The Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) consists of a combination of natural and manmade channels that form an interconnected navigable waterway of approximately 90-plus miles in the metropolitan Chicago area of northeastern Illinois. The CAWS serves the area as the primary drainage feature, a waterway transportation corridor, and recreational waterbody. The CAWS was constructed by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). Completion of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (initial portion of the CAWS) in 1900 breached a low drainage divide and resulted in a diversion of water from the Lake Michigan Basin. A U.S. Supreme Court decree (Consent Decree 388 U.S. 426 [1967] Modified 449 U.S. 48 [1980]) limits the annual diversion from Lake Michigan. While the State of Illinois is responsible for the diversion, the MWRDGC regulates and maintains water level and water quality within the CAWS by using several waterway control structures. The operation and control of water levels in the CAWS results in a very complex hydraulic setting characterized by highly unsteady flows. The complexity leads to unique gaging requirements and monitoring issues. This report provides a general discussion of the complex hydraulic setting within the CAWS and quantifies this information with examples of data collected at a range of flow conditions from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gaging stations and other locations within the CAWS. Monitoring to address longstanding issues of waterway operation, as well as current (2014) emerging issues such as wastewater disinfection and the threat from aquatic invasive species, is included in the discussion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency– Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J. and Johnson, K.K., 2015, Hydrology of and current monitoring issues for the Chicago Area Waterway\nSystem, northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5115, 48 p., https://dx.doi.\norg/10.3133/sir20155115.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038442","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310678,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5115/sir20155115.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5115"},{"id":310677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5115/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.099365234375,\n 41.57847058443442\n ],\n [\n -88.099365234375,\n 42.18579390537848\n ],\n [\n -87.47039794921874,\n 42.18579390537848\n ],\n [\n -87.47039794921874,\n 41.57847058443442\n ],\n [\n -88.099365234375,\n 41.57847058443442\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Illinois Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 N. Goodwin Avenue
Urbana, IL 61801
http://il.water.usgs.gov/
The Albuquerque Basin, located in central New Mexico, is about 100 miles long and 25–40 miles wide. The basin is hydrologically defined as the extent of consolidated and unconsolidated deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age that encompasses the structural Rio Grande Rift. Drinking-water supplies throughout the basin were obtained solely from groundwater resources until December 2008, when treatment and distribution of surface water from the Rio Grande through the San Juan-Chama Drinking Water Project began. A 20-percent population increase in the basin from 1990 to 2000 and a 22-percent population increase from 2000 to 2010 resulted in an increased demand for water.
An initial network of wells was established by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque from April 1982 through September 1983 to monitor changes in groundwater levels throughout the basin. This network consisted of 6 wells with analog-to-digital recorders and 27 wells where water levels were measured monthly in 1983. The network currently (2014) consists of 125 wells and piezometers. (A piezometer is a specialized well open to a specific depth in the aquifer, often of small diameter and nested with other piezometers open to different depths.) The USGS, in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, currently (2014) measures and reports water levels from the 125 wells and piezometers in the network; this report presents water-level data collected by USGS personnel at those 125 sites through water year 2014 (October 1, 2013, to September 30, 2014).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds963","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority","usgsCitation":"Beman, J.E., 2015, Water-level data for the Albuquerque Basin and adjacent areas, central New Mexico, period of record through September 30, 2014 (ver. 1.1, August 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 963, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds963.","productDescription":"iii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063333","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0963/ds963.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 963"},{"id":388363,"rank":2,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0963/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"535 B","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"DS 963 Version History"},{"id":388485,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0963/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.03955078125,\n 34.252676117101515\n ],\n [\n -108.03955078125,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -106.23779296875,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -106.23779296875,\n 34.252676117101515\n ],\n [\n -108.03955078125,\n 34.252676117101515\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: August 2021","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-10-21","revisedDate":"2021-08-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628a91ee4b0d158f5926bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beman, Joseph E. 0000-0002-0689-029X jebeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-029X","contributorId":2619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beman","given":"Joseph","email":"jebeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159284,"text":"70159284 - 2015 - Temporal geochemical variations in above- and below-drainage coal mine discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T14:38:38","indexId":"70159284","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-20T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal geochemical variations in above- and below-drainage coal mine discharge","docAbstract":"
Water quality data collected in 2012 for 10 above- and 14 below-drainage coal mine discharges (CMDs), classified by mining or excavation method, in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, USA, are compared with data for 1975, 1991, and 1999 to evaluate long-term (37 year) changes in pH, SO42−, and Fe concentrations related to geochemistry, hydrology, and natural attenuation processes. We hypothesized that CMD quality will improve over time because of diminishing quantities of unweathered pyrite, decreased access of O2 to the subsurface after mine closure, decreased rates of acid production, and relatively constant influx of alkalinity from groundwater. Discharges from shafts, slopes, and boreholes, which are vertical or steeply sloping excavations, are classified as below-drainage; these receive groundwater inputs with low dissolved O2, resulting in limited pyrite oxidation, dilution, and gradual improvement of CMD water quality. In contrast, discharges from drifts and tunnels, which are nearly horizontal excavations into hillsides, are classified as above-drainage; these would exhibit less improvement in water quality over time because the rock surfaces continue to be exposed to air, which facilitates sustained pyrite oxidation, acid production, and alkalinity consumption. Nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank tests between 1975 and 2012 samples indicate decreases in Fe and SO42− concentrations were highly significant (p < 0.05) and increases in pH were marginally significant (p < 0.1) for below-drainage discharges. For above-drainage discharges, changes in Fe and SO42−concentrations were not significant, and increases in pH were highly significant between 1975 and 2012. Although a greater proportion of above-drainage discharges were net acidic in 2012 compared to below-drainage discharges, the increase in pH between 1975 and 2012 was greater for above- (median pH increase from 4.4 to 6.0) compared to below- (median pH increase from 5.6 to 6.1) drainage discharges. For cases where O2 is limited, transformation of aqueous FeII species to FeIII may be kinetically limited. In contrast, where O2 is abundant, aqueous Fe concentrations may be limited by FeIIImineral precipitation; thus, trends in Fe may not follow those for SO42−. In either case, when the supply of alkalinity is sufficient to buffer decreased acidity, the pH could increase by a step trend from strongly acidic (3–3.5) to near neutral (6–6.5) values. Modeled equilibrium with respect to FeIII precipitates varies with pH and Fe and SO42−reconcentrations: increasing pH promotes the formation of ferrihydrite, while decreasing concentrations of Fe limit the formation of ferrihydrite, and decreasing Fe and SO42−concentrations limit the precipitation of schwertmannite and favor formation of FeIIIhydroxyl complexes and uncomplexed Fe2+ and Fe3+. The analysis of the long-term geochemical changes in CMDs in the anthracite field and the effect of the hydrologic setting on water quality presented in this paper can help prioritize CMD remediation and facilitate selection and design of the most appropriate treatment systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.02.010","usgsCitation":"Burrows, J.E., Peters, S.C., and Cravotta, C.A., 2015, Temporal geochemical variations in above- and below-drainage coal mine discharge: Applied Geochemistry, v. 62, p. 84-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.02.010.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056784","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.04437255859375,\n 40.36328834091583\n ],\n [\n -77.04437255859375,\n 41.605174521299304\n ],\n [\n -75.4595947265625,\n 41.605174521299304\n ],\n [\n -75.4595947265625,\n 40.36328834091583\n ],\n [\n -77.04437255859375,\n 40.36328834091583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562757aae4b0d158f592650b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burrows, Jill E.","contributorId":149323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burrows","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16160,"text":"Lehigh University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":577961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, Stephen C.","contributorId":149324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16160,"text":"Lehigh University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":577962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":577960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159124,"text":"70159124 - 2015 - Interactive effects of climate change with nutrients, mercury, and freshwater acidification on key taxa in the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:31:42","indexId":"70159124","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of climate change with nutrients, mercury, and freshwater acidification on key taxa in the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative region","docAbstract":"The North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative LCC (NA LCC) is a public–private partnership that provides information to support conservation decisions that may be affected by global climate change (GCC) and other threats. The NA LCC region extends from southeast Virginia to the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Within this region, the US National Climate Assessment documented increases in air temperature, total precipitation, frequency of heavy precipitation events, and rising sea level, and predicted more drastic changes. Here, we synthesize literature on the effects of GCC interacting with selected contaminant, nutrient, and environmental processes to adversely affect natural resources within this region. Using a case study approach, we focused on 3 stressors with sufficient NA LCC region-specific information for an informed discussion. We describe GCC interactions with a contaminant (Hg) and 2 complex environmental phenomena—freshwater acidification and eutrophication. We also prepared taxa case studies on GCC- and GCC-contaminant/nutrient/process effects on amphibians and freshwater mussels. Several avian species of high conservation concern have blood Hg concentrations that have been associated with reduced nesting success. Freshwater acidification has adversely affected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Adirondacks and other areas of the region that are slowly recovering due to decreased emissions of N and sulfur oxides. Eutrophication in many estuaries within the region is projected to increase from greater storm runoff and less denitrification in riparian wetlands. Estuarine hypoxia may be exacerbated by increased stratification. Elevated water temperature favors algal species that produce harmful algal blooms (HABs). In several of the region's estuaries, HABs have been associated with bird die-offs. In the NA LCC region, amphibian populations appear to be declining. Some species may be adversely affected by GCC through higher temperatures and more frequent droughts. GCC may affect freshwater mussel populations via altered stream temperatures and increased sediment loading during heavy storms. Freshwater mussels are sensitive to un-ionized ammonia that more toxic at higher temperatures. We recommend studying the interactive effects of GCC on generation and bioavailability of methylmercury and how GCC-driven shifts in bird species distributions will affect avian exposure to methylmercury. Research is needed on how decreases in acid deposition concurrent with GCC will alter the structure and function of sensitive watersheds and surface waters. Studies are needed to determine how GCC will affect HABs and avian disease, and how more severe and extensive hypoxia will affect fish and shellfish populations. Regarding amphibians, we suggest research on 1) thermal tolerance and moisture requirements of species of concern, 2) effects of multiple stressors (temperature, desiccation, contaminants, nutrients), and 3) approaches to mitigate impacts of increased temperature and seasonal drought. We recommend studies to assess which mussel species and populations are vulnerable and which are resilient to rising stream temperatures, hydrological shifts, and ionic pollutants, all of which are influenced by GCC.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ieam.1612","usgsCitation":"Pinkney, A.E., Driscoll, C.T., Evers, D.C., Hooper, M.J., Horan, J., Jones, J.W., Lazarus, R.S., Marshall, H.G., Milliken, A., Rattner, B.A., Schmerfeld, J.J., and Sparling, D.W., 2015, Interactive effects of climate change with nutrients, mercury, and freshwater acidification on key taxa in the North Atlantic Landscape Conservation Cooperative region: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 11, no. 3, p. 355-369, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1612.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"369","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056335","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1612","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":309978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.596435546875,\n 36.500805317604794\n ],\n [\n -77.596435546875,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 36.500805317604794\n ],\n [\n -77.596435546875,\n 36.500805317604794\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56221fafe4b06217fc47921b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pinkney, Alfred E.","contributorId":14253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pinkney","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12750,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":577745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, Charles T.","contributorId":167460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5082,"text":"Syracuse University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evers, David C.","contributorId":96160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evers","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6928,"text":"BioDiversity Research Institute, Gorham, ME 04038","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hooper, Michael J. 0000-0002-4161-8961 mhooper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-8961","contributorId":3251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Michael","email":"mhooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horan, Jeffrey","contributorId":174076,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horan","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Jess W.","contributorId":84279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jess","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lazarus, Rebecca S. 0000-0003-1731-6469 rlazarus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1731-6469","contributorId":5594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazarus","given":"Rebecca","email":"rlazarus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marshall, Harold G.","contributorId":174077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Milliken, Andrew","contributorId":174078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milliken","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Schmerfeld, John J.","contributorId":127382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmerfeld","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70156002,"text":"sir20155102 - 2015 - Initial characterization of the groundwater system near the Lower Colorado Water Supply Project, Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-14T14:50:13","indexId":"sir20155102","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-14T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5102","title":"Initial characterization of the groundwater system near the Lower Colorado Water Supply Project, Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"In 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Needles, began a study of the hydrogeology along the All-American Canal, which conveys water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley. The focus of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effect of lining the All-American Canal, and other management actions, on future total dissolved solids concentrations in groundwater pumped by Lower Colorado Water Supply Project wells that is delivered to the All-American Canal. The study included the compilation and evaluation of previously published hydrogeologic and geochemical information, establishment of a groundwater-elevation and groundwater-quality monitoring network, results of monitoring groundwater elevations and groundwater quality from 2009 to 2011, site-specific hydrologic investigations of the Lower Colorado Water Supply Project area, examination of groundwater salinity by depth by using time-domain electromagnetic surveys, and monitoring of groundwater-storage change by using microgravity methods.
\nPrior to the completion of the All-American Canal in 1940, groundwater in the study area flowed from east to west, and groundwater was recharged primarily by underflow from the Colorado River Valley. After construction of the All-American Canal, groundwater elevations were altered in the study area as seepage of Colorado River water from the All-American Canal and other canals became the dominant recharge source. By 2005, groundwater elevations had increased by as much as 50–70 feet along the All-American Canal. Superimposed on the east-to-west groundwater gradient was groundwater movement away from the All-American Canal to the north and, most likely, to the south into Mexico. After lining the All-American Canal, from 2007 to 2010, groundwater elevations declined as seepage from the All-American Canal decreased. Between 2005 (the last complete groundwater-elevation survey prior to lining the All-American Canal) and 2011, groundwater elevations declined 20–40 feet along the All-American Canal and as much as 40–45 feet in the vicinity of Lower Colorado Water Supply Project pumping wells.
\nWater-quality and isotope data were used to differentiate historically recharged groundwater from groundwater more recently recharged by seepage of Colorado River surface water from the All-American Canal. Prior to the completion of the All-American Canal in 1940, groundwater in the southern part of the study area was primarily sodium-chloride/sulfate type water that had relatively low total dissolved solids concentrations (500–820 milligrams per liter). During 2007–11, groundwater in the southern part of the study area, near the All-American Canal, ranged from sodium-chloride type water to mixed-cation-sulfate type water that had total dissolved solids concentrations generally less than 879 milligrams per liter. The stable-isotopic signature of groundwater near the All-American Canal sampled in 2009–11 indicated inputs of Colorado River water that had been affected by evaporation, and radioactive isotopes indicated that a substantial fraction of water had been recharged recently, within the past 60 years. This contrasted with historically recharged groundwater near the All-American Canal, which had higher sodium and chloride concentrations, and lower calcium and sulfate concentrations, than recent recharge from the All-American Canal.
\nGroundwater at a distance from the All-American Canal, in the East Mesa, Algodones Dunes, Pilot Knob Mesa, and Cargo Muchacho Mountains piedmont, was found to have higher total dissolved solids concentrations (generally greater than 1,000 milligrams per liter) than recently recharged groundwater near the All-American Canal. Time-domain electromagnetic data indicated that low-salinity groundwater was present down to about 377 feet below land surface near the All-American Canal; groundwater salinity at depth increased with distance north from the All-American Canal. Groundwater several miles or more from the canal also did not contain tritium and had a residence time on the order of thousands to tens of thousands of years. The groundwater in the piedmont of the Cargo Muchacho Mountains had a distinctly light stable-isotopic signature indicative of recharge by runoff from local precipitation, whereas the stable isotopic signature of groundwater in the East Mesa and the Algodones Dunes indicated a mixture of local precipitation and historic Colorado River recharge sources.
\nDuring and after lining the All-American Canal (2007–11), groundwater elevations in the Lower Colorado Water Supply Project area declined, while total dissolved solids concentrations remained relatively constant. The total dissolved solids concentrations in well LCWSP-2 ranged from 650 to 800 milligrams per liter during this study. Depth-specific water-quality and isotope sampling at well LCWSP-2 indicated the groundwater pumped from the deeper part of the screened interval (240–280 feet below land surface) contained a greater proportion of historical groundwater than the groundwater pumped from the shallower part of the screened interval (350–385 feet below land surface). Age-tracer data at well LCWSP-2 indicated that all depths of the screened interval had received recent recharge from seepage of Colorado River water from the All-American Canal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Needles, California","usgsCitation":"Coes, A.L., Land, M., Densmore, J.N., Landrum, M.T., Beisner, K.R., Kennedy, J.R., Macy, J.P., and Tillman, F., 2015, Initial characterization of the groundwater system near the Lower Colorado Water Supply Project, Imperial Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5102, Report: viii, 59 p.; Appendix: 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155102.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 59 p.; Appendix: 1","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-019073","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309788,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5102/sir20155102_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"56 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5102 Appendix 1"},{"id":309894,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5102/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":309787,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5102/sir20155102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5102"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.87829589843751,\n 32.72721987021932\n ],\n [\n -115.87829589843751,\n 33.06852769197118\n ],\n [\n -114.71923828124999,\n 33.06852769197118\n ],\n [\n -114.71923828124999,\n 32.72721987021932\n ],\n [\n -115.87829589843751,\n 32.72721987021932\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
http://ca.water.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, constructed Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System models to estimate daily streamflow for nine river basins in eastern Iowa that drain into the Mississippi River. The models are part of a suite of methods for estimating daily streamflow at ungaged sites. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System is a deterministic, distributed- parameter, physical-process-based modeling system developed to evaluate the response of streamflow and general drainage basin hydrology to various combinations of climate and land use. Calibration and validation periods used in each basin mostly were October 1, 2002, through September 30, 2012, but differed depending on the period of record available for daily mean streamflow measurements at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations.
\nA geographic information system tool was used to delineate each basin and estimate values for model parameters based on basin physical and geographical features. A U.S. Geological Survey auto-calibration tool that uses a shuffled complex evolution algorithm was used for initial calibration, and then manual modifications were made to parameter values to complete the calibration of each basin model. The main objective of the calibration was to match daily discharge values of simulated streamflow to measured daily discharge values.
\nThe accuracy of Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model streamflow estimates of nine river basins in eastern Iowa as compared to measured values at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations varied. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System models of nine river basins in eastern Iowa were satisfactory at estimating daily streamflow at 57 of the 79 calibration sites and 13 of the 14 validation sites based on statistical results. Unsatisfactory performance can be contributed to several factors: (1) low flow, no flow, and flashy flow conditions in headwater subbasins having a small drainage area; (2) poor representation of the groundwater and storage components of flow within a basin; (3) lack of accounting for basin withdrawals and water use; and (4) the availability and accuracy of meteorological input data. The Precipitation- Runoff Modeling System models of nine river basins in eastern Iowa will provide water-resource managers with a consistent and documented method for estimating streamflow at ungaged sites and aid in environmental studies, hydraulic design, water management, and water-quality projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Haj, A.E., Christiansen, D.E., and Hutchinson, K.J., 2015, Simulation of daily streamflow for nine river basins in eastern\nIowa using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report\n2015–5129, 29 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155129.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067401","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309818,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5129/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":309819,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5129/sir20155129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5129"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.263427734375,\n 43.810747313446996\n ],\n [\n -96.04248046875,\n 43.96909818325174\n ],\n [\n -94.50439453125,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -92.64770507812499,\n 40.59727063442027\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -90.3515625,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -90.120849609375,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 42.35042512243457\n ],\n [\n -90.72509765625,\n 42.62587560259137\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 43.31718491566708\n ],\n [\n -91.25244140624999,\n 43.46089378008257\n ],\n [\n -91.263427734375,\n 43.810747313446996\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Iowa Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 1230
Iowa City, IA 52244
http://ia.water.usgs.gov/
Digital flood-inundation maps for a 5.3-mile reach of South Fork Peachtree Creek that extends from about 500 feet above the Brockett Road bridge to the Willivee Drive bridge were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with DeKalb County, Georgia. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage at South Fork Peachtree at Casa Drive, near Clarkston, Georgia (02336152). Real-time stage information from this USGS streamgage may be obtained at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ and can be used in conjunction with these maps to estimate near real-time areas of inundation. The National Weather Service (NWS) is incorporating results from this study into the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood-warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/).
\nA one-dimensional step-backwater model was developed using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC–RAS software for South Fork Peachtree Creek and was used to compute flood profiles for a 5.3-mile reach of South Fork Peachtree Creek. The model was calibrated using the most current (2015) stage-discharge relation at the USGS streamgage South Fork Peachtree at Casa Drive, near Clarkston, Georgia (02336152). The hydraulic model was then used to simulate 13 water-surface profiles at 0.5-foot intervals at the South Fork Peachtree Creek near Clarkston streamgage. The profiles ranged from just above bankfull stage (6.0 feet) to approximately 3.21 feet above the highest recorded water level (12.0 feet). The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model—derived from light detection and ranging data having a 5.0-foot horizontal resolution—to delineate the area flooded at each 0.5-foot interval of stream stage.
\nThe availability of these flood-inundation maps, when combined with real-time stage information from USGS streamgages, provides emergency management personnel and residents with critical information during flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, in addition to post-flood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3347","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with DeKalb County, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Musser, J.W., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for South Fork Peachtree Creek from the Brockett Road bridge to the Willivee Drive bridge, DeKalb County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3347, 13 sheets, 10-p. pamphlet, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3347.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 10 p.; 13 Sheets: 30.50 x 21.00 inches; Metadata; Raw Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068577","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309770,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3347/pdf/sim3347_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet05 - Gage height of 8.0 feet and an elevation of 940.2 feet at streamgage 02336152","size":"10.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3347"},{"id":309771,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3347/pdf/sim3347_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet06 - 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U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
Crude oil at a spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota has been undergoing aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation for over 30 years, creating a 150–200 m plume of primary and secondary contaminants. Microbial degradation generates heat that should be measurable under the right conditions. To measure this heat, thermistors were installed in wells in the saturated zone and in water-filled monitoring tubes in the unsaturated zone. In the saturated zone, a thermal groundwater plume originates near the residual oil body with temperatures ranging from 2.9 °C above background near the oil to 1.2 °C down gradient. Temperatures in the unsaturated zone above the oil body were up to 2.7 °C more than background temperatures. Previous work at this site has shown that methane produced from biodegradation of the oil migrates upward and is oxidized in a methanotrophic zone midway between the water table and the surface. Enthalpy calculations and observations demonstrate that the temperature increases primarily result from aerobic methane oxidation in the unsaturated zone above the oil. Methane oxidation rates at the site independently estimated from surface CO2 efflux data are comparable to rates estimated from the observed temperature increases. The results indicate that temperature may be useful as a low-cost measure of activity but care is required to account for the correct heat-generating reactions, other heat sources and the effects of focused recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.09.007","usgsCitation":"Warren, E., and Bekins, B.A., 2015, Relating subsurface temperature changes to microbial activity at a crude oil-contaminated site: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 182, p. 183-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.09.007.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"193","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064342","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.96101379394531,\n 47.41624051540972\n ],\n [\n -94.96101379394531,\n 47.52577916760752\n ],\n [\n -94.77149963378906,\n 47.52577916760752\n ],\n [\n -94.77149963378906,\n 47.41624051540972\n ],\n [\n -94.96101379394531,\n 47.41624051540972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"182","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"561e1d29e4b0cdb063e59ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70158702,"text":"70158702 - 2015 - Water availability and subsidence in California's Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T17:29:13.8648","indexId":"70158702","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-06T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water availability and subsidence in California's Central Valley","docAbstract":"The Central Valley in California (USA) covers about 52,000 km2 and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. This agriculture relies heavily on surface-water diversions and groundwater pumpage to meet irrigation water demand. Because the valley is semi-arid and surface-water availability varies substantially, agriculture relies heavily on local groundwater. In the southern two thirds of the valley, the San Joaquin Valley, historic and recent groundwater pumpage has caused significant and extensive drawdowns, aquifer-system compaction and subsidence. During recent drought periods (2007-2009 and 2012-present), groundwater pumping has increased owing to a combination of decreased surface-water availability and land-use changes. Declining groundwater levels, approaching or surpassing historical low levels, have caused accelerated and renewed compaction and subsidence that likely is mostly permanent. The subsidence has caused operational, maintenance, and construction-design problems for water-delivery and floodcontrol canals in the San Joaquin Valley. Planning for the effects of continued subsidence in the area is important for water agencies. As land use, managed aquifer recharge, and surface-water availability continue to vary, long-term groundwater- level and subsidence monitoring and modelling are critical to understanding the dynamics of historical and continued groundwater use resulting in additional water-level and groundwater storage declines, and associated subsidence. Modeling tools such as the Central Valley Hydrologic Model, can be used in the evaluation of management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts due to subsidence while also optimizing water availability. This knowledge will be critical for successful implementation of recent legislation aimed toward sustainable groundwater use.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California at Davis","doi":"10.1007/s10040-015-1339-x","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C.C., Sneed, M., Traum, J.A., and Brandt, J.T., 2015, Water availability and subsidence in California's Central Valley: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 13, no. 3, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1339-x.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068386","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1339-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 40.70562793820589\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -121.95922851562501,\n 37.93553306183642\n ],\n [\n -119.54223632812501,\n 35.074964853989556\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -120.728759765625,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 40.70562793820589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5614e2afe4b0ba4884c611a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. ccfaunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":149018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":576574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":149052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":576575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Traum, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-4787-3680 jtraum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-3680","contributorId":4780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jtraum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brandt, Justin T. 0000-0002-9397-6824 jbrandt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824","contributorId":157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Justin","email":"jbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70158664,"text":"70158664 - 2015 - Fish assemblages in the Upper Esopus Creek, NY: Current status, variability, and controlling factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-11T13:20:58","indexId":"70158664","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-05T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish assemblages in the Upper Esopus Creek, NY: Current status, variability, and controlling factors","docAbstract":"The Upper Esopus Creek receives water diversions from a neighboring basin through the Shandaken Tunnel (the portal) from the Schoharie Reservoir. Although the portal is closed during floods, mean flows and turbidity of portal waters are generally greater than in Esopus Creek above their confluence. These conditions could potentially affect local fish assemblages, yet such effects have not been assessed in this highly regulated stream. We studied water quality, hydrology, temperature, and fish assemblages at 18 sites in the Upper Esopus Creek during 2009–2011 to characterize the effects of the portal input on resident-fish assemblages and to document the status of the fishery resource. In general, fish-community richness increased by 2–3 species at mainstem sites near the portal, and median density and biomass of fish communities at sites downstream of the portal were significantly lower than they were at sites upstream of the portal. Median densities of Salmo trutta (Brown Trout) and all trout species were significantly lower than at mainstem sites downstream from the portal—25.1 fish/0.1 ha and 148.9 fish/0.1 ha, respectively—than at mainstem sites upstream from the portal—68.8 fish/0.1 ha and 357.7 fish/0.1 ha, respectively—yet median biomass for Brown Trout and all trout did not differ between sites from both reaches. The median density of young-of-year Brown Trout at downstream sites (9.3 fish/0.1 ha) was significantly lower than at upstream sites (33.9 fish/0.1 ha). Waters from the portal appeared to adversely affect the density and biomass of young-of-year Brown Trout, but lower temperatures and increased flows also improved habitat quality for mature trout at downstream sites during summer. These findings, and those from companion studies, indicate that moderately turbid waters from the portal had few if any adverse impacts on trout populations and overall fish communities in the Upper Esopus Creek during this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","publisherLocation":"Steuben, ME","doi":"10.1656/045.022.0209","collaboration":"Cornell Cooperative Extension of Ulster County; USGS","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B.P., George, S.D., and Keller, W.T., 2015, Fish assemblages in the Upper Esopus Creek, NY: Current status, variability, and controlling factors: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 22, no. 2, p. 345-371, https://doi.org/10.1656/045.022.0209.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"371","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042999","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Upper Esopus Creek, Catskill Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.16571044921875,\n 41.748775021355044\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 41.748775021355044\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 42.409262623071186\n ],\n [\n -75.16571044921875,\n 42.409262623071186\n ],\n [\n -75.16571044921875,\n 41.748775021355044\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56139122e4b0ba4884c60f64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, Scott D. 0000-0002-8197-1866 sgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8197-1866","contributorId":3014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Scott","email":"sgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, Walter T","contributorId":148996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"T","affiliations":[{"id":17612,"text":"Retired Fisheries Manager, NYS Dept of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":576415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70146877,"text":"tm6D3 - 2015 - Documentation of a restart option for the U.S. Geological Survey coupled Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow (GSFLOW) model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-01T12:43:52","indexId":"tm6D3","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-D3","title":"Documentation of a restart option for the U.S. Geological Survey coupled Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow (GSFLOW) model","docAbstract":"A new option to write and read antecedent conditions (also referred to as initial conditions) has been developed for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow (GSFLOW) numerical, hydrologic simulation code. GSFLOW is an integration of the USGS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and USGS Modular Groundwater-Flow Model (MODFLOW), and provides three simulation modes: MODFLOW-only, PRMS-only, and GSFLOW (or coupled). The new capability, referred to as the restart option, can be used for all three simulation modes, such that the results from a pair (or set) of spin-up and restart simulations are nearly identical to results produced from a continuous simulation for the same time period. The restart option writes all results to files at the end of a spin-up simulation that are required to initialize a subsequent restart simulation. Previous versions of GSFLOW have had some capability to save model results for use as antecedent condiitions in subsequent simulations; however, the existing capabilities were not comprehensive or easy to use. The new restart option supersedes the previous methods. The restart option was developed in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service as part of the Integrated Water Resources Science and Services Partnership. The primary focus for the development of the restart option was to support medium-range (7- to 14-day) forecasts of low streamflow conditions made by the National Weather Service for critical water-supply basins in which groundwater plays an important role.
\nThe spin-up simulation should be run for a sufficient length of time necessary to establish antecedent conditions throughout a model domain. Each GSFLOW application can require different lengths of time to account for the hydrologic stresses to propagate through a coupled groundwater and surface-water system. Typically, groundwater hydrologic processes require many years to come into equilibrium with dynamic climate and other forcing (or stress) data, such as precipitation and well pumping, whereas runoff-dominated surface-water processes respond relatively quickly. Use of a spin-up simulation can substantially reduce execution-time requirements for applications where the time period of interest is small compared to the time for hydrologic memory; thus, use of the restart option can be an efficient strategy for forecast and calibration simulations that require multiple simulations starting from the same day.
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Office of Groundwater
411 National Center
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Internet: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/
Final leachates (leachate after storage or treatment processes) from 22 landfills in 12 states were analyzed for 190 pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), which were detected in every sample, with the number of CECs ranging from 1 to 58 (median = 22). In total, 101 different CECs were detected in leachate samples, including 43 prescription pharmaceuticals, 22 industrial chemicals, 15 household chemicals, 12 nonprescription pharmaceuticals, 5 steroid hormones, and 4 animal/plant sterols. The most frequently detected CECs were lidocaine (91%, local anesthetic), cotinine (86%, nicotine degradate), carisoprodol (82%, muscle relaxant), bisphenol A (77%, component of plastics and thermal paper), carbamazepine (77%, anticonvulsant), and N,N-diethyltoluamide (68%, insect repellent). Concentrations of CECs spanned 7 orders of magnitude, ranging from 2.0 ng/L (estrone) to 17 200 000 ng/L (bisphenol A). Concentrations of household and industrial chemicals were the greatest (∼1000-1 000 000 ng/L), followed by plant/animal sterols (∼1000-100 000 ng/L), nonprescription pharmaceuticals (∼100-10 000 ng/L), prescription pharmaceuticals (∼10-10 000 ng/L), and steroid hormones (∼10-100 ng/L). The CEC concentrations in leachate from active landfills were significantly greater than those in leachate from closed, unlined landfills (p = 0.05). The CEC concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.01) in untreated leachate compared with treated leachate. The CEC concentrations were significantly greater in leachate disposed to wastewater treatment plants from modern lined landfills than in leachate released to groundwater from closed, unlined landfills (p = 0.04). The CEC concentrations were significantly greater (p = 0.06) in the fresh leachate (leachate before storage or treatment) reported in a previous study compared with the final leachate sampled for the present study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1002/etc.3219","usgsCitation":"Masoner, J.R., Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Gray, J.L., 2015, Landfill leachate as a mirror of today's disposable society: Pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern in final leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 35, no. 4, p. 906-918, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3219.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"906","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063934","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv 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aquifers, at various spatial and temporal scales, is a major scientific topic of current importance, since these aquifers play an essential role for both socio-economic development and fluvial ecosystems.
\nIn this study, groundwater recharge was estimated at local and episodic scales in a representative perched karst aquifer in a region of southern Italy with a Mediterranean climate. The research utilized measurements of precipitation, air temperature, soil water content, and water-table depth, obtained in 2008 at the Acqua della Madonna test area (Terminio Mount karst aquifer, Campania region). At this location the aquifer is overlain by ash-fall pyroclastic soils. The Episodic Master Recession (EMR) method, an improved version of the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method, was applied to estimate the amount of recharge generated episodically by individual rainfall events. The method also quantifies the amount of precipitation generating each recharge episode, thus permitting calculation of the Recharge to the Precipitation Ratio (RPR) on a storm-by-storm basis.
\nDepending on the seasonally varying air temperature, evapotranspiration, and precipitation patterns, calculated values of RPR varied between 35% and 97% among the individual episodes. A multiple linear correlation of the RPR with both the average intensity of recharging rainfall events and the antecedent soil water content was calculated. Given the relatively easy measurability of precipitation and soil water content, such an empirical model would have great hydrogeological and practical utility. It would facilitate short-term forecasting of recharge in karst aquifers of the Mediterranean region and other aquifers with similar hydrogeological characteristics. By establishing relationships between the RPR and climate-dependent variables such as average storm intensity, it would facilitate prediction of climate-change effects on groundwater recharge. The EMR methodology could further be applied to other aquifers for evaluating the relationship of recharge to various hydrometeorological and hydrogeological processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.032","usgsCitation":"Allocca, V., De Vita, P., Manna, F., and Nimmo, J.R., 2015, Groundwater recharge assessment at local and episodic scale in a soil mantled perched karst aquifer in southern Italy: Journal of Hydrology, v. 529, no. 3, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.032.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068702","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"529","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5616423ee4b0ba4884c61494","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allocca, V.","contributorId":149077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allocca","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17631,"text":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":576822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Vita, P.","contributorId":26207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Vita","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manna, F.","contributorId":149078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manna","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17631,"text":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":576823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159685,"text":"70159685 - 2015 - Maximum likelihood Bayesian model averaging and its predictive analysis for groundwater reactive transport models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-17T17:00:58","indexId":"70159685","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3823,"text":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maximum likelihood Bayesian model averaging and its predictive analysis for groundwater reactive transport models","docAbstract":"While Bayesian model averaging (BMA) has been widely used in groundwater modeling, it is infrequently applied to groundwater reactive transport modeling because of multiple sources of uncertainty in the coupled hydrogeochemical processes and because of the long execution time of each model run. To resolve these problems, this study analyzed different levels of uncertainty in a hierarchical way, and used the maximum likelihood version of BMA, i.e., MLBMA, to improve the computational efficiency. This study demonstrates the applicability of MLBMA to groundwater reactive transport modeling in a synthetic case in which twenty-seven reactive transport models were designed to predict the reactive transport of hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) based on observations at a former uranium mill site near Naturita, CO. These reactive transport models contain three uncertain model components, i.e., parameterization of hydraulic conductivity, configuration of model boundary, and surface complexation reactions that simulate U(VI) adsorption. These uncertain model components were aggregated into the alternative models by integrating a hierarchical structure into MLBMA. The modeling results of the individual models and MLBMA were analyzed to investigate their predictive performance. The predictive logscore results show that MLBMA generally outperforms the best model, suggesting that using MLBMA is a sound strategy to achieve more robust model predictions relative to a single model. MLBMA works best when the alternative models are structurally distinct and have diverse model predictions. When correlation in model structure exists, two strategies were used to improve predictive performance by retaining structurally distinct models or assigning smaller prior model probabilities to correlated models. Since the synthetic models were designed using data from the Naturita site, the results of this study are expected to provide guidance for real-world modeling. Limitations of applying MLBMA to the synthetic study and future real-world modeling are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.07.029","usgsCitation":"Curtis, G.P., Lu, D., and Ye, M., 2015, Maximum likelihood Bayesian model averaging and its predictive analysis for groundwater reactive transport models: Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, v. 529, p. 1859-1873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.07.029.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1859","endPage":"1873","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064715","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1248433","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311449,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002216941500534X"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 38.548165423046584\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 35.639441068973916\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 33.284619968887704\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -120.14648437499999,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -122.16796875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 41.902277040963696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"529","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564c5dd9e4b0ebfbef0d3482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Gary P. 0000-0003-3975-8882 gpcurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8882","contributorId":2346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"gpcurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Dan","contributorId":58176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ye, Ming","contributorId":78670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ye","given":"Ming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176862,"text":"70176862 - 2015 - Riverbed clogging associated with a California riverbank filtration system: An assessment of mechanisms and monitoring approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-11T15:10:45","indexId":"70176862","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Riverbed clogging associated with a California riverbank filtration system: An assessment of mechanisms and monitoring approaches","docAbstract":"An experimental field study was performed to investigate riverbed clogging processes and associated monitoring approaches near a dam-controlled riverbank filtration facility in Northern California. Motivated by previous studies at the site that indicated riverbed clogging plays an important role in the performance of the riverbank filtration system, we investigated the spatiotemporal variability and nature of the clogging. In particular, we investigated whether the clogging was due to abiotic or biotic mechanisms. A secondary aspect of the study was the testing of different methods to monitor riverbed clogging and related processes, such as seepage. Monitoring was conducted using both point-based approaches and spatially extensive geophysical approaches, including: grain-size analysis, temperature sensing, electrical resistivity tomography, seepage meters, microbial analysis, and cryocoring, along two transects. The point monitoring measurements suggested a substantial increase in riverbed biomass (2 orders of magnitude) after the dam was raised compared to the small increase (∼2%) in fine-grained sediment. These changes were concomitant with decreased seepage. The decreased seepage eventually led to the development of an unsaturated zone beneath the riverbed, which further decreased infiltration capacity. Comparison of our time-lapse grain-size and biomass datasets suggested that biotic processes played a greater role in clogging than did abiotic processes. Cryocoring and autonomous temperature loggers were most useful for locally monitoring clogging agents, while electrical resistivity data were useful for interpreting the spatial extent of a pumping-induced unsaturated zone that developed beneath the riverbed after riverbed clogging was initiated. The improved understanding of spatiotemporally variable riverbed clogging and monitoring approaches is expected to be useful for optimizing the riverbank filtration system operations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.012","usgsCitation":"Ulrich, C., Hubbard, S.S., Florsheim, J., Rosenberry, D.O., Borglin, S., Trotta, M., and Seymour, D., 2015, Riverbed clogging associated with a California riverbank filtration system: An assessment of mechanisms and monitoring approaches: Journal of Hydrology, v. 529, no. 3, p. 1740-1753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1740","endPage":"1753","ipdsId":"IP-068292","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1501369","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":329458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"529","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe679ee4b0824b2d143717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulrich, Craig","contributorId":175248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ulrich","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, Susan S.","contributorId":175249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Florsheim, Joan","contributorId":115633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Florsheim","given":"Joan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Borglin, Sharon","contributorId":175251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borglin","given":"Sharon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Trotta, Marcus","contributorId":175252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trotta","given":"Marcus","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17863,"text":"Sonoma County Water Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Seymour, Donald","contributorId":175253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seymour","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17863,"text":"Sonoma County Water Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70175926,"text":"70175926 - 2015 - Effects of climate and land cover on hydrology in the southeastern U.S.: Potential impacts on watershed planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T08:36:40","indexId":"70175926","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climate and land cover on hydrology in the southeastern U.S.: Potential impacts on watershed planning","docAbstract":"The hydrologic response to statistically downscaled general circulation model simulations of daily surface climate and land cover through 2099 was assessed for the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin located in the southeastern United States. Projections of climate, urbanization, vegetation, and surface-depression storage capacity were used as inputs to the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System to simulate projected impacts on hydrologic response. Surface runoff substantially increased when land cover change was applied. However, once the surface depression storage was added to mitigate the land cover change and increases of surface runoff (due to urbanization), the groundwater flow component then increased. For hydrologic studies that include projections of land cover change (urbanization in particular), any analysis of runoff beyond the change in total runoff should include effects of stormwater management practices as these features affect flow timing and magnitude and may be useful in mitigating land cover change impacts on streamflow. Potential changes in water availability and how biota may respond to changes in flow regime in response to climate and land cover change may prove challenging for managers attempting to balance the needs of future development and the environment. However, these models are still useful for assessing the relative impacts of climate and land cover change and for evaluating tradeoffs when managing to mitigate different stressors.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.12304","usgsCitation":"LaFontaine, J.H., Hay, L.E., Viger, R.J., Regan, R.S., and Markstrom, S.L., 2015, Effects of climate and land cover on hydrology in the southeastern U.S.: Potential impacts on watershed planning: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1235-1261, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12304.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1235","endPage":"1261","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037448","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.869384765625,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -84.9847412109375,\n 29.673735421779128\n ],\n [\n -85.2044677734375,\n 29.73099249532227\n ],\n [\n -85.4241943359375,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -85.49011230468749,\n 30.552800413453546\n ],\n [\n -85.49560546875,\n 32.16166284018013\n ],\n [\n -85.27587890625,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -83.924560546875,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -83.34228515625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 33.22030778968541\n ],\n [\n -83.73779296875,\n 31.96148355726853\n ],\n [\n -84.05639648437499,\n 30.911651004518244\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 30.64736425824319\n ],\n [\n -84.869384765625,\n 29.878755346037977\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bc225fe4b03fd6b7de1790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaFontaine, Jacob H. 0000-0003-4923-2630 jlafonta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4923-2630","contributorId":2258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaFontaine","given":"Jacob","email":"jlafonta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Viger, Roland J. 0000-0003-2520-714X rviger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2520-714X","contributorId":168799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"Roland","email":"rviger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regan, R. Steve 0000-0003-4803-8596 rsregan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-8596","contributorId":2633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.","email":"rsregan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Steve","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":646564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":146553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170275,"text":"70170275 - 2015 - Spatial occupancy models for predicting metapopulation dynamics and viability following reintroduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T12:47:48","indexId":"70170275","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial occupancy models for predicting metapopulation dynamics and viability following reintroduction","docAbstract":"The municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) infrastructure of the United States is being upgraded to expand capacity and improve treatment, which provides opportunities to assess the impact of full-scale operational changes on water quality. Many WWTFs disinfect their effluent prior to discharge using chlorine gas, which reacts with natural and synthetic organic matter to form halogenated disinfection byproducts (HDBPs). Because HDBPs are ubiquitous in chlorine-disinfected drinking water and have adverse human health implications, their concentrations are regulated in potable water supplies. Less is known about the formation and occurrence of HDBPs in disinfected WWTF effluents that are discharged to surface waters and become part of the de facto wastewater reuse cycle. This study investigated HDBPs in the urban water cycle from the stream source of the chlorinated municipal tap water that comprises the WWTF inflow, to the final WWTF effluent disinfection process before discharge back to the stream. The impact of conversion from chlorine-gas to low-pressure ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection at a full-scale (68,000 m3 d−1 design flow) WWTF on HDBP concentrations in the final effluent was assessed, as was transport and attenuation in the receiving stream. Nutrients and trace elements (boron, copper, and uranium) were used to characterize the different urban source waters, and indicated that the pre-upgrade and post-upgrade water chemistry was similar and insensitive to the disinfection process. Chlorinated tap water during the pre-upgrade and post-upgrade samplings contained 11 (mean total concentration = 2.7 μg L−1; n=5) and 10 HDBPs (mean total concentration = 4.5 μg L−1), respectively. Under chlorine-gas disinfection conditions 13 HDBPs (mean total concentration = 1.4 μg L−1) were detected in the WWTF effluent, whereas under UV disinfection conditions, only one HDBP was detected. The chlorinated WWTF effluent had greater relative proportions of nitrogenous, brominated, and iodinated HDBPs than the chlorinated tap water. Conversion of the WWTF to UV disinfection reduced the loading of HDBPs to the receiving stream by >90%.
Population size of habitat-specialized butterflies is limited in part by host plant distribution and abundance. Effective conservation for host-specialist species requires knowledge of host-plant habitat conditions and relationships with the specialist species. Clayton’s copper butterfly (Lycaena dorcas claytoni) is a Maine state-endangered species that relies exclusively on shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) as its host. Dasiphora fruticosa occurs in 28 wetlands in Maine, ten of which are occupied by L. d. claytoni. Little is known about environmental conditions that support large, persistent stands of D. fruticosa in Maine. We evaluated the environment (hydrology, pore water and peat nutrients) associated with D. fruticosa distribution, age, and condition in Maine wetlands supporting robust stands of D. fruticosa to compare with L. d. claytoni occurrence. Although dominant water source in D. fruticosa—containing wetlands included both groundwater discharge and surface-flow, D. fruticosa coverage was greater in wetlands with consistent growing season water levels that dropped into or below the root zone by late season, and its distributions within wetlands reflected pore water hydrogen ion and conductivity gradients. Flooding magnitude and duration were greatest during the L.d. claytoni larval feeding period, whereas, mean depth to water table and upwelling increased and were most variable following the L. d. claytoni egg-laying period that precedes D. fruticosa senescence. Oldest sampled shrubs were 37 years, and older shrubs were larger and slower-growing. Encounter rates of L. d. claytoni were greater in wetlands with larger D. fruticosa plants of intermediate age and greater bloom density. Wetland management that combines conditions associated with D. fruticosa abundance (e.g., non-forested, seasonally consistent water levels with high conductivity) and L. d. claytoni occurrence (e.g., drawdown below the root zone following egg-laying, abundant blooms on intermediate-aged D. fruticosa, nearby D. fruticosa-containing wetlands) will aid L. d. claytoni conservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11273-015-9427-1","usgsCitation":"Drahovzal, S.A., Loftin, C., and Rhymer, J., 2015, Environmental predictors of shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) habitat and quality as host for Maine’s endangered Clayton’s copper butterfly (Lycaena dorcas claytoni): Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 23, no. 5, p. 891-908, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9427-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"908","ipdsId":"IP-055556","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590454a6e4b022cee40dc24a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drahovzal, Sarah A.","contributorId":191555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftin, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-9104-3724 cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-3724","contributorId":2167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftin","given":"Cynthia S.","email":"cyndy_loftin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":693212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhymer, Judith","contributorId":63507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhymer","given":"Judith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189475,"text":"70189475 - 2015 - Rates of As and trace-element mobilization caused by Fe reduction in mixed BTEX–ethanol experimental plumes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:35:41","indexId":"70189475","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of As and trace-element mobilization caused by Fe reduction in mixed BTEX–ethanol experimental plumes","docAbstract":"Biodegradation of organic matter, including petroleum-based fuels and biofuels, can create undesired secondary water-quality effects. Trace elements, especially arsenic (As), have strong adsorption affinities for Fe(III) (oxyhydr)-oxides and can be released to groundwater during Fe-reducing biodegradation. We investigated the mobilization of naturally occurring As, cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) from wetland sediments caused by the introduction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and ethanol mixtures under iron- and nitrate-reducing conditions, using in situ push–pull tests. When BTEX alone was added, results showed simultaneous onset and similar rates of Fe reduction and As mobilization. In the presence of ethanol, the maximum rates of As release and Fe reduction were higher, the time to onset of reaction was decreased, and the rates occurred in multiple stages that reflected additional processes. The concentration of As increased from <1 μg/L to a maximum of 99 μg/L, exceeding the 10 μg/L limit for drinking water. Mobilization of Co, Cr, and Ni was observed in association with ethanol biodegradation but not with BTEX. These results demonstrate the potential for trace-element contamination of drinking water during biodegradation and highlight the importance of monitoring trace elements at natural and enhanced attenuation sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b02341","usgsCitation":"Ziegler, B.A., McGuire, J.T., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 2015, Rates of As and trace-element mobilization caused by Fe reduction in mixed BTEX–ethanol experimental plumes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 22, p. 13179-13189, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02341.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13179","endPage":"13189","ipdsId":"IP-068334","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a2e4b0d1f9f05f59bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ziegler, Brady A.","contributorId":138960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Brady","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12594,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, Jennifer T.","contributorId":42155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157598,"text":"70157598 - 2015 - Application of a coupled vegetation competition and groundwater simulation model to study effects of sea level rise and storm surges on coastal vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T18:14:51","indexId":"70157598","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-29T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2380,"text":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a coupled vegetation competition and groundwater simulation model to study effects of sea level rise and storm surges on coastal vegetation","docAbstract":"Global climate change poses challenges to areas such as low-lying coastal zones, where sea level rise (SLR) and storm-surge overwash events can have long-term effects on vegetation and on soil and groundwater salinities, posing risks of habitat loss critical to native species. An early warning system is urgently needed to predict and prepare for the consequences of these climate-related impacts on both the short-term dynamics of salinity in the soil and groundwater and the long-term effects on vegetation. For this purpose, the U.S. Geological Survey’s spatially explicit model of vegetation community dynamics along coastal salinity gradients (MANHAM) is integrated into the USGS groundwater model (SUTRA) to create a coupled hydrology–salinity–vegetation model, MANTRA. In MANTRA, the uptake of water by plants is modeled as a fluid mass sink term. Groundwater salinity, water saturation and vegetation biomass determine the water available for plant transpiration. Formulations and assumptions used in the coupled model are presented. MANTRA is calibrated with salinity data and vegetation pattern for a coastal area of Florida Everglades vulnerable to storm surges. A possible regime shift at that site is investigated by simulating the vegetation responses to climate variability and disturbances, including SLR and storm surges based on empirical information.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI AG","publisherLocation":"Basel, Germany","doi":"10.3390/jmse3041149","usgsCitation":"Teh, S., Turtora, M., DeAngelis, D.L., Jiang Jiang, Pearlstine, L.G., Smith, T.J., and Koh, H.L., 2015, Application of a coupled vegetation competition and groundwater simulation model to study effects of sea level rise and storm surges on coastal vegetation: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, v. 3, no. 4, p. 1149-1177, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041149.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063605","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041149","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":309044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560ba828e4b058f706e53a41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teh, Su Yean","contributorId":118102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teh","given":"Su Yean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turtora, Michael mturtora@usgs.gov","contributorId":4260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turtora","given":"Michael","email":"mturtora@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":148065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jiang Jiang","contributorId":148066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jiang Jiang","affiliations":[{"id":16989,"text":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearlstine, Leonard G.","contributorId":34751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":139562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Koh, Hock Lye","contributorId":119022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"Hock","email":"","middleInitial":"Lye","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70160726,"text":"70160726 - 2015 - Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T15:45:09","indexId":"70160726","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-28T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5201,"text":"Nature Plants","onlineIssn":"2055-0278","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide","docAbstract":"The frequency of severe droughts is increasing in many regions around the world as a result of climate change. Droughts alter the structure and function of forests. Site- and region-specific studies suggest that large trees, which play keystone roles in forests and can be disproportionately important to ecosystem carbon storage and hydrology, exhibit greater sensitivity to drought than small trees. Here, we synthesize data on tree growth and mortality collected during 40 drought events in forests worldwide to see whether this size-dependent sensitivity to drought holds more widely. We find that droughts consistently had a more detrimental impact on the growth and mortality rates of larger trees. Moreover, drought-related mortality increased with tree size in 65% of the droughts examined, especially when community-wide mortality was high or when bark beetles were present. The more pronounced drought sensitivity of larger trees could be underpinned by greater inherent vulnerability to hydraulic stress, the higher radiation and evaporative demand experienced by exposed crowns, and the tendency for bark beetles to preferentially attack larger trees. We suggest that future droughts will have a more detrimental impact on the growth and mortality of larger trees, potentially exacerbating feedbacks to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/nplants.2015.139","usgsCitation":"Bennett, A.C., McDowell, N., Allen, C.D., and Anderson-Teixeira, K.J., 2015, Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide: Nature Plants, v. 1, Article number 15139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.139.","productDescription":"Article number 15139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065632","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e048e4b039675d005e30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Amy C.","contributorId":150955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDowell, Nathan G.","contributorId":9176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Nathan G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J. 0000-0001-8461-9713","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8461-9713","contributorId":150956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson-Teixeira","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155182,"text":"sir20155103 - 2015 - Flood-inundation maps for the Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-09T09:22:16","indexId":"sir20155103","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-25T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5103","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Indiana","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 6.2 mile reach of the Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Indiana (Ind.), were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage 03331753, Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Ind. Current conditions for estimating near-real-time areas of inundation using USGS streamgage information may be obtained on the Internet from the USGS National Water Information System at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/in/nwis/uv?site_no=03331753. In addition, information has been provided by the USGS to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/). The NWS AHPS forecasts flood hydrographs at many sites that are often collocated with USGS streamgages, including the Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Ind. NWS AHPS forecast peak-stage information may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation and forecasts of flood hydrographs at this site.
\nFor this study, flood profiles were computed for the Tippecanoe River reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The hydraulic model was calibrated by using the most current stage-discharge relations at the Tippecanoe River streamgage, in combination with the current (2014) Federal Emergency Management Agency flood-insurance study for Pulaski County. The calibrated hydraulic model was then used to determine nine water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from bankfull to the highest stage of the current stage-discharge rating curve. The 1-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood stage (flood with recurrence intervals within 100 years) has not been determined yet for this streamgage location. The rating has not been developed for the 1-percent AEP because the streamgage dates to only 2001. The simulated water-surface profiles were then used with a geographic information system (GIS) digital elevation model (DEM, derived from Light Detection and Ranging [lidar]) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level. The availability of these maps, along with Internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage 03331753, Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Ind., and forecast stream stages from the NWS AHPS, provides emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs","usgsCitation":"Menke, C.D., and Bunch, A.R., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for the Tippecanoe River at Winamac, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5103, 9 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155103.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 9 p.; Shape Files; Depth Grid; Read Me; Metadata","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-062654","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308585,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/downloads/sir2015-5103_tipwinIN_8_16.txt","text":"Flood-inundation maps for the Tippecanoe River","size":"14.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2015-5103"},{"id":308586,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/downloads/sir2015-5103_tipwinIN_shapefile.txt","text":"Shape File","size":"11.8 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2015-5103"},{"id":308587,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/downloads/00Readmewin.txt","text":"Read Me","size":"8.34 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2015-5103"},{"id":308492,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/sir20155103.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5103"},{"id":308588,"rank":6,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/downloads/flood_extent_shape.zip","text":"Flood Shape Files","size":"698 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5103"},{"id":308589,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5103/downloads/grids.zip","text":"Depth Grids","size":"5.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5103"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Winamac","otherGeospatial":"Tippecanoe River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.60573959350586,\n 41.022002667989355\n ],\n [\n -86.60573959350586,\n 41.05851470715536\n ],\n [\n -86.56351089477539,\n 41.05851470715536\n ],\n [\n -86.56351089477539,\n 41.022002667989355\n ],\n [\n -86.60573959350586,\n 41.022002667989355\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
http://in.water.usgs.gov/
http://ky.water.usgs.gov/
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) couples the oxidation of ammonium with the reduction of nitrite, producing N2. The presence and activity of anammox bacteria in groundwater were investigated at multiple locations in an aquifer variably affected by a large, wastewater-derived contaminant plume. Anammox bacteria were detected at all locations tested using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantification of hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) gene transcripts. Anammox and denitrification activities were quantified by in situ 15NO2–tracer tests along anoxic flow paths in areas of varying ammonium, nitrate, and organic carbon abundances. Rates of denitrification and anammox were determined by quantifying changes in 28N2, 29N2, 30N2, 15NO3–, 15NO2–, and 15NH4+ with groundwater travel time. Anammox was present and active in all areas tested, including where ammonium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were low, but decreased in proportion to denitrification when acetate was added to increase available electron supply. Anammox contributed 39–90% of potential N2 production in this aquifer, with rates on the order of 10 nmol N2–N L–1 day–1. Although rates of both anammox and denitrification during the tracer tests were low, they were sufficient to reduce inorganic nitrogen concentrations substantially during the overall groundwater residence times in the aquifer. These results demonstrate that anammox activity in groundwater can rival that of denitrification and may need to be considered when assessing nitrogen mass transport and permanent loss of fixed nitrogen in aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b02488","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Bohlke, J.K., Song, B., and C. Tobias, 2015, Role of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in nitrogen removal from a freshwater aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 20, p. 12169-12177, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02488.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"12169","endPage":"12177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068154","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5616425be4b0ba4884c614b8","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b02488","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02488","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Smith Richard L., Böhlke J. K., Song Bongkeun, Tobias Craig R.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"10/20/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":576806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Song, B.","contributorId":149068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6708,"text":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":576807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"C. Tobias","contributorId":149069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"C. Tobias","affiliations":[{"id":6619,"text":"University of Connecticutt","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":576808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159964,"text":"70159964 - 2015 - A new isotopic reference material for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope-ratio measurements of water—USGS50 Lake Kyoga Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T14:01:06","indexId":"70159964","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new isotopic reference material for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope-ratio measurements of water—USGS50 Lake Kyoga Water","docAbstract":"As a result of the need for isotopic reference waters having high δ2HVSMOW-SLAP and δ18OVSMOW-SLAP values for daily use, especially for tropical and equatorial-zone freshwaters, a new secondary isotopic reference material for international distribution was prepared from water collected from Lake Kyoga, Uganda.
\nThis isotopic reference lakewater was filtered through a membrane with 0.2-µm pore size, homogenized, loaded into glass ampoules that were sealed with a torch and autoclaved to eliminate biological activity, and measured by dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. This reference material is available in a case of 144 glass ampoules each containing 5 mL of water.
\nThe δ2H and δ18O values of this reference material are +32.8 ± 0.4 and +4.95 ± 0.02 mUr (milliurey = 0.001 = 1 ‰), respectively, relative to VSMOW, on scales normalized such that the δ2H and δ18O values of SLAP reference water are, respectively, −428 and −55.5 mUr. Each uncertainty is an estimated expanded uncertainty (U = 2uc) about the reference value that provides an interval that has about a 95 % probability of encompassing the true value.
\nThis isotopic reference material, designated as USGS50, is intended as one of two reference waters for daily normalization of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis of water with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer or a laser absorption spectrometer, of use especially for isotope-hydrology laboratories analyzing freshwater samples from equatorial and tropical regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rcm.7369","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., Wassenaar, L.I., Mukwaya, C., Qi, H., and Lorenz, J.M., 2015, A new isotopic reference material for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope-ratio measurements of water—USGS50 Lake Kyoga Water: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 29, no. 21, p. 2078-2082, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7369.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2078","endPage":"2082","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068451","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Uganda","otherGeospatial":"Lake Kyoga","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 33.03314208984375,\n 2.1171328026628355\n ],\n [\n 32.9864501953125,\n 2.070472083193089\n ],\n [\n 32.93426513671875,\n 1.9002862838753904\n ],\n [\n 32.7996826171875,\n 1.8783255723852184\n ],\n [\n 32.662353515625,\n 1.8289129671536257\n ],\n [\n 32.54974365234375,\n 1.7026302136023004\n ],\n [\n 32.37396240234375,\n 1.7026302136023004\n ],\n [\n 32.3272705078125,\n 1.6147764249055092\n ],\n [\n 32.36572265625,\n 1.548883579847398\n ],\n [\n 32.49755859375,\n 1.526918838498519\n ],\n [\n 32.51953125,\n 1.4637689680642445\n ],\n [\n 32.58819580078125,\n 1.3484472784360075\n ],\n [\n 32.74749755859375,\n 1.312751340599998\n ],\n [\n 32.79144287109375,\n 1.3292264529974078\n ],\n [\n 32.75848388671875,\n 1.3896342476555246\n ],\n [\n 32.80792236328125,\n 1.3868884718166363\n ],\n [\n 32.8546142578125,\n 1.2743089918452106\n ],\n [\n 33.01940917968749,\n 1.1891846312793248\n ],\n [\n 33.06060791015625,\n 1.2166443983257476\n ],\n [\n 32.958984375,\n 1.3319722944135324\n ],\n [\n 32.88482666015625,\n 1.3951257897508365\n ],\n [\n 32.89031982421875,\n 1.4198375698213372\n ],\n [\n 32.95074462890625,\n 1.392380020302357\n ],\n [\n 33.0303955078125,\n 1.3292264529974078\n ],\n [\n 33.07708740234375,\n 1.2852925793638672\n ],\n [\n 33.1292724609375,\n 1.263325357489324\n ],\n [\n 33.16497802734375,\n 1.2825466868972577\n ],\n [\n 33.1951904296875,\n 1.2770548931316381\n ],\n [\n 33.2281494140625,\n 1.2193903597622147\n ],\n [\n 33.28033447265625,\n 1.2001685712337065\n ],\n [\n 33.30780029296874,\n 1.2715630876314767\n ],\n [\n 33.35723876953125,\n 1.3319722944135324\n ],\n [\n 33.35723876953125,\n 1.436311943390042\n ],\n [\n 33.310546875,\n 1.4582775898253464\n ],\n [\n 33.24737548828125,\n 1.425329040790274\n ],\n [\n 33.2171630859375,\n 1.4143460858068722\n ],\n [\n 33.28582763671875,\n 1.4939713066293239\n ],\n [\n 33.24462890625,\n 1.5104451350115682\n ],\n [\n 33.12652587890625,\n 1.4912256565185766\n ],\n [\n 33.167724609375,\n 1.5296644435081868\n ],\n [\n 33.4588623046875,\n 1.628503834970573\n ],\n [\n 33.50555419921875,\n 1.6367402361776193\n ],\n [\n 33.46435546875,\n 1.8042061519566792\n ],\n [\n 33.33251953125,\n 1.7273383791406443\n ],\n [\n 33.20068359375,\n 1.6971394669749607\n ],\n [\n 33.07159423828125,\n 1.6724309149453824\n ],\n [\n 32.89581298828125,\n 1.587321327409907\n ],\n [\n 32.82989501953125,\n 1.6202674001017445\n ],\n [\n 32.706298828125,\n 1.5241732299817299\n ],\n [\n 32.63214111328125,\n 1.5131907609694377\n ],\n [\n 32.60467529296875,\n 1.5653569866197157\n ],\n [\n 32.67608642578125,\n 1.6449766035527875\n ],\n [\n 32.77770996093749,\n 1.7081209445886518\n ],\n [\n 32.8216552734375,\n 1.7657726629466413\n ],\n [\n 32.92877197265625,\n 1.7740084780892118\n ],\n [\n 32.97271728515624,\n 1.7108663042007148\n ],\n [\n 33.02490234375,\n 1.7081209445886518\n ],\n [\n 33.03314208984375,\n 1.8865608717161173\n ],\n [\n 33.17596435546875,\n 1.9057764182382826\n ],\n [\n 33.20068359375,\n 1.9634217625838057\n ],\n [\n 33.12103271484375,\n 2.0265548563992843\n ],\n [\n 33.15948486328125,\n 2.111643378566517\n ],\n [\n 33.10455322265625,\n 2.1720259659849352\n ],\n [\n 33.04412841796875,\n 2.161047491275904\n ],\n [\n 33.03314208984375,\n 2.1171328026628355\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"21","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5662c73de4b06a3ea36c67a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - 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