{"pageNumber":"1181","pageRowStart":"29500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":70184294,"text":"70184294 - 2001 - Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T18:08:12","indexId":"70184294","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Mayfield method has been widely used for estimating survival of nests and young animals, especially when data are collected at irregular observation intervals. However, this method assumes survival is constant throughout the study period, which often ignores biologically relevant variation and may lead to biased survival estimates. We examined the bias and accuracy of 1 modification to the Mayfield method that allows for temporal variation in survival, and we developed and similarly tested 2 additional methods. One of these 2 new methods is simply an iterative extension of Klett and Johnson's method, which we refer to as the Iterative Mayfield method and bears similarity to Kaplan-Meier methods. The other method uses maximum likelihood techniques for estimation and is best applied to survival of animals in groups or families, rather than as independent individuals. We also examined how robust these estimators are to heterogeneity in the data, which can arise from such sources as dependent survival probabilities among siblings, inherent differences among families, and adoption. Testing of estimator performance with respect to bias, accuracy, and heterogeneity was done using simulations that mimicked a study of survival of emperor goose (<i>Chen canagica</i>) goslings. Assuming constant survival for inappropriately long periods of time or use of Klett and Johnson's methods resulted in large bias or poor accuracy (often &gt;5% bias or root mean square error) compared to our Iterative Mayfield or maximum likelihood methods. Overall, estimator performance was slightly better with our Iterative Mayfield than our maximum likelihood method, but the maximum likelihood method provides a more rigorous framework for testing covariates and explicity models a heterogeneity factor. We demonstrated use of all estimators with data from emperor goose goslings. We advocate that future studies use the new methods outlined here rather than the traditional Mayfield method or its previous modifications.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802905","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., and Schmutz, J.A., 2001, Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 65, no. 2, p. 258-270, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802905.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"258","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3802905","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ee4b014cc3a3a9a05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1000834,"text":"1000834 - 2001 - The fish community of a small impoundment in upstate New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T18:18:14.752641","indexId":"1000834","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fish community of a small impoundment in upstate New York","docAbstract":"<p><span>Moe Pond is a dimictic impoundment with surface area of 15.6 ha, a mean depth of 1.8 m, and an unexploited fish community of only two species: brown bullhead (</span><i>Ameiurus nebulosus</i><span>) and golden shiner (</span><i>Notemigonus crysoleucas</i><span>). The age-1 and older brown bullhead population was estimated to be 4,057 individuals, based on the Schnabel capture-recapture method of population estimation. Density and biomass were respectively estimated at 260 individuals/ha and 13 kg/ha. Annual survival rate of age-2 through age-5 brown bullheads was estimated at 48%. The golden shiner length-frequency distribution was unimodal with modal length of 80 mm and maximum total length of 115 mm. The golden shiner population estimate was 7,154 individuals, based on seven beach seine haul replicate samples; the density and biomass were 686 shiners/ha and 5 kg/ha, respectively. This study provides an information baseline that may be useful in understanding food web interactions and whole-pond nutrient flux.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2001.9663827","usgsCitation":"McCoy, C.M., Madenjian, C.P., Adams, J.V., and Harman, W.N., 2001, The fish community of a small impoundment in upstate New York: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 16, no. 3, p. 389-394, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2001.9663827.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"394","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Otsego County","otherGeospatial":"Moe Pond","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.94463744315489,\n              42.71394333293486\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94341042168664,\n              42.71522447462465\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94323820814705,\n              42.71579386244153\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94325973483942,\n              42.71634742892164\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94356110853386,\n              42.71701170217972\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94332431491716,\n              42.71856164546173\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94392706230478,\n              42.719858507030125\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94496034354171,\n              42.72066507799215\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94618736500999,\n              42.720586002871386\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94769423347967,\n              42.71921007963408\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94816782071305,\n              42.718514198792974\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94818934740545,\n              42.717881573074095\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94765118009491,\n              42.717802494406016\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94640263193432,\n              42.71598365721957\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.9462519450871,\n              42.71550916918591\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94599362477798,\n              42.715271923808785\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94601515147038,\n              42.714734164262495\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94592904470089,\n              42.714101500006564\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94463744315489,\n              42.71394333293486\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dbf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCoy, C. Mead III","contributorId":108075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Mead","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harman, Willard N.","contributorId":34099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harman","given":"Willard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":96217,"text":"96217 - 2001 - User manual for Blossom Statistical Software","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-12T21:13:18","indexId":"96217","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"User manual for Blossom Statistical Software","docAbstract":"Blossom is an interactive program for making statistical comparisons with distance-function\nbased permutation tests developed by P. W. Mielke, Jr. and colleagues at Colorado State\nUniversity (Mielke and Berry 2001) and for testing parameters estimated in linear models with\npermutation procedures developed by B. S. Cade and colleagues at the Fort Collins Science\nCenter, U. S. Geological Survey (known as the Midcontinent Ecological Science Center prior to\n2002). This manual is intended to update and replace earlier versions by B. S. Cade and J. D.\nRichards dated 2000 and 1999 and by W. B. Slauson, B. S. Cade, and J. D. Richards dated 1991\nand 1994. We have expanded on material in earlier versions and provide documentation on new\nroutines added since 2000. Routines added since 2000 are: double permutation (HYP/DP)\nprocedures for linear model tests (OLS, LAD regression, and quantile rank score tests) when null\nmodels are either implicitly or explicitly constrained through the origin, i.e., no intercept models\n(Cade 2003, Cade et al. 2005, Cade et al. In press); dropping all but a single zero residual in LAD\n(and quantile) regression permutation tests of subsets of variables in multiple regression models\n(Cade 2005, Cade and Richards In press); and computation of all quantile regression estimates\n(LAD/ QUANT = ALL). In addition, we now offer the option of saving output to a terse\nformatted file that is useful for summarizing results of multiple simulations (OUTPUT /TERSE\nor VERBOSE), and the option to store (SAVETEST = file name) the vector of permuted test\nstatistic values from Monte Carlo resampling approximations of probabilities. The computer\ncode has been made more efficient where possible and was compiled with Lahey Fortran 95 to\ndynamically allocate memory.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/96217","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., and Richard, J., 2001, User manual for Blossom Statistical Software (Revised and reprinted: 2005), 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/96217.","productDescription":"124 p.","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290437,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/96217.jpg"}],"edition":"Revised and reprinted: 2005","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6041d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":299233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richard, Jon","contributorId":38508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richard","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12619,"text":"Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":299234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003705,"text":"1003705 - 2001 - Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis (Prymnesiophyceae) blooms on the surface of the Salton Sea, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-23T13:22:28.98506","indexId":"1003705","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<i>Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis</i> (Prymnesiophyceae) blooms on the surface of the Salton Sea, California","title":"Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis (Prymnesiophyceae) blooms on the surface of the Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Dense populations of the coccolithophore&nbsp;</span><i>Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis</i><span>&nbsp;were found in surface films at several locations around the Salton Sea in February–August, 1999. An unidentified coccolithophorid was also found in low densities in earlier studies of the lake (1955–1956). To our knowledge, this is the first record of this widespread marine species in any lake. Samples taken from surface films typically contained high densities of one or two other phytoplankton species as well as high densities of the coccolithophore. Presence or absence of specific algal pigments was used to validate direct cell counts. In a preliminary screen using a brine shrimp lethality assay, samples showed moderate activity. Extracts were then submitted to a mouse bioassay, and no toxic activity was observed. These results indicate that blooms of&nbsp;</span><i>P. pseudoroscoffensis</i><span>&nbsp;are probably not toxic to vertebrates and do not contribute to the various mortality events of birds and fish that occur in the Salton Sea.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1014551804059","usgsCitation":"Reifel, K.M., McCoy, M.P., Tiffany, M.A., Rocke, T.E., Trees, C., Barlow, S.B., Faulkner, D.J., and Hurlbert, S.H., 2001, Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis (Prymnesiophyceae) blooms on the surface of the Salton Sea, California: Hydrobiologia, v. 466, no. 1-3, p. 177-185, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014551804059.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.07742309570311,\n              33.55627344791359\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.97991943359375,\n              33.547117579470296\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.93872070312499,\n              33.53910539867444\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.89614868164062,\n              33.520789053588494\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.85220336914062,\n              33.47841764867342\n            ],\n            [\n   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P.","contributorId":23117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCoy","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tiffany, M. A.","contributorId":98697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tiffany","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trees, Charles","contributorId":218234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trees","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barlow, S. B.","contributorId":95032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Faulkner, D. J.","contributorId":81071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faulkner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hurlbert, S. H.","contributorId":56192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hurlbert","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":1008622,"text":"1008622 - 2001 - New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1008622","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chong, G., Reich, R., Kalkhan, M.A., and Stohlgren, T., 2001, New approaches for sampling and modeling native and exotic plant species richness: Western North American Naturalist, v. 61, p. 328-335.","productDescription":"p. 328-335","startPage":"328","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6977cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, R.M.","contributorId":68258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023264,"text":"70023264 - 2001 - Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:39:34","indexId":"70023264","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data","docAbstract":"<p>Geophysical time series often contain missing data, which prevents analysis with many signal processing and multivariate tools. A modification of singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data is developed and successfully tested with synthetic and actual incomplete time series of suspended-sediment concentration from San Francisco Bay. This method also can be used to low pass filter incomplete time series.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL012698","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 2001, Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 16, p. 3187-3190, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012698.","startPage":"3187","endPage":"3190","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478960,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012698","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207513,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012698"}],"volume":"28","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90e3e4b08c986b3196c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022971,"text":"70022971 - 2001 - Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022971","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Other than the Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ), little is known about the seismic hazard from earthquake faults within 50 km of Memphis, Tennessee, a city that contains a large inventory of older buildings that are vulnerable to moderate and strong earthquake ground shaking. To address this lack of knowledge about faulting near Memphis, we acquired a 4.5 km long Mini-Sosie seismic-reflection profile across the boundary between the loess-covered bluffs and modern Mississippi River flood plain in Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park north of Memphis. We imaged a previously unknown reverse/thrust fault that displaces Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks and upwarps Tertiary deposits on the floodplain portion of the profile about 25 km north of downtown Memphis. The Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks are vertically faulted about 70 and 40 m, respectively, in an up-to-the-west sense of displacement. The fault displacement apparently terminates in the basal portion of the Paleocene section and causes only an upwarping of the overlying deposits. The overlying Paleocene and Eocene deposits, which are probably the youngest deposits imaged, are upwarped about 50-60 m with the same sense of displacement as the underlying older units. The sense of displacement, amplitude, and appearance of the fault in the seismic data are very similar to that observed in the seismic reflection images of the CCFZ 15 km west of this profile. Although we have imaged this new fault in only one location, its proximity to Memphis and similarities to the CCFZ, leads us to speculate that it may be a parallel structure to the CCFZ and thus warrants further study. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., and Worley, D.M., 2001, Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 79-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7.","startPage":"79","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7"},{"id":233869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b81e4b08c986b3178a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, D. M.","contributorId":98332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023036,"text":"70023036 - 2001 - A model for lignin alteration - Part II: Numerical model of natural gas generation and application to the Piceance Basin, Western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70023036","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for lignin alteration - Part II: Numerical model of natural gas generation and application to the Piceance Basin, Western Colorado","docAbstract":"The model presented here simulates a network of parallel and sequential reactions that describe the structural and chemical transformation of lignin-derived sedimentary organic matter (SOM) and the resulting generation of mobile species from shallow burial to approximately low-volatile bituminous rank. The model is calibrated to the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation coal of the Piceance Basin at the Multi-Well Experiment (MWX) Site, assuming this coal is largely derived from lignin. The model calculates the content of functional groups on the residual molecular species, C, H, and O elemental weight percents of the residual species, and moles of residual molecular species and mobile species (including components of natural gas) through time. The model is generally more sensitive to initial molecular structure of the lignin-derived molecule and the H2O content of the system than to initial temperature, as the former affect the fundamental reaction paths. The model is used to estimate that a total of 314 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of methane is generated by the Williams Fork coal over the basin history. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00081-X","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Payne, D., and Ortoleva, P., 2001, A model for lignin alteration - Part II: Numerical model of natural gas generation and application to the Piceance Basin, Western Colorado: Organic Geochemistry, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1087-1101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00081-X.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1101","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208192,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00081-X"},{"id":233730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e46ae4b0c8380cd4664f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, D.F.","contributorId":15232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ortoleva, P.J.","contributorId":59992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortoleva","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008381,"text":"1008381 - 2001 - Pesticides and amphibian declines in California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-12T16:45:59.66191","indexId":"1008381","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides and amphibian declines in California, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several species of anuran amphibians have undergone drastic population declines in the western United States over the last 10 to 15 years. In California, the most severe declines are in the Sierra Mountains east of the Central Valley and downwind of the intensely agricultural San Joaquin Valley. In contrast, coastal and more northern populations across from the less agrarian Sacramento Valley are stable or declining less precipitously. In this article, we provide evidence that pesticides are instrumental in declines of these species. Using&nbsp;</span><i>Hyla regilla</i><span>&nbsp;as a sentinel species, we found that cholinesterase (ChE) activity in tadpoles was depressed in mountainous areas east of the Central Valley compared with sites along the coast or north of the Valley. Cholinesterase was also lower in areas where ranid population status was poor or moderate compared with areas with good ranid status. Up to 50% of the sampled population in areas with reduced ChE had detectable organophosphorus residues, with concentrations as high as 190 ppb wet weight. In addition, up to 86% of some populations had measurable endosulfan concentrations and 40% had detectable 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, 4,4′-DDT, and 2,4′-DDT residues.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620200725","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Fellers, G.M., and McConnell, L., 2001, Pesticides and amphibian declines in California, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1591-1595, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620200725.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1591","endPage":"1595","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.529.9781","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic National Park, Sequoia National Park, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.06884765625,\n              37.77071473849609\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.288818359375,\n              37.77071473849609\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.288818359375,\n              38.212288054388175\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06884765625,\n              38.212288054388175\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06884765625,\n              37.77071473849609\n            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]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68833c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McConnell, Laura","contributorId":57411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023257,"text":"70023257 - 2001 - Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023257","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models","docAbstract":"One of the most important needs for wildlife managers is an accurate estimate of population size. Yet, for many species, including most marine species and large mammals, accurate and precise estimation of numbers is one of the most difficult of all research challenges. Open-population capture-recapture models have proven useful in many situations to estimate survival probabilities but typically have not been used to estimate population size. We show that open-population models can be used to estimate population size by developing a Horvitz-Thompson-type estimate of population size and an estimator of its variance. Our population size estimate keys on the probability of capture at each trap occasion and therefore is quite general and can be made a function of external covariates measured during the study. Here we define the estimator and investigate its bias, variance, and variance estimator via computer simulation. Computer simulations make extensive use of real data taken from a study of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea. The population size estimator is shown to be useful because it was negligibly biased in all situations studied. The variance estimator is shown to be useful in all situations, but caution is warranted in cases of extreme capture heterogeneity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1198/108571101750524553","issn":"10857117","usgsCitation":"McDonald, T.L., and Amstrup, S.C., 2001, Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 6, no. 2, p. 206-220, https://doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524553.","startPage":"206","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207442,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524553"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba0e4b0c8380cd527e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022748,"text":"70022748 - 2001 - Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022748","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests","docAbstract":"Numerical solutions of the equations describing flow of variably fluidized Coulomb mixtures predict key features of dry granular avalanches and water-saturated debris flows measured in physical experiments. These features include time-dependent speeds, depths, and widths of flows as well as the geometry of resulting deposits. Threedimensional (3-D) boundary surfaces strongly influence flow dynamics because transverse shearing and cross-stream momentum transport occur where topography obstructs or redirects motion. Consequent energy dissipation can cause local deceleration and deposition, even on steep slopes. Velocities of surge fronts and other discontinuities that develop as flows cross 3-D terrain are predicted accurately by using a Riemann solution algorithm. The algorithm employs a gravity wave speed that accounts for different intensities of lateral stress transfer in regions of extending and compressing flow and in regions with different degrees of fluidization. Field observations and experiments indicate that flows in which fluid plays a significant role typically have high-friction margins with weaker interiors partly fluidized by pore pressure. Interaction of the strong perimeter and weak interior produces relatively steep-sided, flat-topped deposits. To simulate these effects, we compute pore pressure distributions using an advection-diffusion model with enhanced diffusivity near flow margins. Although challenges remain in evaluating pore pressure distributions in diverse geophysical flows, Riemann solutions of the depthaveraged 3-D Coulomb mixture equations provide a powerful tool for interpreting and predicting flow behavior. They provide a means of modeling debris flows, rock avalanches, pyroclastic flows, and related phenomena without invoking and calibrating Theological parameters that have questionable physical significance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., and Iverson, R., 2001, Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B1, p. 553-566.","startPage":"553","endPage":"566","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124ae4b0c8380cd5424c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023259,"text":"70023259 - 2001 - Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:07:56.17879","indexId":"70023259","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","docAbstract":"<p>A new three-dimensional (3-D) model shows seismic velocities beneath the Puget Lowland to a depth of 11 km. The model is based on a tomographic inversion of nearly one million first-arrival travel times recorded during the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS), allowing higher-resolution mapping of subsurface structures than previously possible. The model allows us to refine the subsurface geometry of previously proposed faults (e.g., Seattle, Hood Canal, southern Whidbey Island, and Devils Mountain fault zones) as well as to identify structures (Tacoma, Lofall, and Sequim fault zones) that warrant additional study. The largest and most important of these newly identified structures lies along the northern boundary of the Tacoma basin; we informally refer to this structure here as the Tacoma fault zone. Although tomography cannot provide information on the recency of motion on any structure, Holocene earthquake activity on the Tacoma fault zone is suggested by seismicity along it and paleoseismic evidence for abrupt uplift of tidal marsh deposits to its north. The tomography reveals four large, west to northwest trending low-velocity basins (Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, and Port Townsend) separated by regions of higher velocity ridges that are coincident with fault-bounded uplifts of Eocene Crescent Formation basalt and pre-Tertiary basement. The shapes of the basins and uplifts are similar to those observed in gravity data; gravity anomalies calculated from the 3-D tomography model are in close agreement with the observed anomalies. In velocity cross sections the Tacoma and Seattle basins are asymmetric: the basin floor dips gently toward a steep boundary with the adjacent high-velocity uplift, locally with a velocity \"overhang\" that suggests a basin vergent thrust fault boundary. Crustal fault zones grow from minor folds into much larger structures along strike. Inferred structural relief across the Tacoma fault zone increases by several kilometers westward along the fault zone to Lynch Cove, where we interpret it as a zone of south vergent faulting overthrusting Tacoma basin. In contrast, structural relief along the Seattle fault zone decreases west of Seattle, which we interpret as evidence that the N-S directed compression is being accommodated by slip transfer between the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones. Together, the Tacoma and Seattle fault zones raise the Seattle uplift, one of a series of east-west trending, pop-up structures underlying Puget Lowland from the Black Hills to the San Juan Islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000154","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., Parsons, T., Blakely, R., Christensen, N., Fisher, M.A., Wells, R., ten Brink, U., Pratt, T.L., Crosson, R.S., Creager, K.C., Symons, N.P., Preston, L., Van Wagoner, T., Miller, K., Snelson, C., Trehu, A., Langenheim, V., Spence, G., Ramachandran, K., Hyndman, R., Mosher, D.C., Zelt, B., and Weaver, C., 2001, Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13541-13564, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000154.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"13541","endPage":"13564","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Lowland, Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.5089589251831,\n              48.559365845728394\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.71220607571715,\n              48.52663448892764\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.70121974759215,\n              48.38820299524801\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.78361720852978,\n              48.26036626132162\n            ],\n            [\n              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0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, N.I.","contributorId":28016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Symons, N. P.","contributorId":60410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Preston, L.A.","contributorId":68943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Van Wagoner, T.","contributorId":74261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Miller, K.C.","contributorId":81118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Snelson, C.M.","contributorId":52769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snelson","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ramachandran, K.","contributorId":71735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Hyndman, R.A.","contributorId":43645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mosher, D. C.","contributorId":57689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Zelt, B.C.","contributorId":63572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}}
,{"id":70023678,"text":"70023678 - 2001 - Shallow-storage conditions for the rhyolite of the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:44:50","indexId":"70023678","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow-storage conditions for the rhyolite of the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recent studies have proposed contrasting models for the plumbing system that fed the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska. Here, we investigate the conditions under which the rhyolitic part of the erupted magma last resided in the crust prior to eruption. Geothermometry suggests that the rhyolite was held at ∼800-850 °C, and analyses of melt inclusions suggest that it was fluid saturated and contained ∼4 wt% water. Hydrothermal, water-saturated experiments on rhyolite pumice reveal that at those temperatures the rhyolite was stable between 40 and 100 MPa, or a depth of 1.8-4.4 km. These results suggest that pre-eruptive storage and crystal growth of the rhyolite were shallow; if the rhyolite ascended from greater depths, it did so slowly enough for unzoned phenocrysts to grow as it passed through the shallow crust.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA Publications","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0775:SSCFTR>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., and Gardner, J.E., 2001, Shallow-storage conditions for the rhyolite of the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska: Geology, v. 29, no. 9, p. 775-778, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0775:SSCFTR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"775","endPage":"778","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Novarupta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.58425903320312,\n              58.12867056810893\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.81658935546875,\n              58.12867056810893\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.81658935546875,\n              58.42329156394648\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.58425903320312,\n              58.42329156394648\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.58425903320312,\n              58.12867056810893\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e48e4b08c986b31884a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James E.","contributorId":43243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023670,"text":"70023670 - 2001 - Late Cenozoic regional collapse due to evaporite flow and Dissolution in the Carbondale Collapse Center, West-Central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:37:31","indexId":"70023670","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic regional collapse due to evaporite flow and Dissolution in the Carbondale Collapse Center, West-Central Colorado","docAbstract":"Dissolution and flow of Pennsylvanian evaporitic rocks in west-central Colorado created the Carbondale Collapse Center, a 450 mi2 structural depression with about 4,000 ft of vertical collapse during the late Cenozoic. This paper describes evidence of collapse in the lower Roaring Fork River valley. Both the lateral extent and amount of vertical collapse is constrained by deformed upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks that have been correlated using field mapping, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, geochemistry, and paleomagnetism. The Carbondale Collapse Center is one of at least two contiguous areas that have experienced major evaporite tectonism during the late Cenozoic. Historic sinkholes, deformed Holocene deposits, and modern high-salinity loads in the rivers and thermal springs indicate the collapse process continues today. Flow of evaporitic rocks is an important element in the collapse process, and during initial stages of collapse it was probably the primary causative mechanism. Dissolution, however, is the ultimate means by which evaporite is removed from the collapse area. As the Roaring Fork River began to rapidly down-cut through a broad volcanic plateau during the late Miocene, the underlying evaporite beds were subjected to differential overburden pressures. The evaporitic rocks flowed from beneath the upland areas where overburden pressures remained high, toward the Roaring Fork River Valley where the pressures were much lower. Along the valley the evaporitic rocks rose upward, sometimes as diapirs, forming or enhancing a valley anticline in bedrock and locally upwarping Pleistocene terraces. Wherever the evaporites encountered relatively fresh ground water, they were dissolved, forming underground voids into which overlying bedrock and surficial deposits subsided. The saline ground water eventually discharged to streams and rivers through thermal springs and by seepage into alluvial aquifers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Kirkham, R., Streufert, R.K., Budahn, J., Kunk, M.J., and Perry, W.J., 2001, Late Cenozoic regional collapse due to evaporite flow and Dissolution in the Carbondale Collapse Center, West-Central Colorado: Mountain Geologist, v. 38, no. 4, p. 193-210.","startPage":"193","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44c8e4b0c8380cd66d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirkham, R. M.","contributorId":16915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Streufert, R. K.","contributorId":81516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perry, W. J.","contributorId":24752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023262,"text":"70023262 - 2001 - Use of radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of radioactive barite at oil-field production sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023262","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of radioactive barite at oil-field production sites","docAbstract":"Radium-bearing barite (radiobarite) is a common constituent of scale and sludge deposits that form in oil-field production equipment. The barite forms as a precipitate from radium-bearing, saline formation water that is pumped to the surface along with oil. Radioactivity levels in some oil-field equipment and in soils contaminated by scale and sludge can be sufficiently high to pose a potential health threat. Accurate determinations of radium isotopes (226Ra+228Ra) in soils are required to establish the level of soil contamination and the volume of soil that may exceed regulatory limits for total radium content. In this study the radium isotopic data are used to provide estimates of the age of formation of the radiobarite contaminant. Age estimates require that highly insoluble radiobarite approximates a chemically closed system from the time of its formation. Age estimates are based on the decay of short-lived 228Ra (half-life=5.76 years) compared to 226Ra (half-life=1600 years). Present activity ratios of 228Ra/226Ra in radiobarite-rich scale or highly contaminated soil are compared to initial ratios at the time of radiobarite precipitation. Initial ratios are estimated by measurements of saline water or recent barite precipitates at the site or by considering a range of probable initial ratios based on reported values in modern oil-field brines. At sites that contain two distinct radiobarite sources of different age, the soils containing mixtures of sources can be identified, and mixing proportions quantified using radium concentration and isotopic data. These uses of radium isotope data provide more description of contamination history and can possibly address liability issues. Copyright ?? 2000 .","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00188-3","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Budahn, J., 2001, Use of radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of radioactive barite at oil-field production sites: Environmental Pollution, v. 113, no. 3, p. 299-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00188-3.","startPage":"299","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207512,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00188-3"},{"id":232515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf65e4b08c986b329b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, J. K.","contributorId":52589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023669,"text":"70023669 - 2001 - Wildfire-related debris-flow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023669","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildfire-related debris-flow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado","docAbstract":"A torrential rainstorm on September 1, 1994 at the recently burned hillslopes of Storm King Mountain, CO, resulted in the generation of debris flows from every burned drainage basin. Maps (1:5000 scale) of bedrock and surficial materials and of the debris-flow paths, coupled with a 10-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of topography, are used to evaluate the processes that generated fire-related debris flows in this setting. These evaluations form the basis for a descriptive model for fire-related debris-flow initiation. The prominent paths left by the debris flows originated in 0- and 1st-order hollows or channels. Discrete soil-slip scars do not occur at the heads of these paths. Although 58 soil-slip scars were mapped on hillslopes in the burned basins, material derived from these soil slips accounted for only about 7% of the total volume of material deposited at canyon mouths. This fact, combined with observations of significant erosion of hillslope materials, suggests that a runoff-dominated process of progressive sediment entrainment by surface runoff, rather than infiltration-triggered failure of discrete soil slips, was the primary mechanism of debris-flow initiation. A paucity of channel incision, along with observations of extensive hillslope erosion, indicates that a significant proportion of material in the debris flows was derived from the hillslopes, with a smaller contribution from the channels. Because of the importance of runoff-dominated rather than infiltration-dominated processes in the generation of these fire-related debris flows, the runoff-contributing area that extends upslope from the point of debris-flow initiation to the drainage divide, and its gradient, becomes a critical constraint in debris-flow initiation. Slope-area thresholds for fire-related debris-flow initiation from Storm King Mountain are defined by functions of the form Acr(tan ??)3 = S, where Acr is the critical area extending upslope from the initiation location to the drainage divide, and tan ?? is its gradient. The thresholds vary with different materials. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00108-2","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S., Kirkham, R., and Parise, M., 2001, Wildfire-related debris-flow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado: Geomorphology, v. 39, no. 3-4, p. 171-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00108-2.","startPage":"171","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207590,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00108-2"},{"id":232661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0d2e4b08c986b32f09c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirkham, R. M.","contributorId":16915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parise, M.","contributorId":82486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parise","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022764,"text":"70022764 - 2001 - Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T17:25:28.186289","indexId":"70022764","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery","docAbstract":"<p><span>We determine the scaling relationships between earthquake stress drop and recurrence interval&nbsp;</span><i>t</i><sub><i>r</i></sub><span>&nbsp;that are implied by laboratory-measured fault strength. We assume that repeating earthquakes can be simulated by stick-slip sliding using a spring and slider block model. Simulations with static/kinetic strength, time-dependent strength, and rate- and state-variable-dependent strength indicate that the relationship between loading velocity and recurrence interval can be adequately described by the power law&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub><i>L</i></sub><span>∝</span><i>t</i><sub><i>r</i></sub><sup><i>n</i></sup><span>&nbsp;where n≈−1. Deviations from n=−1 arise from second order effects on strength, with n&gt;−1 corresponding to apparent time-dependent strengthening and n&lt;−1 corresponding to weakening. Simulations with rate and state-variable equations show that dynamic shear stress drop Δτ</span><sub><i>d</i></sub><span>&nbsp;scales with recurrence as&nbsp;</span><i>d</i><span>Δτ</span><sub><i>d</i></sub><span>/</span><i>d</i><span>ln</span><i>t</i><sub><i>r</i></sub><span>≤σ</span><sub><i>e</i></sub><span>(</span><i>b-a</i><span>), where σ</span><sub><i>e</i></sub><span>&nbsp;is the effective normal stress, μ=τ/σ</span><sub><i>e</i></sub><span>, and (</span><i>a-b</i><span>)=</span><i>d</i><span>μ</span><sub><i>ss</i></sub><span>/</span><i>d</i><span>ln</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;is the steady-state slip rate dependence of strength. In addition, accounting for seismic energy radiation, we suggest that the static shear stress drop Δτ</span><sub><i>s</i></sub><span>&nbsp;scales as&nbsp;</span><i>d</i><span>Δτ</span><sub><i>s</i></sub><span>/</span><i>d</i><span>ln</span><i>t</i><sub><i>r</i></sub><span>≤σ</span><sub><i>e</i></sub><span>(1 +ζ)(</span><i>b-a</i><span>), where ζ is the fractional overshoot. The variation of Δτ</span><sub><i>s</i></sub><span>&nbsp;with ln</span><i>t</i><sub><i>r</i></sub><span>&nbsp;for earthquake stress drops is somewhat larger than implied by room temperature laboratory values of ζ and&nbsp;</span><i>b-a</i><span>. However, the uncertainty associated with the seismic data is large and the discrepancy between the seismic observations and the rate of strengthening predicted by room temperature experiments is less than an order of magnitude.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900242","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Beeler, N., Hickman, S., and Wong, T., 2001, Earthquake stress drop and laboratory-inferred interseismic strength recovery: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B12, p. 30701-30713, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900242.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"30701","endPage":"30713","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900242","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0504e4b0c8380cd50c03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, T.-F.","contributorId":64852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"T.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023667,"text":"70023667 - 2001 - Early life history of the northern pikeminnow in the lower Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T15:28:26","indexId":"70023667","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early life history of the northern pikeminnow in the lower Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"<p>The northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis is a large, native cyprinid in the Columbia River basin that has persisted in spite of substantial habitat alterations. During the months of June to September 1993-1996, we investigated the temporal and spatial patterns of northern pikeminnow spawning, along with describing larval drift and characterizing larval and early juvenile rearing habitats in the lower Columbia River (the John Day and Dalles reservoirs and the free-flowing section downstream of Bonneville Dam) as well as in the lower sections of two major tributaries (the John Day and Deschutes rivers). The density of newly emerged drifting larvae was higher in dam tailraces (a mean of 7.7 larvae/100 m3 in surface tows) than in the lower reservoirs (0.3 larvae/100 m3), indicating that tailraces were areas of more intense spawning. Density was particularly high in the Bonneville Dam tailrace (15.1 larvae/100 m3), perhaps because adult northern pikeminnow are abundant below Bonneville Dam and this is the first tailrace and suitable main-stem spawning habitat encountered during upriver spawning migrations. Spawning also occurred in both of the tributaries sampled but not in a backwater. Spawning in the Columbia River primarily took place during the month of June in 1993 and 1994, when the water temperature rose from 14??C to 18??C, but occurred about 2 weeks later in 1995 and 1996, possibly because of cooler June water temperature (14-15??C) in these years. The period of drift was brief (about 1-3 d), with larvae recruiting to shallow, low-velocity shorelines of main-channel and backwater areas to rear. Larvae reared in greatest densities at sites with fine sediment or sand substrates and moderate- to high-density vegetation (a mean density of 92.1 larvae/10 m3). The success of northern pikeminnow in the Columbia River basin may be partly attributable to their ability to locate adequate spawning and rearing conditions in a variety of main-stem and tributary locations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0250:ELHOTN>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Gadomski, D., Barfoot, C., Bayer, J., and Poe, T., 2001, Early life history of the northern pikeminnow in the lower Columbia River basin: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 130, no. 2, p. 250-262, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0250:ELHOTN>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207563,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0250:ELHOTN>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon; Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              45.656767862805964\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92283630371092,\n              45.63756719669655\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.99974060058594,\n              45.60971454042112\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14393615722655,\n              45.55733331588203\n     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J.M.","contributorId":47945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poe, T.P.","contributorId":51687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023665,"text":"70023665 - 2001 - Amplitude blanking related to the pore-filling of gas hydrate in sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:59:34","indexId":"70023665","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amplitude blanking related to the pore-filling of gas hydrate in sediments","docAbstract":"Seismic indicators of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments include elevated interval velocities and amplitude reduction of seismic reflections owing to the presence of gas hydrate in the sediment's pore spaces. However, large amplitude blanking with relatively low interval velocities observed at the Blake Ridge has been enigmatic because realistic seismic models were absent to explain the observation. This study proposes models in which the gas hydrate concentrations vary in proportion to the porosity. Where gas hydrate concentrations are greater in more porous media, a significant amplitude blanking can be achieved with relatively low interval velocity. Depending on the amount of gas hydrate concentration in the pore space, reflection amplitudes from hydrate-bearing sediments can be much less, less or greater than those from corresponding non-hydrate-bearing sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1010371308699","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Dillon, W.P., 2001, Amplitude blanking related to the pore-filling of gas hydrate in sediments: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 101-109, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010371308699.","startPage":"101","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010371308699"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cbe4b0c8380cd48466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023662,"text":"70023662 - 2001 - Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial period, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023662","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial period, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The last interglacial period is thought to be the last time global climate was significantly warmer than present. New stratigraphic studies at Eva Creek, near Fairbanks, Alaska indicate a complex last interglacial record wherein periods of loess deposition alternated with periods of soil formation. The Eva Forest Bed appears to have formed about the time of or after deposition of the Old Crow tephra (dated to ??? 160 to ??? 120 ka), and is therefore correlated with the last interglacial period. Pollen, macrofossils, and soils from the Eva Forest Bed indicate that boreal forest was the dominant vegetation and precipitation may have been greater than present around Fairbanks during the peak of the last interglacial period. A new compilation of last interglacial localities indicates that boreal forest was extensive over interior Alaska and Yukon Territory. Boreal forest also extended beyond its present range onto the Seward and Baldwin Peninsulas, and probably migrated to higher elevations, now occupied by tundra, in the interior. Comparison of last interglacial pollen and macrofossil data with atmospheric general circulation model results shows both agreement and disagreement. Model results of warmer-than-present summers are in agreement with fossil data. However, numerous localities with boreal forest records are in conflict with model reconstructions of an extensive cool steppe in interior Alaska and much of Yukon Territory during the last interglacial. ?? 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00132-3","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Ager, T.A., and Beget, J.E., 2001, Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial period, central Alaska: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 20, no. 1-3, p. 41-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00132-3.","startPage":"41","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207521,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00132-3"},{"id":232540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1cce4b08c986b32a77d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beget, J. E.","contributorId":63392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beget","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023661,"text":"70023661 - 2001 - Atrazine retention and degradation in the vadose zone at a till plain site in central Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-06T12:28:46","indexId":"70023661","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atrazine retention and degradation in the vadose zone at a till plain site in central Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>The vadose zone was examined as an environmental compartment where significant quantities of atrazine and its degradation compounds may be stored and transformed. The vadose zone was targeted because regional studies in the White River Basin indicated a large discrepancy between the mass of atrazine applied to fields and the amount of the pesticide and its degradation compounds that are measured in ground and surface water. A study site was established in a rotationally cropped field in the till plain of central Indiana. Data were gathered during the 1994 growing season to characterize the site hydrogeology and the distribution of atrazine, desethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, didealkylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine in runoff, pore water, and ground water. The data indicated that atrazine and its degradation compounds were transported from land surface to a depth of 1.5 m within 60 days of application, but were undetected in the saturated zone at nearby monitoring wells. A numerical model was developed, based on the field data, to provide information about processes that could retain and degrade atrazine in the vadose zone. Simulations indicated that evapotranspiration is responsible for surface directed soil-moisture flow during much of the growing season. This process causes retention and degradation of atrazine in the vadose zone. Increased residence time in the vadose zone leads to nearly complete transformation of atrazine and its degradation products to unquantified degradation compounds. As a result of mascropore flow, small quantities of atrazine and its degradation compounds may reach the saturated zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02298.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E., 2001, Atrazine retention and degradation in the vadose zone at a till plain site in central Indiana: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 2, p. 169-180, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02298.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"180","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Hancock","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.5774,39.9459],[-85.5759,39.8738],[-85.5969,39.8735],[-85.5968,39.786],[-85.6333,39.7862],[-85.6338,39.6987],[-85.6876,39.6987],[-85.7993,39.6993],[-85.913,39.6976],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.8625,39.9286],[-85.8624,39.9436],[-85.5774,39.9459]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hancock\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecde4b0c8380cd49f94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E.R.","contributorId":67639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022758,"text":"70022758 - 2001 - Transport processes near coastal ocean outfalls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022758","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Transport processes near coastal ocean outfalls","docAbstract":"The central Southern California Bight is an urbanized coastal ocean where complex topography and largescale atmospheric and oceanographic forcing has led to numerous sediment-distribution patterns. Two large embayments, Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays, are connected by the short, very narrow shelf off the Palos Verdes peninsula. Ocean-sewage outfalls are located in the middle of Santa Monica Bay, on the Palos Verdes shelf and at the southeastern edge of San Pedro Bay. In 1992, the US Geological Survey, together with allied agencies, began a series of programs to determine the dominant processes that transport sediment and associated pollutants near the three ocean outfalls. As part of these programs, arrays of instrumented moorings that monitor currents, waves, water clarity, water density and collect resuspended materials were deployed on the continental shelf and slope information was also collected on the sediment and contaminant distributions in the region. The data and models developed for the Palos Verdes shelf suggest that the large reservoir of DDT/DDE in the coastal ocean sediments will continue to be exhumed and transported along the shelf for a long time. On the Santa Monica shelf, very large internal waves, or bores, are generated at the shelf break. The near-bottom currents associated with these waves sweep sediments and the associated contaminants from the shelf onto the continental slope. A new program underway on the San Pedro shelf will determine if water and contaminants from a nearby ocean outfall are transported to the local beaches by coastal ocean processes. The large variety of processes found that transport sediments and contaminants in this small region of the continental margin suggest that in regions with complex topography, local processes change markedly over small spatial scales. One cannot necessarily infer that the dominant transport processes will be similar even in adjacent regions.","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Oceans 2001 MTS/IEEE - An Ocean Odyssey","conferenceDate":"5 November 2001 through 8 November 2001","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI","language":"English","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., Sherwood, C.R., Lee, H., Xu, J., Dartnell, P., Robertson, G., and Martini, M., 2001, Transport processes near coastal ocean outfalls, <i>in</i> Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), v. 3, Honolulu, HI, 5 November 2001 through 8 November 2001, p. 1996-2000.","startPage":"1996","endPage":"2000","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb75be4b08c986b327202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Hooi-Ling","contributorId":16618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Hooi-Ling","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, J.","contributorId":25324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dartnell, P.","contributorId":60797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robertson, G.","contributorId":100585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martini, M.","contributorId":24909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1008201,"text":"1008201 - 2001 - Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses in single‐thread, gravel bed rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T10:25:30","indexId":"1008201","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses in single‐thread, gravel bed rivers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Large, episodic inputs of coarse sediment (sediment pulses) in forested, mountain streams may result in changes in the size and arrangement of bed forms and in channel roughness. A conceptual model of channel organization delineates trajectories of response to sediment pulses for many types of gravel bed channels. Channels exhibited self‐organizing behavior to various degrees based on channel gradient, presence of large in‐channel wood or other forcing elements, the size of the sediment pulse, and the number of bed‐mobilizing flows since disturbance. Typical channel changes following a sediment pulse were initial decreases in water depth, in variability of bed elevations, and in the regularity of bed form spacing. Trajectories of change subsequently showed increased average water depth, more variable and complex bed topography, and increased uniformity of bed form spacing. Bed form spacing in streams with abundant forcing elements developed at a shorter spatial scale (two to five channel widths) than in streams without such forcing mechanisms (five to 10 channel widths). Channel roughness increased as bed forms developed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000229","usgsCitation":"Madej, M.A., 2001, Development of channel organization and roughness following sediment pulses in single‐thread, gravel bed rivers: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 8, p. 2259-2272, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000229.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2259","endPage":"2272","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000229","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022994,"text":"70022994 - 2001 - Tests of peak flow scaling in simulated self-similar river networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022994","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tests of peak flow scaling in simulated self-similar river networks","docAbstract":"The effect of linear flow routing incorporating attenuation and network topology on peak flow scaling exponent is investigated for an instantaneously applied uniform runoff on simulated deterministic and random self-similar channel networks. The flow routing is modelled by a linear mass conservation equation for a discrete set of channel links connected in parallel and series, and having the same topology as the channel network. A quasi-analytical solution for the unit hydrograph is obtained in terms of recursion relations. The analysis of this solution shows that the peak flow has an asymptotically scaling dependence on the drainage area for deterministic Mandelbrot-Vicsek (MV) and Peano networks, as well as for a subclass of random self-similar channel networks. However, the scaling exponent is shown to be different from that predicted by the scaling properties of the maxima of the width functions. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00043-4","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Menabde, M., Veitzer, S., Gupta, V., and Sivapalan, M., 2001, Tests of peak flow scaling in simulated self-similar river networks: Advances in Water Resources, v. 24, no. 9-10, p. 991-999, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00043-4.","startPage":"991","endPage":"999","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208155,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00043-4"},{"id":233654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5e0e4b08c986b320d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menabde, M.","contributorId":10202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menabde","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veitzer, S.","contributorId":107890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veitzer","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gupta, V.","contributorId":10959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gupta","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sivapalan, M.","contributorId":59587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sivapalan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023660,"text":"70023660 - 2001 - Implications of SHRIMP and microstructural data on the age and kinematics of shearing in the Asir terrane, southern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-30T16:15:06","indexId":"70023660","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1848,"text":"Gondwana Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of SHRIMP and microstructural data on the age and kinematics of shearing in the Asir terrane, southern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>The Asir terrane consists of north-trending belts of variably metamorphosed volcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic rocks that are cut by numerous shear zones (Fig. </span><span>1). </span><span>Previous workers interpreted the shear zones as sutures, structures that modify earlier sutures, or structures that define the margins of tectonic belts across which there are significant lithologic differences and along which there may have been major transposition (Frisch and Al-Shanti, 1977; Greenwood et al., 1982; Brown et al., 1989). SHRIMP data from zircons (Table </span><span>1) </span><span>and sense-of-shear data recently acquired from selected shear zones in the terrane help to constrain the minimum ages and kinematics of these shearing events and lead to an overall model of terrane assembly that is more complex than previously proposed.&nbsp;</span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Gondwana Research","publisherLocation":"Osaka, Japan","doi":"10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70683-3","issn":"1342937X","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., Kattan, F., and Wooden, J.L., 2001, Implications of SHRIMP and microstructural data on the age and kinematics of shearing in the Asir terrane, southern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia: Gondwana Research, v. 4, no. 2, p. 172-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70683-3.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              40,\n              17\n            ],\n            [\n              40,\n              22.5\n            ],\n            [\n              44.5,\n              22.5\n            ],\n            [\n              44.5,\n              17\n            ],\n            [\n              40,\n              17\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a391de4b0c8380cd617e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.R.","contributorId":37332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kattan, F.H.","contributorId":18140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kattan","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}