{"pageNumber":"1189","pageRowStart":"29700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":26833,"text":"wri004163 - 2000 - Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate plus nitrate as nitrogen in ground water in the Idaho part of the western Snake River Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:41:52.908609","indexId":"wri004163","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4163","title":"Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate plus nitrate as nitrogen in ground water in the Idaho part of the western Snake River Plain","docAbstract":"As ground water continues to provide an ever-growing proportion of Idaho?s drinking water, concerns about the quality of that resource are increasing. Pesticides (most commonly, atrazine/desethyl-atrazine, hereafter referred to as atrazine) and nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (hereafter referred to as nitrate) have been detected in many aquifers in the State. To provide a sound hydrogeologic basis for atrazine and nitrate management in southern Idaho—the largest region of land and water use in the State—the U.S. Geological Survey produced maps showing the probability of detecting these contaminants in ground water in the upper Snake River Basin (published in a 1998 report) and the western Snake River Plain (published in this report). The atrazine probability map for the western Snake River Plain was constructed by overlaying ground-water quality data with hydrogeologic and anthropogenic data in a geographic information system (GIS). A data set was produced in which each well had corresponding information on land use, geology, precipitation, soil characteristics, regional depth to ground water, well depth, water level, and atrazine use. These data were analyzed by logistic regression using a statistical software package. Several preliminary multivariate models were developed and those that best predicted the detection of atrazine were selected. The multivariate models then were entered into a GIS and the probability maps were produced. Land use, precipitation, soil hydrologic group, and well depth were significantly correlated with atrazine detections in the western Snake River Plain. These variables also were important in the 1998 probability study of the upper Snake River Basin. The effectiveness of the probability models for atrazine might be improved if more detailed data were available for atrazine application. A preliminary atrazine probability map for the entire Snake River Plain in Idaho, based on a data set representing that region, also was produced. In areas where this map overlaps the 1998 map of the upper Snake River Basin, the two maps show broadly similar probabilities of detecting atrazine. Logistic regression also was used to develop a preliminary statistical model that predicts the probability of detecting elevated nitrate in the western Snake River Plain. A nitrate probability map was produced from this model. Results showed that elevated nitrate concentrations were correlated with land use, soil organic content, well depth, and water level. Detailed information on nitrate input, specifically fertilizer application, might have improved the effectiveness of this model.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004163","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Idaho State Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Donato, M.M., 2000, Probability of detecting atrazine/desethyl-atrazine and elevated concentrations of nitrate plus nitrate as nitrogen in ground water in the Idaho part of the western Snake River Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4163, Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 24 x 35 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004163.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 24 x 35 inches","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262324,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4163/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":407729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_33863.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4163/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":262325,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4163/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"western Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.133,\n              42.55\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.927,\n              42.55\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.927,\n              44.867\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.133,\n              44.867\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.133,\n              42.55\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655fb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donato, Mary M.","contributorId":30962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donato","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30115,"text":"wri004141 - 2000 - Determination of infiltration and percolation rates along a reach of the Santa Fe River near La Bajada, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:26:37","indexId":"wri004141","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4141","title":"Determination of infiltration and percolation rates along a reach of the Santa Fe River near La Bajada, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Two methods, one a surface-water method and the second a \r\nground-water method, were used to determine infiltration and \r\npercolation rates along a 2.5-kilometer reach of the Santa Fe \r\nRiver near La Bajada, New Mexico. The surface-water method uses \r\nstreamflow measurements and their differences along a stream reach, \r\nstreamflow-loss rates, stream surface area, and evaporation \r\nrates to determine infiltration rates. The ground-water method \r\nuses heat as a tracer to monitor percolation through shallow \r\nstreambed sediments. \r\n\r\nData collection began in October 1996 and continued through \r\nDecember 1997. During that period the stream reach was instrumented \r\nwith three streamflow gages, and temperature profiles were \r\nmonitored from the stream-sediment interface to about 3 meters below \r\nthe streambed at four sites along the reach.\r\n\r\nInfiltration is the downward flow of water through the stream-\r\nsediment interface. Infiltration rates ranged from 92 to 267 \r\nmillimeters per day for an intense measurement period during June 26-\r\n28, 1997, and from 69 to 256 millimeters per day during \r\nSeptember 27-October 6, 1997. Investigators calculated \r\ninfiltration rates from streamflow loss, stream surface-area \r\nmeasurements, and evaporation-rate estimates. Infiltration rates \r\nmay be affected by unmeasured irrigation-return flow in the \r\nstudy reach. Although the amount of irrigation-return flow was none \r\nto very small, it may result in underestimation of infiltration \r\nrates. The infiltration portion of streamflow loss was much greater \r\nthan the evaporation portion. Infiltration accounted for about \r\n92 to 98 percent of streamflow loss. Evaporation-rate estimates \r\nranged from 3.4 to 7.6 millimeters per day based on pan-evaporation \r\ndata collected at Cochiti Dam, New Mexico, and accounted for about 2 \r\nto 8 percent of streamflow loss.\r\n\r\nPercolation is the movement of water through saturated or \r\nunsaturated sediments below the stream-sediment interface. \r\nPercolation rates ranged from 40 to 109 millimeters per day during \r\nJune 26-28, 1997. Percolation rates were not calculated for the \r\nSeptember 27-October 6, 1997, period because a late summer flood \r\nremoved the temperature sensors from the streambed. Investigators \r\nused a heat-and-water flow model, VS2DH (variably saturated, two-\r\ndimensional heat), to calculate near-surface streambed \r\ninfiltration and percolation rates from temperatures measured in the \r\nstream and streambed.\r\n\r\nNear the stream-sediment interface, infiltration and \r\npercolation rates are comparable. Comparison of infiltration and \r\npercolation rates showed that infiltration rates were greater \r\nthan percolation rates. The method used to calculate infiltration \r\nrates accounted for net loss or gain over the entire stream reach, \r\nwhereas the method used to calculate percolation was \r\ndependent on point measurements and, as applied in this study, \r\nneglected the nonvertical component of heat and water \r\nfluxes. In general, using the ground-water method was less labor \r\nintensive than making a series of streamflow measurements and relied \r\non temperature, an easily measured property. The ground-water method \r\nalso eliminated the difficulty of measuring or estimating \r\nevaporation from the water surface and was therefore more direct. \r\nBoth methods are difficult to use during periods of flood flow. The \r\nground-water method has problems with the thermocouple-wire \r\ntemperature sensors washing out during flood events. The surface-\r\nwater method often cannot be used because of safety concerns for \r\npersonnel making wading streamflow measurements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri004141","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C.L., Stewart, A.E., and Constantz, J.E., 2000, Determination of infiltration and percolation rates along a reach of the Santa Fe River near La Bajada, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4141, iv, 65 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004141.","productDescription":"iv, 65 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95825,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4141/report.pdf","size":"6238","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Santa Fe County","city":"La Bajada","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.2431,35.9303],[-106.1892,35.9309],[-106.1631,35.9309],[-106.1369,35.9314],[-106.1341,35.9314],[-106.1324,35.9314],[-106.0585,35.9314],[-106.0511,35.9314],[-106.0523,35.9877],[-106.0586,35.9881],[-106.0597,35.9881],[-106.0626,35.9904],[-106.0637,35.9918],[-106.0648,35.9936],[-106.062,35.999],[-106.0614,36.004],[-106.0375,36.004],[-106.0256,36.004],[-105.9881,36.0045],[-105.9255,36.0045],[-105.9102,36.0045],[-105.8925,36.0044],[-105.8749,36.0044],[-105.8703,36.0044],[-105.7164,36.0025],[-105.7165,35.9785],[-105.7203,35.8713],[-105.7145,35.422],[-105.7145,35.4097],[-105.7146,35.3957],[-105.713,35.215],[-105.7139,35.0425],[-105.9169,35.0419],[-106.0275,35.0406],[-106.1337,35.0414],[-106.2213,35.0408],[-106.2386,35.0408],[-106.2387,35.0549],[-106.242,35.2147],[-106.2416,35.2519],[-106.2434,35.3054],[-106.2474,35.3054],[-106.2463,35.315],[-106.2458,35.3495],[-106.246,35.4071],[-106.2467,35.4461],[-106.2474,35.4802],[-106.2464,35.5319],[-106.2465,35.5469],[-106.2462,35.6544],[-106.2463,35.6758],[-106.2454,35.742],[-106.2466,35.7533],[-106.2415,35.7579],[-106.2386,35.7606],[-106.2353,35.7656],[-106.2188,35.7693],[-106.2121,35.7779],[-106.2064,35.7793],[-106.1939,35.7897],[-106.1923,35.8002],[-106.1877,35.8043],[-106.1798,35.8079],[-106.177,35.8134],[-106.177,35.8211],[-106.173,35.8265],[-106.1708,35.8283],[-106.1946,35.8283],[-106.219,35.8274],[-106.223,35.8278],[-106.2287,35.8337],[-106.2417,35.8368],[-106.2457,35.8427],[-106.2452,35.8563],[-106.2442,35.8931],[-106.2431,35.9303]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Santa Fe\",\"state\":\"NM\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5facc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Carole L.","contributorId":50938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Carole","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Amy E.","contributorId":22812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Constantz, Jim E.","contributorId":55481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25668,"text":"wri004101 - 2000 - Methodology, data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced by aerators and mixers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:20:53","indexId":"wri004101","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4101","title":"Methodology, data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced by aerators and mixers","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed data to describe mixing patterns induced by aerators and mixers to aid in the calibration and verification of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. During September 1995, three-dimensional water-velocity profiles were collected during the operation of fine-bubble and coarse-bubble aerators in a test tank at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. Three-dimensional water velocity, water-temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and specific conductivity profiles were collected during operation of a coarse-bubble aerator in a reservoir in Schaumburg, Illinois, during summer 1996 and summer 1997, during strongly stratified and weakly stratified conditions. The effects of a submersible mixer alone and in combination with coarse-bubble aerators and a surface mixer alone also were investigated during summer 1997. The mixing patterns induced by the operation of aerators, submersible mixers, and surface mixers were described and compared with mixing patterns predicted by model simulations. Bubble-plume characteristics during tests in strongly stratified and weakly stratified conditions in the reservoir were documented and compared with characteristics simulated by different models. Lemckert and Imberger?s model simulates an entrainment rate similar to the rate measured during a test in the reservoir under strongly stratified conditions, whereas Schladow?s one-dimensional model appears to underestimate the total entrainment rate by about 50 percent. Schladow?s model was accurate during weak stratification but underestimated the radius of the plume during strong stratification. For 5 days during daylight hours, water temperature profiles were collected continuously during the operation of four aerators. Water temperatures in the reservoir were significantly affected by the operation of the aeration system. These changes were compared to simulations from a one-dimensional Dynamic Lake Model (DLM) simulation. DLM accurately simulated changes as a result of aeration, including daily changes. On the basis of temporal and spatial dissolved oxygen measurements, the volumetric quantity of oxygen in the reservoir was quantified before and after operation of a submersible mixer. A net loss of oxygen was calculated. This net loss may have resulted from a net warming of water throughout the reservoir or submerged supersaturated water releasing oxygen when the water came in contact with the atmosphere. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004101","usgsCitation":"Johnson, G.P., Hornewer, N., Robertson, D.M., Olson, D.T., and Gioja, J., 2000, Methodology, data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced by aerators and mixers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4101, vi, 72 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm. +1 computer laser optical disc (4 3/4 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004101.","productDescription":"vi, 72 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm. +1 computer laser optical disc (4 3/4 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1956,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=00-4101","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornewer, Nancy J.","contributorId":57895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornewer","given":"Nancy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olson, Darren T.","contributorId":74785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Darren","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gioja, Josh","contributorId":57499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gioja","given":"Josh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29238,"text":"wri004103 - 2000 - Sensitivity of ground water to contamination in Lawrence County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri004103","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4103","title":"Sensitivity of ground water to contamination in Lawrence County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Ground-water supplies in Lawrence County, South Dakota, can be contaminated by agricultural, urban, suburban, commercial, and industrial land uses. To address this issue, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Lawrence County and the City of Spearfish mapped the sensitivity of ground water to contamination in Lawrence County.\r\n\r\nSensitivity of ground water to contamination was determined by delineating hydrogeologic settings with common hydrogeologic characteristics as described in the DRASTIC method, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Water Well Association. Within the framework of 11 hydrogeologic settings, sensitivity to contamination was ranked for six intrinsic hydrogeologic characteristics: (1) aquifer media, (2) unsaturated media (3) hydraulic conductivity, (4) recharge rate, (5) depth to water, and (6) land-surface slope. The rating conventions of DRASTIC were modified to provide a relative ranking of hydrogeologic characteristics without assignment of a combined numerical score. Soil characteristics were not included as a map layer because detailed digital data were not available; however, the general distribution of two soil characteristics were shown.\r\n\r\nA total of 956 polygons were delineated and assigned a sensitivity-unit code that represented unique groups of sensitivity rank for the six intrinsic hydrogeologic characteristics. The polygons were created by overlaying and intersecting maps that describe the geology, precipitation, land-surface elevation, and depth to water using a geographic information system. Thirty drainage areas upstream from potential streamflow-loss zones were delineated to describe an additional mechanism of transport of potential contamination. The sensitivity of ground water to contamination was presented on a 1:100,000-scale map with code and label explanations. Limitations of the sensitivity map are described to facilitate appropriate use of the map as a screening tool to compare sensitivity to contamination.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004103","usgsCitation":"Putnam, L.D., 2000, Sensitivity of ground water to contamination in Lawrence County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4103, iv, 55 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 2 over-size sheets, scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004103.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 2 over-size sheets, scale 1:100,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2370,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Putnam, Larry D. ldputnam@usgs.gov","contributorId":990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"Larry","email":"ldputnam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31169,"text":"ofr00351 - 2000 - Geologic map and database of the Salem East and Turner 7.5 minute quadrangles, Marion County, Oregon: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-01T20:18:19.696676","indexId":"ofr00351","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-351","title":"Geologic map and database of the Salem East and Turner 7.5 minute quadrangles, Marion County, Oregon: A digital database","docAbstract":"<p>The Salem East and Turner 7.5-minute quadrangles are situated in the center of the Willamette Valley near the western margin of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) distribution. The terrain within the area is of low to moderate relief, ranging from about 150 to almost 1,100-ft elevation. Mill Creek flows northward from the Stayton basin (Turner quadrangle) to the northern Willamette Valley (Salem East quadrangle) through a low that dissects the Columbia River basalt that forms the Salem Hills on the west and the Waldo Hills to the east. Approximately eight flows of CRBG form a thickness of up to 700 in these two quadrangles. The Ginkgo intracanyon flow that extends from east to west through the south half of the Turner quadrangle is exposed in the hills along the southeast part of the quadrangle.</p><p>Previous geologic mapping by Thayer (1939) and Bela (1981) while providing the general geologic framework did not subdivide the CRBG which limited their ability to delineate structural elements. Reconnaissance mapping of the CRBG units in the Willamette Valley indicated that these stratigraphic units could serve as a series of unique reference horizons for identifying post-Miocene folding and faulting (Beeson and others, 1985,1989; Beeson and Tolan, 1990). Crenna, et al. (1994) compiled previous mapping in the Willamette Valley in a study of the tectonics of the Salem area.</p><p>The major emphasis of this study was to identify and map CRBG units within the Salem East and Turner Quadrangles and to utilize this detailed CRBG stratigraphy to identify and characterize structural features. Water well logs were used to provide better subsurface stratigraphic control. Three other quadrangles (Scotts Mills, Silverton, and Stayton NE) in the Willamette Valley have been mapped in this way (Tolan and Beeson, 1999).</p><p>This area was a lowland area of weathered and eroded marine sedimentary when the Columbia River basalts encroached on this area approximately 15-16 m.y. ago. An incipient Coast Range apparently stopped or diverted the fluid lava flows from moving much farther westward toward the coast at this latitude. It is assumed also that an ancestral Willamette River flowed northward through this low-lying area so that water was present as streams and ponds along the flood plain.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00351","usgsCitation":"Tolan, T.L., Beeson, M.H., and DuRoss, C., 2000, Geologic map and database of the Salem East and Turner 7.5 minute quadrangles, Marion County, Oregon: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-351, 2 Plates: 30.93 x 35.04 inches and 31.73 x 35.20 inches; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00351.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.93 x 35.04 inches and 31.73 x 35.20 inches; Readme","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00351.gif"},{"id":2676,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281611,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/00351ps.tar.gz"},{"id":281612,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/00351db.tar.gz"},{"id":281613,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/00351db.zip"},{"id":281614,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/pdf/README.PDF"},{"id":281610,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/pdf/tnrfinal.pdf"},{"id":281615,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0351/pdf/slmfinal.pdf"},{"id":110130,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34045.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34045"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Marion County","otherGeospatial":"Mill Creek, Willamette Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,44.75 ], [ -123.0,45.0 ], [ -122.875,45.0 ], [ -122.875,44.75 ], [ -123.0,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8694","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tolan, Terry L.","contributorId":31029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolan","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeson, Marvin H.","contributorId":67937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DuRoss, Christopher B.","contributorId":64298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"Christopher B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30005,"text":"wri004189 - 2000 - Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows for Pennsylvania streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:59:00","indexId":"wri004189","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4189","title":"Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows for Pennsylvania streams","docAbstract":"<p>Regression equations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on ungaged streams in Pennsylvania with drainage areas less that 2,000 square miles were developed on the basis of peak-flow data collected at 313 streamflow-gaging stations. All streamflow-gaging stations used in the development of the equations had 10 or more years of record and include active and discontinued continuous-record and crest-stage partial-record streamflow-gaging stations. Regional regression equations were developed for flood flows expected every 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years by the use of a weighted multiple linear regression model.</p><p>The State was divided into two regions. The largest region, Region A, encompasses about 78 percent of Pennsylvania. The smaller region, Region B, includes only the northwestern part of the State. Basin characteristics used in the regression equations for Region A are drainage area, percentage of forest cover, percentage of urban development, percentage of basin underlain by carbonate bedrock, and percentage of basin controlled by lakes, swamps, and reservoirs. Basin characteristics used in the regression equations for Region B are drainage area and percentage of basin controlled by lakes, swamps, and reservoirs. The coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) values for the five flood-frequency equations for Region A range from 0.93 to 0.82, and for Region B, the range is from 0.96 to 0.89.</p><p>While the regression equations can be used to predict the magnitude and frequency of peak flows for most streams in the State, they should not be used for streams with drainage areas greater than 2,000 square miles or less than 1.5 square miles, for streams that drain extensively mined areas, or for stream reaches immediately below flood-control reservoirs. In addition, the equations presented for Region B should not be used if the stream drains a basin with more than 5 percent urban development.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Stuckey, M.H., and Reed, L.A., 2000, Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows for Pennsylvania streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4189, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004189.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2447,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4189/wri20004189.pdf","text":"Report","size":"483 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4189"},{"id":159544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4189/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Development of flood-frequency prediction equations&nbsp;</li><li>Limitations of regression equations</li><li>Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows</li><li>Summary and conclusions</li><li>References cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Basin characteristics for streamflow-gaging stations used in the development&nbsp;of the regional regression equations&nbsp;</li><li>Appendix 2. Flood-flow frequencies computed from streamflow-gaging data and regression&nbsp;equations for streamflow-gaging stations used in analysis</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckey, Marla H. 0000-0002-5211-8444 mstuckey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-8444","contributorId":1734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckey","given":"Marla","email":"mstuckey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Lloyd A.","contributorId":79861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30855,"text":"wri004007 - 2000 - Assessment of the effect of road construction and other modifications on surface-water flow at St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge, Franklin County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T09:55:58","indexId":"wri004007","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4007","title":"Assessment of the effect of road construction and other modifications on surface-water flow at St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge, Franklin County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The refuge was acquired in 1968 from a private land owner and occupies all of St. Vincent Island, a barrier island located off the southern coast of the Florida Panhandle near Apalachicola (fig. 1). The island, which covers 12,358 acres, is about 9 miles long and 4 miles across at its widest point. Eighty miles of unpaved roads that grid the island are presently used for refuge management, law enforcement, and visitor hiking trails.</p><p>Prior to becoming a refuge, the natural flow of surface water on the island was altered by road and ditch construction that enabled timbering of pine. Restoring the natural flow of surface water on the island to its historical state is one of the USFWS's goals for ecosystem restoration.</p><p>During past road construction activities, fill was placed in the creeks to create raised roadbeds. This activity changed the natural flow of surface water by (1) acting as an earthen dam that impounded creeks; (2) restricting flow, thus increasing the depth of water in the channels of creeks; or (3) blocking the natural movement of saltwater in the creeks in coastal areas, thus altering water salinity. Along some sections of road, grading substantially lowered land-surface elevations. Along these sections of roads, adjacent creeks commonly flowed into one another during high-water conditions, thus allowing the transfer of water from one drainage basin to another. In some areas on the island, ditches were dug to manipulate the movement of surface water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.H., and Mokray, M.F., 2000, Assessment of the effect of road construction and other modifications on surface-water flow at St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge, Franklin County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4007, 1 Plate: 37.95 x 34.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004007.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.95 x 34.21 inches","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research 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,{"id":30871,"text":"wri004197 - 2000 - Computer-model analysis of ground-water flow and simulated effects of contaminant remediation at Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T13:15:59","indexId":"wri004197","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4197","title":"Computer-model analysis of ground-water flow and simulated effects of contaminant remediation at Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>In June 1993, the Department of the Navy, Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command (SOUTHDIV), began a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Facility Investigation (RFI) of the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant (NWIRP) in north-central Texas. The RFI has found trichloroethene, dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, as well as chromium, lead, and other metallic residuum in the shallow alluvial aquifer underlying NWIRP. </p><p>These findings and the possibility of on-site or off-site migration of contaminants prompted the need for a ground-water-flow model of the NWIRP area. The resulting U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) model: (1) defines aquifer properties, (2) computes water budgets, (3) delineates major flowpaths, and (4) simulates hydrologic effects of remediation activity. In addition to assisting with particle-tracking analyses, the calibrated model could support solute-transport modeling as well as help evaluate the effects of potential corrective action. The USGS model simulates steadystate and transient conditions of ground-water flow within a single model layer.</p><p>The alluvial aquifer is within fluvial terrace deposits of Pleistocene age, which unconformably overlie the relatively impermeable Eagle Ford Shale of Late Cretaceous age. Over small distances and short periods, finer grained parts of the aquifer are separated hydraulically; however, most of the aquifer is connected circuitously through randomly distributed coarser grained sediments. The top of the underlying Eagle Ford Shale, a regional confining unit, is assumed to be the effective lower limit of ground-water circulation and chemical contamination.</p><p>The calibrated steady-state model reproduces long-term average water levels within +5.1 or –3.5 feet of those observed; the standard error of the estimate is 1.07 feet with a mean residual of 0.02 foot. Hydraulic conductivity values range from 0.75 to 7.5 feet per day, and average about 4 feet per day. Specific yield values range from 0.005 to 0.15 and average about 0.08. Simulated infiltration rates range from 0 to 2.5 inches per year, depending mostly on local patterns of ground cover.</p><p>Computer simulation indicates that, as of December 31, 1998, remediation systems at NWIRP were removing 7,375 cubic feet of water per day from the alluvial aquifer, with 3,050 cubic feet per day coming from aquifer storage. The resulting drawdown prevented 1,800 cubic feet per day of ground water from discharging into Cottonwood Bay, as well as inducing another 1,325 cubic feet per day into the aquifer from the bay. An additional 1,200 cubic feet of water per day (compared to pre-remediation conditions) was prevented from discharging into the west lagoon, east lagoon, Mountain Creek Lake, and Mountain Creek swale.</p><p>Particle-tracking simulations, assuming an aquifer porosity of 0.15, were made to delineate flowpath patterns, or contaminant “capture zones,” resulting from 2.5- and 5-year periods of remediation activity at NWIRP. The resulting flowlines&nbsp;indicate three such zones, or areas from which ground water is simulated to have been removed during July 1996–December 1998, as well as extended areas from which ground water <i>would be</i> removed during the <i>next</i> 2.5 years (January 1999– June 2001).</p><p>Simulation indicates that, as of December 31, 1998, the recovery trench was intercepting about 827 cubic feet per day of ground water that—without the trench—would have discharged into Cottonwood Bay. During this time, the trench is simulated to have removed about 3,221 cubic feet per day of water from the aquifer, with about 934 cubic feet per day (29 percent) coming from the south (Cottonwood Bay) side of the trench.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004197","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Barker, R.A., and Braun, C.L., 2000, Computer-model analysis of ground-water flow and simulated effects of contaminant remediation at Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4197, HTML Document; Report: v, 44 p.; 2 Plates: 36.5 x 28 inches and 18 x 18.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004197.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: v, 44 p.; 2 Plates: 36.5 x 28 inches and 18 x 18.5 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004197.JPG"},{"id":2782,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333097,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004197/pdf/00-4197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":333098,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004197/pdf/pl2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"617 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":333099,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004197/pdf/pl1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"578 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.73187255859375,\n              32.560703522325156\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.9873046875,\n              32.56764789050999\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5,\n              32.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.53387451171875,\n              32.80112754111693\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.470703125,\n              32.99484290420988\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.86920166015625,\n              33.23639027157906\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.59454345703125,\n              33.24098472320831\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.52313232421875,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.73187255859375,\n              32.560703522325156\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a75be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Rene A.","contributorId":82669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Rene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28821,"text":"wri004096 - 2000 - Characterization and simulation of ground-water flow in the Kansas River Valley at Fort Riley, Kansas, 1990-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri004096","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4096","title":"Characterization and simulation of ground-water flow in the Kansas River Valley at Fort Riley, Kansas, 1990-98","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data and a ground-water flow model were used to characterize ground-water flow in the Kansas River alluvial aquifer at Fort Riley in northeast Kansas. The ground-water flow model was developed as a tool to project ground-water flow and potential contaminant-transport paths in the alluvial aquifer on the basis of past hydrologic conditions. The model also was used to estimate historical and hypothetical ground-water flow paths with respect to a private- and several public-supply wells.  The ground-water flow model area extends from the Smoky Hill and Republican Rivers downstream to about 2.5 miles downstream from the city of Ogden. The Kansas River Valley has low relief and, except for the area within the Fort Riley Military Reservation, is used primarily for crop production. Sedimentary deposits in the Kansas River Valley, formed after the ancestral Kansas River eroded into bedrock, primarily are alluvial sediment deposited by the river during Quaternary time. The alluvial sediment consists of as much as about 75 feet of poorly sorted, coarse-to-fine sand, silt, and clay, 55 feet of which can be saturated with ground water. The alluvial aquifer is unconfined and is bounded on the sides and bottom by Permian-age shale and limestone bedrock. Hydrologic data indicate that ground water in the Kansas River Valley generally flows in a downstream direction, but flow direction can be quite variable near the Kansas River due to changes in river stage. Ground-water-level changes caused by infiltration of precipitation are difficult to detect because they are masked by larger changes caused by fluctuation in Kansas River stage. Ratios of strontium isotopes Sr87 and Sr86 in water collected from wells in the Camp Funston Area indicate that the ground water along the northern valley wall originates, in part, from upland areas north of the river valley. Water from Threemile Creek, which flows out of the uplands north of the river valley, had Sr87:Sr86 ratios similar to those in ground water from wells in the northern Camp Funston Area. In addition, comparison of observed water levels from wells CF90-06, CF97-101, and CF97-401 in the Camp Funston Area and ground-water levels simulated for these wells using floodwave-response analysis indicates that ground-water inflow from bedrock is a hydraulic stress that, in addition to the changing stage in the Kansas River, acts on the aquifer. This hydraulic stress seems to be located near the northern valley wall because the effect of this stress is greater for well CF97-101, which is the well closest to the valley wall. Ground-water flow was simulated using a modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW). Particle tracking, used to visualize ground-water flow paths in the alluvial aquifer, was accomplished using MODPATH. Forward-in-time particle tracking indicated that, in general, particles released near the Kansas River followed much more variable paths than particles released near the valley wall. Although particle tracking does not simulate solute transport, this increased path variability indicates that, near the river, ground-water contaminants could follow many possible paths towards the river, whereas more distant from the river, ground-water contaminants likely would follow a narrower corridor. Particle tracks in the Camp Funston Area indicate that, for the 1990-98 simulation period, contaminants from the ground-water study sites in the Camp Funston Area would be unlikely to move into the vicinity of Ogden's supply wells. Backward-in-time particle tracking indicated that the flow-path and recharge areas for model cells corresponding to Ogden's supply wells lie near the northern valley wall and extend into the northern Camp Funston Area. The flow-path and recharge areas for model cells corresponding to Morris County Rural Water District wells lie within Clarks Creek Valley and probably extend outside the model area. Three hypothetical simulations, i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004096","usgsCitation":"Myers, N.C., 2000, Characterization and simulation of ground-water flow in the Kansas River Valley at Fort Riley, Kansas, 1990-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4096, viii, 122 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004096.","productDescription":"viii, 122 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4096/report.pdf","size":"34781","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ebe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Nathan C. 0000-0002-7469-3693 nmyers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-3693","contributorId":1055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Nathan","email":"nmyers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24718,"text":"ofr00218 - 2000 - 3-D spherical models of mantle convection with floating continents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr00218","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-218","title":"3-D spherical models of mantle convection with floating continents","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00218","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Trubitsyn, V., and Rykov, V., 2000, 3-D spherical models of mantle convection with floating continents: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-218, 84 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00218.","productDescription":"84 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19509,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0218/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd492ce4b0b290850eef12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trubitsyn, V.P.","contributorId":33737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trubitsyn","given":"V.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rykov, V.V.","contributorId":35358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykov","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30370,"text":"wri004137 - 2000 - Nitrate source indicators in ground water of the Scimitar Subdivision, Peters Creek area, Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri004137","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4137","title":"Nitrate source indicators in ground water of the Scimitar Subdivision, Peters Creek area, Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"A combination of aqueous chemistry, isotopic measurement, and in situ tracers were used to study the possible nitrate sources, the factors contributing to the spatial distribution of nitrate, and possible septic system influence in the ground water in the Scimitar Subdivision, Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska. Two water types were distinguished on the basis of the major ion chemistry: (1) a calcium sodium carbonate water, which was associated with isotopically heavier boron and with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) that were in the range expected from equilibration with the atmosphere (group A water) and (2) a calcium magnesium carbonate water, which was associated with elevated nitrate, chloride, and magnesium concentrations, generally isotopically lighter boron, and CFC's concentrations that were generally in excess of that expected from equilibration with the atmosphere (group B water). Water from wells in group B had nitrate concentrations that were greater than 3 milligrams per liter, whereas those in group A had nitrate concentrations of 0.2 milligram per liter or less. Nitrate does not appear to be undergoing extensive transformation in the ground-water system and behaves as a conservative ion. The major ion chemistry trends and the presence of CFC's in excess of an atmospheric source for group B wells are consistent with waste-water influences. The spatial distribution of the nitrate among wells is likely due to the magnitude of this influence on any given well. Using an expanded data set composed of 16 wells sampled only for nitrate concentration, a significant difference in the static water level relative to bedrock was found. Well water samples with less than 1 milligram per liter nitrate had static water levels within the bedrock, whereas those samples with greater than 1 milligram per liter nitrate had static water levels near or above the top of the bedrock. This observation would be consistent with a conceptual model of a low-nitrate fractured bedrock aquifer that receives slow recharge from an overlying nitrate-enriched surficial aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004137","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., Strelakos, P.M., and Jokela, B., 2000, Nitrate source indicators in ground water of the Scimitar Subdivision, Peters Creek area, Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4137, iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 9 illus.; 6 tables; 1 app., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004137.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 9 illus.; 6 tables; 1 app.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2495,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004137","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strelakos, Pat M.","contributorId":89937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strelakos","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jokela, Brett","contributorId":43001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jokela","given":"Brett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22790,"text":"ofr00229 - 2000 - Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices for determination of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at the U.S. Geological Survey California District Organic Chemistry Laboratory, 1996-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T06:56:55","indexId":"ofr00229","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-229","title":"Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices for determination of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at the U.S. Geological Survey California District Organic Chemistry Laboratory, 1996-99","docAbstract":"A method of analysis and quality-assurance practices were developed to study the fate and transport of pesticides in the San Francisco Bay-Estuary by the U.S. Geological Survey. Water samples were filtered to remove suspended-particulate matter and pumped through C-8 solid-phase extraction cartridges to extract the pesticides. The cartridges were dried with carbon dioxide and the pesticides were eluted with three cartridge volumes of hexane:diethyl ether (1:1) solution. The eluants were analyzed using capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in full-scan mode. Method detection limits for pesticides ranged from 0.002 to 0.025 microgram per liter for 1-liter samples. Recoveries ranged from 44 to 140 percent for 25 pesticides in samples of organic-free reagent water and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay water fortified at 0.05 and 0.50 microgram per liter. The estimated holding time for pesticides after extraction on C-8 solid-phase extraction cartridges ranged from 10 to 257 days.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00229","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Crepeau, K.L., Baker, L.M., and Kuivila, K., 2000, Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices for determination of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at the U.S. Geological Survey California District Organic Chemistry Laboratory, 1996-99: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-229, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00229.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629f27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crepeau, Kathryn L. kcrepeau@usgs.gov","contributorId":3943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crepeau","given":"Kathryn","email":"kcrepeau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Lucian M.","contributorId":70801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Lucian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn  0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":188880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22816,"text":"ofr00249 - 2000 - Probability models for estimation of number and costs of landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr00249","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-249","title":"Probability models for estimation of number and costs of landslides","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr00249","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R.A., 2000, Probability models for estimation of number and costs of landslides: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-249, 23 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00249.","productDescription":"23 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0249/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8120,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52246,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, Robert A.","contributorId":92242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27948,"text":"wri004177 - 2000 - Estimation and comparison of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic, soil, and land-use information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri004177","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4177","title":"Estimation and comparison of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic, soil, and land-use information","docAbstract":"Digital topographic, soil, and land-use information was used to estimate potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas. The results were used to compare 91 selected subbasins representing slope, soil, land-use, and runoff variability across the State. Potential runoff-contributing areas were estimated collectively for the processes of infiltration-excess and saturation-excess overland flow using a set of environmental conditions that represented, in relative terms, very high, high, moderate, low, very low, and extremely low potential for runoff. Various rainfall-intensity and soil-permeability values were used to represent the threshold conditions at which infiltration-excess overland flow may occur. Antecedent soil-moisture conditions and a topographic wetness index (TWI) were used to represent the threshold conditions at which saturation-excess overland flow may occur. Land-use patterns were superimposed over the potential runoff-contributing areas for each set of environmental conditions. Results indicated that the very low potential-runoff conditions (soil permeability less than or equal to 1.14 inches per hour and TWI greater than or equal to 14.4) provided the best statewide ability to quantitatively distinguish subbasins as having relatively high, moderate, or low potential for runoff on the basis of the percentage of potential runoff-contributing areas within each subbasin. The very low and (or) extremely low potential-runoff conditions (soil permeability less than or equal to 0.57 inch per hour and TWI greater than or equal to 16.3) provided the best ability to qualitatively compare potential for runoff among areas within individual subbasins. The majority of subbasins with relatively high potential for runoff are located in the eastern half of the State where soil permeability is generally less and precipitation is typically greater. The ability to distinguish subbasins as having relatively high, moderate, or low potential for runoff was possible mostly due to the variability of soil permeability across the State. The spatial distribution of potential contributing areas, in combination with the superimposed land-use patterns, may be used to help identify and prioritize subbasin areas for the implementation of best-management practices to manage runoff and meet Federally mandated total maximum daily load requirements. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004177","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 2000, Estimation and comparison of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic, soil, and land-use information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4177, iv, 55 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004177.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2200,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004177","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4177/report.pdf","size":"24458","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4177/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27989,"text":"wri004088 - 2000 - Hydrology, water quality, and nutrient loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri004088","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4088","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and nutrient loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois","docAbstract":"From April 21, 1998, through April 30, 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fox Waterway Agency, conducted an investigation designed to characterize the hydrology, water quality, hydrologic budget, sediment budget, and nutrient budget of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, Lake County, Illinois. These lakes are the northernmost lakes of the Fox Chain of Lakes. Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are divided into two basins by a submerged ridge but are continuous at the surface. The lakes are marginally to moderately eutrophic. Lake Catherine and Channel Lake have a combined volume of 7,098 acre-feet at a stage of about 736.5 feet above sea level. Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are subject to thermal stratification. Although most of the water in the lakes is well oxidized, nearly anoxic conditions were present at the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake during part of the summer in 1998. Water enters Lake Catherine and Channel Lake as inflow from surface water in the watershed (61.9 percent), inflow through the State Highway 173 bridge openings (20.7 percent), direct precipitation (8.2 percent), inflow from storm drains (7.2 percent), and inflow of ground water (2.0 percent). Water exits Lake Catherine and Channel Lake as outflow through the State Highway 173 bridge openings (87.8 percent), evaporation (7.2 percent), and as outflow to ground water (5.0 percent). About 5,200 pounds of phosphorus and 107,200 pounds of nitrogen compounds were added to the lakes during the period of investigation. Phosphorus compounds were derived from primarily internal regeneration (40.2 percent), inflow from surface water in the watershed (30.9 percent), inflow from storm drains (12.5 percent), and inflow through the State Highway 173 bridge openings (9.8 percent). Inflowing ground water, waterfowl excrement, precipitation, and atmospheric deposition of particulate matter account for 6.6 percent of the phosphorus load. Nitrogen was derived from inflow of surface water from within the watershed (52.9 percent), internal regeneration (19.5 percent), inflow through the State Highway 173 bridge openings (10.7 percent), precipitation (7 percent), and inflow from storm drains (6.5 percent). Inflowing ground water, waterfowl excrement, and atmospheric deposition of particulate matter account for about 3.4 percent of the nitrogen load. About 2,220 pounds of phosphorus and 52,300 pounds of nitrogen compounds are removed from the lakes, primarily through the openings at State Highway 173. Nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and dissolved phosphorus are utilized by algae and aquatic macrophytes. Uptake of these nutrients by aquatic macrophytes and algae temporarily removes them from the water column but not from the lake basin. Because the amount of nutrients entering the lake greatly exceeds the amount leaving, the nutrients are concentrated in the sediments at the lake bottom, where the nutrients can be used by the rooted aquatic macrophytes (rooted aquatic plant large enough to be visible to the unaided eye) and released to the water column during reducing conditions. The buildup of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the lakes has the potential over time to stimulate algal and plant growth to nuisance levels that have the potential to affect the fishery and detract from the aesthetic quality of these lakes. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004088","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Johnson, G.P., and Schrader, D.L., 2000, Hydrology, water quality, and nutrient loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4088, vi, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004088.","productDescription":"vi, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2215,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=00-4088","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schrader, David L.","contributorId":45748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28870,"text":"wri004066 - 2000 - Evaluation of the use of reach transmissivity to quantify leakage beneath Levee 31N, Miami-Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T20:24:32.317717","indexId":"wri004066","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4066","title":"Evaluation of the use of reach transmissivity to quantify leakage beneath Levee 31N, Miami-Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"A coupled ground- and surface-water model (MODBRANCH) was developed to estimate ground-water flow beneath Levee 31N in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and to simulate hydrologic conditions in the surrounding area. The study included compilation of data from monitoring stations, measurement of vertical seepage rates in wetlands, and analysis of the hydrogeologic properties of the ground-water aquifer within the study area. In addition, the MODBRANCH code was modified to calculate the exchange between surface-water channels and ground water using a relation based on the concept of reach transmissivity. The modified reach-transmissivity version of the MODBRANCH code was successfully tested on three simple problems with known analytical solutions. It was also tested and determined to function adequately on one field problem that had previously been solved using the unmodified version of the software. The modified version of MODBRANCH was judged to have performed satisfactorily, and it required about 60 percent as many iterations to reach a solution. Additionally, its input parameters are more physically-based and less dependent on model-grid spacing. A model of the Levee 31N area was developed and used with the original and modified versions of MODBRANCH, which produced similar output. The mean annual modeled ground-water heads differed by only 0.02 foot, and the mean annual canal discharge differed by less than 1.0 cubic foot per second. Seepage meters were used to quantify vertical seepage rates in the Everglades wetlands area west of Levee 31N. A comparison between results from the seepage meters and from the computer model indicated substantial differences that seemed to be a result of local variations in the hydraulic properties in the topmost part of the Biscayne aquifer. The transmissivity of the Biscayne aquifer was estimated to be 1,400,000 square feet per day in the study area. The computer model was employed to simulate seepage of ground water beneath Levee 31N. Modeled seepage rates were usually between 100 and 400 cubic feet per day per foot of levee, but extreme values ranged from about -200 to 500 cubic feet per day (positive values indicate eastward seepage beneath the levee). The modeled seepage results were used to develop an algorithm to estimate seepage based on head differential at selected monitoring stations. The algorithm was determined to adequately predict ground-water seepage.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004066","usgsCitation":"Nemeth, M.S., Wilcox, W.M., and Solo-Gabriele, H.M., 2000, Evaluation of the use of reach transmissivity to quantify leakage beneath Levee 31N, Miami-Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4066, iv, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004066.","productDescription":"iv, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411662,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34359.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2344,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004066","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Levee 31N","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.417,\n              25.783\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.583,\n              25.783\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.583,\n              25.658\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.417,\n              25.658\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.417,\n              25.783\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e774d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nemeth, Mark S.","contributorId":80319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemeth","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, Walter M.","contributorId":41470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solo-Gabriele, Helena M.","contributorId":16871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solo-Gabriele","given":"Helena","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30282,"text":"wri004019 - 2000 - Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for the Souris River, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, and Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T12:56:38","indexId":"wri004019","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4019","title":"Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for the Souris River, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, and Manitoba","docAbstract":"<p>The Souris River Basin is a 24,600-square-mile basin located in southeast Saskatchewan, north-central North Dakota, and southwest Manitoba.&nbsp; The Souris River Bilateral Water Quality Monitoring Group, formed in 1989 by the governments of Canada and the United States, is responsible for documenting trends in water quality in the Souris River and making recommendations for monitoring future water-quality conditions.&nbsp; This report presents results of a study conducted for the Bilateral Water Quality Monitoring Group by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health, to analyze historic trends in water quality in the Souris River and to determine efficient sampling designs for monitoring future trends.&nbsp; U.S. Geological Survey and Environment Canada water-quality data collected during 1977-96 from four sites near the boundary crossings between Canada and the United States were included in the trend analysis.</p><p>&nbsp;A parametric time-series model was developed for detecting trends in historic constituent concentration data.&nbsp; The model can be applied to constituents that have at least 90 percent of observations above detection limits of the analyses, which, for the Souris River, includes most major ions and nutrients and many trace elements.&nbsp; The model can detect complex nonmonotonic trends in concentration in the presence of complex interannual and seasonal variability in daily discharge.&nbsp; A key feature of the model is its ability to handle highly irregular sampling intervals.&nbsp; For example, the intervals between concentration measurements may be be as short as 10 days to as long as several months, and the number of samples in any given year can range from zero to 36.</p><p>&nbsp;Results from the trend analysis for the Souris River indicated numerous trends in constituent concentration.&nbsp; The most significant trends at the two sites located near the upstream boundary crossing between Saskatchewan and North Dakota consisted of increases in concentrations of most major ions, dissolved boron, and dissolved arsenic during 1987-91 and decreases in concentrations of the same constituents during 1992-96.&nbsp; Significant trends at the two sites located near the downstream boundary crossing between North Dakota and Manitoba included increases in dissolved sodium, dissolved chloride, and total phosphorus during 1977-86, decreases in dissolved oxygen and dissolved boron and increases in total phosphorus and dissolved iron during 1987-91, and a decrease in total phosphorus during 1992-96.</p><p>&nbsp;The time-series model also was used to determine the sensitivity of various sampling designs for monitoring future water-quality trends in the Souris River.&nbsp; It was determined that at least two samples per year are required in each of three seasons--March through June, July through October, and November through February--to obtain reasonable sensitivity for detecting trends in each season.&nbsp; In addition, substantial improvements occurred in sensitivity for detecting trends by adding a third sample for major ions and trace elements in March through June, adding a third sample for nutrients in July through October, and adding a third sample for nutrients, trace elements, and dissolved oxygen in November through February.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004019","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., 2000, Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for the Souris River, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, and Manitoba: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4019, iv, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004019.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri004019/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28142,"text":"wri20004031 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T20:40:33.874372","indexId":"wri20004031","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4031","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96","docAbstract":"<p>Trace elements were analyzed in streambed sediment and fish livers in part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin as part of the U.S. Geological Survey&rsquo;s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this report was to describe the occurrence and distribution of trace elements, describe the relations of concentrations measured to natural and anthropogenic factors, and describe any relation between concentrations in streambed sediment and fish livers. The study unit included the part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin from the river&rsquo;s source in northern Minnesota to the outlet of Lake Pepin, a natural lake on the river located near Red Wing, Minnesota. Streambed sediment samples were collected from 27 sites located throughout the study unit, and fish were obtained from 25 sites.</p>\n<p>The occurrence and distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment were related to land use and the composition of surficial glacial deposits covering the study unit. Concentrations of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc in streambed sediment were primarily related to urban land use. Concentrations of these elements generally were greatest in streambed sediment collected at sites within or near urban areas in the study unit. The greatest concentrations of most of these elements were measured in streambed sediment obtained from Shingle Creek. Lead concentrations in streambed sediment Shingle Creek increased in the downstream direction. This pattern probably reflects the past use of leaded gasoline, pesticides, or paints.</p>\n<p>Cadmium concentrations in sediment from the Mississippi River were greatest at Nininger, Minnesota and in Lake Pepin. This pattern suggested that inputs of cadmium into the river were from the TCMA.</p>\n<p>Arsenic concentrations were greatest in streambed sediment collected from Cedar Creek, Shingle Creek, and the Vermillion River. Increased arsenic and iron concentrations in sediment from Cedar Creek, the Vermillion River, and the most upstream site on Shingle Creek suggested a local source of sulfide minerals or preferential sorption of arsenic to streambed sediment. The greatest concentrations of mercury were measured in streambed sediment collected from the Mississippi River at Grand Rapids and Minneapolis, Minnesota; Shingle Creek at 46th Street in Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Namekagon River above Spring Lake Creek near Hayward, Wisconsin; the St. Croix River at Hudson, Wisconsin; and the Vermillion River near Empire, Minnesota.</p>\n<p>In fish livers, all of the trace elements analyzed were detected except antimony, beryllium, cobalt, and uranium. Trace element concentrations in fish livers generally did not show any pronounced patterns. Ranges for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc were similar to those measured in 20 other NAWQA studies across the United States. Cadmium concentrations in fish livers were moderately correlated to fish length and weight. There were no relations between trace element concentrations in fish livers and streambed sediment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri20004031","usgsCitation":"Kroening, S.E., Fallon, J.D., and Lee, K., 2000, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4031, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004031.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1996-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4031.jpg"},{"id":402789,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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E.","contributorId":67868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, James D. jfallon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"James","email":"jfallon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Kathy 0000-0002-7683-1367 klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22402,"text":"ofr00466 - 2000 - MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model; documentation of packages for simulating evapotranspiration with a segmented function (ETS1) and drains with return flow (DRT1)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-05T16:11:13","indexId":"ofr00466","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-466","title":"MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model; documentation of packages for simulating evapotranspiration with a segmented function (ETS1) and drains with return flow (DRT1)","docAbstract":"<p>Two new packages for the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water-flow model MODFLOW-2000 are documented. The new packages provide flexibility in simulating evapotranspiration and drain features not provided by the MODFLOW-2000 Evapotranspiration (EVT) and Drain (DRN) Packages. The report describes conceptualization of the packages, input instructions, listings and explanations of the source code, and example simulations.</p><p>The new Evapotranspiration Segments (ETS1) Package allows simulation of evapotranspiration with a user-defined relation between evapotranspiration rate and hydraulic head. This capability provides a degree of flexibility not supported by the EVT Package, which has been available in MODFLOW since its initial release. In the ETS1 Package, the relation of evapotranspiration rate to hydraulic head is conceptualized as a segmented line between an evaporation surface, defined as the elevation where the evapotranspiration rate reaches a maximum, and an elevation located at an extinction depth below the evaporation surface, where the evapotranspiration rate reaches zero. The user supplies input to define as many intermediate segment endpoints as desired to define the relation of evapotranspiration rate to head between these two elevations. The EVT Package, in contrast, simulates evapotranspiration with a single linear function.</p><p>The new Drain Return (DRT1) Package can be used to simulate the return flow of water discharged from a drain feature back into the ground-water system. The DRN Package, which has been available in MODFLOW since its initial release, does not have the capability to simulate return of flow. If the return-flow option of the DRT1 Package is selected, for each cell designated as a drain-return cell, the user has the option of specifying a proportion of the water simulated as leaving the ground-water system through the drain feature that is to be simulated as returning simultaneously to one other cell in the model.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00466","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Banta, E., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model; documentation of packages for simulating evapotranspiration with a segmented function (ETS1) and drains with return flow (DRT1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-466, vi, 127 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00466.","productDescription":"vi, 127 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0466/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51826,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0466/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648cd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24829,"text":"ofr00390 - 2000 - Research, methodology, and applications of probabilistic seismic-hazard mapping of the Central and Eastern United States; minutes of a workshop on June 13-14, 2000, at Saint Louis University","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T11:02:51","indexId":"ofr00390","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-390","title":"Research, methodology, and applications of probabilistic seismic-hazard mapping of the Central and Eastern United States; minutes of a workshop on June 13-14, 2000, at Saint Louis University","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is updating and revising its 1996 national seismic-hazard maps for release in 2001. Part of this process is the convening of four regional workshops with earth scientists and other users of the maps. The second of these workshops was sponsored by the USGS and the Mid-America Earthquake Center, and was hosted by Saint Louis University on June 13-14, 2000.</p><p>The workshop concentrated on the central and eastern U.S. (CEUS) east of the Rocky Mountains. The tasks of the workshop were to (1) evaluate new research findings that are relevant to seismic hazard mapping, (2) discuss modifications in the inputs and methodology used in the national maps, (3) discuss concerns by engineers and other users about the scientific input to the maps and the use of the hazard maps in building codes, and (4) identify needed research in the CEUS that can improve the seismic hazard maps and reduce their uncertainties.</p><p>&nbsp;These minutes summarize the workshop discussions. This is not a transcript; some individual remarks and short discussions of side issues and logistics were omitted. Named speakers were sent a draft of the minutes with a request for corrections of any errors in remarks attributed to them. Nine people returned corrections, amplifications, or approvals of their remarks as reported. The rest of this document consists of the meeting agenda, discussion summaries, and a list of the 60 attendees.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00390","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Perkins, D.M., 2000, Research, methodology, and applications of probabilistic seismic-hazard mapping of the Central and Eastern United States; minutes of a workshop on June 13-14, 2000, at Saint Louis University: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-390, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00390.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0390/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53833,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0390/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1848,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0390/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c3b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, David M. perkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"David","email":"perkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28976,"text":"wri004085 - 2000 - Method to identify wells that yield water that will be replaced by water from the Colorado River downstream from Laguna Dam in Arizona and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T07:09:47","indexId":"wri004085","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4085","title":"Method to identify wells that yield water that will be replaced by water from the Colorado River downstream from Laguna Dam in Arizona and California","docAbstract":"<p>Accounting for the use of Colorado River water is required by the U.S. Supreme Court decree, 1964, \nArizona v. California. Water pumped from wells on the flood plain and from certain wells on alluvial \nslopes outside the flood plain is presumed to be river water and is accounted for as Colorado River water. \nThe accounting-surface method developed for the area upstream from Laguna Dam was modified for use \ndownstream from Laguna Dam to identify wells outside the flood plain of the lower Colorado River that \nyield water that will be replaced by water from the river. Use of the same method provides a uniform \ncriterion of identification for all users pumping water from wells by determining if the static water-level \nelevation in the well is above or below the elevation of the accounting surface. Wells that have a static \nwater-level elevation equal to or below the accounting surface are presumed to yield water that will be \nreplaced by water from the Colorado River. Wells that have a static water-level elevation above the \naccounting surface are presumed to yield river water stored above river level.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The method is based on the concept of a river aquifer and an accounting surface within the river \naquifer. The river aquifer consists of permeable sediments and sedimentary rocks that are hydraulically \nconnected to the Colorado River so that water can move between the river and the aquifer in response to \nwithdrawal of water from the aquifer or differences in water-level elevations between the river and the \naquifer. The subsurface limit of the river aquifer is the nearly impermeable bedrock of the bottom and \nsides of the basins that underlie the Yuma area and adjacent valleys. The accounting surface represents \nthe elevation and slope of the unconfined static water table in the river aquifer outside the flood plain of \nthe Colorado River that would exist if the river were the only source of water to the river aquifer. The \naccounting surface was generated by using water-surface profiles of the Colorado River from Laguna \nDam to about the downstream limit of perennial flow at Morelos Dam. The accounting surface extends \noutward from the edges of the flood plain to the subsurface boundary of the river aquifer. Maps at a scale \nof 1:100,000 show the extent of the river aquifer and elevation of the accounting surface downstream from \nLaguna Dam in Arizona and California.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri004085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., Wilson, R.P., Carpenter, M.C., and Fink, J.B., 2000, Method to identify wells that yield water that will be replaced by water from the Colorado River downstream from Laguna Dam in Arizona and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4085, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004085.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288387,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4085/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona;California","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Laguna Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,32.5 ], [ -115.0,33.0 ], [ -114.0,33.0 ], [ -114.0,32.5 ], [ -115.0,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Richard P.","contributorId":96655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, Michael C. mcarpent@usgs.gov","contributorId":3977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Michael","email":"mcarpent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fink, James B.","contributorId":11658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fink","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":45135,"text":"pp1628 - 2000 - Regional ground-water evapotranspiration and ground-water budgets, Great Basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T21:21:03.003777","indexId":"pp1628","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1628","title":"Regional ground-water evapotranspiration and ground-water budgets, Great Basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"PART A: Ground-water evapotranspiration data from five sites in Nevada and seven sites in Owens Valley, California, were used to develop equations for estimating ground-water evapotranspiration as a function of phreatophyte plant cover or as a function of the depth to ground water. Equations are given for estimating mean daily seasonal and annual ground-water evapotranspiration. The equations that estimate ground-water evapotranspiration as a function of plant cover can be used to estimate regional-scale ground-water evapotranspiration using vegetation indices derived from satellite data for areas where the depth to ground water is poorly known. Equations that estimate ground-water evapotranspiration as a function of the depth to ground water can be used where the depth to ground water is known, but for which information on plant cover is lacking. \r\n\r\nPART B: Previous ground-water studies estimated groundwater evapotranspiration by phreatophytes and bare soil in Nevada on the basis of results of field studies published in 1912 and 1932. More recent studies of evapotranspiration by rangeland phreatophytes, using micrometeorological methods as discussed in Chapter A of this report, provide new data on which to base estimates of ground-water evapotranspiration. An approach correlating ground-water evapotranspiration with plant cover is used in conjunction with a modified soil-adjusted vegetation index derived from Landsat data to develop a method for estimating the magnitude and distribution of ground-water evapotranspiration at a regional scale. Large areas of phreatophytes near Duckwater and Lockes in Railroad Valley are believed to subsist on ground water discharged from nearby regional springs. Ground-water evapotranspiration by the Duckwater phreatophytes of about 11,500 acre-feet estimated by the method described in this report compares well with measured discharge of about 13,500 acre-feet from the springs near Duckwater. Measured discharge from springs near Lockes was about 2,400 acre-feet; estimated ground-water evapotranspiration using the proposed method was about 2,450 acre-feet. \r\n\r\nPART C:  Previous estimates of ground-water budgets in Nevada were based on methods and data that now are more than 60 years old. Newer methods, data, and technologies were used in the present study to estimate ground-water recharge from precipitation and ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration by phreatophytes for 16 contiguous valleys in eastern Nevada. Annual ground-water recharge to these valleys was estimated to be about 855,000 acre-feet and annual ground-water evapotranspiration was estimated to be about 790,000 acrefeet; both are a little more than two times greater than previous estimates. The imbalance of recharge over evapotranspiration represents recharge that either (1) leaves the area as interbasin flow or (2) is derived from precipitation that falls on terrain within the topographic boundary of the study area but contributes to discharge from hydrologic systems that lie outside these topographic limits. \r\n\r\nA vegetation index derived from Landsat-satellite data was used to estimate phreatophyte plant cover on the floors of the 16 valleys. The estimated phreatophyte plant cover then was used to estimate annual ground-water evapotranspiration. Detailed estimates of summer, winter, and annual ground-water evapotranspiration for areas with different ranges of phreatophyte plant cover were prepared for each valley. The estimated ground-water discharge from 15 valleys, combined with independent estimates of interbasin ground-water flow into or from a valley, were used to calculate the percentage of recharge derived from precipitation within the topographic boundary of each valley. These percentages then were used to estimate ground-water recharge from precipitation within each valley. \r\n\r\nGround-water budgets for all 16 valleys were based on the estimated recharge from precipitation and estimated evapotranspiration. Any imba","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1628","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 2000, Regional ground-water evapotranspiration and ground-water budgets, Great Basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1628, Report: 101 p.; 4 Plates: 30.00 × 60.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1628.","productDescription":"Report: 101 p.; 4 Plates: 30.00 × 60.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403440,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34830.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":336793,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1628/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1628/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82270,"rank":302,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1628/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247729,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1628/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247727,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1628/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247728,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1628/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.567,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.204,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.204,\n              41.133\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.567,\n              41.133\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.567,\n              38\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4792e4b07f02db48bd33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29371,"text":"wri004071 - 2000 - Effects of hypothetical management scenarios on simulated water temperatures in the Tualatin River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:11:36","indexId":"wri004071","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4071","title":"Effects of hypothetical management scenarios on simulated water temperatures in the Tualatin River, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>In 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon (USA) began a cooperative study to better understand water-temperature variations in the Tualatin River and to assess mitigative water-management solutions. Continuous water-temperature data were collected at locations along the main stem of the river and along the major tributaries during the lowflow periods of 1994 and 1995. The 1994 data were used to develop and calibrate flow and water-temperature models characterizing conditions in the main stem. The models were used to simulate 10 hypotheti3 cal water-management scenarios, which would enable water managers to understand the effects of various human activities on water temperatures. Modeling results from the study are presented in Risley (1997); the data collected are presented in Risley and Doyle (1997). This report presents the water-temperature model simulation results of 16 additional hypothetical water-management scenarios using the 1994 and 1995 data. The additional modeling was funded by the USGS and the USA under a cooperative agreement. For a comprehensive description of the water-temperature models and their underlying assumptions, refer to Risley (1997).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri004071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., 2000, Effects of hypothetical management scenarios on simulated water temperatures in the Tualatin River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4071, ix, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004071.","productDescription":"ix, 110 p.","numberOfPages":"121","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004071.PNG"},{"id":311370,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4071/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.1700439453125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1700439453125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.16455078125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.16455078125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1700439453125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.57421875,\n              45.00365115687189\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.57421875,\n              45.85176048817254\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.178955078125,\n              45.85176048817254\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.178955078125,\n              45.00365115687189\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.57421875,\n              45.00365115687189\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publicComments":"Supplement to Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4071","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30863,"text":"wri004082 - 2000 - Estimated effects on water quality of Lake Houston from interbasin transfer of water from the Trinity River, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T11:26:41","indexId":"wri004082","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4082","title":"Estimated effects on water quality of Lake Houston from interbasin transfer of water from the Trinity River, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The City of Houston is considering the transfer of water from the Trinity River to Lake Houston (on the San Jacinto River) to alleviate concerns about adequate water supplies for future water demands. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Houston, conducted a study to estimate the effects on the water quality of Lake Houston from the transfer of Trinity River water. </p><p>A water-quality model, CE–QUAL–W2, was used to simulate six water-quality properties and constituents for scenarios of interbasin transfer of Trinity River water. Three scenarios involved the transferred Trinity River water augmenting streamflow in the East Fork of Lake Houston, and three scenarios involved the transferred water replacing streamflow from the West Fork of the San Jacinto River.</p><p>The estimated effects on Lake Houston were determined by comparing volume-weighted daily mean water temperature, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, algal biomass, and dissolved oxygen simulated for each of the transfer scenarios to simulations for a base dataset. The effects of the interbasin transfer on Lake Houston do not appear to be detrimental to water temperature, ammonia nitrogen, or dissolved oxygen. Phosphorus and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen showed fairly large changes when Trinity River water was transferred to replace West Fork San Jacinto River streamflow. Algal biomass showed large decreases when Trinity River water was transferred to augment East Fork Lake Houston streamflow and large increases when Trinity River water was transferred to replace West Fork San Jacinto River streamflow. Regardless of the scenario simulated, the model indicated that light was the limiting factor for algal biomass growth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004082","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., and East, J., 2000, Estimated effects on water quality of Lake Houston from interbasin transfer of water from the Trinity River, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4082, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004082.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004082.PNG"},{"id":328035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4082/pdf/wri00-4082.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2738,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4082/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31260,"text":"ofr01116 - 2000 - Programs for using Newmark's method to model slope performance during earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:07","indexId":"ofr01116","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-116","title":"Programs for using Newmark's method to model slope performance during earthquakes","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01116","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R.W., and Jibson, M.W., 2000, Programs for using Newmark's method to model slope performance during earthquakes (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-116, 1 computer optical disc : ill. ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01116.","productDescription":"1 computer optical disc : ill. ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e048","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, Randall W. 0000-0003-3399-0875 jibson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3399-0875","contributorId":2985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"Randall","email":"jibson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jibson, Matthew W.","contributorId":69199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}