This report describes the creation of a large-scale watershed database for the lower Rio Grande/Río Bravo Basin in Texas. The watershed database includes watersheds delineated to all 1:24,000-scale mapped stream confluences and other hydrologically significant points, selected watershed characteristics, and hydrologic derivative datasets.
Computer technology allows generation of preliminary watershed boundaries in a fraction of the time needed for manual methods. This automated process reduces development time and results in quality improvements in watershed boundaries and characteristics. These data can then be compiled in a permanent database, eliminating the time-consuming step of data creation at the beginning of a project and providing a stable base dataset that can give users greater confidence when further subdividing watersheds.
A standardized dataset of watershed characteristics is a valuable contribution to the understanding and management of natural resources. Vertical integration of the input datasets used to automatically generate watershed boundaries is crucial to the success of such an effort. The optimum situation would be to use the digital orthophoto quadrangles as the source of all the input datasets. While the hydrographic data from the digital line graphs can be revised to match the digital orthophoto quadrangles, hypsography data cannot be revised to match the digital orthophoto quadrangles. Revised hydrography from the digital orthophoto quadrangle should be used to create an updated digital elevation model that incorporates the stream channels as revised from the digital orthophoto quadrangle. Computer-generated, standardized watersheds that are vertically integrated with existing digital line graph hydrographic data will continue to be difficult to create until revisions can be made to existing source datasets. Until such time, manual editing will be necessary to make adjustments for man-made features and changes in the natural landscape that are not reflected in the digital elevation model data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00065","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission","usgsCitation":"Brown, J., Ulery, R.L., and Parcher, J.W., 2000, Creating a standardized watersheds database for the Lower Rio Grande/Río Bravo, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-065, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00065.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327796,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr00-065/00-065.pdf","text":"Creating a Standardized Watersheds Database for the Lower Rio Grande/ Río Bravo, Texas","size":"528 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Creating a Standardized Watersheds Database for the Lower Rio Grande/ Río Bravo, Texas"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Webb","city":"Rio Bravo","otherGeospatial":"Lower Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.50325965881348,\n 27.362391688477363\n ],\n [\n -99.50325965881348,\n 27.366889032381295\n ],\n [\n -99.45948600769043,\n 27.366889032381295\n ],\n [\n -99.45948600769043,\n 27.362391688477363\n ],\n [\n -99.50325965881348,\n 27.362391688477363\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"CONTENTS
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6af00e4b0f2f0cebe46f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J.R.","contributorId":56872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":646964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parcher, Jean W. jwparcher@usgs.gov","contributorId":2209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcher","given":"Jean","email":"jwparcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":646965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174406,"text":"70174406 - 2000 - Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays, and seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T11:06:39","indexId":"70174406","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-09T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2121,"text":"Issues in Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays, and seas","docAbstract":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Acknowledgments
Background
Watershed-Boundary Delineation
Standardized Watershed Classification
Watershed Characteristics
Topographic Datasets
Methods Used to Create a Standardized Watersheds Database
Source Datasets
DEM Processing—Creation of Hydrologic Derivatives
Watershed Delineation
Revision of the Hydrography
Computer-Generated Watershed Delineations
Review of Computer-Generated Watershed Delineations and
Manual DelineationsWatershed Region Coverage
Watershed Characteristics
Conflation of RF3 Attributes
Extending Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) to 12 Digits
Conclusions
Selected References
Appendix - Watershed Characteristic Computations
Over the past 40 years, antipollution laws have greatly reduced discharges of toxic substances into our coastal waters. This effort, however, has focused largely on point-source pollution of industrial and municipal effluent. No comparable effort has been made to restrict the input of nitrogen (N) from municipal effluent, nor to control the flows of N and phosphorus (P) that enter waterways from dispersed or nonpoint sources such as agricultural and urban runoff or as airborne pollutants. As a result, inputs of nonpoint pollutants, particularly N, have increased dramatically. Nonpoint pollution from N and P now represents the largest pollution problem facing the vital coastal waters of the United States.
\nNutrient pollution is the common thread that links an array of problems along the nations coastline, including eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, dead zones, fish kills, some shellfish poisonings, loss of seagrass and kelp beds, some coral reef destruction, and even some marine mammal and seabird deaths. More than 60 percent of our coastal rivers and bays in every coastal state of the continental United States are moderately to severely degraded by nutrient pollution. This degradation is particularly severe in the mid Atlantic states, in the southeast, and in the Gulf of Mexico.
\nA recent report from the National Research Council entitled Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reduc- ing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution concludes that:
\nNutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems generally triggers ecological changes that decrease the biologi- cal diversity of bays and estuaries.
\nWhile moderate N enrichment of some coastal waters may increase fish production, over-enrichment generally degrades the marine food web that supports commercially valuable fish.
\nThe marked increase in nutrient pollution of coastal waters has been accompanied by an increase in harmful algal blooms, and in at least some cases, pollution has triggered these blooms.
\nHigh nutrient levels and the changes they cause in water quality and the makeup of the algal community are detrimental to the health of coral reefs and the diversity of animal life supported by seagrass and kelp communi- ties.
\nResearch during the past decade confirms that N is the chief culprit in eutrophication and other impacts of nutrient over-enrichment in temperate coastal waters, while P is most problematic in eutrophication of freshwa- ter lakes.
\nHuman conversion of atmospheric N into biologically useable forms, principally synthetic inorganic fertilizers, now matches the natural rate of biological N fixation from all the land surfaces of the earth.
\nBoth agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels contribute significantly to nonpoint flows of N to coastal waters, either as direct runoff or airborne pollutants.
\nN from animal wastes that leaks directly to surface waters or is volatilized to the atmosphere as ammonia may be the largest single source of N that moves from agricultural operations into coastal waters.
\nThe National Research Council report recommended that, as a minimum goal, the nation should work to reverse nutrient should be taken to assure that the 40 percent of coastal areas now ranked as healthy do not develop symptoms of nutrient pollution in 10 percent of its degraded coastal systems by 2010 and 25 percent of them by 2020. Also, action should be taken to assure that the 40 percent of coastal areas now ranked as healthy do not develop symptoms of nutrient pollution.
\nMeeting these goals will require an array of strategies and approaches tailored to specific regions and coastal ecosystems. There is an urgent need for development and testing of techniques that can reliably pinpoint the sources of N pollutants to an estuary. For some coastal systems, N removal during treatment of human sewage may be sufficient to reverse nutrient pollution. For most coastal systems, however, the solutions will be more complex and may involve controls on N compounds emitted during fossil fuel combustion as well as incentives to reduce over-fertilization of agricul- tural fields and nutrient pollution from animal wastes in livestock feedlot operations.
\n1. The theory of food-regulated self-thinning (FST) for mobile animals predicts population density (N) to be an inverse function of mean body mass (W) scaled to an exponent (b), such that N = k W−b, where k is a constant. FST also predicts energy requirements (or energy flow) to remain constant over time (termed energetic equivalence) as losses to cohorts (e.g. emigration and mortality) are balanced by increased growth of surviving individuals.
\n2. To test these predictions, we analysed the dynamics of six experimental minnow cohorts. Replicate populations of fish were held under identical conditions with a constant and limited supply of food over a 126-day period. Half of the cohorts were open to emigration, and half were closed so that fish could only be lost through starvation mortality.
\n3. Patterns of self-thinning indicated non-linear changes in population density and energy flow in relation to changes in mean body mass and time, respectively. Non-linear patterns of self-thinning were probably due to a delayed growth response to changes in population density effected through mortality and/or emigration. Contrary to results of similar experiments on other fish, emigration did not have a significant influence on the pattern of self-thinning.
\n4. These results may be attributed to trophic interactions within cohorts and the importance of social behaviour to cohort dynamics. Both population density and energy flow in our experimental populations appeared to cycle, with episodes of starvation and mortality alternating with food recovery and weight gain, as predicted by recent models of stepwise die-off and stunted growth in animal cohorts.
\n5. Most of the support for FST in mobile animals comes from observational data on mean body mass and population density. Potentially important mechanisms, including the manner in which individuals are lost or retained in populations, are usually not investigated directly. Such tests of FST can only provide equivocal support. Detailed observational study and controlled experiments are needed to understand casual mechanisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2656.2000.00451.x","usgsCitation":"Dunham, J., Dickerson, B.R., Beever, E., Duncan, R.D., and Vinyard, G., 2000, Effects of food limitation and emigration on self-thinning in experimental minnow cohorts: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 69, no. 6, p. 927-934, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2000.00451.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"927","endPage":"934","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"69","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a83ee4b0ef3b7caba533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunham, J. B. 0000-0002-6268-0633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":96637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerson, B. R.","contributorId":168770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickerson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beever, E.","contributorId":168771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beever","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duncan, R. D.","contributorId":168772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vinyard, G.L.","contributorId":59388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinyard","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175275,"text":"70175275 - 2000 - Modeling the hydroclimatology of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary and watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-03T15:08:00","indexId":"70175275","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-08T02:15:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Modeling the hydroclimatology of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary and watershed","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California at San Diego","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., 2000, Modeling the hydroclimatology of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary and watershed, xvi; 292 p.","productDescription":"xvi; 292 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"308","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/publications/pdf/knowles_2000_phd_dissertation.pdf","text":"Modeling the hydroclimatology of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary and watershed","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Modeling the hydroclimatology of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary and watershed"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a315cbe4b006cb45558b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159693,"text":"70159693 - 2000 - Abiotic and biotic controls of spatial pattern at alpine treeline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T08:26:48","indexId":"70159693","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Abiotic and biotic controls of spatial pattern at alpine treeline","docAbstract":"At alpine treeline, trees and krummholz forms affect the environment in ways that increase their growth and reproduction. We assess the way in which these positive feedbacks combine in spatial patterns to alter the environment in the neighborhood of existing plants. The research is significant because areas of alpine tundra are susceptible to encroachment by woody species as climate changes. Moreover, understanding the general processes of plant invasion is important. The importance of spatial pattern has been recognized, but the spatial pattern of positive feedbacks per se has not been explored in depth. We present a linked set of models of vegetation change at an alpine forest-tundra ecotone. Our aim is to create models that are as simple as possible in order to test specific hypotheses. We present results from a model of the resource averaging hypothesis and the positive feedback switch hypothesis of treelines. We compare the patterns generated by the models to patterns observed in fine scale remotely sensed data.
","largerWorkTitle":"4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4): Problems, Prospects and Research Needs","conferenceTitle":"4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling","conferenceDate":"September 2-8, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Banff, Alberta, Canada","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Malanson, G.P., Xiao, N., Alftine, K., Bekker, M., Butler, D.R., Brown, D.G., Cairns, D.M., Fagre, D., and Walsh, S.J., 2000, Abiotic and biotic controls of spatial pattern at alpine treeline, in 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4): Problems, Prospects and Research Needs, Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 2-8, 2000, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf40e4b0112df6c62de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malanson, George P.","contributorId":36768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malanson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xiao, Ningchuan","contributorId":149945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xiao","given":"Ningchuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alftine, K.J.","contributorId":63201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alftine","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bekker, Mathew","contributorId":149946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bekker","given":"Mathew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butler, David R.","contributorId":45132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, Daniel G.","contributorId":139611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6649,"text":"University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and Environment","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cairns, David M.","contributorId":149947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cairns","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel","contributorId":68649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Walsh, Stephen J. 0000-0002-1009-8537 swalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":1456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Stephen","email":"swalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70073913,"text":"70073913 - 2000 - A paleolatitude approach to assessing surface temperature history for use in burial heating models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T15:36:21","indexId":"70073913","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T15:16:48","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A paleolatitude approach to assessing surface temperature history for use in burial heating models","docAbstract":"Calculations using heat flow theory as well as case histories show that over geologic time scales (106 years), changes in mean annual surface temperature (Ts) on the order of 10°C penetrate kilometers deep into the crust. Thus, burial heating models of sedimentary basins, which typically span kilometers in depth and persist over geological time frames, should consider Ts history to increase their accuracy. In any case, Ts history becomes important when it changes enough to be detected by a thermal maturation index like vitrinite reflectance, a parameter widely used to constrain burial heating models. Assessment of the general temperature conditions leading to petroleum generation indicates that changes in Ts as small as 6°C can be detected by vitrinite reflectance measurements. This low temperature threshold indicates that oil and gas windows can be significantly influenced by Ts history. A review of paleoclimatic factors suggests the significant and geologically resolvable factors affecting Ts history are paleolatitude, long-term changes between cool and warm geological periods (climate mode), the degree to which a basin is removed from the sea (geographic isolation), and elevation or depth relative to sea level. Case studies using geologically realistic data ranges or different methods of estimating Ts in a burial heating model indicate a significant impact of Ts when: (1) continental drift, subduction, tectonism and erosion significantly change paleolatitude, paleoaltitude, or paleogeography; (2) strata are at, or near, maximum burial, and changes in Ts directly influence maximum burial temperature; and (3), when a significant change in Ts occurs near the opening or closing of the oil or gas windows causing petroleum generation to begin or cease. Case studies show that during the burial heating and petroleum generation phase of basin development changes in climate mode alone can influence Ts by about 15°C. At present, Ts changes from the poles to the equator by about 50°C. 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This generated interest among scientists and land-use planners in how historic El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) winters have affected the coastal climate of central California. A relative ENSO intensity index based on oceanographic and meteorologic data defines the timing and magnitude of ENSO events over the past century. The index suggests that five higher intensity (relative values 4–6) and 17 lower intensity (relative values 1–3) ENSO events took place between 1910 and 1995. The ENSO intensity index correlates with fluctuations in the time series of cyclone activity, precipitation, detrended sea level, wave height, sea-surface temperature, and sea-level barometric pressure. Wave height, sea level, and precipitation, which are the primary external forcing parameters in sea-cliff erosion, increase nonlinearly with increasing relative ENSO event intensity. The number of storms that caused coastal erosion or storm damage and the historic occurrence of large-scale sea-cliff erosion along the central coast also increase nonlinearly with increasing relative event intensity. These correlations and the frequency distribution of relative ENSO event intensities indicate that moderate- to high-intensity ENSO events cause the most sea-cliff erosion and shoreline recession over the course of a century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<236:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., and Griggs, G.B., 2000, Influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the evolution of central California's shoreline: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 2, p. 236-249, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<236:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"112","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe9f51e4b0824b2d14f933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griggs, Gary B.","contributorId":88820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039565,"text":"70039565 - 2000 - Strategic science plan Salton Sea restoration project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-12T01:01:45","indexId":"70039565","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T22:57:03","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Strategic science plan Salton Sea restoration project","docAbstract":"The Salton Sea is an ecosystem in peril. Its prehistory consists of a series of intermittent lakes dependent on infrequent flooding of the Colorado River, while the modern Salton Sea originated from the desire to harness the flow of the Colorado River for irrigation. What began as an accident of this attempt is now a permanent inland sea supported by wastewater and agricultural drainage rather than Colorado River flood flows. However, environmental degradation is challenging the ability of the Sea to sustain the biological components that society has learned to value as characteristics of this waterbody. Increasing salinity and increasing frequency and magnitude of wildlife losses indicate the Sea is under severe environmental stress. The Salton Sea Restoration Project originated to reverse this degradation, to stabilize fluctuating water levels, and to provide a permanent waterbody that sustains values of the human society that uses it. The project foundation is provided by Public Law (PL) 102-575, passed by Congress in 1992. PL 102-575 directs the Secretary of the Interior to \"conduct a research project for the development of a method or combination of methods to reduce and control salinity, provide endangered species habitat, enhance fisheries, and protect human recreational values . . . in the area of the Salton Sea.\" That PL was followed by the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 (PL 105-372), which directs the Secretary of the Interior to \"complete all studies, including, but not limited to\nenvironmental and other reviews, of the feasibility and benefit-cost of various options that permit the continued use of the Salton Sea.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Salton Sea Science Subcommittee, 2000, Strategic science plan Salton Sea restoration project, ES-5, iii, 1-8, 2-6, 3-29, 4-3; ill.; maps; Appendices.","productDescription":"ES-5, iii, 1-8, 2-6, 3-29, 4-3; ill.; maps; Appendices","numberOfPages":"107","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":259581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98b7e4b08c986b31c103","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salton Sea Science Subcommittee","contributorId":128201,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Salton Sea Science Subcommittee","id":535366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022190,"text":"70022190 - 2000 - Frequency dependent Lg attenuation in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-23T01:01:39","indexId":"70022190","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequency dependent Lg attenuation in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The characteristics of seismic energy attenuation are determined using high frequency Lg waves from 27 crustal earthquakes, in south-central Alaska. Lg time-domain amplitudes are measured in five pass-bands and inverted to determine a frequency-dependent quality factor, Q(f), model for south-central Alaska. The inversion in this study yields the frequency-dependent quality factor, in the form of a power law: Q(f) = Q0fη = 220(±30) f0.66(±0.09) (0.75≤f≤12Hz). The results from this study are remarkably consistent with frequency dependent quality factor estimates, using local S-wave coda, in south-central Alaska. The consistency between S-coda Q(f) and Lg Q(f) enables constraints to be placed on the mechanism of crustal attenuation in south-central Alaska. For the range of frequencies considered in this study both scattering and intrinsic attenuation mechanisms likely play an equal role.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL011732","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"McNamara, D., 2000, Frequency dependent Lg attenuation in south-central Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 23, p. 3949-3952, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011732.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3949","endPage":"3952","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206817,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011732"},{"id":230860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13cee4b0c8380cd547ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNamara, D.E. 0000-0001-6860-0350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-0350","contributorId":52286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005311,"text":"70005311 - 2000 - Accuracy assessment for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:57:55","indexId":"70005311","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy assessment for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey Region","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with other government and private organizations, is producing a conterminous U.S. land-cover map using Landsat Thematic Mapper 30-meter data for the Federal regions designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accuracy assessment is to be conducted for each Federal region to estimate overall and class-specific accuracies. In Region 2, consisting of New York and New Jersey, the accuracy assessment was completed for 15 land-cover and land-use classes, using interpreted 1:40,000-scale aerial photographs as reference data. The methodology used for Region 2 features a two-stage, geographically stratified approach, with a general sample of all classes (1,033 sample sites), and a separate sample for rare classes (294 sample sites). A confidence index was recorded for each land-cover interpretation on the 1:40,000-scale aerial photography The estimated overall accuracy for Region 2 was 63 percent (standard error 1.4 percent) using all sample sites, and 75.2 percent (standard error 1.5 percent) using only reference sites with a high-confidence index. User's and producer's accuracies for the general sample and user's accuracy for the sample of rare classes, as well as variance for the estimated accuracy parameters, were also reported. Narrowly defined land-use classes and heterogeneous conditions of land cover are the major causes of misclassification errors. Recommendations for modifying the accuracy assessment methodology for use in the other nine Federal regions are provided.","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Zhu, Z., Yang, L., Stehman, S.V., and Czaplewski, R.L., 2000, Accuracy assessment for the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Land-Cover Mapping Program: New York and New Jersey Region: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 66, p. 1425-1438.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1425","endPage":"1438","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91951,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2000_zhu_z001.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69966e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang","contributorId":70726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehman, Stephen V.","contributorId":77283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Czaplewski, Raymond L.","contributorId":62729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czaplewski","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224181,"text":"5224181 - 2000 - Evaluating immunocontraception for managing suburban white-tailed deer in Irondequoit, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T16:12:10.844249","indexId":"5224181","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:45","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating immunocontraception for managing suburban white-tailed deer in Irondequoit, New York","docAbstract":"Immunocontraception is frequently proposed as an alternative to lethal removal of females for deer management. However, little information is available for evaluating the potential of applying immunocontraceptives to free-ranging populations. Our objectives were to estimate effort required to apply porcine zona pellucida (PZP) to individual deer and assess the utility of using immunocontraception to control growth of deer populations. The study was conducted in a 43-km2 suburban community with about 400 deer. Effort per deer was measured as time required to capture and mark deer, and then to apply booster immunocontraceptive treatments by remote injection. Estimates of numbers of females to treat to control population growth were based on the generalized sustained-yield (SY) model adapted for contraception of females. The SY curve was calibrated using data on deer abundance acquired from aerial population surveys and nutritional condition of females removed by a concurrent culling program. Effort was influenced by 4 factors: deer population density, approachability of individual deer, access to private and public land, and efficacy of the contraceptive treatment. Effort and deer density were inversely related. Cumulative effort for treatment increased exponentially because some deer were more difficult to approach than others. Potential of using immunocontraception at low deer population densities (<25% ecological carrying capacity) is limited by the interaction of the proportion of breeding-age females in the population and treatment efficacy, as well as encounter rates. Immunocontraception has the best potential for holding suburban deer populations between 30 and 70% of ecological carrying capacity, but is likely to be useful only in localized populations when the number of females to be treated is small (e.g., <200 deer).","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803244","usgsCitation":"Rudolph, B., Porter, W., and Underwood, H., 2000, Evaluating immunocontraception for managing suburban white-tailed deer in Irondequoit, New York: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 463-473, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803244.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"463","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Irondequoit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -77.49481201171875,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -77.49481201171875,\n 43.292200750082785\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 43.292200750082785\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 43.17313537107136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rudolph, B.A.","contributorId":23257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudolph","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224385,"text":"5224385 - 2000 - Estimating forest crown area removed by selection cutting: a linked regression-GIS approach based on stump diameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"5224385","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:45","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating forest crown area removed by selection cutting: a linked regression-GIS approach based on stump diameters","docAbstract":"The purpose of this research was to develop a model that could be used to provide a spatial representation of uneven-aged silvicultural treatments on forest crown area. We began by developing species-specific linear regression equations relating tree DBH to crown area for eight bottomland tree species at White River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas, USA. The relationships were highly significant for all species, with coefficients of determination (r(2)) ranging from 0.37 for Ulmus crassifolia to nearly 0.80 for Quercus nuttalliii and Taxodium distichum. We next located and measured the diameters of more than 4000 stumps from a single tree-group selection timber harvest. Stump locations were recorded with respect to an established gl id point system and entered into a Geographic Information System (ARC/INFO). The area occupied by the crown of each logged individual was then estimated by using the stump dimensions (adjusted to DBHs) and the regression equations relating tree DBH to crown area. Our model projected that the selection cuts removed roughly 300 m(2) of basal area from the logged sites resulting in the loss of approximate to 55 000 m(2) of crown area. The model developed in this research represents a tool that can be used in conjunction with remote sensing applications to assist in forest inventory and management, as well as to estimate the impacts of selective timber harvest on wildlife.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00325-4","collaboration":"6256_Anderson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S., Kupfer, J., Wilson, R., and Cooper, R., 2000, Estimating forest crown area removed by selection cutting: a linked regression-GIS approach based on stump diameters: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 137, no. 1-3, p. 171-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00325-4.","productDescription":"171-177","startPage":"171","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17254,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00325-4","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":198023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc9f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S.C.","contributorId":83226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kupfer, J.A.","contributorId":22464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kupfer","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223979,"text":"5223979 - 2000 - Estimation of contributions to population growth: A reverse-time capture-recapture approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T21:56:48.362059","indexId":"5223979","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of contributions to population growth: A reverse-time capture-recapture approach","docAbstract":"We consider methods for estimating the relative contributions of different demographic components, and their associated vital rates, to population growth. We identify components of the population at time i (including a component for animals not in the population at i). For each such component we ask the following question: “What is the probability that an individual randomly selected from the population at time i + 1 was a member of this component at i?” The estimation methods for these probabilities (γi) are based on capture–recapture studies of marked animal populations and use reverse-time modeling. We consider several different sampling situations and present example analyses for meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. The relationship between these γi parameters and elasticities (and other parameters based on projection matrix asymptotics) is noted and discussed. We conclude by suggesting that model-based asymptotics be viewed as demographic theory and that direct estimation approaches be used to test this theory with data from sampled populations with marked animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3362:EOCTPG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Hines, J., Lebreton, J., and Pradel, R., 2000, Estimation of contributions to population growth: A reverse-time capture-recapture approach: Ecology, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3362-3376, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3362:EOCTPG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3362","endPage":"3376","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-02126409","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb8ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lebreton, J.D.","contributorId":104186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebreton","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pradel, R.","contributorId":85692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pradel","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224046,"text":"5224046 - 2000 - Inferences about nested subsets structure when not all species are detected","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T16:23:17.644685","indexId":"5224046","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferences about nested subsets structure when not all species are detected","docAbstract":"Comparisons of species composition among ecological communities of different size have often provided evidence that the species in communities with lower species richness form nested subsets of the species in larger communities. In the vast majority of studies, the question of nested subsets has been addressed using information on presence-absence, where a '0' is interpreted as the absence of a given species from a given location. Most of the methodological discussion in earlier studies investigating nestedness concerns the approach to generation of model-based matrices. However, it is most likely that in many situations investigators cannot detect all the species present in the location sampled. The possibility that zeros in incidence matrices reflect nondetection rather than absence of species has not been considered in studies addressing nested subsets, even though the position of zeros in these matrices forms the basis of earlier inference methods. These sampling artifacts are likely to lead to erroneous conclusions about both variation over space in species richness and the degree of similarity of the various locations. Here we propose an approach to investigation of nestedness, based on statistical inference methods explicitly incorporating species detection probability, that take into account the probabilistic nature of the sampling process. We use presence-absence data collected under Pollock?s robust capture-recapture design, and resort to an estimator of species richness originally developed for closed populations to assess the proportion of species shared by different locations. We develop testable predictions corresponding to the null hypothesis of a nonnested pattern, and an alternative hypothesis of perfect nestedness. We also present an index for assessing the degree of nestedness of a system of ecological communities. We illustrate our approach using avian data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey collected in Florida Keys.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910303.x","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Nichols, J., Hines, J., and Sauer, J., 2000, Inferences about nested subsets structure when not all species are detected: Oikos, v. 91, no. 3, p. 428-434, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910303.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"428","endPage":"434","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.430419921875,\n 24.297040469311558\n ],\n [\n -79.9639892578125,\n 24.297040469311558\n ],\n [\n -79.9639892578125,\n 25.492868271257127\n ],\n [\n -82.430419921875,\n 25.492868271257127\n ],\n [\n -82.430419921875,\n 24.297040469311558\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bcfb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223966,"text":"5223966 - 2000 - Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T15:57:01.393066","indexId":"5223966","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:43","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons","docAbstract":"This article has two main objectives: to examine what is known about regional effects of hydrologic modifications in temperate and tropical areas of the New World (i.e., North and South America and the Caribbean), with an emphasis on fishes and molluscs; and to discuss research needs regarding regional effects of hydrologic alterations in temperate and tropical regions. A better understanding of regional effects of cumulative hydrologic alterations could help inform decisions on the nature and location of future hydrologic modifications.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0807:REOHAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pringle, C.M., Freeman, M.C., and Freeman, B.J., 2000, Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons: BioScience, v. 50, no. 9, p. 807-823, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0807:REOHAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"823","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pringle, C. M.","contributorId":72902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223945,"text":"5223945 - 2000 - Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T11:15:29","indexId":"5223945","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:41","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"High-resolution, sea-floor mapping techniques, including sidescan-sonar and subbottom profiling, were used to investigate how the geologic framework of the inner-continental shelf influenced the Holocene evolution and modern behavior of the Fire Island barrier-island system, Long Island, New York. The inner-continental shelf off Long Island is divided into two physiographic provinces by a broad outcrop of Cretaceous coastal-plain strata offshore of Watch Hill; this outcrop was part of a subaerial headland during the Holocene marine transgression. Erosion of the headland during transgression furnished sediment to the inner-continental shelf downdrift to the west. The sediment was, in turn, reworked by oceanographic processes into a series of shoreface-attached sand ridges. The oldest (~1200 yr BP) and most stable part of the barrier-island system is immediately landward of the outcropping coastal-plain strata and thickest sand ridges. East of Watch Hill, Pleistocene sediment either is exposed on the inner-continental shelf or is buried by a veneer of modern reworked sediment. Here the barrier-island system has migrated landward at a faster rate than the segment west of Watch Hill and has been breached by numerous historic inlets. Because the Pleistocene sedimentary deposit is generally of uniform thickness throughout the study area and unconformably overlies the Cretaceous coastal-plain strata, both the Holocene and historical evolution of the Fire Island barrier-island system are controlled by the physiography of this regional unconformity. In particular, the shoreface-connected sand ridges appear to be a significant source of sediment to the western portion of Fire Island. Previous attempts to develop a sediment budget for this coastal system have failed to explain volumetric discrepancies, primarily because poor assumptions were made about the nature of sediment transport in the system. A more realistic sediment budget must include a significantly larger spatial scale, including sediment input from the inner-continental shelf.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Thieler, E., Allen, J., Foster, D., Swift, B., and Denny, J.F., 2000, Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 2, p. 408-422.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"422","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300050"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island Inlet, Long Island, Shinnecock Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 40.55972134684838\n ],\n [\n -71.268310546875,\n 40.55972134684838\n ],\n [\n -71.268310546875,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 40.55972134684838\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thieler, E.R. 0000-0003-4311-9717","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":93082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Denny, J. F.","contributorId":13653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223963,"text":"5223963 - 2000 - Stratification based on reproductive state reveals contrasting patterns of age-related variation in demographic parameters in the kittiwake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T16:19:02.515873","indexId":"5223963","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:41","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratification based on reproductive state reveals contrasting patterns of age-related variation in demographic parameters in the kittiwake","docAbstract":"Heterogeneity in individual quality can be a major obstacle when interpreting age-specific variation in life-history traits. Heterogeneity is likely to lead to within-generation selection, and patterns observed at the population level may result from the combination of hidden patterns specific to subpopulations. Population-level patterns are not relevant to hypotheses concerning the evolution of age-specific reproductive strategies if they differ from patterns at the individual level. We addressed the influence of age and a variable used as a surrogate of quality (yearly reproductive state) on survival and breeding probability in the kittiwake. We found evidence of an effect of age and quality on both demographic parameters. Patterns observed in breeders are consistent with the selection hypothesis, which predicts age-related increases in survival and traits positively correlated with survival. Our results also reveal unexpected age effects specific to subgroups: the influence of age on survival and future breeding probability is not the same in nonbreeders and breeders. These patterns are observed in higher-quality breeding habitats, where the influence of extrinsic factors on breeding state is the weakest. Moreover, there is slight evidence of an influence of sex on breeding probability (not on survival), but the same overall pattern is observed in both sexes. Our results support the hypothesis that age-related variation in demographic parameters observed at the population level is partly shaped by heterogeneity among individuals. They also suggest processes specific to subpopulations. Recent theoreticaI developments lay emphasis on integration of sources of heterogeneity in optimization models to account for apparently 'sub-optimal' empirical patterns. Incorporation of sources of heterogeneity is also the key to investigation of age-related reproductive strategies in heterogeneous populations. Thwarting 'heterogeneity's ruses' has become a major challenge: for detecting and understanding natural processes, and a constructive confrontation between empirical and theoretical studies.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900314.x","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., and Monnat, J.#., 2000, Stratification based on reproductive state reveals contrasting patterns of age-related variation in demographic parameters in the kittiwake: Oikos, v. 90, no. 3, p. 560-574, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900314.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"560","endPage":"574","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Brittany","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monnat, J. #NAME?","contributorId":33019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monnat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223922,"text":"5223922 - 2000 - Relative species richness and community completeness: avian communities and urbanization in the mid-Atlantic states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:47:01.616126","indexId":"5223922","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:40","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative species richness and community completeness: avian communities and urbanization in the mid-Atlantic states","docAbstract":"The idea that local factors govern local richness has been dominant for years, but recent theoretical and empirical studies have stressed the influence of regional factors on local richness. Fewer species at a site could reflect not only the influence of local factors, but also a smaller regional pool. The possible dependency of local richness on the regional pool should be taken into account when addressing the influence of local factors on local richness. It is possible to account for this potential dependency by comparing relative species richness among sites, rather than species richness per se. We consider estimation of a metric permitting assessment of relative species richness in a typical situation in which not all species are detected during sampling sessions. In this situation, estimates of absolute or relative species richness need to account for variation in species detection probability if they are to be unbiased. We present a method to estimate relative species richness based on capture-recapture models. This approach involves definition of a species list from regional data, and estimation of the number of species in that list that are present at a site-year of interest. We use this approach to address the influence of urbanization on relative richness of avian communities in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. There is a negative relationship between relative richness and landscape variables describing the level of urban development. We believe that this metric should prove very useful for conservation and management purposes because it is based on an estimator of species richness that both accounts for potential variation in species detection probability and allows flexibility in the specification of a 'reference community.' This metric can be used to assess ecological integrity, the richness of the community of interest relative to that of the 'original' community, or to assess change since some previous time in a community.","largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1196:RSRACC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Nichols, J., Sauer, J., Hines, J., and Flather, C., 2000, Relative species richness and community completeness: avian communities and urbanization in the mid-Atlantic states: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 4, p. 1196-1210, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1196:RSRACC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1196","endPage":"1210","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.55587,39.605824],[-75.511743,39.674313],[-75.593068,39.479186],[-75.401193,39.088762],[-75.06551,38.66103],[-75.057288,38.404738],[-75.87767,37.135604],[-76.023664,37.268971],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.846621,37.925785],[-75.938577,38.272329],[-76.188644,38.267434],[-76.320843,38.459862],[-76.190902,38.621092],[-76.308922,38.813346],[-76.205063,38.892726],[-76.333703,38.984607],[-76.168332,38.996546],[-76.27566,39.160304],[-75.986298,39.510398],[-76.497977,39.204697],[-76.438845,39.0529],[-76.559697,38.767443],[-76.329433,38.073986],[-77.040638,38.444618],[-77.256412,38.396755],[-77.175969,38.604113],[-77.319036,38.417803],[-77.024866,38.386791],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.722156,37.83668],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.300352,37.00885],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-76.058154,36.916947],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-83.645586,36.600002],[-82.895445,36.882145],[-82.722097,37.120168],[-81.968297,37.537798],[-82.39968,37.829935],[-82.638398,38.152157],[-82.595382,38.382712],[-82.181967,38.599384],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-81.759995,38.925828],[-81.814155,39.073478],[-81.692203,39.236091],[-80.865575,39.662751],[-80.602895,40.327869],[-80.652436,40.562544],[-80.52566,40.636068],[-80.519345,41.929168],[-78.868556,42.770258],[-79.061388,43.251349],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-77.577223,43.243263],[-76.794708,43.309632],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.133697,43.940356],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-75.26825,44.855119],[-74.868663,45.001274],[-73.343124,45.01084],[-73.430325,43.590532],[-73.247631,43.51924],[-73.276421,42.746019],[-73.508142,42.086257],[-73.482709,41.21276],[-73.727775,41.100696],[-73.782577,40.837601],[-72.635374,40.990536],[-72.245348,41.161217],[-72.273657,41.051533],[-72.116368,40.999796],[-71.869558,41.075046],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-74.143387,40.641903],[-74.209788,40.447407],[-73.995683,40.468707],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-74.090945,39.799978],[-74.850748,38.954538],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.542894,39.470447],[-75.55587,39.605824]],[[-77.038598,38.791513],[-77.002498,38.96541],[-77.0915,38.95651],[-77.038598,38.791513]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.219787,40.502603],[-74.120186,40.642201],[-74.144428,40.53516]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Delaware\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, E.","contributorId":12952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flather, C.H.","contributorId":73161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flather","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223944,"text":"5223944 - 2000 - Relation of waterfowl poisoning to sediment lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T16:45:38.592685","indexId":"5223944","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:40","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of waterfowl poisoning to sediment lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin","docAbstract":"For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1008998821913","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W., Audet, D., Heinz, G.H., Hoffman, D.J., and Day, D., 2000, Relation of waterfowl poisoning to sediment lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin: Ecotoxicology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 207-218, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008998821913.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"218","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.037353515625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -114.576416015625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -114.576416015625,\n 47.95314495015594\n ],\n [\n -117.037353515625,\n 47.95314495015594\n ],\n [\n -117.037353515625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60633e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Audet, D. J.","contributorId":38949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Audet","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Day, D. 0000-0001-9070-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-7170","contributorId":20298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223900,"text":"5223900 - 2000 - A radio transmitter attachment technique for soras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T16:46:54","indexId":"5223900","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A radio transmitter attachment technique for soras","docAbstract":"We modified a figure-8 leg-loop harness designed for small passerines to attach successfully 1.8-g radio transmitters over the synsacrum of migrant Soras (Porzana carolina). Because of the short caudal region of Soras, addition of a waist loop was critical to securing the transmitter while leg loops were maintained to center the package. Thin gauge (0.6-mm diameter) elastic thread proved ideal for transmitter attachment and allowed for freedom of movement and girth expansion associated with fattening during a 6–10-wk stopover. Of 110 Soras radio tagged during three field seasons, only a single mortality was observed and only a single bird lost its transmitter. Migration from the study area was confirmed for 76 (69%) and suspected for another 25 birds (total 92%).
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-71.1.135","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., and Kearns, G.D., 2000, A radio transmitter attachment technique for soras: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 71, no. 1, p. 135-139, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-71.1.135.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"139","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G. Michael mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G. Michael","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kearns, Gregory D.","contributorId":28331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kearns","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223916,"text":"5223916 - 2000 - Organochlorine and metal contaminant exposure and effects in hatching Black-Crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Delaware Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T15:40:40.078448","indexId":"5223916","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Organochlorine and metal contaminant exposure and effects in hatching Black-Crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Delaware Bay","title":"Organochlorine and metal contaminant exposure and effects in hatching Black-Crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Delaware Bay","docAbstract":"Pea Patch Island in Delaware Bay is the site of the largest heronry north of Florida. From 1989–93, the population of nine species of wading birds numbered approximately 12,000 pairs, but has recently declined to about 7,000 pairs. Because Delaware Bay is a major shipping channel and receives anthropogenic releases of toxic substances from agricultural, industrial, and municipal point and nonpoint sources, contaminant exposure and effects to the heronry have been an ongoing concern. In 1997, pipping (early hatching stage) black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) were collected from separate nests at Pea Patch Island and from a coastal reference site, Middle Island in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. There was no evidence of malformations or hepatic histopathological lesions in embryos, and their body and liver weights did not differ between sites. Biomarkers of petroleum hydrocarbons, polyhalogenated contaminant, and metal exposure (cytochrome P450 induction and oxidative stress responses) did not differ (p > 0.05) between sites, although activities of benzyloxy-O-dealkylase and ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase were somewhat elevated in 3 of the 15 embryos collected from Pea Patch Island. Concentrations of 21 organochlorine pesticides and metabolites were relatively low at both sites, with p,p′-DDE values well below the threshold associated with eggshell thinning. Although total PCB concentration was modestly elevated (p < 0.05) in Pea Patch Island heron embryos, levels of arylhydrocarbon receptor-active PCB congeners, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, and toxic equivalents were low and did not differ between sites. Concentrations of Cd and Mn in pipping embryos from Pea Patch Island were slightly greater (p < 0.05) than values observed in Middle Island embryos, but levels of these and the other metals and metalloids (e.g., Hg and Se) were below values associated with toxicity. In conclusion, it seems unlikely that chlorinated hydrocarbon and metal contaminant exposure constitutes a direct threat to the reproductive success of black-crowned night herons at Pea Patch Island. However, low-level exposure to these contaminants may constitute one of many stressors that in combination could adversely affect the stability of the wading bird population at this large heronry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010077","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., Hoffman, D.J., Melancon, M.J., Olsen, G.H., Schmidt, S., and Parsons, K., 2000, Organochlorine and metal contaminant exposure and effects in hatching Black-Crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Delaware Bay: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 38-45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010077.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay, Pea Patch Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.56756973266602,\n 39.585053090643605\n ],\n [\n -75.56482315063477,\n 39.58793046682883\n ],\n [\n -75.56465148925781,\n 39.590047081077365\n ],\n [\n -75.56645393371582,\n 39.5919321362032\n ],\n [\n -75.56975841522217,\n 39.59424704601093\n ],\n [\n -75.57297706604004,\n 39.59533833380493\n ],\n [\n -75.57336330413818,\n 39.59639653585347\n ],\n [\n -75.5766248703003,\n 39.59758699383474\n ],\n [\n -75.58053016662598,\n 39.600133182501295\n ],\n [\n -75.58125972747803,\n 39.600100115715925\n ],\n [\n -75.57997226715088,\n 39.59679335745391\n ],\n [\n -75.57937145233154,\n 39.592659687620994\n ],\n [\n -75.57593822479248,\n 39.5875997400116\n ],\n [\n -75.57224750518799,\n 39.5856153459575\n ],\n [\n -75.56941509246826,\n 39.58488772056539\n ],\n [\n -75.56756973266602,\n 39.585053090643605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68aaf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, S.R.","contributorId":73719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, K.C.","contributorId":60743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223914,"text":"5223914 - 2000 - A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T20:21:35.960374","indexId":"5223914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts","docAbstract":"Although point counts are frequently used in ornithological studies, basic assumptions about detection probabilities often are untested. We apply a double-observer approach developed to estimate detection probabilities for aerial surveys (Cook and Jacobson 1979) to avian point counts. At each point count, a designated 'primary' observer indicates to another ('secondary') observer all birds detected. The secondary observer records all detections of the primary observer as well as any birds not detected by the primary observer. Observers alternate primary and secondary roles during the course of the survey. The approach permits estimation of observer-specific detection probabilities and bird abundance. We developed a set of models that incorporate different assumptions about sources of variation (e.g. observer, bird species) in detection probability. Seventeen field trials were conducted, and models were fit to the resulting data using program SURVIV. Single-observer point counts generally miss varying proportions of the birds actually present, and observer and bird species were found to be relevant sources of variation in detection probabilities. Overall detection probabilities (probability of being detected by at least one of the two observers) estimated using the double-observer approach were very high (>0.95), yielding precise estimates of avian abundance. We consider problems with the approach and recommend possible solutions, including restriction of the approach to fixed-radius counts to reduce the effect of variation in the effective radius of detection among various observers and to provide a basis for using spatial sampling to estimate bird abundance on large areas of interest. We believe that most questions meriting the effort required to carry out point counts also merit serious attempts to estimate detection probabilities associated with the counts. The double-observer approach is a method that can be used for this purpose.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1093/auk/117.2.393","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Fallon, F., Fallon, J., and Heglund, P., 2000, A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts: The Auk, v. 117, no. 2, p. 393-408, https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.393.","productDescription":"16","startPage":"393","endPage":"408","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aece7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fallon, F.W.","contributorId":80794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fallon, J.E.","contributorId":50629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223895,"text":"5223895 - 2000 - Toxicity of manganese to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T16:05:10.306883","indexId":"5223895","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Toxicity of manganese to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca","title":"Toxicity of manganese to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca","docAbstract":"Manganese is a toxic element frequently overlooked when assessing toxicity of effluents, sediments, and pore waters. Manganese can be present at toxic levels in anoxic solutions due to increased solubility under chemically reducing conditions, and it can remain at those levels for days in aerated test waters due to slow precipitation kinetics. Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca are freshwater organisms often used for toxicity testing and recommended for assessments of effluents and pore waters. Lethal and reproductive-inhibition concentrations of Mn were determined for C. dubia in acute 48-h tests and chronic three-brood tests using animals <24 h old and between 24 and 48 h old. Sensitivity of H. azteca to Mn was determined with 7-day-old animals in acute 96-h tests. Tests were run at three levels of water hardness to assess the amelioratory effect, which was often significant. Manganese concentrations were measured analytically at test initiation and after 96 h for calculation of toxicity and determination of Mn precipitation during the tests. Minimal amounts of Mn (≤3%) precipitated within 96 h. LC50s determined for H. azteca progressively increased from 3.0 to 8.6 to 13.7 mg Mn/L in soft, moderately hard, and hard waters, respectively. The tolerance of C. dubia to Mn was not significantly different between moderately hard and hard waters, but was significantly lower in soft water. Manganese sensitivity of C. dubia was not significantly different between the ages tested. Acute LC50 values for C. dubia averaged 6.2, 14.5 and 15.2 mg Mn/L and chronic IC50 values averaged 3.9, 8.5 and 11.5 mg Mn/L for soft, moderately-hard and hard waters, respectively. Manganese toxicity should be considered when assessing solutions with concentrations approaching these levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449910039","usgsCitation":"Lasier, P., Winger, P.V., and Bogenrieder, K.J., 2000, Toxicity of manganese to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 3, p. 298-304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910039.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"304","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62800e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lasier, P. J.","contributorId":79201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogenrieder, K. J.","contributorId":22880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogenrieder","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223901,"text":"5223901 - 2000 - Capturing American black ducks in tidal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223901","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capturing American black ducks in tidal waters","docAbstract":"We modified conventional, funnel-entrance dabbling duck bait traps to increase captures for banding of American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in tidal saltmarsh habitats of Smith Island, Maryland, one of the few remaining strongholds for breeding Black Ducks in the Chesapeake Bay. Traps and trapping techniques were adapted to tidal creeks and refined to improve capture rate, reduce mortality, and minimize interference by gulls. Best results were achieved by synchronizing trapping with predawn, low-tide foraging patterns of Black Ducks. Trap entrances were critical to retaining ducks, and use of loafing platforms reduced overall mortality to 3% of captures per year. We captured 3071 Black Ducks during the 14-year period, 1984-199","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5436_Harrison.pdf","usgsCitation":"Harrison, M., Haramis, G., Jorde, D., and Stotts, D.B., 2000, Capturing American black ducks in tidal waters: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 71, no. 1, p. 153-158.","productDescription":"153-158","startPage":"153","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17058,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1648%2F0273-8570%282000%29071%5B0153%3ACABDIT%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":202193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, M.K. Sr.","contributorId":44268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"M.K.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}