A study was conducted to establish a detailed hydrogeologic framework in the complex Floridan aquifer system of southwestern Florida, and to evaluate and relate the distribution of salinity found in this system. The Floridan aquifer system consists of the Upper Floridan aquifer, middle confining unit, and Lower Floridan aquifer. The Upper Floridan aquifer extends into a basal unit of the Hawthorn Group; however, a regional unconformity present at the base of this unit generally marks the top of the Floridan aquifer system, as it does in the rest of southern Florida. The basal Hawthorn unit, which is defined at its top by a correlative marker unit, ranges in thickness from 120 to 460 feet. Paleotopography present prior to deposition of the basal Hawthorn unit, which resulted at least in part from erosion, is believed to have caused some of this variation in thickness. However, in some areas where the basal Hawthorn unit is thick, particularly in Lee County, depositional buildup created paleotopographic highs at the top of the unit. In these areas, permeable limestone zones are present in the unit, giving the unit a high transmissivity.\nIn most of the study area, the Floridan aquifer system can be divided into a brackish-water zone, a salinity transition zone, and a saline-water zone. The brackish-water zone contains water with a dissolved-solids concentration of less than 10,000 milligrams per liter. The saline-water zone has a dissolved-solids concentration of at least 35,000 milligrams per liter and a salinity similar to that of seawater. The salinity transition zone that separates these two zones is usually 150 feet or less in thickness. The altitude of the base of the brackish-water zone was mapped primarily using geophysical logs; it ranges from as shallow as 565 feet below sea level along the coast to almost 2,200 feet below sea level inland. This mapping indicated that the boundary represents a salinity interface, the depth of which is controlled by head in the brackish-water zone.
\nChloride concentrations in the upper part of the brackish-water zone range from 400 to 4,000 milligrams per liter. A large area of relatively low salinity in north-central Collier County and to the northwest, as defined by a 1,200-milligram-per-liter chloride-concentration line, coincides with a high area on the basal contact of the Hawthorn Group. As this contact dips away from this high area to central Hendry and southwestern Collier Counties, chloride concentration increases to 2,000 milligrams per liter or greater. However, the increase in salinity in these areas occurs only in the basal Hawthorn unit or Suwannee Limestone, but not in deeper units. In central Hendry County, the increase occurs only in the basal Hawthorn unit in an area where the unit is well developed and thick. These areas of higher salinity could have resulted from the influx of seawater from southwestern Collier County into zones of higher permeability in the Upper Floridan aquifer during high sea-level stands. The influx may only have occurred in structurally low areas and may have experienced incomplete flushing subsequently by the modern freshwater flow system.
\nIn an area in north-central Collier County, the altitude of the base of the brackish-water zone is anomalously deep given the position of this area relative to the coast. In this area, the base extends as deep as 2,090 feet below sea level, and the salinity transition zone is not present or is poorly defined. The origin of this anomalous area is interpreted to be related to the development of a unit containing thick dolomite and evaporite beds high in the middle confining unit of the Floridan aquifer system. The top of this dolomite-evaporite unit, which probably has very low permeability, occurs at the base of the brackish-water zone in this area. The axis of a high area mapped at the top of the unit trends to the northwest from central Collier County into north-central Lee County. This axis parallels and lies just to the west of the anomalous area, and it could have acted as an impermeable sill, preventing saline water from moving in laterally from the coast to the southwest and up from the Lower Floridan aquifer. Locating a Floridan aquifer system well field in or near this anomalous area could be optimal because of the lack of a salinity interface at depth.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri984253","usgsCitation":"Reese, R., 2000, Hydrogeology and the distribution of salinity in the Floridan Aquifer system, southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4253, 86 p., 10 over-size sheets., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984253.","productDescription":"86 p., 10 over-size sheets.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2730,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984253","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95854,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/report.pdf","size":"12074","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95855,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-01.pdf","size":"4224","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95856,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-02.pdf","size":"4230","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95857,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-03.pdf","size":"3537","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95858,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-04.pdf","size":"3971","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95859,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-05.pdf","size":"4083","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95860,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-06.pdf","size":"4138","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95861,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-07.pdf","size":"4229","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95862,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-08.pdf","size":"4215","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95863,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-09.pdf","size":"4430","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95864,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/plate-10.pdf","size":"4073","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4253/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, R.S.","contributorId":17644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23947,"text":"ofr00485 - 2000 - Estimation of hydraulic parameters from an unconfined aquifer test conducted in a glacial outwash deposit, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T17:09:25","indexId":"ofr00485","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-485","title":"Estimation of hydraulic parameters from an unconfined aquifer test conducted in a glacial outwash deposit, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"An aquifer test conducted in a sand and gravel, glacial outwash deposit on Cape Cod, Massachusetts was analyzed by means of a model for flow to a partially penetrating well in a homogeneous, anisotropic unconfined aquifer. The model is designed to account for all significant mechanisms expected to influence drawdown in observation piezometers and in the pumped well. In addition to the usual fluid-flow and storage processes, additional processes include effects of storage in the pumped well, storage in observation piezometers, effects of skin at the pumped-well screen, and effects of drainage from the zone above the water table. The aquifer was pumped at a rate of 320 gallons per minute for 72-hours and drawdown measurements were made in the pumped well and in 20 piezometers located at various distances from the pumped well and depths below the land surface. To facilitate the analysis, an automatic parameter estimation algorithm was used to obtain relevant unconfined aquifer parameters, including the saturated thickness and a set of empirical parameters that relate to gradual drainage from the unsaturated zone. \rDrainage from the unsaturated zone is treated in this paper as a finite series of exponential terms, each of which contains one empirical parameter that is to be determined. It was necessary to account for effects of gradual drainage from the unsaturated zone to obtain satisfactory agreement between measured and simulated drawdown, particularly in piezometers located near the water table. The commonly used assumption of instantaneous drainage from the unsaturated zone gives rise to large discrepancies between measured and predicted drawdown in the intermediate-time range and can result in inaccurate estimates of aquifer parameters when automatic parameter estimation procedures are used. \rThe values of the estimated hydraulic parameters are consistent with estimates from prior studies and from what is known about the aquifer at the site. Effects of heterogeneity at the site were small as measured drawdowns in all piezometers and wells were very close to the simulated values for a homogeneous porous medium. The estimated values are: specific yield, 0.26; saturated thickness, 170 feet; horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 0.23 feet per minute; vertical hydraulic conductivity, 0.14 feet per minute; and specific storage, 1.3x10-5 per foot. \rIt was found that drawdown in only a few piezometers strategically located at depth near the pumped well yielded parameter estimates close to the estimates obtained for the entire data set analyzed simultaneously. If the influence of gradual drainage from the unsaturated zone is not taken into account, specific yield is significantly underestimated even in these deep-seated piezometers. This helps to explain the low values of specific yield often reported for granular aquifers in the literature. If either the entire data set or only the drawdown in selected deep-seated piezometers was used, it was found unnecessary to conduct the test for the full 72-hours to obtain accurate estimates of the hydraulic parameters. For some piezometer groups, practically identical results would be obtained for an aquifer test conducted for only 8-hours. Drawdowns measured in the pumped well and piezometers at distant locations were diagnostic only of aquifer transmissivity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00485","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., Garabedian, S.P., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2000, Estimation of hydraulic parameters from an unconfined aquifer test conducted in a glacial outwash deposit, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-485, 132 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00485.","productDescription":"132 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1651,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr00-485/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 42.09007006868398\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.09007006868398\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 41.566141964768384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24828,"text":"ofr00484 - 2000 - Preliminary estimate of the amplification of possible earthquake ground motion at a site in Charleston County, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr00484","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-484","title":"Preliminary estimate of the amplification of possible earthquake ground motion at a site in Charleston County, South Carolina","docAbstract":"We estimate site amplification at the location of a proposed bridge near Charleston, South\r\nCarolina. Model calculations indicate that amplification at periods of 1 s and longer is likely to be\r\nstrongly influenced by the effects of a large contrast in shear-wave velocity at a depth of\r\napproximately 1 km (3,000 ft). On-site borehole data, regional geological and geophysical\r\ninformation, and data from a geologically similar setting near Memphis, Tennessee allowed us to\r\nestimate profiles of shear-wave velocity, shear-wave attenuation, and density from ground level\r\ndown to metamorphic and igneous rocks that are approximately 3 km (9,500 ft) beneath the site.\r\nWe modeled amplifications that would be produced at the surface and at the top and bottom of\r\nthe Cooper Marl. Amplification estimates that are based only on the shallow shear-wave\r\nstructure, for example in the upper 100 m (300 ft), can severely underestimate long-period\r\namplification at the site. Additional modeling could help determine whether new data should be\r\ncollected, to resolve remaining uncertainties about likely amplification.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00484","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Cramer, C.H., 2000, Preliminary estimate of the amplification of possible earthquake ground motion at a site in Charleston County, South Carolina (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-484, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00484.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1847,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0484/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cramer, Chris H.","contributorId":32196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24806,"text":"ofr2000496 - 2000 - Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in New York State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-30T19:24:59.448661","indexId":"ofr2000496","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-496","displayTitle":"Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in New York State","title":"Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in New York State","docAbstract":"The objective of this study is to enhance existing thermal maturity maps in New York State by establishing: 1) new subsurface CAI data points for the Ordovician and Devonian and 2) new %Ro and Rock Eval subsurface data points for Middle and Upper Devonian black shale units. The thermal maturity of the Ordovician and Devonian rocks is of major interest because they contain the source for most of the unconventional natural gas resources in the basin. Thermal maturity patterns of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group are evaluated here because they closely approximate those of the overlying Ordovician Utica Shale that is believed to be the source rock for the regional oil and gas accumulation in Lower Silurian sandstones (Jenden and others, 1993; Ryder and others, 1998). Improved CAI-based thermal maturity maps of the Ordovician are important to identify areas of optimum gas generation from the Utica Shale and to provide constraints for interpreting the origin of oil and gas in the Lower Silurian regional accumulation, in particular, its basin-centered part (Ryder, 1998). Thermal maturity maps of the Devonian will better constrain burial history-petroleum generation models of the Utica Shale, as well as place limitations on the origin of regional oil and gas accumulation in Upper Devonian sandstone and Middle to Upper Devonian black shale.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000496","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Weary, D.J., Ryder, R., and Nyahay, R., 2000, Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in the Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin in New York State: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-496, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000496.","productDescription":"39 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":9153,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-496/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392252,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34515.htm"},{"id":53819,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0496/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0496/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.749,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -79.749,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -79.749,\n 41 ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weary, David J. 0000-0002-6115-6397 dweary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-6397","contributorId":545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weary","given":"David","email":"dweary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nyahay, Richard","contributorId":41035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyahay","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22725,"text":"ofr00472 - 2000 - Transport of suspended and bedload sediment at eight stations in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-25T21:45:08","indexId":"ofr00472","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-472","title":"Transport of suspended and bedload sediment at eight stations in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency within the Spokane River Basin of northern Idaho and eastern Washington included extensive data-collection activities to determine the nature and extent of trace-element contamination within the basin. As part of the investigation, the U.S. Geological Survey designed and implemented a sampling program to assess sediment transport in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin. Suspended and bedload sediments were sampled at four stations at or near base flow and at eight stations during low, moderate, and high discharge conditions between February 1999 and April 2000.\nThe concentrations and loads of suspended and bedload sediment at all stations were directly related to stream discharge. To quantify these relationships, a power function was used to develop sediment-transport curves at all stations. Although the transport curves for most of the stations indicate a good log-log relationship between stream discharge and suspended- and bedload-sediment discharge, there was a fair amount of scatter about the best-fit regression at most stations. For suspended-sediment discharge, the scatter can be primarily attributed to a hysteresis effect in the concentration of suspended sediment as stream discharge rises and falls. The effects of hysteresis on bedload-sediment discharge were difficult to assess because of a paucity of samples collected over the stream hydrograph.\nAt most of the stations, and at the stream discharges sampled, the transport characteristics for fine- and sand-sized suspended sediment were similar. However, at the two main-stem Coeur d’Alene River stations, Rose Lake and Harrison, the suspended-sediment load was primarily composed of fine-grained sediment at stream discharges of less than 15,000 cubic feet per second. These two stations are characterized by relatively slow water velocities, which appear to be insufficient to transport sand-sized sediment at lower stream discharge.\nAt most of the stations, and at the stream discharges sampled, the bedload was primarily composed of material greater than 2 millimeters in diameter, the break between sand and gravel. A predominance of sand-sized bedload was noted at only a few stations, and generally only during low stream discharge. The particle-size distribution of bedload sediment at most stations became proportionately coarser as stream discharge increased. During the peak of snowmelt runoff for water years 1999 and 2000, gravel-sized material between 2 and 64 millimeters in diameter comprised more than 70 percent of the bedload transport at most stations. However, at the station on the Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake, the bedload was predominantly composed of fine-grained material of less than 1 millimeter in diameter for all measured stream discharges. The slow water velocities at Rose Lake accounted for the predominance of fine-grained sediment transport.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00472","isbn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Woods, P.F., 2000, Transport of suspended and bedload sediment at eight stations in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-472, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00472.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262314,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0472/report.pdf"},{"id":262315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0472/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Harrison","otherGeospatial":"Rose Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.9914,47.0794 ], [ -116.9914,47.9947 ], [ -115.493,47.9947 ], [ -115.493,47.0794 ], [ -116.9914,47.0794 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626b8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Greg M.","contributorId":75185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23892,"text":"ofr00401 - 2000 - Towards policy relevant environmental modeling: contextual validity and pragmatic models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-31T14:49:18","indexId":"ofr00401","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-401","title":"Towards policy relevant environmental modeling: contextual validity and pragmatic models","docAbstract":"\"What makes for a good model?\" In various forms, this question is a question that, undoubtedly, many people, businesses, and institutions ponder with regards to their particular domain of modeling. One particular domain that is wrestling with this question is the multidisciplinary field of environmental modeling. Examples of environmental models range from models of contaminated ground water flow to the economic impact of natural disasters, such as earthquakes. One of the distinguishing claims of the field is the relevancy of environmental modeling to policy and environment-related decision-making in general. A pervasive view by both scientists and decision-makers is that a \"good\" model is one that is an accurate predictor. Thus, determining whether a model is \"accurate\" or \"correct\" is done by comparing model output to empirical observations. The expected outcome of this process, usually referred to as \"validation\" or \"ground truthing,\" is a stamp on the model in question of \"valid\" or \"not valid\" that serves to indicate whether or not the model will be reliable before it is put into service in a decision-making context. In this paper, I begin by elaborating on the prevailing view of model validation and why this view must change. Drawing from concepts coming out of the studies of science and technology, I go on to propose a contextual view of validity that can overcome the problems associated with \"ground truthing\" models as an indicator of model goodness. The problem of how we talk about and determine model validity has much to do about how we perceive the utility of environmental models. In the remainder of the paper, I argue that we should adopt ideas of pragmatism in judging what makes for a good model and, in turn, developing good models. From such a perspective of model goodness, good environmental models should facilitate communication, convey—not bury or \"eliminate\"—uncertainties, and, thus, afford the active building of consensus decisions, instead of promoting passive or self-righteous decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00401","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Miles, S.B., 2000, Towards policy relevant environmental modeling: contextual validity and pragmatic models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-401, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00401.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00401.PNG"},{"id":281860,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0401/pdf/of00-401.pdf"},{"id":281859,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0401/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6282ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, Scott B.","contributorId":38600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25769,"text":"wri004268 - 2000 - Simulation of projected water demand and ground-water levels in the Coffee Sand and Eutaw-McShan aquifers in Union County, Mississippi, 2010 through 2050","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri004268","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4268","title":"Simulation of projected water demand and ground-water levels in the Coffee Sand and Eutaw-McShan aquifers in Union County, Mississippi, 2010 through 2050","docAbstract":"Ground water from the Eutaw-McShan and the Coffee Sand aquifers is the major source of supply for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes in Union County, Mississippi. Unbiased, scientifically sound data and assessments are needed to assist agencies in better understanding and managing available water resources as continuing development and growth places more stress on available resources. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Authority, conducted an investigation using water-demand and ground-water models to evaluate the effect of future water demand on groundwater levels. Data collected for the 12 public-supply facilities and the self-supplied commercial and industrial facilities in Union County were used to construct water-demand models. The estimates of water demand to year 2050 were then input to a ground-water model based on the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference computer code, MODFLOW. Total ground-water withdrawals for Union County in 1998 were estimated as 2.85 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Of that amount, municipal withdrawals were 2.55 Mgal/d with about 1.50 Mgal/d (59 percent) delivered to residential users. Nonmunicipal withdrawals were 0.296 Mgal/d. About 80 percent (2.27 Mgal/d) of the total ground-water withdrawal is produced from the Eutaw-McShan aquifer and about 13 percent (0.371 Mgal/d) from the Coffee Sand aquifer. Between normal- and high-growth conditions, total water demand could increase from 72 to 131 percent (2.9 Mgal/d in 1998 to 6.7 Mgal/d in year 2050) with municipal demand increasing from 77 to 146 percent (2.6 to 6.4 Mgal/d). Increased pumping to meet the demand for water was simulated to determine the effect on water levels in the Coffee Sand and Eutaw- McShan aquifers. Under baseline-growth conditions, increased water use by year 2050 could result in an additional 65 feet of drawdown in the New Albany area below year 2000 water levels in the Coffee Sand aquifer and about 120 feet of maximum drawdown in the Eutaw-McShan aquifer. Under normal-growth conditions, increased water use could result in an additional 65 feet of drawdown in the New Albany area below year 2000 water levels in the Coffee Sand aquifer and about 135 feet of maximum drawdown in the Eutaw-McShan aquifer. Under high-growth conditions, increased water use could result in 75 feet of drawdown in the New Albany area below year 2000 water levels in the Coffee Sand aquifer and about 190 feet of maximum drawdown in the Eutaw-McShan aquifer. The resulting highgrowth projected water level for the year 2050 at the center of the drawdown cone in the New Albany area is between 450 and 500 feet above the top of the Eutaw-McShan aquifer. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004268","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., Strom, E.W., Burt, D., and Mallory, M.J., 2000, Simulation of projected water demand and ground-water levels in the Coffee Sand and Eutaw-McShan aquifers in Union County, Mississippi, 2010 through 2050: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4268, v, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004268.","productDescription":"v, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1875,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004268","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f223a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strom, E. W.","contributorId":90776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burt, D.E.","contributorId":65885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burt","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mallory, M. J.","contributorId":10398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallory","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25419,"text":"wri004123 - 2000 - Comparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-18T19:27:10.018363","indexId":"wri004123","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4123","title":"Comparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey","docAbstract":"The number and total concentration of\r\nvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) per\r\nsample were significantly greater in water from\r\npublic-supply wells than in water from shallow\r\nand moderate-depth monitoring wells in the\r\nsurficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in\r\nthe Glassboro area of southern New Jersey. In\r\ncontrast, concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen)\r\nand the number and total concentration of\r\npesticides per sample were statistically similar\r\nin samples from shallow and moderate-depth\r\nmonitoring wells and those from public-supply\r\nwells.\r\nVOCs in ground water typically are\r\nderived from point sources, which commonly\r\nexist in urban areas and which result in\r\nspatially variable contaminant concentrations\r\nnear the water table. Because larger volumes of\r\nwater are withdrawn from public-supply wells\r\nthan from monitoring wells, their contributing\r\nareas are larger and, therefore, they are more\r\nlikely to intercept water flowing from VOC\r\npoint sources. Additionally, public-supply\r\nwells intercept flow paths that span a large\r\ntemporal interval. Public-supply wells in the\r\nGlassboro study area withdraw water flowing\r\nalong short paths, which contains VOCs that\r\nrecently entered the aquifer system, and water\r\nflowing along relatively long paths, which\r\ncontains VOCs that originated from the\r\ndegradation of parent compounds or that are\r\nassociated with past land uses. Because the\r\nvolume of water withdrawn from monitoring\r\nwells is small and because shallow monitoring\r\nwells are screened near the water table, they\r\ngenerally intercept only relatively short flow\r\npaths. Therefore, samples from these wells\r\nrepresent relatively recent, discrete time\r\nintervals and contain both fewer VOCs and a\r\nlower total VOC concentration than samples\r\nfrom public-supply wells.\r\nNitrate and pesticides in ground water\r\ntypically are derived from nonpoint sources,\r\nwhich commonly are found in both agricultural\r\nand urban areas and typically result in lowlevel,\r\nrelatively uniform concentrations near\r\nthe water table. Because nonpoint sources are\r\ndiffuse and because processes such as\r\ndegradation or sorption/dispersion do not occur\r\nat rates sufficient to prevent detection of these\r\nconstituents in parts of the aquifer used for\r\ndomestic and public supply in the study area,\r\nconcentrations of nitrate and pesticides and\r\nnumbers of pesticide compounds are likely to\r\nbe similar in samples from shallow monitoring\r\nwells and samples from public-supply wells.\r\nResults of a comparison of (1) the general\r\ncharacteristics of, and water-quality data from,\r\npublic-supply wells in the Glassboro study area\r\nto available data from public-supply wells\r\nscreened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer\r\nsystem outside the study area, and (2) land-use\r\nsettings, soil characteristics, and aquifer\r\nproperties in and outside the study area indicate\r\nthat the findings of this study likely are\r\napplicable to the entire extent of the Kirkwood-\r\nCohansey aquifer system in southern New\r\nJersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004123","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Kauffman, L.J., Baehr, A.L., and Ayers, M.A., 2000, Comparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4123, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004123.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4123/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1806,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4123/wri004123.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 00-4123"},{"id":400776,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34825.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.307,\n 39.442\n ],\n [\n -74.849,\n 39.442\n ],\n [\n -74.849,\n 39.843\n ],\n [\n -75.307,\n 39.843\n ],\n [\n -75.307,\n 39.442\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae44d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, L. J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":65217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ayers, M. A.","contributorId":41417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23977,"text":"ofr0013 - 2000 - MORPH-II, a software package for the analysis of scanning-electron-micrograph images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of exposed stone surfaces","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23976,"text":"ofr98248 - 1998 - MORPH-I (Ver 1.0) a software package for the analysis of scanning electron micrograph (binary formatted) images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of enclosed pore surfaces","indexId":"ofr98248","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"MORPH-I (Ver 1.0) a software package for the analysis of scanning electron micrograph (binary formatted) images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of enclosed pore surfaces"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":23977,"text":"ofr0013 - 2000 - MORPH-II, a software package for the analysis of scanning-electron-micrograph images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of exposed stone surfaces","indexId":"ofr0013","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"MORPH-II, a software package for the analysis of scanning-electron-micrograph images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of exposed stone surfaces"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:30:01.227675","indexId":"ofr0013","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-13","title":"MORPH-II, a software package for the analysis of scanning-electron-micrograph images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of exposed stone surfaces","docAbstract":"Turcotte, 1997, and Barton and La Pointe, 1995, have identified many potential uses for the fractal dimension in physicochemical models of surface properties. The image-analysis program described in this report is an extension of the program set MORPH-I (Mossotti and others, 1998), which provided the fractal analysis of electron-microscope images of pore profiles (Mossotti and Eldeeb, 1992). MORPH-II, an integration of the modified kernel of the program MORPH-I with image calibration and editing facilities, was designed to measure the fractal dimension of the exposed surfaces of stone specimens as imaged in cross section in an electron microscope.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0013","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Mossotti, V.G., and Eldeeb, A.R., 2000, MORPH-II, a software package for the analysis of scanning-electron-micrograph images for the assessment of the fractal dimension of exposed stone surfaces: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-13, Report: i, 42 p.; EDGE: source code, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0013.","productDescription":"Report: i, 42 p.; EDGE: source code","numberOfPages":"44","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156231,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280598,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0013/EDGE.EXE"},{"id":280599,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0013/pdf/of00-013.pdf"},{"id":1686,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648d6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mossotti, Victor G. mossotti@usgs.gov","contributorId":3494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossotti","given":"Victor","email":"mossotti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eldeeb, A. Raouf","contributorId":64283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldeeb","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Raouf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29335,"text":"wri004034 - 2000 - Hydrogeology of the Beaver Kill Basin in Sullivan, Delaware, and Ulster Counties, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T13:48:28","indexId":"wri004034","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4034","title":"Hydrogeology of the Beaver Kill Basin in Sullivan, Delaware, and Ulster Counties, New York","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of the 299-square-mile Beaver Kill basin in the southwestern Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York is depicted in a surficial geologic map and five geologic sections, and is summarized through an analysis of low-flow statistics for the Beaver Kill and its major tributary, Willowemoc Creek. Surficial geologic data indicate that the most widespread geologic units within the basin are ablation and lodgment till. Large masses of ablation till as much as 450 feet thick were deposited as lateral embankments within the narrow Beaver Kill and Willowemoc Creek valleys and have displaced the modern stream courses by as much as 1,000 feet from the preglacial bedrock-valley axis.
Low-flow statistics for the Beaver Kill and Willowemoc Creeks indicate that the base flows (discharges that are exceeded 90 percent of the time) of these two streams—0.36 and 0.39 cubic feet per square mile,respectively—are the highest of 13 Catskill Mountain streams studied. High base flows elsewhere in the glaciated northeastern United States are generally associated with large stratified-drift aquifers, however, stratified drift in these two basins accounts for only about 5 percent and 4.4 percent of their respective surface areas, respectively. The high base flows in these two basins appear to correlate with an equally high percentage of massive sandstone members of the Catskill Formation, which underlies the entire region. Ground-water seepage from these sandstone members may be responsible for the high base flows of these two streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Rockland","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.J., 2000, Hydrogeology of the Beaver Kill Basin in Sullivan, Delaware, and Ulster Counties, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4034, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004034.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323709,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4034/wri20004034.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.49 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4034"},{"id":159229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4034/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The Village of Marathon, in Cortland County, N.Y., has three municipal wells that tap a relatively thin (25 to 40 feet thick) and narrow (less than 0.25 mile wide) unconfined sand and gravel aquifer in the Tioughnioga River valley. Only one of the wells is in use because water from one well has been contaminated by petroleum chemicals from a leaking storage tank, and water from the other well contains high concentrations of manganese. The operating well pumps about 0.1 million gallons per day and supplies about 1,000 people.
A three-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water-flow model was used to (1) compute hydraulic heads in the aquifer under steady-state conditions, (2) develop a water budget, and (3) delineate the areas contributing recharge to two simulated wells that represent two of the municipal wells: one 57 feet east of the Tioughnioga River, the other 4,000 feet to the south and 75 feet from a man-made pond. The water budget for simulated long-term average, steady-state conditions with two simulated pumping wells indicates that the principal sources of recharge to the unconfined aquifer are unchanneled runoff and ground-water inflow from the uplands (41 percent of total recharge), precipitation that falls directly on the aquifer (34 percent), and stream leakage (23 percent). Only 2 percent of the recharge to the aquifer is from ground-water underflow into the northern end of the modeled area. Most of the simulated groundwater discharge from the modeled area (78 percent of total discharge) is to the Tioughnioga River; the rest discharges to the two simulated wells (19 percent) and as underflow at the southern end of the modeled area (3 percent).
Results of a particle-tracking analysis indicate that the aquifer contributing area of the northern (simulated) well is 0.10 mile wide and 0.15 mile long and encompasses 0.015 square miles; the contributing area of the southern (simulated) well is 0.20 mile wide and 0.11 mile long and encompasses 0.022 square miles. The average traveltime of ground water from the valley wall to either simulated well is about 1.5 years, calculated on the basis of an assumed aquifer porosity of 0.3. The flowpath analysis indicates that both contributing areas contain surface-water sources of recharge; the Tioughnioga River and Hunts Creek contribute water to the northern well, and a pond and a small tributary contribute water to the southern well.
Ground-water temperature in an observation well between the Tioughnioga River and the municipal well fluctuated several degrees Fahrenheit in response to pumping of the municipal well. This temperature fluctuation, in conjunction with the pumping well causing a ground-water gradient from the Tioughnioga River to the pumping well (ground-water levels in the pumping well were generally greater than 3 ft lower than that of the Tioughnioga River), indicate that there is a hydraulic connection between the river and aquifer at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cortland County Soil and Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., 2000, Simulation of ground-water flow in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer at Marathon, Cortland County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4026, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004026.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2301,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4026/wri20004026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4026"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Because of its increasing population and limited water resources, the Middle Rio Grande Basin between Cochiti Lake and San Acacia, New Mexico, has recently become the subject of intense study. In particular, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque has constructed a series of ground-water-flow models of the Tertiary and Quaternary basin-fill deposits of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system (Kernodle and Scott, 1986; Kernodle and others, 1987; Kernodle and others, 1995; Kernodle, 1998; Tiedeman and others, 1998). The ground-water-flow system also has been the focus of hydrochemical studies and other efforts intended largely to help develop an improved flow model. Among the information critical to a thorough understanding of the ground-water-flow system are water-level data that indicate the directions of ground-water flow and the magnitudes of hydraulic gradients in the aquifer prior to perturbation by substantial ground-water withdrawals (under predevelopment conditions).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004249","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., and Anderholm, S.K., 2000, Predevelopment water-level map of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system in the middle Rio Grande basin between Cochiti Lake and San Acacia, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4249, 1 sheet: 34.50 x 23.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004249.","productDescription":"1 sheet: 34.50 x 23.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4249/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4249/wri004249.pdf","text":"Report","size":"436 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 00–4249"}],"contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, conducted a time-of-travel study in the Buffalo Bayou watershed during low flow in August 1999. The study was done as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (EMPACT) program. The EMPACT program was designed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to work with communities to “make timely, accurate, and understandable environmental information available to millions of people in the largest metropolitan areas across the country.” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000).
Buffalo Bayou, located in Houston, Texas, was chosen as a pilot project because it is a frequently used recreational water source, it has many water-treatment facilities located along its stream segments, and it has a history of water-quality problems (Houston-Galveston Area Council, 2000). One component of the pilot project is to develop a water-quality simulation model that can be used to assess the effects of noncompliance events on Buffalo Bayou. Because accurate estimates of time of travel during low flow are required to develop the model, the time of travel of solutes in Buffalo Bayou and selected tributaries was determined using dye tracing methods.
The study was conducted during low flow in a 38.7-mile reach of Buffalo Bayou, a 9.6-mile reach of Whiteoak Bayou, a 5.9-mile reach of Mason Creek, and a 6.6-mile reach of Bear Creek. Efforts to determine the time of travel in a 7.5-mile reach of Horsepen Creek were unsuccessful. This report explains the approach used to conduct the study and presents the results of the study
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004236","usgsCitation":"East, J., and Schaer, J.D., 2000, Time of travel of solutes in Buffalo Bayou and selected tributaries, Houston, Texas, August 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4236, 33.50 x 26.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004236.","productDescription":"33.50 x 26.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004236.PNG"},{"id":328029,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4236/pdf/pl00-4236.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2789,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaer, Jasper D.","contributorId":62254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaer","given":"Jasper","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25504,"text":"wri004218 - 2000 - Factors affecting nutrient trends in major rivers of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri004218","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4218","title":"Factors affecting nutrient trends in major rivers of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","docAbstract":"Trends in nutrient loads and flow-adjusted concentrations in the major rivers entering Chesapeake Bay were computed on the basis of water-quality data collected between 1985 and 1998 at 29 monitoring stations in the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Rappahannock, York, Patuxent, and Choptank River Basins. Two computer models?the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model (WSM) and the U.S. Geological Survey?s 'Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed attributes' (SPARROW) Model?were used to help explain the major factors affecting the trends. Results from WSM simulations provided information on temporal changes in contributions from major nutrient sources, and results from SPARROW model simulations provided spatial detail on the distribution of nutrient yields in these basins. Additional data on nutrient sources, basin characteristics, implementation of management practices, and ground-water inputs to surface water were analyzed to help explain the trends. The major factors affecting the trends were changes in nutrient sources and natural variations in streamflow. The dominant source of nitrogen and phosphorus from 1985 to 1998 in six of the seven tributary basins to Chesapeake Bay was determined to be agriculture. Because of the predominance of agricultural inputs, changes in agricultural nutrient sources such as manure and fertilizer, combined with decreases in agricultural acreage and implementation of best management practices (BMPs), had the greatest impact on the trends in flow-adjusted nutrient concentrations. Urban acreage and population, however, were noted to be increasing throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, and as a result, delivered loads of nutrients from urban areas increased during the study period. Overall, agricultural nutrient management, in combination with load decreases from point sources due to facility upgrades and the phosphate detergent ban, led to downward trends in flow-adjusted nutrient concentrations atmany of the monitoring stations in the watershed. The loads of nutrients, however, were not reduced significantly at most of the monitoring stations. This is due primarily to higher streamflow in the latter years of the monitoring period, which led to higher loading in those years.Results of this study indicate a need for more detailed information on BMP effectiveness under a full range of hydrologic conditions and in different areas of the watershed; an internally consistent fertilizer data set; greater consideration of the effects of watershed processes on nutrient transport; a refinement of current modeling efforts; and an expansion of the non-tidal monitoring network in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004218","usgsCitation":"Sprague, L.A., Langland, M., Yochum, S., Edwards, R.E., Blomquist, J., Phillips, S., Shenk, G., and Preston, S.D., 2000, Factors affecting nutrient trends in major rivers of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4218, vii, 109 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004218.","productDescription":"vii, 109 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1873,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004218","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f89ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langland, M. J.","contributorId":36173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yochum, S.E.","contributorId":62242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochum","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, R. E.","contributorId":92211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blomquist, J. D. 0000-0002-0140-6534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-6534","contributorId":20784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blomquist","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phillips, S.W.","contributorId":6867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shenk, G.W.","contributorId":106938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shenk","given":"G.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Preston, S. D.","contributorId":105770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":24651,"text":"ofr2000313 - 2000 - A note on scrap in the 1992 U.S. input-output tables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"ofr2000313","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-313","title":"A note on scrap in the 1992 U.S. input-output tables","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\nA key concern of industrial ecology and life cycle analysis is the disposal and recycling of\r\nscrap. One might conclude that the U.S. input-output tables are appropriate tools for analyzing\r\nscrap flows. Duchin, for instance, has suggested using input-output analysis for industrial\r\necology, indicating that input-output economics can trace the stocks and flows of energy and\r\nother materials from extraction through production and consumption to recycling or disposal.\r\nLave and others use input-output tables to design life cycle assessment models for studying\r\nproduct design, materials use, and recycling strategies, even with the knowledge that these tables\r\nsuffer from a lack of comprehensive and detailed data that may never be resolved.\r\nAlthough input-output tables can offer general guidance about the interdependence of\r\neconomic and environmental processes, data reporting by industry and the economic concepts\r\nunderlying these tables pose problems for rigorous material flow examinations. This is\r\nespecially true for analyzing the output of scrap and scrap flows in the United States and\r\nestimating the amount of scrap that can be recycled. To show how data reporting has affected the\r\nvalues of scrap in recent input-output tables, this paper focuses on metal scrap generated in\r\nmanufacturing. The paper also briefly discusses scrap that is not included in the input-output\r\ntables and some economic concepts that limit the analysis of scrap flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000313","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Swisko, G.M., 2000, A note on scrap in the 1992 U.S. input-output tables (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-313, ii, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000313.","productDescription":"ii, 19 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9150,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-313/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8069","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swisko, George M.","contributorId":29477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swisko","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22844,"text":"ofr00255 - 2000 - Fate and transport modeling of selected chlorinated organic compounds at Operable Unit 3, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr00255","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-255","title":"Fate and transport modeling of selected chlorinated organic compounds at Operable Unit 3, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"Ground water contaminated by the chlorinated organic compounds trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) has been found in the surficial aquifer beneath the Naval Aviation Depot at the U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida. The affected area is designated Operable Unit 3 (OU3) and covers 134 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River. \rSite-specific ground-water flow modeling was conducted at OU3 using MODFLOW, and solute-transport modeling was conducted using MT3DMS. Simulations using a low dispersivity value, which resulted in the highest concentration discharging to the St. Johns River, gave the following results. At 60 years traveltime, the highest concentration of TCE associated with the Area C plume had discharged to St. Johns River at a level that exceeded 1x103 micrograms per liter (ug/L). At 100 years traveltime, the highest concentration of TCE associated with the Area D plume had discharged to the river at a level exceeding 3x103 ug/L. At 200 years traveltime, the Area B plume had not begun discharging to the river. \rSimulations using a first-order decay rate half-life of 13.5 years (the slowest documented) at Area G caused the TCE to degrade before reaching the St. Johns River. If the ratio of the concentrations of TCE to cis-DCE and VC remained relatively constant, these breakdown products would not reach the river. However, the actual breakdown rates of cis-DCE and VC are unknown. \rSimulations were repeated using average dispersivity values with the following results. At 60 years traveltime, the highest concentration of TCE associated with the Area C plume had discharged to St. Johns River at a level exceeding 4x102 ug/L. At 100 years traveltime, the highest concentration of TCE associated with the Area D plume had discharged to the river at a level exceeding 1x103 ug/L. At 200 years traveltime, the Area B plume had not begun discharging to the river. \r'Pump and treat' was simulated as a remedial alternative. The concentration of TCE at Area B trended rapidly downward; however, one isolated pocket of TCE remained because of the low-permeability sediments present at this area. The concentration of TCE at Area C trended rapidly downward and was below 1 ug/L in about 16 years. The concentration of TCE at Area D also trended rapidly downward and was below 1 mg/L in about 18 years. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00255","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 2000, Fate and transport modeling of selected chlorinated organic compounds at Operable Unit 3, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-255, vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00255.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1307,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr00255/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dde0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal","contributorId":53832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J. Hal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6547,"text":"fs15400 - 2000 - Chinese tallow: Invading the southeastern Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-03T10:59:35.195735","indexId":"fs15400","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"154-00","displayTitle":"Chinese Tallow: Invading the Southeastern Coastal Plain","title":"Chinese tallow: Invading the southeastern Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Chinese tallow is an ornamental tree with colorful autumn foliage that can survive full sunlight and shade, flooding, drought, and in some cases fire. To horticulturists this kind of tree sounds like a dream, but to ecologists, land managers, and land owners this kind of tree can be a nightmare, especially when it invades an area and takes over native vegetation. Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), a nonnative tree from China, is currently transforming the southeastern Coastal Plain.
Over the last 30 years, Chinese tallow has become a common tree in old fields and bottomland swamps of coastal Louisiana. Several studies at the U.S. Geological Survey's National Wetlands Research Center (NWRC), Lafayette, Louisiana, are aimed at understanding the factors that contribute to Chinese tallow growth, spread, and management.
When tallow invades, it eventually monopolizes an area, creating a forest without native animal or plant species. This tree exhibits classic traits of most nonnative invaders: it is attractive so people want to distribute it, it has incredible resiliency, it grows quickly and in a variety of soils, and it is resistant to pests.
In the coastal prairie of Louisiana and Texas, Chinese tallow can grow up to 30 feet and shade out native sun-loving prairie species. The disappearing of prairie species is troublesome because less than 1% of original coastal prairie remains, and in Louisiana, less than 500 of the original 2.2 million acres still exist.
Tallow reproduces and grows quickly and can cause large-scale ecosystem modification (fig. 1). For example, when it completely replaces native vegetation, it has a negative effect on birds by degrading the habitat. Besides shading out grasses that cattle like to eat, it can also be potentially harmful to humans and animals because of its berries (fig. 2) and plant sap that contain toxins. There is some concern its leaves may shed toxins that change the soil chemistry and make it difficult for other plants to grow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs15400","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, Chinese tallow: Invading the southeastern Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 154-00, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15400.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0154/fs15400.pdf","text":"Report","size":"221 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 154-00"},{"id":421502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0154/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b6ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22816,"text":"ofr00249 - 2000 - Probability models for estimation of number and costs of landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr00249","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-249","title":"Probability models for estimation of number and costs of landslides","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00249","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R.A., 2000, Probability models for estimation of number and costs of landslides: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-249, 23 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00249.","productDescription":"23 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0249/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8120,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52246,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, Robert A.","contributorId":92242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}