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shute","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70182824,"text":"70182824 - 2015 - Paleodischarge of the Mojave River, southwestern U.S.A, investigated with single-pebble measurements of 10Be","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-01T13:00:29","indexId":"70182824","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleodischarge of the Mojave River, southwestern U.S.A, investigated with single-pebble measurements of 10Be","docAbstract":"The paleohydrology of ephemeral stream systems is an important constraint on paleoclimatic conditions in arid environments, but remains difficult to constrain quantitatively. For example, sedimentary records of the size and extent of pluvial lakes in the Mojave Desert have been used as a proxy for Quaternary climate variability. Although the delivery mechanisms of this additional water are still being debated, it is generally agreed that the discharge of the Mojave River, which supplied water for several Pleistocene pluvial lakes along its course, must have been significantly greater during lake high stands. We used the 10Be concentrations of 10 individual quartzite pebbles sourced from the San Bernardino Mountains and collected from a ~25 ka strath terrace of the Mojave River near Barstow, Calif., to test whether pebble ages record the timing of large paleodischarge of the Mojave River. Our exposure ages indicate that periods of discharge large enough to transport pebble-sized sediment occurred at least four times over the past ~240 ky; individual pebble ages cluster into four groups with exposure ages of 24.82 ± 2.52 ka (n=3), 55.79 ± 2.59 ka (n=2), 99.14 ± 6.04 ka (n=4) and 239.9 ± 52.16 ka (n=1). These inferred large discharge events occurred during both glacial and interglacial conditions. We demonstrate that bedload materials provide information about the frequency and duration of transport events in river systems. This approach could be further improved with the addition of additional measurements of one or more cosmogenic nuclides coupled with models of river discharge and pebble transport.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01134.1","usgsCitation":"Cyr, A.J., Miller, D., and Mahan, S.A., 2015, Paleodischarge of the Mojave River, southwestern U.S.A, investigated with single-pebble measurements of 10Be: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 4, p. 1158-1171, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01134.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1158","endPage":"1171","ipdsId":"IP-055448","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01134.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b7eba9e4b01ccd5500bb27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cyr, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2293-5395 acyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-5395","contributorId":3539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cyr","given":"Andrew","email":"acyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon A. 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":147159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182519,"text":"70182519 - 2015 - Topographic, latitudinal and climatic distribution of <i>Pinus coulteri</i>: geographic range limits are not at the edge of the climate envelope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-24T09:49:29","indexId":"70182519","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic, latitudinal and climatic distribution of <i>Pinus coulteri</i>: geographic range limits are not at the edge of the climate envelope","docAbstract":"<p><span>With changing climate, many species are projected to move poleward or to higher elevations to track suitable climates. The prediction that species will move poleward assumes that geographically marginal populations are at the edge of the species' climatic range. We studied </span><i>Pinus coulteri</i><span> from the center to the northern (poleward) edge of its range, and examined three scenarios regarding the relationship between the geographic and climatic margins of a species' range. We used herbarium and </span><a title=\"Link to external resource: http://iNaturalist.org\" href=\"http://inaturalist.org/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist.org</a><span> records to identify </span><i>P. coulteri</i><span> sites, generated a species distribution model based on temperature, precipitation, climatic water deficit, and actual evapotranspiration, and projected suitability under future climate scenarios. In fourteen populations from the central to northern portions of the range, we conducted field studies and recorded elevation, slope and aspect (to estimate solar insolation) to examine relationships between local and regional distributions. We found that northern populations of </span><i>P. coulteri</i><span> do not occupy the cold or wet edge of the species' climatic range; mid-latitude, high elevation populations occupy the cold margin. Aspect and insolation of </span><i>P. coulteri</i><span> populations changed significantly across latitudes and elevations. Unexpectedly, northern, low-elevation stands occupy north-facing aspects and receive low insolation, while central, high-elevation stands grow on more south-facing aspects that receive higher insolation. Modeled future climate suitability is projected to be highest in the central, high elevation portion of the species range, and in low-lying coastal regions under some scenarios, with declining suitability in northern areas under most future scenarios. For </span><i>P. coulteri</i><span>, the lack of high elevation habitat combined with a major dispersal barrier may limit northward movement in response to a warming climate. Our analyses demonstrate the importance of distinguishing geographically vs. climatically marginal populations, and the importance of quantitative analysis of the realized climate space to understand species range limits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ecog.00780","usgsCitation":"Chardon, N.I., Cornwell, W.K., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Ackerly, D.D., 2015, Topographic, latitudinal and climatic distribution of <i>Pinus coulteri</i>: geographic range limits are not at the edge of the climate envelope: Ecography, v. 38, no. 6, p. 590-601, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00780.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"590","endPage":"601","ipdsId":"IP-058205","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37n229br","text":"External Repository"},{"id":336168,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15439e4b01ccd54fc5ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chardon, Nathalie I.","contributorId":182415,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chardon","given":"Nathalie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornwell, William K.","contributorId":182416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cornwell","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ackerly, David D.","contributorId":182417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackerly","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70182467,"text":"70182467 - 2015 - Tree mortality predicted from drought-induced vascular damage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T12:46:12","indexId":"70182467","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree mortality predicted from drought-induced vascular damage","docAbstract":"<p><span>The projected responses of forest ecosystems to warming and drying associated with twenty-first-century climate change vary widely from resiliency to widespread tree mortality</span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-2\" title=\"Cox, P. M. et al. Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century. Theor. Appl. Clim. 78, 137-156 (2004).\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref1\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref1\">1</a>, <a id=\"ref-link-3\" title=\"Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Arnell, N. W. &amp; Prentice, I. C. A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 13116-13120 (2006).\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref2\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref2\">2</a>, <a id=\"ref-link-4\" title=\"Huntingford, C. et al. Simulated resilience of tropical rainforests to CO2-induced climate change. Nature Geosci. 6, 268-273 (2013).\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref3\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref3\">3</a></sup><span>. Current vegetation models lack the ability to account for mortality of overstorey trees during extreme drought owing to uncertainties in mechanisms and thresholds causing mortality</span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-5\" title=\"McDowell, N. G. et al. The interdependence of mechanisms underlying climate-driven vegetation mortality. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 523-532 (2011).\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref4\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref4\">4</a>, <a id=\"ref-link-6\" title=\"Powell, T. L. et al. Confronting model predictions of carbon fluxes with measurements of Amazon forests subjected to experimental drought. New Phytol. 200, 350-365 (2013).\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref5\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v8/n5/full/ngeo2400.html#ref5\">5</a></sup><span>. Here we assess the causes of tree mortality, using field measurements of branch hydraulic conductivity during ongoing mortality in </span><i>Populus tremuloides</i><span> in the southwestern United States and a detailed plant hydraulics model. We identify a lethal plant water stress threshold that corresponds with a loss of vascular transport capacity from air entry into the xylem. We then use this hydraulic-based threshold to simulate forest dieback during historical drought, and compare predictions against three independent mortality data sets. The hydraulic threshold predicted with 75% accuracy regional patterns of tree mortality as found in field plots and mortality maps derived from Landsat imagery. In a high-emissions scenario, climate models project that drought stress will exceed the observed mortality threshold in the southwestern United States by the 2050s. Our approach provides a powerful and tractable way of incorporating tree mortality into vegetation models to resolve uncertainty over the fate of forest ecosystems in a changing&nbsp;climate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/NGEO2400","usgsCitation":"Anderegg, W.R., Flint, A.L., Huang, C., Flint, L.E., Berry, J.A., Davis, F., Sperry, J.S., and Field, C.B., 2015, Tree mortality predicted from drought-induced vascular damage: Nature Geoscience, v. 8, p. 367-371, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2400.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"371","ipdsId":"IP-059538","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002c7e4b01ccd54fb27d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderegg, William R.L.","contributorId":147089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderegg","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.L.","affiliations":[{"id":16784,"text":"Princeton U.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":671207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huang, Cho-ying","contributorId":182348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Cho-ying","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berry, Joseph A.","contributorId":182349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berry","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Davis, Frank W.","contributorId":127849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Frank W.","affiliations":[{"id":7168,"text":"UCSB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":671211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sperry, John S.","contributorId":182350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sperry","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Field, Christopher B.","contributorId":182351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Field","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70148718,"text":"70148718 - 2015 - Global volcanic hazards and risk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T21:22:53.188537","indexId":"70148718","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Global volcanic hazards and risk","docAbstract":"<p><span>An estimated 800 million people live within 100 km of an active volcano in 86 countries and additional overseas territories worldwide [see Chapter 4 and Appendix B]1. Volcanoes are compelling evidence that the Earth is a dynamic planet characterised by endless change and renewal. Humans have always found volcanic activity fascinating and have often chosen to live close to volcanoes, which commonly provide favourable environments for life. Volcanoes bring many benefits to society: eruptions fertilise soils; elevated topography provides good sites for infrastructure (e.g. telecommunications on elevated ground); water resources are commonly plentiful; volcano tourism can be lucrative; and volcanoes can acquire spiritual, aesthetic or religious significance. Some volcanoes are also associated with geothermal resources, making them a target for exploration and a potential energy resource.</span></p><p><span>Much of the time volcanoes are not a threat because they erupt very infrequently or because communities have become resilient to frequently erupting volcanoes. However, there is an everpresent danger of a long-dormant volcano re-awakening or of volcanoes producing anomalously large or unexpected eruptions. Volcanic eruptions can cause loss of life and livelihoods in exposed communities, damage or disrupt critical infrastructure and add stress to already fragile environments. Their impacts can be both short-term, e.g. physical damage, and long-term, e.g. sustained or permanent displacement of populations. The risk from volcanic eruptions and their attendant hazards is often underestimated beyond areas within the immediate proximity of a volcano. For example, volcanic ash hazards can have effects hundreds of kilometres away from the vent and have an adverse impact on human and animal health, infrastructure, transport, agriculture and horticulture, the environment and economies. The products of volcanism and their impacts can extend beyond country borders, to be regional and even global in scale.</span></p><p><span>Although known historical loss of life from volcanic eruptions (since 1600 AD about 280,000 fatalities are recorded, Auker et al. (2013)) is modest compared to other major natural hazards, volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic for exposed communities. In 1985 the town of Armero in Colombia was buried by lahars (volcanic mudflows) with more than 21,000 fatalities due to relatively small explosive eruptions at the summit of Nevado del Ruiz volcano that partially melted a glacier (Voight, 1990).</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781316276273.004","isbn":"9781316276273","usgsCitation":"Brown, S.K., Loughlin, S.C., Sparks, R.S., Vye-Brown, C., Barclay, J., Calder, E., Cottrell, E., Jolly, G., Komorowski, J., Mandeville, C., Newhall, C., Palma, J., Potter, S., and Valentine, G., 2015, Global volcanic hazards and risk, chap. <i>of</i> Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk, p. 81-173, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316276273.004.","productDescription":"93 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065048","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56349579e4b048076347fd7d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, S. C.","contributorId":149548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578808,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578810,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, S. K.","contributorId":149551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578811,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenkins, S. F.","contributorId":149564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenkins","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578829,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vye-Brown, C.","contributorId":149549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vye-Brown","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578873,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Brown, S. K.","contributorId":149551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loughlin, S. C.","contributorId":149548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vye-Brown, C.","contributorId":149549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vye-Brown","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barclay, J.","contributorId":41168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Calder, E.","contributorId":149552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calder","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cottrell, E.","contributorId":149553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cottrell","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jolly, G.","contributorId":149554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jolly","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Komorowski, J.C.","contributorId":82071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komorowski","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":549086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Newhall, C.","contributorId":16557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Palma, J.","contributorId":149556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palma","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Potter, S.","contributorId":149557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Potter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Valentine, G.","contributorId":149558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valentine","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70148422,"text":"sir20155077 - 2015 - Flood Map for the Winooski River in Waterbury, Vermont, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-01T10:40:01","indexId":"sir20155077","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5077","title":"Flood Map for the Winooski River in Waterbury, Vermont, 2014","docAbstract":"<p>From August 28 to 29, 2011, Tropical Storm Irene delivered rainfall ranging from approximately 4 to more than 7 inches in the Winooski River Basin in Vermont. The rainfall resulted in severe flooding throughout the basin and significant damage along the Winooski River. In response to the flooding, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, conducted a new flood study to aid in flood recovery and restoration and to assist in flood forecasting. The study resulted in two sets of flood maps that depict the flooding for an 8.3-mile reach of the Winooski River from about 1,000 feet downstream of the Waterbury-Bolton, Vermont, town line upstream to about 2,000 feet upstream of the Waterbury-Middlesex, Vt., town line.</p>\n<p>The first set of maps consists of flood-recovery maps depicting the boundaries of floodwaters at the 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) discharges, the boundaries of the floodway, and the boundaries of floodwaters from Tropical Storm Irene as estimated by a hydraulic model. The second set of maps consists of flood-inundation maps depicting the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS Winooski River above Crossett Bk at Waterbury, VT (04288040) streamgage. The maps correspond to streamgage water levels ranging from 417.0 to 431.0 feet in 2-foot increments. The availability of these flood-inundation maps along with current stage from the USGS streamgage obtained from a USGS Web site will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts. These flood inundation maps can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site (<a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>).</p>\n<p>To generate the maps, flood profiles for the Winooski River were developed. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers one-dimensional step-backwater Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System model (HEC&ndash;RAS), was used to compute the water-surface profiles along the study reach. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) data with a vertical accuracy that meets or exceeds vertical national map accuracy standards for 2-foot contour mapping to delineate the area flooded for each water-surface profile.</p>\n<p>High-water marks from Tropical Storm Irene were available for seven locations along the study reach. The highwater marks were used to estimate water-surface profiles and discharges resulting from Tropical Storm Irene throughout the study reach. From a comparison of the estimated water-surface profile for Tropical Storm Irene with the water-surface profiles for the 1- and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) floods, it was determined that the high-water elevations resulting from Tropical Storm Irene exceeded the estimated 1-percent AEP flood throughout the Winooski River study reach but did not exceed the estimated 0.2-percent AEP flood at any location within the study reach.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155077","collaboration":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 2015, Flood Map for the Winooski River in Waterbury, Vermont, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5077, Report: vi, 25 p.; Readme; Appendix; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155077.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 25 p.; Readme; Appendix; Metadata","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061798","costCenters":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155077.jpg"},{"id":305487,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5077/pdf/sir20155077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.48 MB","description":"Report"},{"id":305490,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5077/attachments/metadata_floodinundationmap.zip","text":"Metadata for flood inundation map","size":"123 KB","description":"Metadata for flood inundation map","linkHelpText":"Metadata for flood inundation map"},{"id":305488,"rank":3,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5077/attachments/readme.txt","text":"Read me","size":"1 KB","description":"Read Me"},{"id":305489,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5077/attachments/sir2015-5077_appendix1.zip","text":"Map file and dataset","size":"715 MB","description":"Map file and dataset","linkHelpText":"Contains the published map file and the map dataset."},{"id":305491,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5077/attachments/metadata_floodrecoverymap.zip","text":"Metadata for flood recovery map","size":"132 KB","description":"Metadata for flood recovery map","linkHelpText":"Metadata for flood recovery map"},{"id":305486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5077/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Waterbury","otherGeospatial":"Winooski River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.75833129882812,\n              44.319672489734806\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.75833129882812,\n              44.334408514149914\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.73258209228516,\n              44.334408514149914\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.73258209228516,\n              44.319672489734806\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.75833129882812,\n              44.319672489734806\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publicComments":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5593afa9e4b0b6d21dd68220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70154753,"text":"sim3315 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field, main central segment, Yakama Nation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T16:24:50","indexId":"sim3315","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3315","title":"Geologic map of the Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field, main central segment, Yakama Nation, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Mountainous parts of the Yakama Nation lands in south-central Washington are mostly covered by basaltic lava flows and cinder cones that make up the Simcoe Mountains volcanic field. The accompanying geologic map of the central part of the volcanic field has been produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on behalf of the Water Resources Program of the Yakama Nation. The volcanic terrain stretches continuously from Mount Adams eastward as far as Satus Pass and Mill Creek Guard Station. Most of the many hills and buttes are volcanic cones where cinders and spatter piled up around erupting vents while lava flows spread downslope. All of these small volcanoes are now extinct, and, even during their active lifetimes, most of them erupted for no more than a few years. On the Yakama Nation lands, the only large long-lived volcano capable of erupting again in the future is Mount Adams, on the western boundary.</p>\n<p>The geologic map presented here extends, east-west, from Satus Creek to the Klickitat River and, north-south, from Signal Peak to Indian Rock. In various colors, the map shows the areas covered by about 223 different eruptive units, mostly lava flows and cinder cones, while stars mark vents where many of them erupted. Shown in plain gray, the basement beneath the Simcoe Mountains volcanic field is the Columbia River Basalt Group, regional &ldquo;flood basalts&rdquo; of enormous volume and extent that erupted far to the east and long before the Simcoe volcanics.</p>\n<p>Although the number of past eruptions is large, few were great explosions that fed towering eruption plumes or spread ash over huge areas downwind. Most were localized basaltic lava fountains (like some in Hawaii) where showers of molten fragments reached heights of a few hundred feet. Most of them also poured out tongues of lava that were channelled along stream valleys for a few miles downstream or, occasionally, as far as 10 miles. Because the basalt so common here is one of the most fluid kinds of lava, it tends to flow farther and faster than most other types of lava before it cools and solidifies.</p>\n<p>Lava compositions other than various types of basalt are uncommon here. Andesite is abundant on and around Mount Adams but is very rare east of the Klickitat River. The only important nonbasaltic composition in the map area is rhyolite, which crops out in several patches around the central highland of the volcanic field, mainly in the upper canyons of Satus and Kusshi Creeks and Wilson Charley canyon. Because the rhyolites were some of the earliest lavas erupted here, they are widely concealed by later basalts and therefore crop out only in local windows eroded by canyons that cut through the overlying basalts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3315","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2015, Geologic map of the Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field, main central segment, Yakama Nation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3315, Pamphlet: ii, 76 p.; 3 Sheets: 55.61 x 54.63 inches or smaller; Appendix A, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3315.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 76 p.; 3 Sheets: 55.61 x 54.63 inches or smaller; Appendix A","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-035925","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3315.gif"},{"id":305481,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"4.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1"},{"id":305479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/"},{"id":305482,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2"},{"id":305484,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/downloads/sim3315_appendixA.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"624 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix A","linkHelpText":"Chemical data for Simcoe Mountains volcanic field, main central segment."},{"id":305483,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","size":"7.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3"},{"id":305480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3315/pdf/sim3315_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Simcoe Mountains Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.90179443359375,\n              45.79242458189578\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.90179443359375,\n              46.2501492379416\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.3277587890625,\n              46.2501492379416\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.3277587890625,\n              45.79242458189578\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.90179443359375,\n              45.79242458189578\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5593afaae4b0b6d21dd68222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, Wes 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":2221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, Judy jfierstn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"Judy","email":"jfierstn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":563996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70155517,"text":"70155517 - 2015 - Integrating multiple distribution models to guide conservation efforts of an endangered toad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-10T11:35:56","indexId":"70155517","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating multiple distribution models to guide conservation efforts of an endangered toad","docAbstract":"<p><span>Species distribution models are used for numerous purposes such as predicting changes in species&rsquo; ranges and identifying biodiversity hotspots. Although implications of distribution models for conservation are often implicit, few studies use these tools explicitly to inform conservation efforts. Herein, we illustrate how multiple distribution models developed using distinct sets of environmental variables can be integrated to aid in identification sites for use in conservation. We focus on the endangered arroyo toad (</span><i>Anaxyrus californicus</i><span>), which relies on open, sandy streams and surrounding floodplains in southern California, USA, and northern Baja California, Mexico. Declines of the species are largely attributed to habitat degradation associated with vegetation encroachment, invasive predators, and altered hydrologic regimes. We had three main goals: 1) develop a model of potential habitat for arroyo toads, based on long-term environmental variables and all available locality data; 2) develop a model of the species&rsquo; current habitat by incorporating recent remotely-sensed variables and only using recent locality data; and 3) integrate results of both models to identify sites that may be employed in conservation efforts. We used a machine learning technique, Random Forests, to develop the models, focused on riparian zones in southern California. We identified 14.37% and 10.50% of our study area as potential and current habitat for the arroyo toad, respectively. Generally, inclusion of remotely-sensed variables reduced modeled suitability of sites, thus many areas modeled as potential habitat were not modeled as current habitat. We propose such sites could be made suitable for arroyo toads through active management, increasing current habitat by up to 67.02%. Our general approach can be employed to guide conservation efforts of virtually any species with sufficient data necessary to develop appropriate distribution models.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0131628","usgsCitation":"Treglia, M.L., Fisher, R.N., and Fitzgerald, L., 2015, Integrating multiple distribution models to guide conservation efforts of an endangered toad: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131628.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064868","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131628","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.49304199218749,\n              33.99347299511967\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.01513671875,\n              34.50655662164561\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.98242187499999,\n              34.610605760914666\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26831054687501,\n              34.49750272138159\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94970703125,\n              34.20271636159618\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.9332275390625,\n              33.73804486328909\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.81787109375,\n              33.44060944370356\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.62561035156249,\n              33.30757713015298\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51574707031249,\n              33.06852769197118\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.34545898437499,\n              32.68099643258195\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.15270996093749,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.158203125,\n              32.62549671451373\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.29553222656249,\n              32.694865977875075\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.31201171875001,\n              32.838058359277056\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.31201171875001,\n              32.98102014898148\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.49877929687499,\n              33.27084277265288\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.7569580078125,\n              33.458942753687644\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.333740234375,\n              33.67406853374198\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.48205566406251,\n              33.747180448149855\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.4600830078125,\n              33.8247936182649\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.49304199218749,\n              33.99347299511967\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb34e4b08400b1fdb713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Treglia, Michael L.","contributorId":145921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treglia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16299,"text":"Dep't Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M U, College Station, Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Lee A.","contributorId":145922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Lee A.","affiliations":[{"id":16300,"text":"Dep't of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M U, College Station, Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70214971,"text":"70214971 - 2015 - Holocene diatom-derived climate history of Medicine Lake, northern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-05T14:24:09.709844","indexId":"70214971","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T09:17:12","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7133,"text":"CIRMOUNT Mountain Views","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene diatom-derived climate history of Medicine Lake, northern California, USA","docAbstract":"The Medicine Lake record is unusual because it responds not only to local and regional climate signals, but changes in conditions on Medicine Lake volcano during the Holocene. Ice retreated within the Medicine Lake volcano occurred around 11,400 years ago, followed by filling of two sub-basins. The absence of Cyclotella indicates that the early lake was probably less than 5 m deep. The low Abies/Artemisia ratio suggests that the climate was relatively dry. Over the next 4000 years, the level of the lake rose as relatively organic-rich fine-grained sediments filled the basin. The increase in abundance of Cyclotella also suggests that the lake gradually deepened. The abundance of Abies in the basin also increased, suggesting the presence of a deeper snowpack that existed into the late spring and summer. The increased snowpack was likely the primary water source that filled the lake during this period. About 5500 years ago, the lake flooded the shallow shelf area surrounding the two sub-basins. Variations in the abundance of Cyclotella and benthic taxa, dominated by Navicula, indicate that the area of the flooded shelf fluctuated during this interval. The abundance of Isoetes and Abies responded similarly to changes in the basin, both suggesting an increase in effective moisture. Their increase corresponds to an increase in Sequoia pollen observed at ODP Site 1019, which records the establishment of modern climatic conditions along the northern California coast (relatively warm wet winters and cool, foggy summers). A connection between coastal and inland 6 climates appears to have strengthened at about this time. These fluctuations are in part due to these changes in moisture availability, but may also be due to changes in the shape of the lake basin brought about by the movement of magma within the Medicine Lake volcano.","language":"English","publisher":"USDA","usgsCitation":"Starratt, S.W., 2015, Holocene diatom-derived climate history of Medicine Lake, northern California, USA: CIRMOUNT Mountain Views, v. 9, p. 12-20.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"20","ipdsId":"IP-066136","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":379029,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/cirmount/publications/pdf/Mtn_Views_june_15.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Siskiyou County","otherGeospatial":"Medicine 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,{"id":70148366,"text":"fs20153043 - 2015 - Sediment conditions in the San Antonio River Basin downstream from San Antonio, Texas, 2000-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T11:59:58","indexId":"fs20153043","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T02:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3043","title":"Sediment conditions in the San Antonio River Basin downstream from San Antonio, Texas, 2000-13","docAbstract":"<p>Sediment plays an important role in the ecological health of rivers and estuaries and consequently is an important issue for water-resource managers. To better understand sediment characteristics in the San Antonio River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority, completed a two-part study in the San Antonio River Basin downstream from San Antonio, Texas, to (1) collect and analyze sediment data to characterize sediment conditions and (2) develop and calibrate a watershed model to simulate hydrologic conditions and suspended-sediment loads during 2000&ndash;12.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153043","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., Banta, J., Crow, C.L., and Opsahl, S.P., 2015, Sediment conditions in the San Antonio River Basin downstream from San Antonio, Texas, 2000-13: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3043, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153043.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-05-31","ipdsId":"IP-061350","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":305448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3043/"},{"id":305470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3043/pdf/fs2015-3043.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Antonio River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.74011230468749,\n              28.41555985166584\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.9268798828125,\n              28.386567819657213\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4212646484375,\n              28.565225490654658\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.6409912109375,\n              28.69058765425071\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.76184082031249,\n              28.767659105691255\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.943115234375,\n              28.969700808694157\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1298828125,\n              29.156958511360703\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2232666015625,\n              29.224096165685452\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2342529296875,\n              29.406105055709293\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.32763671875,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.3111572265625,\n              29.740532166753606\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1793212890625,\n              29.88351825335318\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.88818359375,\n              29.950175057288813\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.76184082031249,\n              29.969211659636663\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.657470703125,\n              29.869228848968312\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.459716796875,\n              29.67850809103362\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.31689453125,\n              29.501768632523287\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.1685791015625,\n              29.28160772298835\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.1356201171875,\n              29.08977693862319\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.0587158203125,\n              28.878349647602047\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.94335937499999,\n              28.603814407841327\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.74011230468749,\n              28.41555985166584\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5593afaae4b0b6d21dd68224","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, J. 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,{"id":70148460,"text":"ofr20151114 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Point Reyes, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:56:05.493853","indexId":"ofr20151114","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-30T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1114","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Point Reyes, California","docAbstract":"<p>This publication about the Offshore of Point Reyes map area includes ten map sheets that contain explanatory text, in addition to this descriptive pamphlet and a data catalog of geographic information system (GIS) files. Sheets 1, 2, and 3 combine data from four different sonar surveys to generate comprehensive high-resolution bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter coverage of the map area. These data reveal a range of physiographic features (highlighted in the perspective views on sheet 4) such as the flat, sediment-covered seafloor in Drakes Bay, as well as abundant &ldquo;scour depressions&rdquo; on the Bodega Head&ndash;Tomales Point shelf (see sheet 9) and local, tectonically controlled bedrock uplifts. To validate geological and biological interpretations of the sonar data shown in sheets 1, 2, and 3, the U.S. Geological Survey towed a camera sled over specific offshore locations, collecting both video and photographic imagery; these &ldquo;ground-truth&rdquo; surveying data are summarized on sheet 6. Sheet 5 is a &ldquo;seafloor character&rdquo; map, which classifies the seafloor on the basis of depth, slope, rugosity (ruggedness), and backscatter intensity and which is further informed by the ground-truth-survey imagery. Sheet 7 is a map of &ldquo;potential habitats,&rdquo; which are delineated on the basis of substrate type, geomorphology, seafloor process, or other attributes that may provide a habitat for a specific species or assemblage of organisms. Sheet 8 compiles representative seismic-reflection profiles from the map area, providing information on the subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the map area. Sheet 9 shows the distribution and thickness of young sediment (deposited over the last about 21,000 years, during the most recent sea-level rise) in both the map area and the larger Salt Point to Drakes Bay region, interpreted on the basis of the seismic-reflection data, and it identifies the Offshore of Point Reyes map area as lying within the Bodega Head&ndash;Tomales Point shelf, Point Reyes bar, and Bolinas shelf domains. Sheet 10 is a geologic map that merges onshore geologic mapping (compiled from existing maps by the California Geological Survey) and new offshore geologic mapping that is based on integration of high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter imagery (sheets 1, 2, 3), seafloor-sediment and rock samples (Reid and others, 2006), digital camera and video imagery (sheet 6), and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles (sheet 8), as well as aerial-photographic interpretation of nearshore areas. The information provided by the map sheets, pamphlet, and data catalog have a broad range of applications. High-resolution bathymetry, acoustic backscatter, ground-truth-surveying imagery, and habitat mapping all contribute to habitat characterization and ecosystem-based management by providing essential data for delineation of marine protected areas and ecosystem restoration. Many of the maps provide high-resolution baselines that will be critical for monitoring environmental change associated with climate change, coastal development, or other forcings. High-resolution bathymetry is a critical component for modeling coastal flooding caused by storms and tsunamis, as well as inundation associated with longer term sea-level rise. Seismic-reflection and bathymetric data help characterize earthquake and tsunami sources, critical for natural-hazard assessments of coastal zones. Information on sediment distribution and thickness is essential to the understanding of local and regional sediment transport, as well as the development of regional sediment-management plans. In addition, siting of any new offshore infrastructure (for example, pipelines, cables, or renewable-energy facilities) will depend on high-resolution mapping. Finally, this mapping will both stimulate and enable new scientific research and also raise public awareness of, and education about, coastal environments and issues.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151114","usgsCitation":"Watt, J., Dartnell, P., Golden, N., Greene, H., Erdey, M.D., Cochrane, G.R., Johnson, S.Y., Hartwell, S., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Sliter, R.W., Krigsman, L., Lowe, E., and Chinn, J.L., 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Point Reyes, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1114, Pamphlet: iv, 39 p.; 10 Sheets: 52 x 36 inches or smaller ; Metadata; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151114.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 39 p.; 10 Sheets: 52 x 36 inches or smaller ; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055336","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305464,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Point Reyes Map Area, California By Janet T. Watt, Samuel Y. Johnson, John L. Chin, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":305458,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Point Reyes Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":305457,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Point Reyes Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":305459,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Point Reyes Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":305456,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":305455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/"},{"id":305467,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/ofr20151114_metadata.html"},{"id":305468,"rank":14,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePointReyes/data_catalog_OffshorePointReyes.html","text":"Data Catalog-Offshore of Point Reyes, California","description":"Data Catalog-Offshore of Point Reyes, California","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":305460,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Point Reyes Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":305461,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/pdf/ofr20151114_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Point Reyes Map Area, California By Mercedes D. 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,{"id":70148010,"text":"ofr20151093 - 2015 - Assessment of interim flow water-quality data of the San Joaquin River restoration program and implications for fishes, California, 2009-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-29T13:48:16","indexId":"ofr20151093","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-29T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1093","title":"Assessment of interim flow water-quality data of the San Joaquin River restoration program and implications for fishes, California, 2009-11","docAbstract":"<p>After more than 50 years of extensive water diversion for urban and agriculture use, a major settlement was reached among the U.S. Departments of the Interior and Commerce, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Friant Water Users Authority in an effort to restore the San Joaquin River. The settlement received Federal court approval in October 2006 and established the San Joaquin River Restoration Program, a multi-agency collaboration between State and Federal agencies to restore and maintain fish populations, including Chinook salmon, in the main stem of the river between Friant Dam and the confluence with the Merced River. This is to be done while avoiding or minimizing adverse water supply effects to all of the Friant Division contractors that could result from restoration flows required by the settlement. The settlement stipulates that water- and sediment-quality data be collected to help assess the restoration goals. This report summarizes and evaluates water-quality data collected in the main stem of the San Joaquin River between Friant Dam and the Merced River by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program during 2009-11. This summary and assessment consider sampling frequency for adequate characterization of variability, sampling locations for sufficient characterization of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program restoration reach, sampling methods for appropriate media (water and sediment), and constituent reporting limits. After reviewing the water- and sediment-quality results for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program, several suggestions were made to the Fisheries Management Work Group, a division of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program that focuses solely on the reintroduction strategies and health of salmon and other native fishes in the river. Water-quality results for lead and total organic carbon exceeded the Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program Basin Plan Objectives for the San Joaquin Basin, and results for copper exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs' aquatic-life chronic and acute benchmarks for invertebrates. One sediment sample contained detections of pyrethroid pesticides bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and total permethrin at concentrations above published chronic toxicity thresholds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151093","usgsCitation":"Wulff, M.L., and Brown, L.R., 2015, Assessment of interim flow water-quality data of the San Joaquin River restoration program and implications for fishes, California, 2009-11: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1093, Report: iii, 25; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151093.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 25; 2 Appendices","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-036179","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151093.jpg"},{"id":305420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1093/"},{"id":305421,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1093/pdf/ofr2015-1093.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1093 Report"},{"id":305422,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1093/downloads/ofr2015-1093_appendix_a.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"658 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1093 Appendix A"},{"id":305423,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1093/downloads/ofr2015-1093_appendix_c.xlsx","text":"Appendix C","size":"116 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1093 Appendix C"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.62850952148436,\n              37.45142216912853\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.62850952148436,\n              37.47976234695507\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.47470092773436,\n              37.47976234695507\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.47470092773436,\n              37.45142216912853\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.62850952148436,\n              37.45142216912853\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55925e30e4b0b6d21dd67619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wulff, Marissa L. 0000-0003-0121-9066 mwulff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0121-9066","contributorId":1719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wulff","given":"Marissa","email":"mwulff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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