The upper Illinois River Basin (UIRB) is the 10,949 square mile drainage area upstream from Ottawa, Illinois, on the Illinois River. The UIRB is one of 13 studies that began in 1996 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program. A compilation of environmental data from Federal, State, and local agencies provides a description of the environmental setting of the UIRB. Environmental data include natural factors such as bedrock geology, physiography and surficial geology, soils, vegetation, climate, and ecoregions; and human factors such as land use, urbanization trends, and population change. Characterization of the environmental setting is useful for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water in the UIRB and the possible implications of that environmental setting for water quality. Some of the possible implications identified include depletion of dissolved oxygen because of high concentrations of organic matter in wastewater, increased flooding because of suburbanization, elevated arsenic concentrations in ground water because of weathering of shale bedrock, and decreasing ground-water levels because of heavy pumping of water from the bedrock aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984268","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Arnold, T., Sullivan, D.J., Harris, M.A., Fitzpatrick, F.A., Scudder, B.C., Ruhl, P.M., Hanchar, D.W., and Stewart, J.S., 1999, Environmental setting of the upper Illinois River basin and implications for water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4268, vii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984268.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4268/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1850,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4268/wrir98_4268.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4268"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 40.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), began a study of the hydrogeology and water quality of the aquifers underlying the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Ill. Previously, volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and other constituents of industrial origin were detected in one or more ground-water samples from about 100 of the approximately 700 monitoring and water-supply wells in the area, including the 8 municipal wells in Belvidere. A glacial drift aquifer underlies at least 50 percent of the 80-square-mile study area; bedrock aquifers that underlie virtually all of the study area include the Galena-Platteville, St. Peter Sandstone, Ordovician, and Cambrian-Ordovician aquifers.
During 1993, water levels were measured in 152 wells and water-quality samples were collected from 97 wells distributed throughout the study area. During 1994–96, similar data were collected from 31 wells. Potentiometric levels in the glacial drift and Galena-Platteville aquifers are similar and range from about 750 to 900 feet above sea level. The potentiometric surfaces of the aquifers are subdued representations of the land surface. Horizontal ground-water flow in the aquifers primarily is towards the Kishwaukee River, which flows through the central part of the study area, and its principal tributaries. Vertical ground-water flow appears to be downward at most locations in the study area, particularly in the urbanized areas affected by pumping of the Belvidere municipal wells and upland areas remote from the principal surface-water drainages. Flow appears to be upward between the Galena-Platteville and glacial drift aquifers where ground water discharges to the Kishwaukee River and its principal tributaries.
All water samples were analyzed for VOC's. Selected samples also were analyzed for trace metals, cyanide, semivolatile organic compounds, or other constituents. VOC's were detected in samples from 50 wells (52 percent of total wells sampled). Twenty-seven specific VOC's were identified in the samples. Samples were collected from six municipal wells in use during the study; two wells were not in use because one or more VOC's exceeded maximum contaminant levels (MCL's). Two VOC's were detected in one of the samples at concentrations below MCL's established by the USEPA for protection of public-water supplies. Samples from 21 wells had at least one VOC detected at a concentration above MCL's. The VOC's detected above MCL's and their maximum concentrations were 1,2-dichloroethene (total), 470 micrograms per liter; trichloroethene (TCE), 360 micrograms per liter; tetrachloroethene (PCE), 82 micrograms per liter; benzene, 53 micrograms per liter; and vinyl chloride, 11 micrograms per liter. TCE and PCE were the most frequently detected VOC's and generally had the highest concentrations. VOC's with concentrations above MCL's were detected in samples from 15 wells open to the glacial drift aquifer and 6 wells open to the Galena-Platteville aquifer.
Generally, the concentrations of VOC's were higher, and number and type of VOC's detected were greater in the glacial drift aquifer than in the Galena-Platteville aquifer and the deeper bedrock aquifers. The high concentrations and spatial distribution of VOC's in the glacial drift aquifer usually were related to nearby sources of contamination. Except in the immediate vicinity of a known hazardous-waste site, possible sources of VOC's in the bedrock aquifers were difficult to identify in the study area; VOC concentrations at most locations in the bedrock aquifers were below 5 micrograms per liter. Most locations where VOC's were detected in the glacial and bedrock aquifers were within about 1,000 feet of the Kishwaukee River. Hydrogeologic factors that affect the distribution of VOC's in the aquifers include ground-water flow through (1) the glacial drift aquifer with discharge to the nearby Kishwaukee River; and (2) the weathered-surface deposits, bedding-plane partings, and fractures in the Galena-Platteville aquifer. One bedding-plane parting intersecting wells that represent an area of about 1.5 square miles has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity as high as 220 feet per day. Pumping of high-capacity wells may contribute to the widespread distribution of VOC’s at low concentrations in the bedrock aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984220","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Thomas, C., Brown, T., Yeskis, D., and Kay, R., 1999, Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4220, Report: v, 106 p.; 2 Plates: 31.33 x 34.65 inches and 29.39 x 34.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984220.","productDescription":"Report: v, 106 p.; 2 Plates: 31.33 x 34.65 inches and 29.39 x 34.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95555,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220 Plate 2"},{"id":95554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220 Plate 1"},{"id":156887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361757,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/wrir98_4220.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220"},{"id":463438,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19292.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -88.758544921875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -88.758544921875,\n 42.332153998913704\n ],\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.332153998913704\n ],\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
In a study of arsenic concentrations in public-supply wells in the New England Coastal Basins, concentrations at or above 0.005 mg/L (milligrams per liter) were detected in more samples of water from wells completed in bedrock (25 percent of all samples) than in water from wells completed in stratified drift (7.5 percent of all samples). Iron and manganese were detected (at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.03 mg/L, respectively) at approximately the same frequency in water from wells in both types of aquifers.
Concentrations of arsenic in public-supply wells drilled in bedrock (in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program New England Coastal Basins study unit) vary with the bedrock lithology. Broad groups of lithogeochemical units generalized from bedrock lithologic units shown on state geologic maps were used in the statistical analyses. Concentrations of arsenic in water from public-supply wells in metasedimentary bedrock units that contain slightly to moderately calcareous and calcsilicate rocks (lithogeochemical group Mc) were significantly higher than the concentrations in five other groups of bedrock units in the study unit. Arsenic was detected, at or above 0.005 mg/L, in water from 44 percent of the wells in the lithogeochemical group M c and in water from less than 28 percent of wells in the five other groups. Additionally, arsenic concentrations in ground water were the lowest in the metasedimentary rocks that are characterized as variably sulfidic (group Ms ). Generally, concentrations of arsenic were low in water from bedrock wells in the felsic igneous rocks (group If ) though locally some bedrock wells in granitic rocks are known to have ground water with high arsenic concentrations, especially in New Hampshire.
The concentrations of arsenic in ground water also correlate with land-use data; significantly higher concentrations are found in areas identified as agricultural land use than in undeveloped areas. There is, however, more agricultural land in areas overlying the metasedimentary rocks of lithogeochemical groups Mc and the minimally-deformed clastic sediments of group Mmd than in areas overlying other lithogeochemical groups. This correlation complicates the interpretation of sources of arsenic to ground water in bedrock. A test of this association revealed that relations between arsenic concentrations and the metasedimentary rocks of group Mc are not weakened when data associated with agricultural land use is removed; the reverse is true, however, if the data associated with the group Mc are removed from the analysis.
The occurrence and variability of arsenic in water from bedrock supply wells could be related to several factors. These include (1) the distribution and chemical form of arsenic in soils and rocks that are part of the ground-water-flow system, (2) the characteristics that influence the solubility and transport of arsenic in ground water, (3) the differing degrees of vulnerability of ground-water supplies to surface contamination, and (4) the spatial associations between land use, geology, and ground-water-flow patterns. Strong relations between agricultural land use and the metasedimentary rocks of group Mc complicate the interpretation of arsenic source to water in these bedrock aquifers. This is due in part to the past use of arsenical pesticides; additionally, few whole-rock geochemical data are available for the rock types in the lithogeochemical groups of aquifers that contain ground water with elevated concentrations of arsenic. Without such data, identifying specific bedrock types as arsenic sources is not possible. In southern Maine and south-central New Hampshire, and in northern Massachusetts, the few available whole-rock analyses suggest, at least for these local areas, a connection between known bedrock chemistry and ground-water arsenic levels.
Although the lithogeochemical group and land-use category variables individually describe much of the variance in the concentrations of arsenic in ground water, the lithogeochemical relation is statistically stronger than the land-use relation. Low concentrations of arsenic in water from bedrock public-supply wells are associated with the metasedimentary rocks of group Ms (characterized as variably sulfidic). This association could reflect a variety of factors and suggests that simple dissolution of arsenic-bearing iron phases, such as sulfides, may not explain concentrations of arsenic in water in this bedrock aquifer group. Whole-rock geochemical data and more complete water-chemistry data, as well as studies of historical variation of arsenic concentrations (time-line studies), and site-specific studies, will be critical in addressing the arsenic source issue.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994162","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., Nielsen, M.G., Robinson, G.R., and Moore, R.B., 1999, Relation of arsenic, iron, and manganese in ground water to aquifer type, bedrock lithogeochemistry, and land use in the New England coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4162, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994162.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415127,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22932.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1865,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994162","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England coastal basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.083,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -69.083,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -69.083,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c303","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Martha G. 0000-0003-3038-9400 mnielsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-9400","contributorId":4169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martha","email":"mnielsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30389,"text":"wri994021 - 1999 - Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T15:15:43","indexId":"wri994021","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4021","title":"Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95","docAbstract":"Eutrophication is a common problem for lakes in agricultural and urban areas, such as Lakes Wingra and Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin. This report describes a study to estimate the sources of phosphorus, a major contributor to eutrophication, to Lakes Wingra and Mendota from two small urban residential drainage basins. The Monroe Basin empties into Lake Wingra, and the Harper Basin into Lake Mendota. Phosphorus data were collected from streets, lawns, roofs, driveways, and parking lots (source areas) within these two basins and were used to estimate loads from each area. In addition to the samples collected from these source areas, flow-composite samples were collected at monitoring stations located at the watershed outfalls (storm sewers); discharge and rainfall also were measured. Resulting data were then used to calibrate the Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM, version 6.3, copyright 1993, Pitt & Vorhees) for conditions in the city of Madison and determine within these basins which of the source areas are contributing the most phosphorus.
\nWater volumes in the calibrated model were calculated to within 23 percent and 24 percent of those measured at the outfalls of each of the basins. These water volumes were applied to the suspended- solids and phosphorus concentrations that were used to calibrate SLAMM for suspended-solids and phosphorus loads. Suspended-solids loads were calculated to be within 4 percent and 17 percent, total-phosphorus loads within 24 percent and 28 percent, and dissolved-phosphorus loads within 9 percent and 10 percent of those measured at the storm-sewer outfall at the Monroe and Harper basins, respectively.
\nLawns and streets are the largest sources of total and dissolved phosphorus in the basins. Their combined contribution was approximately 80 percent, with lawns contributing more than the streets. Streets were the largest source of suspended solids.
\nStreet-dirt samples were collected using industrial vacuum equipment. Leaves in these samples were separated out and the remaining sediment was sieved into >250 mm, 250-63 mm, 63-25 mm, <25 mm size fractions and were analyzed for total phosphorus. Approximately 75 percent of the sediment mass resides in the >250 mm size fractions. Less than 5 percent of the mass can be found in the particle sizes less than 63 mm. The >250 mm size fraction also contributed nearly 50 percent of the total-phosphorus mass and the leaf fraction contributed an additional 30 percent. In each particle size, approximately 25 percent of the total-phosphorus mass is derived from leaves or other vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Waschbusch, R.J., Selbig, W., and Bannerman, R.T., 1999, Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4021, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994021.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2511,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994021","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":310688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/WRIR-99-4021/WRIR-99-4021.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota, Lake Menona, Lake Wingra","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.57015991210938,\n 43.038783344984836\n ],\n [\n -89.57015991210938,\n 43.174136889598124\n ],\n [\n -89.27215576171874,\n 43.174136889598124\n ],\n [\n -89.27215576171874,\n 43.038783344984836\n ],\n [\n -89.57015991210938,\n 43.038783344984836\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waschbusch, Robert J. 0000-0002-4069-0267 rjwaschb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0267","contributorId":3447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waschbusch","given":"Robert","email":"rjwaschb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selbig, W.R.","contributorId":102106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bannerman, Roger T. 0000-0001-9221-2905 rbannerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-2905","contributorId":5560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"Roger","email":"rbannerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30449,"text":"wri994022 - 1999 - Simulation of effects of wastewater discharges on Sand Creek and lower Caddo Creek near Ardmore, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:42:14","indexId":"wri994022","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4022","title":"Simulation of effects of wastewater discharges on Sand Creek and lower Caddo Creek near Ardmore, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"A streamflow and water-quality model was developed for reaches of Sand and Caddo Creeks in south-central Oklahoma to simulate the effects of wastewater discharge from a refinery and a municipal treatment plant.
The purpose of the model was to simulate conditions during low streamflow when the conditions controlling dissolved-oxygen concentrations are most severe.
Data collected to calibrate and verify the streamflow and water-quality model include continuously monitored streamflow and water-quality data at two gaging stations and three temporary monitoring stations; wastewater discharge from two wastewater plants; two sets each of five water-quality samples at nine sites during a 24-hour period; dye and propane samples; periphyton samples; and sediment oxygen demand measurements. The water-quality sampling, at a 6-hour frequency, was based on a Lagrangian reference frame in which the same volume of water was sampled at each site.
To represent the unsteady streamflows and the dynamic water-quality conditions, a transport modeling system was used that included both a model to route streamflow and a model to transport dissolved conservative constituents with linkage to reaction kinetics similar to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency QUAL2E model to simulate nonconservative constituents. These model codes are the Diffusion Analogy Streamflow Routing Model (DAFLOW) and the branched Lagrangian transport model (BLTM) and BLTM/QUAL2E that, collectively, as calibrated models, are referred to as the Ardmore Water-Quality Model.
The Ardmore DAFLOW model was calibrated with three sets of streamflows that collectively ranged from 16 to 3,456 cubic feet per second. The model uses only one set of calibrated coefficients and exponents to simulate streamflow over this range. The Ardmore BLTM was calibrated for transport by simulating dye concentrations collected during a tracer study when streamflows ranged from 16 to 23 cubic feet per second. Therefore, the model is expected to be most useful for low streamflow simulations. The Ardmore BLTM/QUAL2E model was calibrated and verified with water-quality data from nine sites where two sets of five samples were collected. The streamflow during the water-quality sampling in Caddo Creek at site 7 ranged from 8.4 to 20 cubic feet per second, of which about 5.0 to 9.7 cubic feet per second was contributed by Sand Creek. The model simulates the fate and transport of 10 water-quality constituents. The model was verified by running it using data that were not used in calibration; only phytoplankton were not verified.
Measured and simulated concentrations of dissolved oxygen exhibited a marked daily pattern that was attributable to waste loading and algal activity. Dissolved-oxygen measurements during this study and simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations using the Ardmore Water-Quality Model, for the conditions of this study, illustrate that the dissolved-oxygen sag curve caused by the upstream wastewater discharges is confined to Sand Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994022","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 1999, Simulation of effects of wastewater discharges on Sand Creek and lower Caddo Creek near Ardmore, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4022, v, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994022.","productDescription":"v, 124 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95844,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4022/report.pdf","size":"8671","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4022/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bf314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29255,"text":"wri994142 - 1999 - Estimation of magnitude and frequency of floods for streams in Puerto Rico: New empirical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T21:03:51.85733","indexId":"wri994142","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4142","title":"Estimation of magnitude and frequency of floods for streams in Puerto Rico: New empirical models","docAbstract":"Flood-peak discharges and frequencies are presented for 57 gaged sites in Puerto Rico for recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years. The log-Pearson Type III distribution, the methodology recommended by the United States Interagency Committee on Water Data, was used to determine the magnitude and frequency of floods at the gaged sites having 10 to 43 years of record. A technique is presented for estimating flood-peak discharges at recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years for unregulated streams in Puerto Rico with contributing drainage areas ranging from 0.83 to 208 square miles. Loglinear multiple regression analyses, using climatic and basin characteristics and peak-discharge data from the 57 gaged sites, were used to construct regression equations to transfer the magnitude and frequency information from gaged to ungaged sites. The equations have contributing drainage area, depth-to-rock, and mean annual rainfall as the basin and climatic characteristics in estimating flood peak discharges. Examples are given to show a step-by-step procedure in calculating a 100-year flood at a gaged site, an ungaged site, a site near a gaged location, and a site between two gaged sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994142","usgsCitation":"Ramos-Gines, O., 1999, Estimation of magnitude and frequency of floods for streams in Puerto Rico: New empirical models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4142, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994142.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2248,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994142","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23055.htm"}],"country":"United 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analysis of stream-aquifer hydraulic interaction","docAbstract":"Quantifying the hydraulic interaction of aquifers and streams is important in the analysis of stream base fow, flood-wave effects, and contaminant transport between surface- and ground-water systems. This report describes the use of two computer programs, STLK1 and STWT1, to analyze the hydraulic interaction of streams with confined, leaky, and water-table aquifers during periods of stream-stage fuctuations and uniform, areal recharge. The computer programs are based on analytical solutions to the ground-water-flow equation in stream-aquifer settings and calculate ground-water levels, seepage rates across the stream-aquifer boundary, and bank storage that result from arbitrarily varying stream stage or recharge. Analysis of idealized, hypothetical stream-aquifer systems is used to show how aquifer type, aquifer boundaries, and aquifer and streambank hydraulic properties affect aquifer response to stresses. Published data from alluvial and stratifed-drift aquifers in Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Iowa are used to demonstrate application of the programs to field settings. Analytical models of these three stream-aquifer systems are developed on the basis of available hydrogeologic information. Stream-stage fluctuations and recharge are applied to the systems as hydraulic stresses. The models are calibrated by matching ground-water levels calculated with computer program STLK1 or STWT1 to measured ground-water levels.\r\n\r\nThe analytical models are used to estimate hydraulic properties of the aquifer, aquitard, and streambank; to evaluate hydrologic conditions in the aquifer; and to estimate seepage rates and bank-storage volumes resulting from flood waves and recharge. Analysis of field examples demonstrates the accuracy and limitations of the analytical solutions and programs when applied to actual ground-water systems and the potential uses of the analytical methods as alternatives to numerical modeling for quantifying stream-aquifer interactions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984212","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L.A., and Barlow, P.M., 1999, Use of computer programs STLK1 and STWT1 for analysis of stream-aquifer hydraulic interaction: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4212, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984212.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8645,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri98-4212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465932,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77842.htm","text":"Cedar River study site, Linn County, Iowa","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465933,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77843.htm","text":"Blackstone River study site, South Grafton, Massachusetts","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465934,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77854.htm","text":"Tennessee River study site, McCracken and Livingston Counties, Kentucky","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":195635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25790,"text":"wri994211 - 1999 - Surface-geophysical investigation of the University of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T06:39:19","indexId":"wri994211","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4211","title":"Surface-geophysical investigation of the University of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut","docAbstract":"A surface-geophysical investigation of the former landfill area at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Conn. was conducted as part of a preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of the contamination of soil, surface water, and ground water at the site. Geophysical data were used to help determine the dominant direction of fracture strike; subsurface structure of the landfill; locations of possible leachate plumes, fracture zones or conductive lithologic layers; and the location and number of chemical waste-disposal pits. Azimuthal square-array direct-current (dc) resistivity, two-dimensional (2D) dc-resistivity, inductive terrain conductivity, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) were the methods used to characterize the landfill area.The dominant strike direction of bedrock fractures interpreted from azimuthal square-array resistivity data is north, ranging from 285 to 30 degrees east of True North. These results complement local geologic maps that identify bedrock foliation and fractures that strike approximately north-south and dip 30 to 40 degrees west.The subsurface structure of the landfill was imaged with 2D dc-resistivity profiling data, which were used to interpret a landfill thickness of 10 to 15 meters. Orientation of the landfill trash disposal trenches were detected by azimuthal square-array resistivity soundings; the dimension and the orientation of the trenches were verified by aerial photographs.Inductive terrain conductivity and 2D dc-resistivity profiling detected conductive anomalies that were interpreted as possible leachate plumes near two surface-water discharge areas. The conductive anomaly to the north of the landfill is interpreted to be a shallow leachate plume and dissipates to almost background levels 45 meters north of the landfill. The anomaly to the southwest is interpreted to extend vertically through the overburden and into the shallow bedrock and laterally along the intermittent drainage to Eagleville Brook, terminating 140 meters south of the landfill. Inductive terrain conductivity and 2D dc-resistivity profiling also detected two dipping, sheet-like conductive features that extend vertically into the bedrock. These features were interpreted either as fracture zones filled with conductive fluids or conductive lithologic layers between more resistive layers. One dipping conductive feature was detected south of the landfill, and the other feature was detected to the west of the former chemical waste-disposal pits. Both anomalies strike approximately north-south and dip about 30 degrees to the west.GPR was used unsuccessfully to locate the former chemical waste-disposal pits. Although the entire overburden and the upper few meters of bedrock were imaged, no anomalous features were detected with GPR that could be correlated with the pits. It is possible that the area surveyed by GPR was entirely backfilled after the soil was removed from the site and that the outline of the former chemical waste-disposal pits no longer exists. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994211","usgsCitation":"Powers, C.J., Wilson, J., Haeni, F., and Johnson, C., 1999, Surface-geophysical investigation of the University of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4211, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994211.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/wri994211/wri994211.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Storrs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.27750778198242,\n 41.81073178596062\n ],\n [\n -72.2519302368164,\n 41.81073178596062\n ],\n [\n -72.2519302368164,\n 41.821606443011916\n ],\n [\n -72.27750778198242,\n 41.821606443011916\n ],\n [\n -72.27750778198242,\n 41.81073178596062\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a80b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Christopher J.","contributorId":41464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Joanna","contributorId":58685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Joanna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, C. D.","contributorId":8120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29965,"text":"wri994140 - 1999 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the upper Floridan aquifer, western Albany area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:48:09","indexId":"wri994140","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4140","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the upper Floridan aquifer, western Albany area, Georgia","docAbstract":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data were collected to refine the hydrogeologic framework conceptual model of the Upper Floridan aquifer, and to qualitatively evaluate the potential of human activities to impact water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the western Albany area, Georgia. Ground-water age dating was conducted by using chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and tritium concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer to determine if recharge and possible contaminant migration to the aquifer is recent or occurred prior to the introduction of CFCs and tritium in the early 1950's into the global natural water system. Data were collected from core holes and wells installed during this study and previously existing wells in the Albany area.\r\n\r\nHydrogeologic data collected during this study compare well to the regional hydrogeologic conceptual model developed during previous studies. However, the greater data density available from this study shows the dynamic and local variability in the hydrologic character of the Upper Floridan aquifer in more detail. The occurrence of sediment sizes from clay to gravel in the overburden, the absence of overburden because of erosion or sinkhole collapse, and large areas lacking surface drainage west of the Flint River provide potential areas for recharge and contaminant migration from the surface to the Upper Floridan aquifer throughout the study area. Ground-water ages generally range from 9 to 34 years, indicating that recharge consisting of 'modern' water (post early-1950's) is present in the aquifer. Ground-water ages and hydraulic heads in the Upper Floridan aquifer have an irregular distribution, indicating that localized areas of recharge to the aquifer are present in the study area.\r\n\r\nGenerally, water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is calcium-bicarbonate rich, having low concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is oxygenated, having dissolved-oxygen concentrations greater than 2 milligrams per liter. Nitrite-plus-nitrate as nitrogen, is present in the aquifer at concentrations ranging from less than 0.02 to 5.5 milligrams per liter. Areas of higher nitrate concentrations in the aquifer, coupled with widely distributed localized recharge to the aquifer indicates that suburban residential and agricultural land use in the western Albany area may affect water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer. However, concentrations exceeding drinking water criteria were not detected in the study area.\r\n\r\nGenerally, water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is calcium-bicarbonate rich, having low concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is oxygenated, having dissolved-oxygen concentrations greater than 2 milligrams per liter. Nitrite-plus-nitrate as nitrogen, is present in the aquifer at concentrations ranging from less than 0.02 to 5.5 milligrams per liter. Areas of higher nitrate concentrations in the aquifer, coupled with widely distributed localized recharge to the aquifer indicates that suburban residential and agricultural land use in the western Albany area may affect water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer. However, concentrations exceeding drinking water criteria were not detected in the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994140","usgsCitation":"Stewart, L.M., Warner, D., and Dawson, B.J., 1999, Hydrogeology and water quality of the upper Floridan aquifer, western Albany area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4140, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994140.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2432,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri99-4140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,31 ], [ -86,34 ], [ -82,34 ], [ -82,31 ], [ -86,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Lisa M.","contributorId":82741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, Debbie 0000-0002-5195-6657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-6657","contributorId":104106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. 0000-0002-0209-8158 bjdawson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":1102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"bjdawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30388,"text":"wri994195 - 1999 - Evaluation of the effectiveness of an urban stormwater treatment unit in Madison, Wisconsin, 1996-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:19:01","indexId":"wri994195","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4195","title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of an urban stormwater treatment unit in Madison, Wisconsin, 1996-97","docAbstract":"An urban stormwater treatment unit was tested as part of an ongoing program of urban nonpoint- pollution research in Madison, Wis. Flow measurements were made and water samples were collected at the inlet to, outlet from, and bypass around the treatment chamber of the device that was installed to collect the runoff from a city maintenance yard.
\nAbout 90 percent of the runoff water from the 4.3-acre basin was treated by the unit. The remaining 10 percent bypassed the treatment chamber when the flow rate reached approximately 500 gallons per minute.
\nA 24-percent difference between the estimated amount (405 kilograms) and the actual amount (536 kilograms) of retained material in the treatment chamber may be attributed to bedload material that the automatic samplers could not effectively collect. Assuming this, 8 percent of the total mass in the untreated runoff water was estimated as the unsampled bedload.
\nOn the basis of water-sample data collected over the course of the study, the suspended solids removal efficiency of treatment chamber was about 25 percent, and the efficiency of the unit as a whole was 21 percent. If the unsampled bedload material was accounted for, the treatment-chamber efficiency was 33 percent.
\nAbout 19 percent of the total phosphorus was removed from the water that passed through the treatment chamber and 17 percent was removed by the unit as a whole. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) loads were reduced about 39 percent by the treatment chamber and 34 percent by the unit as a whole; these were some of the most effectively removed constituents. Total metals were reduced about 20 to 30 percent by both the treatment chamber and the unit as a whole. In general, dissolved constituents were unaffected by the unit.
\nThe material retained in the treatment chamber had high concentrations of lead and PAH and may be subject to special disposal restrictions based on those concentrations and the presence of benzo(a)anthracene. The chemical makeup of the retained material in other similar stormwater treatment units will probably vary depending on the land use and activities in the drainage basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Waschbusch, R.J., 1999, Evaluation of the effectiveness of an urban stormwater treatment unit in Madison, Wisconsin, 1996-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4195, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994195.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59165,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2510,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994195","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota, Lake Menona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.55917358398438,\n 43.01820348594956\n ],\n [\n -89.55917358398438,\n 43.177141346631714\n ],\n [\n -89.21241760253906,\n 43.177141346631714\n ],\n [\n -89.21241760253906,\n 43.01820348594956\n ],\n [\n -89.55917358398438,\n 43.01820348594956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef3fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waschbusch, Robert J. 0000-0002-4069-0267 rjwaschb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0267","contributorId":3447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waschbusch","given":"Robert","email":"rjwaschb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25581,"text":"wri984202 - 1999 - Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:13:40","indexId":"wri984202","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4202","title":"Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"In 1995, the U.S. Navy requested that the U.S. Geological Survey conduct an investigation to describe the hydrogeology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base, southeast and adjacent to Albany, Georgia. The study area encompasses about 90 square miles in the Dougherty Plain District of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, in Dougherty and Worth Counties-the Marine Corps Logistics Base encompasses about 3,600 acres in the central part of the study area.\r\n\r\nThe Upper Floridan aquifer is the shallowest, most widely used source of drinking water for domestic use in the Albany area. The hydrogeologic framework of this aquifer was delineated by description of the geologic and hydrogeologic units that compose the aquifer; evaluation of the lithologic and hydrologic heterogeneity of the aquifer; comparison of the geologic and hydrogeologic setting beneath the base with those of the surrounding area; and determination of ground-water-flow directions, and vertical hydraulic conductivities and gradients in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of the Suwannee Limestone and Ocala Limestone and is divided into an upper and lower water-bearing zone. The aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation and is semi-confined above by a low-permeability clay layer in the undifferentiated overburden. The thickness of the aquifer ranges from about 165 feet in the northeastern part of the study area, to about 325 feet in the southeastern part of the study area. Based on slug tests conducted by a U.S. Navy contractor, the upper water-bearing zone has low horizontal hydraulic conductivity (0.0224 to 2.07 feet per day) and a low vertical hydraulic conductivity (0.0000227 to 0.510 feet per day); the lower water-bearing zone has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity that ranges from 0.0134 to 2.95 feet per day.\r\n\r\nWater-level hydrographs of continuously monitored wells on the Marine Corps Logistics Base show excellent correlation between ground-water level and stage of the Flint River. Ground-water-flow direction in the southwestern part of the base generally is southeast to northwest; whereas, in the northeastern part of the base, flow directions generally are east to west, as well as from west to east, thus creating a ground-water low. Ground-water flow in the larger study area generally is east to west towards the Flint River, with a major ground-water-flow path existing from the Pelham Escarpment to the Flint River and a seasonal cone of depression the size of which is dependent upon the magnitude of irrigation pumping during the summer months.\r\n\r\nCalculated vertical hydraulic gradients (based upon data from 11 well-cluster sites on the Marine Corps Logistics Base) range from 0.0016 to 0.1770 foot per foot, and generally are highest in the central and eastern parts of the base. The vertical gradient is downward at all well-cluster sites. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984202","usgsCitation":"McSwain, K.B., 1999, Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4202, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984202.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4202/report.pdf","size":"7883","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13473,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir98-4202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Marine Corps Logistics Base, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.21045241900757\n ],\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.668577131274454\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 31.668577131274454\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 31.21045241900757\n ],\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.21045241900757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6844a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSwain, Kristen Bukowski kmcswain@usgs.gov","contributorId":1606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwain","given":"Kristen","email":"kmcswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bukowski","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25406,"text":"wri984223 - 1999 - An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients in the Elwha River basin: implications for restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T13:28:16","indexId":"wri984223","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4223","title":"An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients in the Elwha River basin: implications for restoration","docAbstract":"The Elwha River was once famous for its 10 runs of anadromous salmon which included chinook that reportedly exceeded 45 kilograms. These runs either ceased to exist or were significantly depleted after the construction of the Elwha (1912) and Glines Canyon (1927) Dams, which resulted in the blockage of more than 113 kilometers of mainstem river and tributary habitat. In 1992, in response to the loss of the salmon runs in the Elwha River Basin, President George Bush signed the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act, which authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to remove both dams for ecosystem restoration. The objective of this U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) study was to begin describing baseline conditions for assessing changes that will result from restoration. The first step was to review available physical, chemical, and biological information on the Elwha River Basin. We found that most studies have focused on anadromous fish and habitat and that little information is available on water quality, habitat classification, geomorphic processes, and riparian and aquatic biological communities. There is also a lack of sufficient data on baseline conditions for assessing future changes if restoration occurs. The second component of this study was to collect water-quality and habitat data, filling information gaps. This information will permit a better understanding of the relation between physical habitat and nutrient conditions and changes that may result from salmon restoration. We collected data in the fall of 1997 and found that the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous were generally low, with most samples having concentrations below detection limits. Detectable concentrations of nitrogen were associated with sites in the lower reach of the Elwha River, whereas the few detections of phosphorus were at sites throughout the basin. Nutrient data indicate that the Elwha River and its tributaries are oligotrophic. Results of the stream classification indicated that most of the habitat that would be usable by salmon is found in the mainstem of the Elwha River due to natural gradient barriers at the lower end of most tributaries. Habitat is diverse in the mainstem due to large woody debris accumulations and the existence of secondary channels.
We concluded that restoring salmon runs to the Elwha River system will affect the ecosystem profoundly. Decaying carcasses of migrating salmon will be the source of large quantities of nutrients to the Elwha River. The complex instream habitat of the mainstem will enhance cycling of these nutrients because carcasses will be retained long enough to be assimilated thereby increasing primary and secondary production, size of immature salmonids, and overall higher salmon recruitment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Lower Elwha Tribe and National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Munn, M.D., Black, R.W., Haggland, A., Hummling, M., and Huffman, R., 1999, An assessment of stream habitat and nutrients in the Elwha River basin: implications for restoration: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4223, v, 37, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984223.","productDescription":"v, 37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95526,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4223/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.77,\n 47.7\n ],\n [\n -123.37,\n 47.7\n ],\n [\n -123.37,\n 48.17\n ],\n [\n -123.77,\n 48.17\n ],\n [\n -123.77,\n 47.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684d5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, Mark D. 0000-0002-7154-7252 mdmunn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-7252","contributorId":976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"Mark","email":"mdmunn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, R. W.","contributorId":81943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haggland, A.L.","contributorId":17273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggland","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hummling, M.A.","contributorId":45747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummling","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huffman, R.L.","contributorId":44956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26812,"text":"wri994167 - 1999 - Ground-water discharge and nitrate loadings to the coastal bays of Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T20:47:47.113609","indexId":"wri994167","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4167","title":"Ground-water discharge and nitrate loadings to the coastal bays of Maryland","docAbstract":"Nitrate in ground water discharged to the Atlantic coastal bays of Maryland enhances the growth of phytoplankton and algae in the bays, which in turn contributes to the process of eutrophication (changes in a body of water as nutrients and sediments accumulate), which is one of the principal environmental problems in the bays. Information on nitrate loading to the bays has been identified as a major data gap by State and Federal resource managers. This report presents results of a study to estimate ground-water discharge and potential nitrate loads to the coastal bays of Maryland, which include Chincoteague, Newport, Sinepuxent, Isle of Wight, and Assawoman Bays. The nitrate load from the discharge of ground water to the coastal bays is dependent on the concentration of nitrate in the water and the volume of ground water being discharged. Data from 388 wells completed in the surficial aquifer that discharges to the bays were used to construct a map of the distribution of nitrate concentration in the ground water. On the basis of those data, and on several simplifying assumptions, the potential nitrate load to the coastal bays from direct discharge of ground water was estimated to be 272,000 pounds of nitrate per year, distributed throughout the 108-square-mile surface area of the bays. Nitrate from ground water can also enter the coastal bays by way of base flow to streams that discharge to the bays. The potential nitrate load to the bays from the base flow of streams was estimated to be 862,000 pounds per year, assuming that the concentration of nitrate in stream base flow is 3.2 milligrams per liter, which is the median concentration of nitrate in ground water in the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994167","usgsCitation":"Dillow, J., and Greene, E.A., 1999, Ground-water discharge and nitrate loadings to the coastal bays of Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4167, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994167.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396194,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22951.htm"},{"id":158425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.6134033203125,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 37.792422407988575\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 38.44068226417387\n ],\n [\n -75.6134033203125,\n 38.44068226417387\n ],\n [\n -75.6134033203125,\n 37.792422407988575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillow, Jonathan J.A.","contributorId":18412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillow","given":"Jonathan J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greene, Earl A. 0000-0002-9479-0829 eagreene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-0829","contributorId":3518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Earl","email":"eagreene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29462,"text":"wri984218 - 1999 - Processes affecting dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the lower reaches of Middle Fork and South Fork Beargrass Creek, Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T08:17:40","indexId":"wri984218","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4218","title":"Processes affecting dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the lower reaches of Middle Fork and South Fork Beargrass Creek, Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"This report provides data on dissolved-oxygen\n(DO) concentrations and identifies the environmental\nprocesses that most affect DO concentrations\nduring base-flow periods in the lower\nreaches of Middle Fork and South Fork Beargrass\nCreek in Jefferson County, Kentucky. These\nreaches are affected by inputs from combined-sewer\noverflows. Sections of the lower reaches of\nthe two streams run through single-family residential\nareas and public parks that are used extensively\nby local residents during the summer.\nRecreational fishing and wading also are common\nin the Middle Fork reach.\nContinuous-record data collected during the\nsummer and early fall (July-September 1996 on\nthe Middle Fork and July-October 1995 on the\nSouth Fork) at three monitoring sites along each\nreach indicate generally decreasing DO concentrations\nin the downstream direction except for\nthe South Fork Beargrass Creek at Winter Avenue\nsite where channel modifications have resulted in\nhigher velocities along with shallower depths during\nlow-flow conditions. The channel modifications\nat this site increased the reaeration-rate\ncoefficient (a measure of the capacity of the\nstream to absorb oxygen through the air-water\ninterface), increased the potential for algae to\nattach to the rough concrete surface, and\nincreased algal exposure to sunlight.\nSynoptic data available for selected constituent\nconcentrations were used to calibrate and verify\na computer model (U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency QUAL2E model) capable of\nsimulating processes that affect DO concentrations\nin streams. The results of the study indicate\nthat streamflow, reaeration, and sediment-oxygen\ndemand (SOD) are the factors that most affect net\nproduction and depletion of DO in the lower\nreaches of Middle Fork and South Fork Beargrass\nCreek. For the QUAL2E model, streamflow is\nused in the determination of depth, which in tum\nis used to estimate the consumption of oxygen by\nSOD. Streamflow also is used in the determination\nof the reaeration-rate coefficient. From the\nQUAL2E simulations, DO concentrations (in the\nmass balance) attributed to reaeration and SOD\nwere at least an order of magnitude greater than\nany of the other factors that can affect\nDO concentrations. Large diurnal variability in\nDO concentrations resulted at the monitoring sites\nlocated at upstream and downstream ends of the\nMiddle Fork and South Fork reaches, but as indicated\nin model simulation, the net effect of photosynthesis\nand respiration on DO concentration\nwas small. Nitrogen, ammonia, and carbonaceous\nbiochemical-oxygen demand were present at low\nconcentrations in each of the study reaches; the\nmodel results indicate these constituents did not\nhave a substantial effect on DO concentrations.\nModel simulations indicated that lowering the\nSOD rate by 50 percent would result in a substantial improvement in DO concentrations in the\nMiddle Fork Beargrass Creek reach for extremely\nlow base-flow conditions but would result in only\nlimited improvement in DO concentrations in the\nSouth Fork Beargrass Creek reach. However, no\nsimulations for extremely low base-flow conditions\nwere conducted for the South Fork Beargrass\nCreek reach. More information on SOD is\nneeded for stream reaches affected by periodic\ninputs of effluent. In such stream systems, the\ntemporal and spatial variability of SOD needs to\nbe better defined.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Louisville, KY","doi":"10.3133/wri984218","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, K.J., and Jarrett, G.L., 1999, Processes affecting dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the lower reaches of Middle Fork and South Fork Beargrass Creek, Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4218, v, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984218.","productDescription":"v, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286094,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4218/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Beargrass Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.0,38.0 ], [ -86.0,38.375 ], [ -85.375,38.375 ], [ -85.375,38.0 ], [ -86.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, Kevin J.","contributorId":35769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarrett, G. Lynn","contributorId":75577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28936,"text":"wri994073 - 1999 - Geohydrology and numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system of Kona, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T15:47:59.897503","indexId":"wri994073","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4073","displayTitle":"Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Kona, Island of Hawaii","title":"Geohydrology and numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system of Kona, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Prior to the early 1990's, ground-water in the Kona area, which is in the western part of the island of Hawaii, was withdrawn from wells located within about 3 mi from the coast where water levels were less than 10 feet above sea level. In 1990, exploratory drilling in the uplands east of the existing coastal wells first revealed the presence of high water levels (greater than 40 feet above sea level) in the Kona area. Measured water levels from 16 wells indicate that high water levels exist in a zone parallel to and inland of the Kona coast, between Kalaoa and Honaunau. Available hydrologic and geophysical evidence is generally consistent with the concept that the high ground-water levels are associated with a buried dike complex. \r\n\r\nA two-dimensional (areal), steady-state, freshwater-saltwater, sharp-interface ground-water flow model was developed for the Kona area of the island of Hawaii, to enhance the understanding of (1) the distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties, (2) the conceptual framework of the ground-water flow system, and (3) the regional effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels and coastal discharge. The model uses the finite-difference code SHARP. \r\n\r\nTo estimate the hydraulic characteristics, average recharge, withdrawals, and water-level conditions for the period 1991-93 were simulated. The following horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values were estimated: (1) 7,500 feet per day for the dike-free volcanic rocks of Hualalai and Mauna Loa, (2) 0.1 feet per day for the buried dike complex of Hualalai, (3) 10 feet per day for the northern marginal dike zone (north of Kalaoa), and (4) 0.5 feet per day for the southern marginal dike zone between Palani Junction and Holualoa. The coastal leakance was estimated to be 0.05 feet per day per foot. \r\n\r\nMeasured water levels indicate that ground water generally flows from inland areas to the coast. Model results are in general agreement with the limited set of measured water levels in the Kona area. Model results indicate, however, that water levels do not strictly increase in an inland direction and that a ground-water divide exists within the buried dike complex. Data are not available, however, to verify model results in the area near and inland of the model-calculated ground-water divide. \r\n\r\nThree simulations to determine the effects of proposed withdrawals from the high water-level area on coastal discharge and water levels, relative to model-calculated, steady-state coastal discharge and water levels for 1997 withdrawal rates, show that the effects are widespread. During 1997, the total withdrawal of ground water from the high water-level area between Palani Junction and Holualoa was about 1 million gallons per day. Model results indicate that it may not be possible to withdraw 25.6 million gallons per day of freshwater from this area between Palani Junction and Holualoa, but that it may be possible to withdraw between 5 to 8 million gallons per day from the same area. For a proposed withdrawal rate of 5.0 million gallons per day uniformly distributed to 12 sites between Palani Junction and Holualoa, the model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends about 9 miles north-northwest and about 7 miles south of the proposed well sites. In all scenarios, freshwater coastal discharge is reduced by an amount equal to the additional freshwater withdrawal. \r\n\r\nAdditional data needed to improve the understanding of the ground-water flow system in the Kona area include: (1) a wider spatial distribution and longer temporal distribution of water levels, (2) improved information about the subsurface geology, (3) independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity, (4) improved recharge estimates, and (5) information about the vertical distribution of salinity in ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994073","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 1999, Geohydrology and numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system of Kona, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4073, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994073.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4073/report.pdf","size":"9541","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 18.79191774423444\n ],\n [\n -154.632568359375,\n 18.79191774423444\n ],\n [\n -154.632568359375,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 18.79191774423444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8da8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25991,"text":"wri994172 - 1999 - Site-specific estimation of peak-streamflow frequency using generalized least-squares regression for natural basins in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T14:35:16","indexId":"wri994172","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4172","title":"Site-specific estimation of peak-streamflow frequency using generalized least-squares regression for natural basins in Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, has developed a computer program to estimate peak-streamflow frequency for ungaged sites in natural basins in Texas. Peak-streamflow frequency refers to the peak streamflows for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. Peak-streamflow frequency estimates are needed by planners, managers, and design engineers for flood-plain management; for objective assessment of flood risk; for cost-effective design of roads and bridges; and also for the desin of culverts, dams, levees, and other flood-control structures. The program estimates peak-streamflow frequency using a site-specific approach and a multivariate generalized least-squares linear regression. A site-specific approach differs from a traditional regional regression approach by developing unique equations to estimate peak-streamflow frequency specifically for the ungaged site. The stations included in the regression are selected using an informal cluster analysis that compares the basin characteristics of the ungaged site to the basin characteristics of all the stations in the data base. The program provides several choices for selecting the stations. Selecting the stations using cluster analysis ensures that the stations included in the regression will have the most pertinent information about flooding characteristics of the ungaged site and therefore provide the basis for potentially improved peak-streamflow frequency estimation. An evaluation of the site-specific approach in estimating peak-streamflow frequency for gaged sites indicates that the site-specific approach is at least as accurate as a traditional regional regression approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994172","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Slade, R., 1999, Site-specific estimation of peak-streamflow frequency using generalized least-squares regression for natural basins in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4172, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994172.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1993,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994172","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548d71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, R.M. Jr.","contributorId":40595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26037,"text":"wri994017 - 1999 - A dynamic water-quality modeling framework for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T13:05:19","indexId":"wri994017","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4017","title":"A dynamic water-quality modeling framework for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina","docAbstract":"As a result of fish kills in the Neuse River estuary in 1995, nutrient reduction strategies were developed for point and nonpoint sources in the basin. However, because of the interannual variability in the natural system and the resulting complex hydrologic-nutrient inter- actions, it is difficult to detect through a short-term observational program the effects of management activities on Neuse River estuary water quality and aquatic health. A properly constructed water-quality model can be used to evaluate some of the potential effects of manage- ment actions on estuarine water quality. Such a model can be used to predict estuarine response to present and proposed nutrient strategies under the same set of meteorological and hydrologic conditions, thus removing the vagaries of weather and streamflow from the analysis.\r\n\r\nA two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water-quality modeling framework was developed for the Neuse River estuary by using previously collected data. Development of the modeling framework consisted of (1) computational grid development, (2) assembly of data for model boundary conditions and model testing, (3) selection of initial values of model parameters, and (4) limited model testing.\r\n\r\nThe model domain extends from Streets Ferry to Oriental, N.C., includes seven lateral embayments that have continual exchange with the main- stem of the estuary, three point-source discharges, and three tributary streams. Thirty-five computational segments represent the mainstem of the estuary, and the entire framework contains a total of 60 computa- tional segments. Each computational cell is 0.5 meter thick; segment lengths range from 500 meters to 7,125 meters.\r\n\r\nData that were used to develop the modeling framework were collected during March through October 1991 and represent the most comprehensive data set available prior to 1997. Most of the data were collected by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality, the University of North Carolina Institute of Marine Sciences, and the U.S. Geological Survey.\r\n\r\nLimitations in the modeling framework were clearly identified. These limitations formed the basis for a set of suggestions to refine the Neuse River estuary water-quality model.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994017","usgsCitation":"Bales, J.D., and Robbins, J.C., 1999, A dynamic water-quality modeling framework for the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4017, iv, 35 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994017.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4017/report.pdf","size":"7285","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Neuse River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 35.380092992092145\n ],\n [\n -78.914794921875,\n 36.37706783983682\n ],\n [\n -79.332275390625,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -79.925537109375,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -79.859619140625,\n 35.84453450421662\n ],\n [\n -79.310302734375,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -77.36572265625,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -76.04736328125,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -76.475830078125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 35.380092992092145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, Jeanne C. 0000-0001-7804-0764 jrobbins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7804-0764","contributorId":1586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Jeanne","email":"jrobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28465,"text":"wri984235 - 1999 - Effects on ground-water levels in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer caused by changes in Missouri River stage, Fremont and Monona Counties, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-14T14:28:54.144989","indexId":"wri984235","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4235","title":"Effects on ground-water levels in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer caused by changes in Missouri River stage, Fremont and Monona Counties, Iowa","docAbstract":"An analysis of available hydrologic data was conducted to evaluate the effects on groundwater levels in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer caused by changes in Missouri River stage at selected sites in Fremont and Monona Counties in western Iowa. Daily mean ground-water levels and river stage measured during November 1995- September 1996, simulated daily mean river stage for November 1995-December 1996 derived from simulated daily mean discharge for eight alternative water-management plans for the Missouri River, and simulated daily mean ground-water levels for November 1995- December 1996 for selected water-management plans were used in the study. The measured data represent hydrologic conditions for the Current (1998) Water-Control Plan of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
\nGround-water levels in the alluvial aquifer vary in response to river stage, precipitation, proximity to drainage ditches, evapotranspiration, and pumpage. In Fremont County, measured ground-water levels generally were lower than river stage during the spring, summer, and fall months. In Monona County, measured ground-water levels generally were higher than river stage. Water levels in wells at distances greater than about 8,000 feet from the river in Fremont County and about 6,500 feet in Monona County likely were more affected by precipitation or proximity to drainage ditches than by river stage.
\nChanges in river stage likely affect groundwater levels in Fremont County to a greater degree than in Monona County. In Fremont County, the hydraulic gradient generally is from the river to the aquifer; in Monona County, the gradient generally is from the aquifer to the river. The response of ground- water levels to changes in river stage in Monona County is less apparent than in Fremont County. The higher ground-water levels in Monona County indicate that the effects of other factors, such as differences in recharge from precipitation and aquifer properties, are more dominant than in Fremont County.
\nGenerally, the effects of simulated river stage caused higher simulated ground-water levels in Fremont and Monona Counties at distances less than 10,000 feet from the river during the spring months for selected alternatives to the Current Water-Control Plan that target increased benefits to fish and wildlife. Local hydrogeologic conditions will determine how significantly the possible 1- to 4-foot change in ground-water levels affects land use within 10,000 feet of the river. For example, lower river stage and ground-water levels during the mid-summer months could improve drainage in lowland areas during periods of greater-than-normal precipitation. Actual depth to ground water might be controlled by factors other than river stage, such as proximity to drainage ditches and local differences in recharge by precipitation, discharge from evapotranspiration, aquifer properties, and land-surface altitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri984235","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fremont County Board of Supervisors","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K.J., Schaap, B.D., and Fischer, E.E., 1999, Effects on ground-water levels in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer caused by changes in Missouri River stage, Fremont and Monona Counties, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4235, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984235.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95713,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159307,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466121,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49048.htm","text":"Fremont County","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466122,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49049.htm","text":"Monona County","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Fremont County, Monona County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.88317871093749,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -95.88317871093749,\n 40.76806170936614\n ],\n [\n -95.64147949218749,\n 40.76806170936614\n ],\n [\n -95.64147949218749,\n 40.588928169693745\n ],\n [\n -95.88317871093749,\n 40.588928169693745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.2347412109375,\n 41.95949009892465\n ],\n [\n -96.2347412109375,\n 42.04113400940809\n ],\n [\n -96.119384765625,\n 42.04113400940809\n ],\n [\n -96.119384765625,\n 41.95949009892465\n ],\n [\n -96.2347412109375,\n 41.95949009892465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, Keith J. kjlucey@usgs.gov","contributorId":185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"Keith","email":"kjlucey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward","email":"edf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25794,"text":"wri984113 - 1999 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Overview of major findings, 1987-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T19:33:59.256418","indexId":"wri984113","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4113","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Overview of major findings, 1987-91","docAbstract":"Surface-water-quality conditions were assessed in the Yakima River Basin, which drains 6,155 square miles of mostly forested, range, and agricultural land in Washington. The Yakima River Basin is one of the most intensively farmed and irrigated areas in the United States, and is often referred to as the “Nation’s Fruitbowl.” Natural and anthropogenic sources of contaminants and flow regulation control water-quality conditions throughout the basin. This report summarizes the spatial and temporal distribution, sources, and implications of the dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, suspended sediment, nutrient, organic compound (pesticide), trace element, fecal indicator bacteria, radionuclide, and aquatic ecology data collected during the 1987–91 water years.
\nThe Yakima River descends from a water surface altitude of 2,449 feet at the foot of Keechelus Dam to 340 feet at its mouth downstream from Horn Rapids Dam near Richland. The basin can be divided into three distinct river reaches on the basis of its physical characteristics. The upper reach, which drains the Kittitas Valley, has a high gradient, with an average streambed slope of 14 feet per mile (ft/mi) over the 74 miles from the foot of Keechelus Dam (river mile [RM] 214.5) to just upstream from Umtanum. The middle reach, which drains the Mid Valley, extends a distance of 33 miles from Umtanum (RM 140.4) to just upstream from Union Gap and also has a high gradient, with an average streambed slope of 11 ft/mi. The lower reach of the Yakima River drains the Lower Valley and has an average streambed slope of 7 ft/mi over the 107 miles from Union Gap (RM 107.2) to the mouth of the Yakima River.
\nThese reaches exhibited differences in water-quality conditions related to the differences in geologic sources of contaminants and land use. Compared with the rest of the basin, the Kittitas Valley and headwaters of the Naches River Subbasin had relatively low concentrations and loads of suspended sediment, nutrients, organic compounds, and fecal indicator bacteria. There were very few failures to meet the Washington State dissolved oxygen standard or exceedances of the water temperature and pH standards in this reach. In general, these areas are considered to be areas of lessdegraded water quality in the basin. The preTertiary metamorphic and intrusive rocks of the Cle Elum and Teanaway River Subbasins, however, were found to be significant geologic sources of antimony, arsenic, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. As a result, the arsenic, chromium, and nickel concentrations measured in the streambed sediment of the Kittitas Valley were 13 to 74 times higher than those measured in the Lower Valley.
\nThe Mid and Lower Valleys had similar water-quality conditions, governed by the intensive agricultural and irrigation activities, highly erosive landscapes, and flow regulation. Most of the failures to meet the Washington State standards for dissolved oxygen and exceedances of the standards for water temperature and pH occurred in the Mid and Lower Valleys. Agricultural drains in the Mid and Lower Valleys were found to be significant sources of nutrients, suspended sediment, pesticides, and fecal indicator bacteria. Downstream from the irrigation diversions near Union Gap, summertime streamflow in the Yakima River was drastically reduced to only a few hundred cubic feet per second. In the lower Yakima River, agricultural return flow typically accounts for as much as 80 percent of the main stem summertime flow near the downstream terminus of the basin. Therefore, the water-quality characteristics of the lower Yakima River resemble those of the agricultural drains. The highest fecal bacteria concentrations (35,000 colonies of Escherichia coli per 100 milliliters of water) were measured in the Granger/Sunnyside area, the location of most of the livestock in the basin. The east side area of the Lower Valley (area east of the Yakima River) was the predominant source area for suspended sediment and pesticides in the basin. This area had the largest acreage of irrigated land and generally received the largest application of pesticides. Owing to the highly erosive soils of the area, the suspended sediment load from the east side in June 1989 (320 kilograms per day) was five or more times larger than from any other area, and the loads of several of the more hydrophobic organic compounds were four or more times larger.
\nAn ecological assessment of the Yakima River Basin ranked physical, chemical, and biological conditions at impaired (degraded) sites against reference sites in an effort to understand how land use changes physical and chemical site characteristics and how biota respond to these changes. For this assessment, the basin was divided into four natural ecological categories: (1) Cascades ecoregion, (2) Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills ecoregion, (3) Columbia Basin ecoregion, and (4) large rivers. Each of these categories has a unique combination of climate and landscape features that produces a distinctive terrestrial vegetation assemblage. In the combined Cascades and Eastern Cascades site group, which had the fewest impaired sites, the metals index was the only physical and chemical index that indicated any impairment. The moderate levels of impairment noted in the invertebrate and algal communities were not, however, associated with metals, and may have been related to the effects of logging, although the intensity of logging was not directly quantified in this study. Sites in the Columbia Basin site group were all moderately or severely impaired with the exception of the two reference sites (Umtanum Creek and Satus Creek below Dry Creek), which showed no physical, chemical, or biological impairment. Three sites were heavily affected by agriculture (Granger Drain, Moxee Drain, and Spring Creek) and were listed as severely impaired by most of the physical, chemical, and biological condition indices. Agriculture was the primary cause of the impairment of biological communities in this site group. The primary physical and chemical indicators of agricultural effects were nutrients, pesticides, dissolved solids, and substrate embeddedness, which all tended to increase with agricultural intensity. The biological effects of agriculture were manifested by a decrease in the abundance and number of native species of fish and invertebrates, a shift in algal communities to species indicative of eutrophic conditions, and higher abundances. There was also an increase in the abundance and number of nonnative fish species due to the prevalence of fish that are largely tolerant of nutrient-rich conditions. Main stem (large river) sites downstream from the city of Yakima exhibited severe impairment of fish communities associated with high levels of pesticides in fish tissues and the presence of external anomalies on fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri984113","usgsCitation":"Morace, J.L., Fuhrer, G.J., Rinella, J.F., McKenzie, S.W., Gannett, M.W., Bramblett, K.L., Pogue, T.R., Skach, K.A., Embrey, S.S., Cuffney, T.F., Meador, M., Porter, S.D., and Gurtz, M.E., 1999, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Overview of major findings, 1987-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4113, xii, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984113.","productDescription":"xii, 119 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984113.PNG"},{"id":392338,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19724.htm"},{"id":311182,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4113/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 46.90524554642923\n ],\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 46.90524554642923\n ],\n [\n -119.58892822265626,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 46.057985244793024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a896","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morace, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-8132-4044 jlmorace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-4044","contributorId":945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morace","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmorace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuhrer, Gregory J. gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","contributorId":944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuhrer","given":"Gregory","email":"gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rinella, Joseph F. jrinella@usgs.gov","contributorId":1371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Joseph","email":"jrinella@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKenzie, Stuart W.","contributorId":27841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bramblett, Karen L.","contributorId":149798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bramblett","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pogue, Ted R. Jr.","contributorId":13998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pogue","given":"Ted","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Skach, Kenneth A. kaskach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skach","given":"Kenneth","email":"kaskach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":579619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Embrey, Sandra S.","contributorId":48170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Embrey","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Meador, Michael R. mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Gurtz, Martin E. megurtz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"Martin","email":"megurtz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":27329,"text":"wri994116 - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska — Summary of data through 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:16:16.022658","indexId":"wri994116","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4116","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska — Summary of data through 1997","docAbstract":"Among the first activities undertaken in each National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) investigation are the compilation, screening, and statistical summary of available data concerning water-quality conditions in the study unit. The water-quality conditions of interest are those that are representative of the general ambient water quality of a given stream reach or area of an aquifer. This report identifies which existing water-quality data are suitable for characterizing general conditions in a nationally consistent manner and describes, to the extent possible, general water-quality conditions in the Cook Inlet Basin in southcentral Alaska. The study unit consists of all lands that drain into Cook Inlet, but not the marine environment itself. \r\n\r\nSurface-water-quality data are summarized for 31 sites on streams. Ground-water quality data are summarized for four regions using analyses from about 550 wells that yield water from unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits and analyses from 17 wells in western Cook Inlet, some of which may yield water from coal or weakly consolidated sandstone or conglomerate. The summaries focus on the central tendencies and typical variations in the data and use nonparametric statistics such as frequencies and percentile values. \r\n\r\nFew surface- and ground-water sites have long-term water-quality records and very few data are available for dissolved oxygen, nutrients, metals, trace elements, organic compounds, and radionuclides. In general, most waters in streams and wells have small concentrations of major inorganic constituents, nutrients, trace elements, and organic compounds. \r\n\r\nMost streams have water that is generally suitable for drinking-water supply, the growth and propagation of cold-water anadromous fish, and water-contact recreation. However, suspended-sediment concentrations in glacier-fed streams are naturally high and can make water from glacier-fed streams unsuitable for many uses unless the water is treated to remove the suspended sediment. Several streams and lakes in Anchorage have fecal coliform bacteria concentrations higher than allowed for drinking or water-contact recreation. \r\n\r\nGround water in the major withdrawal regions is generally suitable for drinking and most other purposes, but some wells yield water having nitrate, iron, or arsenic concentrations higher than drinking-water criteria. Ground-water quality has been degraded in several areas as the result of leaks or spills of petroleum products.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994116","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., 1999, Water-quality assessment of the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska — Summary of data through 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4116, vii, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994116.","productDescription":"vii, 110 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393473,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22564.htm"},{"id":158918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95632,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4116/report.pdf","size":"12580","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 58.10110549730587\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 58.10110549730587\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 61.87687021463305\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 61.87687021463305\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 58.10110549730587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4893e4b07f02db520f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Roy L.","contributorId":86813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43097,"text":"ofr99603 - 1999 - Ground-water data in Orange County and adjacent counties, Texas, 1985-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:56:43","indexId":"ofr99603","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-603","title":"Ground-water data in Orange County and adjacent counties, Texas, 1985-90","docAbstract":"The lower unit of the Chicot aquifer is a major source of freshwater for Orange County, Texas. In 1989, the average rate of ground-water withdrawal from the lower unit of the Chicot aquifer in Orange County for municipal and industrial use was 13.8 million gallons per day, a substantial decrease from the historical high of 23.1 million gallons per day in 1972. The average withdrawal for industrial use decreased substantially from 14.4 million gallons per day during 1963?84 to 6.9 million gallons per day during 1985?89. The average withdrawal for municipal use during 1985?89 was 6.8 million gallons per day, similar to the average withdrawal of 5.8 million gallons per day during 1963?84. Water levels in wells in most of the study area rose during 1985?90. The largest rise in water levels was more than 10 feet in parts of Orange and Pinehurst, north of site B (one of three areas of ground-water withdrawal for industrial use), while the largest decline in water levels was a localized decline of more than 60 feet at site C in south-central Orange County (also an area of withdrawal for industrial use). Chemical analyses of ground-water samples from the lower Chicot aquifer during 1985?90 indicate that the aquifer contained mostly freshwater (dissolved solids concentrations less than 1,000 milligrams per liter). Dissolved chloride concentrations remained relatively constant in most wells during 1985?90 but could vary greatly between wells within short distances. Saline-water encroachment continued to occur during 1985?89 but at a slower rate than in the 1970s and early 1980s. On the basis of chemical data collected during 1985?89, a relation was determined between specific conductance and dissolved chloride concentration that can be used to estimate dissolved chloride by multiplying the specific conductance by different factors for low or high conductances.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99603","usgsCitation":"Kasmarek, M.C., 1999, Ground-water data in Orange County and adjacent counties, Texas, 1985-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-603, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99603.","productDescription":"38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr99603.PNG"},{"id":327872,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr99-603/pdf/ofr99-603.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3684,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr99-603/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasmarek, Mark C. 0000-0003-2808-2506 mckasmar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2808-2506","contributorId":1968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasmarek","given":"Mark","email":"mckasmar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":227717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24443,"text":"ofr99273 - 1999 - Precipitation, atmospheric deposition, streamflow, and water-quality data from selected sites in the city of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1997–98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T21:05:23.653278","indexId":"ofr99273","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-273","title":"Precipitation, atmospheric deposition, streamflow, and water-quality data from selected sites in the city of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1997–98","docAbstract":"Precipitation data were collected at 46 precipitation sites and 3 atmospheric deposition sites, and hydrologic data were collected at 6 stream sites in the vicinity of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, from July 1997 through September 1998. Data were collected to identify the type, concentration, and amount of nonpoint-source stormwater runoff in the study area. The data collected include measurements of precipitation; streamflow; physical characteristics, such as water temperature, pH, specific conductance, biochemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, and suspended-sediment concentrations; and concentrations of nutrients, metals and minor constituents, and organic compounds. These data will provide information needed for (1) planned watershed simulation models, (2) estimates of nonpoint-source constituent loadings to the Catawba River, and (3) characterization of water quality in relation to basin conditions. Streamflow and rainfall data have been used to provide early warnings of possible flooding.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99273","usgsCitation":"Sarver, K.M., Hazell, W., and Robinson, J.B., 1999, Precipitation, atmospheric deposition, streamflow, and water-quality data from selected sites in the city of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1997–98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-273, vi, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99273.","productDescription":"vi, 144 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53520,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0273/ofr19990273.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1999-273"},{"id":408833,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23164.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0273/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","city":"Charlotte","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.112,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -81.112,\n 35.011\n ],\n [\n -80.106,\n 35.011\n ],\n [\n -80.106,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -81.112,\n 35.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Lake Houston, a reservoir completed in 1954 about 25 miles east-northeast of Houston, Texas, is a principal surface-water source for the city of Houston. The increase in water supply to meet future demands is expected to be accommodated by supplementing surface-water inflows to Lake Houston. The Trinity River is considered a potential source for interbasin transfer of water to Lake Houston. Before beginning to supplement inflows, the City needs to better understand the potential effects on Lake Houston water quality from streams that flow into or might contribute water to Lake Houston. During 1983–90, the USGS collected 3,727 water-quality samples from 27 sites in Lake Houston, 6 of the 7 main tributaries to the lake, and the Trinity River at Romayor.
\nLongitudinal profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, pH, and nutrients from the dam to the East and West Forks of Lake Houston constructed for a winter day and a summer day indicate that in general the lake water is mixed in the winter and stratified in the summer.
\nThe results of Mann-Whitney rank-sum tests to determine whether there were significant differences between summer and non-summer field measurements, 5-day biological oxygen demand, bacteria, physical and aesthetic properties, nutrients, organic carbon, chlorophyll a, and trace elements in the lake nearest the dam, the East Fork of the lake, and the West Fork of the lake at the same relative depth showed significant differences between summer and non-summer samples for at least one of the three locations at the same relative depth for all 15 properties and constituents tested except specific conductance. The test results indicate that in general Lake Houston is well mixed in the non-summer period and stratified with respect to selected properties and constituents in the summer.
\nThe results of rank-sum tests to determine whether there were significant differences between field measurements, 5-day biological oxygen demand, physical and aesthetic properties, nutrients, organic carbon, and chlorophyll a in the lake nearest the dam, the East Fork of the lake, and the West Fork of the lake for samples collected during the same season at the same relative depth showed that significant differences were common; generally, the West Fork had the largest median concentrations among the three locations. The tests comparing trace element concentrations between the lake nearest the dam and the East Fork showed mixed results—large median dissolved manganese concentrations in lake bottom samples in the summer and in East Fork near-surface samples in the non-summer period.
\nThe results of rank-sum tests comparing selected properties, 5-day biological oxygen demand, bacteria, nutrients, and total organic carbon in the eastern tributaries with those in the western tributaries, in the eastern tributaries with those in the Trinity River, and in the western tributaries with those in the Trinity River during the same season (summer or non-summer) at the same relative streamflow (low-medium or high) showed that significant differences were more common than not. In the comparisons of the eastern tributaries with the western tributaries that resulted in significant differences, medians of the western tributaries were larger for all properties and constituents except total organic carbon; in the comparisons of the eastern tributaries with the Trinity River that resulted in significant differences, medians were larger for the Trinity River in about 60 percent of the tests; and in the comparisons of the western tributaries with the Trinity River that resulted in significant differences, medians were larger for the western tributaries in about 60 percent of the tests.
\nIn the tests comparing trace elements between the eastern and western tributaries during the same season at the same relative streamflow, five of the eight tests showed no significant differences; between the eastern tributaries and the Trinity River, all eight tests showed significant differences, with eastern tributary medians larger in all tests; and between the western tributaries and the Trinity River, seven of the eight tests showed significant differences, with western tributary medians larger in all seven tests.
\nThe tests comparing selected properties, 5-day biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and total organic carbon between the eastern tributaries and the East Fork of Lake Houston, between the western tributaries and the West Fork of Lake Houston, and between the Trinity River and the lake nearest the dam, the East Fork, and the West Fork during the same season (summer or nonsummer) yielded significant differences in about 60 percent of the tests. No discernible pattern emerged to associate significant differences with season.
\nIn the tests comparing trace elements between the tributaries and the respective forks of the lake to which the tributaries drain, iron concentrations were significantly different in three of the four tests, with median concentrations larger in the tributaries. All the tests comparing manganese between the Trinity River and the three locations in the lake yielded significant differences, with larger median concentrations in the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri994129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., Goss, R., and Rast, W., 1999, Characteristics of water-quality data for Lake Houston, selected tributary inflows to Lake Houston, and the Trinity River near Lake Houston (a potential source of interbasin transfer), August 1983-September 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4129, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994129.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426340,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22509.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":326611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri994129.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Houston, Trinity River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.5,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -95.5,\n 29.75\n ],\n [\n -94.75,\n 29.75\n ],\n [\n -94.75,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -95.5,\n 30.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goss, R.L.","contributorId":83143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goss","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rast, Walter","contributorId":79514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rast","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28296,"text":"wri984246 - 1999 - Hydrogeology of the surficial aquifer in the vicinity of a former landfill, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:18:44","indexId":"wri984246","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4246","title":"Hydrogeology of the surficial aquifer in the vicinity of a former landfill, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia","docAbstract":"Neogene and Quaternary sediments constitute the surficial aquifer beneath the study area; in descending order from youngest to oldest these include-the Quaternary undifferentiated surficial sand and Satilla Formation; the Pliocene(?) Cypresshead Formation; and the middle Miocene Coosawhatchie Formation. Beneath the surficial aquifer, the upper Brunswick aquifer consists of part of the lower Miocene Marks Head Formation.\r\n\r\nThe surficial aquifer is divided into three water-bearing zones on the basis of lithologic and geophysical properties of sediments, hydraulic-head differences between zones, and differences in ground-water chemistry. The shallowest zone-the water-table zone-consists of medium to fine sand and clayey sand and is present from land surface to a depth of about 77 feet. Below the water-table zone, the confined upper water-bearing zone consists of medium to very coarse sand and is present from a depth of about 110 to 132 feet. Beneath the upper water-bearing zone, the confined lower water-bearing zone consists of coarse sand and very fine gravel and is present from a depth of about 195 to 237 feet. Hydraulic separation is suggested by differences in water chemistry between the water-table zone and upper water-bearing zone. The sodium chloride type water in the water-table zone differs from the calcium bicarbonate type water in the upper water-bearing zone. Hydraulic separation also is indicated by hydraulic head differences of more than 6.5 feet between the water-table zone and the upper water-bearing zone.\r\n\r\nContinuous and synoptic water-level measurements in the water-table zone, from October 1995 to April 1997, indicate the presence of a water-table high beneath and adjacent to the former landfill-the surface of which varies about 5 feet with time because of recharge and discharge. Water-level data from clustered wells also suggest that restriction of vertical ground-water flow begins to occur at an altitude of about 5 to 10 feet below sea level (35 to 40 feet below land surface) in the water-table zone because of the increasing clay content of the Cypresshead Formation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984246","usgsCitation":"Leeth, D.C., 1999, Hydrogeology of the surficial aquifer in the vicinity of a former landfill, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4246, v, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984246.","productDescription":"v, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2364,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri98-4246/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Camden County","otherGeospatial":"Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83,30 ], [ -83,33 ], [ -80,33 ], [ -80,30 ], [ -83,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leeth, David C. cleeth@usgs.gov","contributorId":1403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"David","email":"cleeth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}