Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography on the home page of this resource.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93862","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Dinkins, M., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., and Euliss, B., 2000, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Swainson's Hawk, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93862.","productDescription":"17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93862.PNG"},{"id":312446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93862/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinkins, Meghan F.","contributorId":28193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinkins","given":"Meghan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022052,"text":"70022052 - 2000 - Alunite-jarosite crystallography, thermodynamics, and geochronology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T10:20:09","indexId":"70022052","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alunite-jarosite crystallography, thermodynamics, and geochronology","docAbstract":"The alunite supergroup consists of more than 40 mineral species that have in common the general formula DG3(TO4)2(OH,H2O)6. The D sites are occupied by monovalent (e.g. K, Na, NH4, Ag, Tl, H3O), divalent (e.g. Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb), trivalent (e.g. Bi, REE) or more rarely quadrivalent (Th) ions; G is Al or Fe3+ or rarely Ga or V; T is S6+, As5+, or P5+, and may include subordinate amounts of Cr6+ or Si4+. Many of the minerals in this supergroup are exotic, having been described from relatively few localities worldwide, generally in association with ore deposits. Rarely are end-member compositions attained in these natural occurrences, and extensive solid solution is typical for one or more of the D, G, and T sites. In this chapter, the two solid-solution series considered in detail are alunite-natroalunite [KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 – NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6] and jarosite-natrojarosite [KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 – NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6]. These minerals are by far the most abundant naturally occurring species of the alunite supergroup.
Minerals with the generalized formula cited above can be variously grouped, but the simplest initial subdivision is on the basis of Fe > Al versus Al > Fe. Further subdivision is generally made on the basis of the predominant cation within the two TO4 sites. Thus, within the supergroup, the alunite group consists of minerals in which both of the T sites are occupied by sulfur. This leads to a total negative charge of four on the TO4 sites. In the ideal formulas of some members of the supergroup [e.g. woodhouseite, CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6], half of the T sites are occupied by sulfur, and the other half by arsenic or phosphorus, which produces a total negative charge of five on the TO4 sites. In still other end-members of the supergroup [e.g. crandallite, CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5(H2O), and arsenocrandallite, CaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)5(H2O)], both of the T sites are occupied solely by phosphorus or arsenic, thus producing a total negative charge of six on the TO4 sites (see Table 11 of Dutrizac and Jambor, this volume). In this chapter, however, the primary concern is with those minerals for which TO4 is represented by SO42−(Table 11).
Precipitates with compositions near those of the end-members in the system alunite-natroalunite and jarosite-natrojarosite are readily prepared using sulfate salts. The products, however, almost invariably have a slight to appreciable deficiency in G3+, and have an apparent non-stoichiometry for D. The latter may reflect incorporation a H3O+, a solid solution that is difficult to prove because H3O+ cannot be determined directly by wet-chemistry or microprobe methods. Nevertheless, the existence of two minerals in the alunite supergroup is dependent solely on their D-site predominance of H3O+, namely, hydronium jarosite [(H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6] and schlossmacherite [(H3O,Ca)Al3(SO4)2 (OH,H2O)6].
This chapter is organized into four sections. In the first section, crystallographic data for alunite-natroalunite and jarosite-natrojarosite are presented and discussed. The second section describes available thermodynamic data for these two solid-solution series, in terms of properties of the end-members and mixing properties for intermediate compositions. The third section discusses the geochemistry and occurrences of alunite and jarosite, and the last section summarizes the published literature on the use of alunite and jarosite in geochronology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.9","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Stoffregen, R., Alpers, C.N., and Jambor, J., 2000, Alunite-jarosite crystallography, thermodynamics, and geochronology: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 453-479, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"453","endPage":"479","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e99de4b0c8380cd48397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffregen, R.E.","contributorId":70417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffregen","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jambor, J.L.","contributorId":107460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jambor","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015319,"text":"1015319 - 2000 - Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:26:22","indexId":"1015319","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","docAbstract":"Floodplain plant–herbivore–hydroperiod interactions have received little attention despite their potential as determinants of floodplain structure and functioning. We used five types of exclosures to differentially exclude small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals from accessing Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. wizlizenii (Watson) Eckenwalder) seedlings and saplings growing naturally on four landform types at an alluvial reach on each of two rivers, the Green and Yampa, in Colorado and Utah. The two study reaches differed primarily as a result of flow regulation on the Green River, which began in 1962. Landforms were a rarely flooded portion of the alluvial plain, geomorphically active slow- and fast-water channel margin sites on the Yampa reach, and an aggrading side channel on the Green. Small-mammal live-trapping and observational data indicated that, with minor exceptions, the kinds of mammals eating cottonwood within each reach were identical. We monitored condition and fates of individual cottonwood plants from October 1993 through the 1997 growing season. Differences in survival and growth were noted both within and between reaches, and both due to, and independent of, mammalian herbivory. Comparisons of cottonwood growth and survivorship among exclosures and between exclosures and controls indicated that a small mammal, Microtus montanus, reduced seedling and sapling survivorship at the Green River reach, but to a lesser extent (seedlings) or not at all (saplings) on the Yampa reach. In contrast, reductions in sapling height increment attributable to medium- and large-sized herbivores were detected only at the Yampa site. We suggest that these differences are a result of (1) flow regulation allowing Microtus populations to escape the mortality normally accompanying the large, snowmelt-driven spring flood, as well as regulation promoting a herbaceous understory favorable to voles, and (2) greater browsing pressure from overwintering deer and elk at the Yampa reach, unrelated to flow regulation. Within areas used by foraging beaver, the probability of a sapling being cut by beaver was similar on the two reaches. This study suggests that changes in riparian plant–herbivore relationships due to shifts in river hydrology may be a common and important consequence of river regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and Cooper, D., 2000, Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1384-1399, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1384","endPage":"1399","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68507b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, D.J.","contributorId":89489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":93860,"text":"93860 - 2000 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Vesper Sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-15T10:27:37","indexId":"93860","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Vesper Sparrow","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography on the home page of this resource.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93860","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Dinkins, M., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., and Euliss, B., 2000, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Vesper Sparrow (Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002), 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93860.","productDescription":"38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292361,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93860.PNG"},{"id":312448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93860/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinkins, Meghan F.","contributorId":28193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinkins","given":"Meghan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022112,"text":"70022112 - 2000 - Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T14:55:17.701504","indexId":"70022112","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"By 1950, bighorn sheep were extirpated from large areas of their range. Most extant populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the Intermountain West consist of <100 individuals occurring in a fragmented distribution across the landscape. Dispersal and successful colonizations of unoccupied habitat patches has been rarely reported, and, in particular, translocated populations have been characterized by limited population growth and limited dispersal rates. Restoration of the species is greatly assisted by dispersal and successful colonization of new patches within a metapopulation structure versus the existing scenario of negligible dispersal and fragmented, small populations. We investigated the correlates for the rate of colonizations of 79 suitable, but unoccupied, patches by 31 translocated populations of bighorn sheep released into nearby patches of habitat. Population growth rates of bighorn sheep in the release patches were correlated to Ne of the founder group, and early contact with a second released population in a nearby release patch (logistic regression, p = 0.08). Largest population size of all extant released populations in 1994 was correlated to potential Ne of the founder group, the number of different source populations represented in the founder, and early contact with a second released population (p = 0.016). Dispersal rates were 100% higher in rams than ewes (p = 0.001). Successful colonizations of unoccupied patches (n = 24 of 79 were colonized) were associated with rapid growth rates in the released population, years since release, larger area of suitable habitat in the release patch, larger population sizes, and a seasonal migratory tendency in the released population (p = 0.05). Fewer water barriers, more open vegetation and more rugged, broken terrain in the intervening habitat were also associated with colonizations (p = <0.05). We concluded that high dispersal rates and rapid reoccupation of large areas could occur if bighorn sheep are placed in large patches of habitat with few barriers to movements to other patches and with no domestic sheep present. Many restorations in the past that did not meet these criteria may have contributed to an insular population structure of bighorn sheep with limited observations of dispersal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80068.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Moses, M., Bellew, S., and Sloan, W., 2000, Correlates to colonizations of new patches by translocated populations of bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 66-74, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80068.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"74","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Arches National Park, Badlands National Park, Bear Mountain, Beaver Creek, Bighorn Canyon, Black Canyon, Bureau of Land Management, Chateau, Cross Mountain, Dillon, Hole-in-Rock, Island Sky, Ladore Canyon, Lake Fork, Lockhart Road, Lone Buttes, Magpie Creek, Maze, Mesa Verde, Monument, Moody, Moody Canyon, Needles, North Bullion, Pool Creek, Potash Road, Red Slide, Sheep Creek, South Bullion, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Wanagan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-106.190554,40.997607],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.814616,37.000783],[-106.869796,36.992426],[-106.877292,37.000139],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-107.000606,41.003444],[-106.190554,40.997607]]],[[[-105.038405,45.000345],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.101564,44.520847],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.179703,44.533021],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.346692,44.798898],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.735601,45.325265],[-113.734402,45.392353],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.763368,45.427732],[-113.783272,45.451839],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.033456,45.648629],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.349208,46.529514],[-114.322519,46.611066],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.710425,46.717704],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.787065,46.711255],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-115.028386,46.975659],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.783504,47.729305],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-116.048421,47.97682],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.198857,48.899831],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.098697,48.687534],[-97.108276,48.634396],[-97.125887,48.626975],[-97.138246,48.609301],[-97.16309,48.543964],[-97.148874,48.534282],[-97.139276,48.48631],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.134229,48.461178],[-97.142066,48.42045],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.145201,48.395566],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.131722,48.341123],[-97.127236,48.291827],[-97.117726,48.283488],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.142279,48.148056],[-97.123135,48.109497],[-97.10395,48.096184],[-97.104697,48.073094],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.071911,48.021395],[-97.054945,47.992924],[-97.061854,47.96448],[-97.051054,47.943379],[-97.017754,47.919778],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.005356,47.870177],[-96.992963,47.837911],[-96.981725,47.830421],[-96.976176,47.801544],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.910144,47.691235],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.852826,47.597891],[-96.855092,47.53731],[-96.866363,47.525944],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.862924,47.422309],[-96.841767,47.39246],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.841003,47.311558],[-96.832884,47.307069],[-96.843922,47.29302],[-96.8432,47.270486],[-96.833589,47.238037],[-96.8368,47.195028],[-96.822091,47.165036],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.817984,47.106007],[-96.824097,47.070666],[-96.818557,47.035516],[-96.833504,47.01011],[-96.822043,46.971091],[-96.802749,46.965933],[-96.791621,46.931213],[-96.785126,46.925769],[-96.763257,46.935063],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.769758,46.877563],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.799336,46.815436],[-96.779899,46.722915],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.772457,46.601491],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.714861,46.459132],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.682008,46.40784],[-96.667189,46.375458],[-96.646532,46.36251],[-96.645959,46.353532],[-96.631586,46.353752],[-96.601048,46.331139],[-96.599729,46.262123],[-96.592375,46.246076],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.584899,46.204383],[-96.580408,46.151234],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.556907,46.06483],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.629426,45.784211],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.832659,45.651716],[-96.856657,45.609041],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.732739,45.458737],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.454094,45.301546],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.598928,43.500457],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.60286,43.450907],[-96.594254,43.434153],[-96.570224,43.428601],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.525453,43.396317],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.533101,43.328587],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.58522,43.268878],[-96.553217,43.259141],[-96.55203,43.251117],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.512458,43.218556],[-96.476697,43.222014],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.516724,42.981458],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.516419,42.935438],[-96.541098,42.924496],[-96.538555,42.904605],[-96.526357,42.891852],[-96.540116,42.889678],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.544321,42.851282],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.558584,42.839487],[-96.563058,42.831051],[-96.579772,42.838093],[-96.577813,42.828719],[-96.595664,42.810426],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.632142,42.770863],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.619494,42.754792],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.626317,42.725951],[-96.629777,42.708852],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.578148,42.672765],[-96.569194,42.675509],[-96.556244,42.664396],[-96.559962,42.658543],[-96.537877,42.655431],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.529894,42.610432],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.486606,42.576062],[-96.497186,42.571464],[-96.498439,42.560876],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.443408,42.489495],[-96.475565,42.480036],[-96.501321,42.482749],[-96.525142,42.510234],[-96.548791,42.520547],[-96.611489,42.506088],[-96.625958,42.513576],[-96.643589,42.557604],[-96.681369,42.574486],[-96.706416,42.599413],[-96.711546,42.614758],[-96.687788,42.645992],[-96.691269,42.6562],[-96.728024,42.666882],[-96.793238,42.666024],[-96.806219,42.704149],[-96.906797,42.7338],[-96.961576,42.719841],[-96.96888,42.754278],[-96.982197,42.760554],[-97.131331,42.771929],[-97.150763,42.795566],[-97.210126,42.809296],[-97.217411,42.843519],[-97.237868,42.853139],[-97.289859,42.855499],[-97.308853,42.867307],[-97.359569,42.854816],[-97.404442,42.86775],[-97.439114,42.84711],[-97.504847,42.858477],[-97.561928,42.847552],[-97.611811,42.858367],[-97.686506,42.842435],[-97.774456,42.849774],[-97.84527,42.867734],[-97.875345,42.858724],[-97.888562,42.817251],[-97.932962,42.778203],[-97.950147,42.769619],[-98.035034,42.764205],[-98.059838,42.772772],[-98.146933,42.839823],[-98.189765,42.841628],[-98.25181,42.872824],[-98.325864,42.8865],[-98.342408,42.900847],[-98.42074,42.931924],[-98.444145,42.929242],[-98.467356,42.947556],[-98.49855,42.99856],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-105.038405,45.000345]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc24e4b0c8380cd4e140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moses, M.E.","contributorId":57412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellew, S.","contributorId":49744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellew","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sloan, W.","contributorId":60165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022181,"text":"70022181 - 2000 - U-Th dating of single zircons from young granitoid xenoliths: New tools for understanding volcanic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022181","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Th dating of single zircons from young granitoid xenoliths: New tools for understanding volcanic processes","docAbstract":"Multiple U-Th isotopic analyses of individual zircon crystals by ion microprobe define isochrons that discriminate between different crystallization ages of granitoid xenoliths in lavas erupted 1065 and 2000 years ago from Medicine Lake volcano, CA, USA. Zircon ages indicate at least two intrusive episodes, ~ 25 and ~ 90 ka, at times when silicic volcanism was rare, but basaltic volcanism was prevalent. Ar-Ar spectra require that the granitoids were completely crystalline thousands of years prior to their mobilization and eruption. These techniques demonstrate that individual zircon crystals can form rapidly enough to provide unique U-Th ages, and allow dating of < 300 ka xenoliths from volcanic eruptions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00273-9","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Persing, H., Wooden, J.L., Lanphere, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Grove, T., 2000, U-Th dating of single zircons from young granitoid xenoliths: New tools for understanding volcanic processes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 183, no. 1-2, p. 291-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00273-9.","startPage":"291","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206768,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00273-9"},{"id":230743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"183","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d9e4b08c986b327e5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Persing, H.M.","contributorId":108275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persing","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M.","contributorId":68034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.","contributorId":104650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":50371,"text":"ofr00487 - 2000 - Elk-effects vegetation monitoring program for Tomales Point Elk Range, Point Reyes National Seashore, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-26T10:34:16","indexId":"ofr00487","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-487","title":"Elk-effects vegetation monitoring program for Tomales Point Elk Range, Point Reyes National Seashore, California","docAbstract":"The monitoring program for elk effects on Tomales Point vegetation is designed to provide information on how tule elk grazing affects plant communities and rare species. The basic objective of the program is to show whether the elk are driving the vegetation into an unacceptable state by their grazing. The expectation is that as elk numbers increase, grazing pressure will increase too, resulting in unacceptable levels of any or all of the following: low vegetation ground cover, poor nutritional quality for the elk, undesirable increases in weedy species, unacceptable loss of native plant biodiversity, population declines in rare plants, population declines in plants used for food and nectar by the endangered silverspot butterfly, and increased erosion.
The monitoring program has 3 basic components designed to provide complementary information on different aspects of the elk-vegetation system. Long-term plant community monitoring along permanent transects will show how plant species composition and cover are changing since cattle removal in 1979, and it will show whether any of he undesirable traits listed above are developing in the vegetation. However, monitoring these transects alone will not tell us what the effects of continued grazing by elk are apart from changes the vegetation would be undergoing anyway. In order to tease apart the elk effects from change that is happening because of cattle removal, elk exclosures are needed. By sampling inside and outside exclosures, we will be able to see how elk are modifying the rates and directions of change in the vegetation that would be happening in their absence. In a sense, the exclosures serve as a “check” on elk effects. They will allow us to interpret how much of the change is due to elk and how much can be attributed to other processes such as natural succession or weather patterns. This information will allow us to analyze whether changing elk management will have a desirable effect on the vegetation. Finally, periodic mapping and counting of plants in rare plant populations will show whether plant population ranges are expanding and populations are stable or growing. If not, then management actions can be taken to improve habitat conditions for the plants.
A general summary of the rationale and sample design for each of the 3 components of the elk-effects monitoring program follows. Field sampling for the entire program should require about 15 weeks for a 2 to 3- person team, and data processing, analysis, and report writing should require about 9 weeks. Time and labor estimates for this program are given in Table A-1. In addition to elk-effects monitoring, Point Reyes staff periodically monitor fire transects and residual dry matter plots on Tomales Point. They are not included as part of the elk-effects monitoring program and they are described elsewhere. Protocols for fire and residual dry matter sampling are not included in the time estimate for the elk- effects monitoring program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00487","usgsCitation":"McEachern, K., Semenoff-Irving, M., and van der Leeden, P., 2000, Elk-effects vegetation monitoring program for Tomales Point Elk Range, Point Reyes National Seashore, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-487, v, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00487.","productDescription":"v, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4177,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0487/ofr00487.pdf","text":"Report","size":"381 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0487"},{"id":176756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0487/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Free-living larval, nymphal, and adult Ixodes scapularis Say were collected from scattered locales in southern New England and New York to determine infection rates with entomopathogenic fungi. Infection rates of larvae, nymphs, males, and females were 0% (571), 0% (272), 0% (57), and 4.3% (47), respectively. Two entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from field-collected I. scapularis females from Fire Island, NY. Isolates were identified as Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Viegas and Verticillium sp. (a member of the Verticillium lecanii species complex).
Ixodes scapularis Say is the principal vector of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner (Burgdorfer et al. 1982, Johnson et al. 1984), the etiologic agent of Lyme disease in the northeastern and upper-midwestern United States. Control of I. scapularis is based on chemical treatment (Mather et al. 1987b; Schulze et al. 1987, 1991), environmental management (Wilson et al. 1988, Schulze et al. 1995), and habitat modification (Wilson 1986). These methods have shown variable success, and some potentially have negative environmental effects (Wilson and Deblinger 1993, Ginsberg 1994).
Studies concerning natural predators, parasitoids, and pathogens of I. scapularis are rare. The use of ground-dwelling birds as tick predators has had only limited success (Duffy et al. 1992). Nymphal I. scapularis are often infected with the parasitic wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri (Howard) (Mather et al. 1987a, Hu et al. 1993, Stafford et al. 1996, Hu and Hyland 1997), but this wasp does not effectively control I. scapularis populations (Stafford et al. 1996). The entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and S. glaseri (Steiner) are pathogenic only to engorged female I. scapularis, and thus have limited applicability (Zhioua et al. 1995). In contrast, the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin is highly pathogenic to all stages of I. scapularis, unfed as well as engorged, and thus has considerable potential as a microbial control agent (Zhioua et al. 1997).
European studies have suggested that entomopathogenic fungi might serve as natural controls of of Ixodes ricinus L. populations (Samsinakova et al. 1974, Eilenberg et al. 1991, Kalsbeek et al. 1995). In the current study, we describe the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from field-collected I. scapularis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/jmedent/36.5.635","usgsCitation":"Zhioua, E., Ginsberg, H.S., Humber, R.A., and LeBrun, R., 1999, Preliminary survey for entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern New York and New England, USA: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 36, no. 5, p. 635-637, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.5.635.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"635","endPage":"637","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/172","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":200193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669897","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhioua, Elyes","contributorId":177231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhioua","given":"Elyes","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. 0000-0002-4933-2466 hginsberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":3204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Humber, Richard A.","contributorId":65579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humber","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6922,"text":"University of Rhode Island","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":339658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBrun, Roger A.","contributorId":89820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBrun","given":"Roger A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224111,"text":"5224111 - 1999 - Role of banding in forest conservation strategy in eastern Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224111","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of banding in forest conservation strategy in eastern Guatemala","docAbstract":"In response to a request from FUNDAECO, a Guatemalan non-government organization, we worked with them to develop a conservation strategy for the Cerro San Gil Protected Area and surrounding private lands. Volunteer banders from a dozen states and Canadian provinces assisted in long-term monitoring of populations of resident and migratory species through banding and point counts. Guatemalan students were trained to continue the research and initiate other conservation projects. Banding data helped demonstrate habitat and elevational affiliations, effects of habitat fragmentation, site fidelity, survival rates, local movements, and presence of rare species not otherwise detected. Banding was also an excellent teaching tool and provided videos for conservation programs on Guatemala national television. Roadside and off-road Breeding Bird Survey transects were used to map distribution of breeding species on habitat maps derived from satellite imagery, and point count surveys on private lands were used to identify prime habitats that warrant protection through conservation easements--a new concept for Central America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Bird Bander","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Dowell, B., Arias, I., and Cerezo B., A., 1999, Role of banding in forest conservation strategy in eastern Guatemala: North American Bird Bander, v. 24, no. 3, p. 93-94(abs).","productDescription":"93-94 (abstract)","startPage":"93","endPage":"94(abs)","numberOfPages":"-92","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17374,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/NABB/v024n03/p0090-p0099.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69693b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arias, I.","contributorId":72105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arias","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cerezo B., A.","contributorId":11315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerezo B.","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25853,"text":"wri994247 - 1999 - Water quality, physical habitat, and fish-community composition in streams in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T22:24:36.942718","indexId":"wri994247","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4247","title":"Water quality, physical habitat, and fish-community composition in streams in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1997-98","docAbstract":"Water quality, physical habitat, and fish-community composition were characterized at 13 Twin Cities metropolitan area streams during low-flow conditions, September 1997. Fish communities were resampled during September 1998. Sites were selected based on a range of human population density. Nutrient concentrations were generally low, rarely exceeding concentrations found in agricultural streams or water-quality criteria. Seventeen pesticides and five pesticide metabolites were detected, with atrazine being the only pesticide detected at all 13 streams. Colony counts of fecal coliform bacteria ranged from 54 to greater than 11,000 colonies per 100 mL. Instream fish habitat was sparse with little woody debris and few boulders, cobble, or other suitable fish habitat. Thirty-eight species and one hybrid from 10 families were collected. Fish communities were characterized by high percentages of omnivores and tolerant species with few intolerant species. Index of Biotic Integrity scores were low, with most streams rating fair to very poor. Percent impervious surface was positively correlated with sodium and chloride concentrations and human population density, but was negatively correlated with fish species richness and diversity. Urban land use and human population density influence fish communities and water quality in Twin Cities metropolitan area streams. Other factors that may influence fish community composition include percent impervious cover, water chemistry, water temperature, geomorphology, substrate, instream habitat, and migration barriers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri994247","usgsCitation":"Talmage, P.J., Lee, K., Goldstein, R.M., Anderson, J.P., and Fallon, J.D., 1999, Water quality, physical habitat, and fish-community composition in streams in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4247, vi, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994247.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1998-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54596,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12255,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/99-4247.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395736,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23471.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin Cities metropolitan area","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.5093,45.4163],[-93.1289,45.4153],[-93.0186,45.4131],[-93.0188,45.2984],[-92.7894,45.297],[-92.7439,45.2963],[-92.7516,45.2935],[-92.7551,45.2927],[-92.7583,45.2904],[-92.7597,45.2872],[-92.7604,45.2845],[-92.7591,45.2794],[-92.7559,45.2739],[-92.7527,45.2694],[-92.7515,45.2657],[-92.7526,45.2626],[-92.7535,45.2584],[-92.7561,45.2541],[-92.7575,45.2502],[-92.7569,45.2443],[-92.7557,45.2397],[-92.7553,45.2356],[-92.7538,45.2305],[-92.7536,45.2276],[-92.7521,45.2236],[-92.752,45.2196],[-92.7527,45.2168],[-92.7546,45.2136],[-92.7573,45.2107],[-92.7603,45.2065],[-92.7619,45.2041],[-92.7632,45.2009],[-92.7637,45.1972],[-92.764,45.1895],[-92.7629,45.1853],[-92.7557,45.178],[-92.7522,45.1759],[-92.7493,45.173],[-92.748,45.1698],[-92.7472,45.1634],[-92.7483,45.1597],[-92.7475,45.1551],[-92.7473,45.1515],[-92.7484,45.1483],[-92.749,45.1419],[-92.7484,45.1373],[-92.7441,45.1264],[-92.7415,45.1172],[-92.7422,45.1135],[-92.7446,45.11],[-92.7467,45.1076],[-92.7513,45.1045],[-92.7591,45.0999],[-92.7624,45.0972],[-92.7803,45.0849],[-92.7847,45.083],[-92.7885,45.0806],[-92.7917,45.0791],[-92.795,45.0772],[-92.7982,45.0746],[-92.8001,45.0723],[-92.8019,45.0647],[-92.8016,45.0597],[-92.8005,45.0567],[-92.7984,45.0531],[-92.7952,45.0499],[-92.7926,45.0481],[-92.7881,45.0453],[-92.7837,45.0421],[-92.7745,45.0373],[-92.7707,45.0344],[-92.7683,45.0325],[-92.7645,45.0265],[-92.7639,45.0237],[-92.7639,45.0196],[-92.7682,45.0005],[-92.7694,44.9909],[-92.7686,44.9796],[-92.7646,44.9711],[-92.7547,44.9571],[-92.7527,44.9527],[-92.7523,44.9481],[-92.753,44.9369],[-92.7534,44.9237],[-92.7547,44.9159],[-92.7569,44.9105],[-92.7606,44.9068],[-92.7645,44.9046],[-92.767,44.9039],[-92.7707,44.9023],[-92.7729,44.901],[-92.775,44.8982],[-92.7738,44.8933],[-92.7689,44.8848],[-92.7632,44.8759],[-92.7628,44.8716],[-92.763,44.8671],[-92.7644,44.8622],[-92.7682,44.8554],[-92.7683,44.853],[-92.7671,44.8494],[-92.7652,44.8462],[-92.7646,44.8423],[-92.7644,44.8382],[-92.766,44.8308],[-92.7679,44.8265],[-92.7719,44.8211],[-92.7751,44.8161],[-92.7784,44.8125],[-92.7801,44.8095],[-92.781,44.8056],[-92.7823,44.8029],[-92.783,44.7966],[-92.7858,44.7893],[-92.7909,44.7842],[-92.7993,44.7765],[-92.802,44.7729],[-92.8046,44.7683],[-92.8059,44.7624],[-92.8073,44.7524],[-92.8061,44.7483],[-92.8054,44.7473],[-92.8022,44.7446],[-92.7901,44.7381],[-92.7805,44.7344],[-92.7722,44.7317],[-92.7658,44.7289],[-92.7569,44.7234],[-92.7536,44.7226],[-92.7471,44.7204],[-92.7415,44.7192],[-92.7339,44.7157],[-92.737,44.658],[-92.7386,44.6329],[-92.7957,44.6305],[-92.7915,44.5452],[-92.9165,44.5449],[-92.9179,44.5221],[-92.9218,44.518],[-92.9282,44.5158],[-92.9321,44.513],[-92.941,44.5149],[-92.9449,44.5131],[-92.9494,44.5104],[-92.9584,44.514],[-92.9634,44.5177],[-92.975,44.5159],[-92.9827,44.5173],[-92.991,44.5215],[-93.0057,44.5197],[-93.0121,44.5175],[-93.0166,44.5166],[-93.0275,44.5198],[-93.0301,44.5148],[-93.0346,44.5148],[-93.039,44.5171],[-93.0406,44.4729],[-93.2826,44.473],[-93.2798,44.546],[-93.5259,44.5466],[-93.9091,44.5446],[-93.9117,44.5492],[-93.9078,44.5528],[-93.9027,44.5524],[-93.9008,44.5492],[-93.8956,44.5483],[-93.8937,44.5515],[-93.8963,44.5561],[-93.9008,44.5606],[-93.8996,44.5647],[-93.8957,44.5675],[-93.8958,44.5711],[-93.8996,44.5743],[-93.8958,44.5775],[-93.8939,44.5807],[-93.8959,44.5871],[-93.8991,44.5903],[-93.8908,44.5962],[-93.8857,44.5967],[-93.8838,44.6012],[-93.878,44.6013],[-93.878,44.6077],[-93.8716,44.6063],[-93.8658,44.6063],[-93.8569,44.6168],[-93.8563,44.6218],[-93.8505,44.6219],[-93.8447,44.6201],[-93.8422,44.6233],[-93.8358,44.6242],[-93.8319,44.6251],[-93.8217,44.6297],[-93.8031,44.6366],[-93.7999,44.6361],[-93.7967,44.6343],[-93.7935,44.6311],[-93.7883,44.632],[-93.78,44.6362],[-93.7768,44.6385],[-93.7729,44.6366],[-93.7723,44.6325],[-93.7691,44.6312],[-93.7665,44.6362],[-93.7685,44.6417],[-93.7686,44.675],[-93.8887,44.6756],[-93.8902,44.7185],[-94.0104,44.719],[-94.0085,44.8947],[-94.0136,44.8951],[-94.0117,44.9796],[-93.7692,44.9789],[-93.7702,45.0734],[-93.7663,45.077],[-93.7631,45.0839],[-93.7534,45.0853],[-93.7399,45.0894],[-93.7341,45.0922],[-93.7322,45.0963],[-93.7257,45.1022],[-93.7225,45.11],[-93.72,45.1205],[-93.7155,45.1269],[-93.7019,45.1374],[-93.6852,45.1489],[-93.6793,45.1525],[-93.6716,45.1562],[-93.6574,45.1585],[-93.6554,45.1599],[-93.6529,45.1631],[-93.6503,45.169],[-93.6516,45.1841],[-93.6549,45.1905],[-93.6555,45.1969],[-93.6562,45.201],[-93.6471,45.2079],[-93.6387,45.2074],[-93.6361,45.206],[-93.6329,45.2056],[-93.6258,45.2092],[-93.6167,45.2115],[-93.6096,45.2111],[-93.6031,45.2111],[-93.5967,45.2134],[-93.5857,45.2189],[-93.5792,45.2189],[-93.5734,45.2202],[-93.5676,45.2225],[-93.5617,45.2289],[-93.554,45.2298],[-93.5462,45.2289],[-93.5371,45.2294],[-93.5332,45.2317],[-93.5197,45.2417],[-93.5158,45.2458],[-93.5138,45.2454],[-93.5093,45.4163]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Anoka\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f97ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talmage, Philip J.","contributorId":106162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talmage","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Kathy 0000-0002-7683-1367 klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, Robert M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Jesse P.","contributorId":74416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Jesse","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fallon, James D. jfallon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"James","email":"jfallon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28387,"text":"wri994076 - 1999 - Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:43:46","indexId":"wri994076","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4076","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"State agencies responsible for regulating pesticides are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop state management plans for specific pesticides. A key part of these management plans includes assessing the potential for contamination of ground water by pesticides throughout the state. As an example of how a statewide assessment could be implemented, a plan is presented for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to illustrate how a hydrogeologic framework can be used as a basis for sampling areas within a state with the highest likelihood of having elevated pesticide concentrations in ground water. The framework was created by subdividing the state into 20 areas on the basis of physiography and aquifer type. Each of these 20 hydrogeologic settings is relatively homogeneous with respect to aquifer susceptibility and pesticide use—factors that would be likely to affect pesticide concentrations in ground water. Existing data on atrazine occurrence in ground water was analyzed to determine (1) which areas of the state already have sufficient samples collected to make statistical comparisons among hydrogeologic settings, and (2) the effect of factors such as land use and aquifer characteristics on pesticide occurrence. The theoretical vulnerability and the results of the data analysis were used to rank each of the 20 hydrogeologic settings on the basis of vulnerability of ground water to contamination by pesticides. Example sampling plans are presented for nine of the hydrogeologic settings that lack sufficient data to assess vulnerability to contamination. Of the highest priority areas of the state, two out of four have been adequately sampled, one of the three areas of moderate to high priority has been adequately sampled, four of the nine areas of moderate to low priority have been adequately sampled, and none of the three low priority areas have been sampled.
Sampling to date has shown that, even in the most vulnerable hydrogeologic settings, pesticide concentrations in ground water rarely exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Standards or Health Advisory Levels. Analyses of samples from 1,159 private water supplies reveal only 3 sites for which samples with concentrations of pesticides exceeded drinking-water standards. In most cases, samples with elevated concentrations could be traced to point sources at pesticide loading or mixing areas. These analyses included data from some of the most vulnerable areas of the state, indicating that it is highly unlikely that pesticide concentrations in water from wells in other areas of the state would exceed the drinking-water standards unless a point source of contamination were present. Analysis of existing data showed that water from wells in areas of the state underlain by carbonate (limestone and dolomite) bedrock, which commonly have a high percentage of corn production, was much more likely to have pesticides detected. Application of pesticides to the land surface generally has not caused concentrations of the five state priority pesticides in ground water to exceed health standards; however, this study has not evaluated the potential human health effects of mixtures of pesticides or pesticide degradation products in drinking water. This study also has not determined whether concentrations in ground water are stable, increasing, or decreasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Bickford, T.M., 1999, Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4076, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994076.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4076/wri19994076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4076"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
","tableOfContents":"
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were historically a ubiquitous species. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, they were seemingly widespread in nearly all steep habitats in the mountains, foothills, river breaks, and prairie badlands of the western United States. However, since catastrophic declines in the late 1800s and early 1900s, most extant populations have existed as small, isolated groups in a highly fragmented distribution. Stochastic events such as seasonal weather change or population fluctuations render these small populations more prone to extirpation than larger populations.
Three different subspecies of bighorn sheep were eliminated from 14 of 18 National Park System (NPS) units in the 6-state Intermountain Region of the western United States (Singer 1994). In 1990, when this restoration was initiated, only 4 (18%) of 22 discrete park populations or metapopulations were considered large enough (300-500 animals) to be secure for long-term management. Five (23%) other populations numbered 100-299 animals and 3 (14%) populations numbered 75-99 animals. But, the remaining 10 populations (45%) were either extirpated (n = 2), remnant populations (n = 5, populations of 7-10 animals), or vulnerable to extirpation (n = 3, populations of less than 50 animals). Restoration prior to 1991-96 was largely completed in one NPS unit, but was incomplete in the remaining units. Most bighorn sheep are not federally listed as endangered or threatened species, although the California peninsular population of desert bighorn sheep was recently listed as endangered. The bighorn sheep is a rare or uncommon species that is declining in many parts of its range but is abundant in other areas and still relatively easy to study and manage. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior, Bruce Babbitt, directed the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1993 (when this agency was still the National Biological Service) to research and recover species that were declining to avoid expensive and controversial federal listing. Because the capture and moving of the species are still relatively uncomplicated and because some source stocks are available, aggressive restoration in 15 National Park System units in the former Rocky Mountain Region was recommended in 1990.
This report details the 7-year restoration of bighorn sheep to all currently suitable historic habitats in the national parks of the former Rocky Mountain Region (now the Intermountain and Midwest regions of the National Park Service). The purpose of the first phase of the restoration during 1991-93 was to conduct research and population surveys and to formulate the restoration plans. The purpose of the second phase of the initiative during 1994-97 was to conduct GIS-based habitat and biological assessments of prospective restoration sites, write restoration plans, and restore and monitor the released bighorn sheep.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99102","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., and Gudorf, M.A., 1999, Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near 15 national parks: Conservation of a severely fragmented species; Volume I, Planning, problem definition, findings, and restoration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-102, x, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99102.","productDescription":"x, 96 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr99102.jpg"},{"id":321227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.053249,41.001406],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.814616,37.000783],[-106.869796,36.992426],[-106.877292,37.000139],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.101564,44.520847],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.179703,44.533021],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.346692,44.798898],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.735601,45.325265],[-113.734402,45.392353],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.763368,45.427732],[-113.783272,45.451839],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.033456,45.648629],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.349208,46.529514],[-114.322519,46.611066],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.710425,46.717704],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.787065,46.711255],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-115.028386,46.975659],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.783504,47.729305],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-116.048421,47.97682],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.198857,48.899831],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.098697,48.687534],[-97.108276,48.634396],[-97.125887,48.626975],[-97.138246,48.609301],[-97.16309,48.543964],[-97.148874,48.534282],[-97.139276,48.48631],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.134229,48.461178],[-97.142066,48.42045],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.145201,48.395566],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.131722,48.341123],[-97.127236,48.291827],[-97.117726,48.283488],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.142279,48.148056],[-97.123135,48.109497],[-97.10395,48.096184],[-97.104697,48.073094],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.071911,48.021395],[-97.054945,47.992924],[-97.061854,47.96448],[-97.051054,47.943379],[-97.017754,47.919778],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.005356,47.870177],[-96.992963,47.837911],[-96.981725,47.830421],[-96.976176,47.801544],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.910144,47.691235],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.852826,47.597891],[-96.855092,47.53731],[-96.866363,47.525944],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.862924,47.422309],[-96.841767,47.39246],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.841003,47.311558],[-96.832884,47.307069],[-96.843922,47.29302],[-96.8432,47.270486],[-96.833589,47.238037],[-96.8368,47.195028],[-96.822091,47.165036],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.817984,47.106007],[-96.824097,47.070666],[-96.818557,47.035516],[-96.833504,47.01011],[-96.822043,46.971091],[-96.802749,46.965933],[-96.791621,46.931213],[-96.785126,46.925769],[-96.763257,46.935063],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.769758,46.877563],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.799336,46.815436],[-96.779899,46.722915],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.772457,46.601491],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.714861,46.459132],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.682008,46.40784],[-96.667189,46.375458],[-96.646532,46.36251],[-96.645959,46.353532],[-96.631586,46.353752],[-96.601048,46.331139],[-96.599729,46.262123],[-96.592375,46.246076],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.584899,46.204383],[-96.580408,46.151234],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.556907,46.06483],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.629426,45.784211],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.832659,45.651716],[-96.856657,45.609041],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.732739,45.458737],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.454094,45.301546],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.598928,43.500457],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.60286,43.450907],[-96.594254,43.434153],[-96.570224,43.428601],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.525453,43.396317],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.533101,43.328587],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.58522,43.268878],[-96.553217,43.259141],[-96.55203,43.251117],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.512458,43.218556],[-96.476697,43.222014],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.516724,42.981458],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.516419,42.935438],[-96.541098,42.924496],[-96.538555,42.904605],[-96.526357,42.891852],[-96.540116,42.889678],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.544321,42.851282],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.558584,42.839487],[-96.563058,42.831051],[-96.579772,42.838093],[-96.577813,42.828719],[-96.595664,42.810426],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.632142,42.770863],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.619494,42.754792],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.626317,42.725951],[-96.629777,42.708852],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.578148,42.672765],[-96.569194,42.675509],[-96.556244,42.664396],[-96.559962,42.658543],[-96.537877,42.655431],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.529894,42.610432],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.486606,42.576062],[-96.497186,42.571464],[-96.498439,42.560876],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.443408,42.489495],[-96.475565,42.480036],[-96.501321,42.482749],[-96.525142,42.510234],[-96.548791,42.520547],[-96.611489,42.506088],[-96.625958,42.513576],[-96.643589,42.557604],[-96.681369,42.574486],[-96.706416,42.599413],[-96.711546,42.614758],[-96.687788,42.645992],[-96.691269,42.6562],[-96.728024,42.666882],[-96.793238,42.666024],[-96.806219,42.704149],[-96.906797,42.7338],[-96.961576,42.719841],[-96.96888,42.754278],[-96.982197,42.760554],[-97.131331,42.771929],[-97.150763,42.795566],[-97.210126,42.809296],[-97.217411,42.843519],[-97.237868,42.853139],[-97.289859,42.855499],[-97.308853,42.867307],[-97.359569,42.854816],[-97.404442,42.86775],[-97.439114,42.84711],[-97.504847,42.858477],[-97.561928,42.847552],[-97.611811,42.858367],[-97.686506,42.842435],[-97.774456,42.849774],[-97.84527,42.867734],[-97.875345,42.858724],[-97.888562,42.817251],[-97.932962,42.778203],[-97.950147,42.769619],[-98.035034,42.764205],[-98.059838,42.772772],[-98.146933,42.839823],[-98.189765,42.841628],[-98.25181,42.872824],[-98.325864,42.8865],[-98.342408,42.900847],[-98.42074,42.931924],[-98.444145,42.929242],[-98.467356,42.947556],[-98.49855,42.99856],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.053249,41.001406]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62728b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":67026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gudorf, Michelle A.","contributorId":169584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gudorf","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127614,"text":"70127614 - 1999 - Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T10:19:06","indexId":"70127614","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-30T14:24:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific","docAbstract":"Co-rich Fe-Mn crusts occur throughout the Pacific on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments at least intermittently for millions of years. Crusts precipitate out of cold ambient sea water onto hard-rock substrates forming pavements up to 250 mm thick. Crusts are important as a potential resource for Co, Ni, Pt, Mn, Tl, Te, and other metals, as well as for the paleoclimate signals stored in their stratigraphic layers. Crusts form at water depths of about 400 to 4000 m, with the thickest and most Co-rich crusts occurring at depths of about 800 to 2500 m, which may vary on a regional scale. Gravity processes, sediment cover, submerged and emergent reefs, and currents control the distribution and thickness of crusts on seamounts. Crusts occur on a variety of substrate rocks that generally decrease in the order, breccia, basalt, phosphorite, limestone, hyaloclastite, and mudstone. Because of this wide variety of substrate types, crusts are difficult to distinguish from the substrate using remotely sensed data, such as geophysical measurements, but are generally weaker and lighter-weight than the substrate. Crusts can be distinguished from the substrates, however, by their much higher gamma radiation levels. The mean dry bulk density of crusts is 1.3 g/cm3, the mean porosity is 60%, and the mean surface area is extremely high, 300 m2/g. Crusts generally grow at rates of 1 to 10 mm/Ma. Crust surfaces are botryoidal, which may be modified to a variety of forms by current erosion. In cross-section, crusts are generally layered, with individual layers displaying massive, botryoidal, laminated, columnar, or mottled textures. Characteristic layering is persistent regionally in the Pacific. Crusts are composed of ferruginous vernadite (δ-MnO2) and X-ray amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide, with moderate amounts of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) in thick crusts and minor amounts of quartz and feldspar in most crusts. Elements most commonly associated with the vernadite phase include Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, and Mo, whereas those most commonly associated with Fe oxyhydroxide are Fe and As. Detrital phases are represented by Si, Al, K, Ti, Cr, Mg, Fe, and Na; the CFA phase by Ca, P, Sr, Y, and CO2; and a residual biogenic phase by Ba, Sr, Ce, Cu, V, Ca, and Mg. Crusts contain Co contents up to about 2.3%, Ni to 1%, and Pt to 3 ppm, with mean Fe/Mn ratios of 0.6 to 1.3. Fe/Mn decreases, whereas Co, Ni, Ti, and Pt increase in central Pacific crusts and Fe/Mn, Si, and Al increase in continental margin crusts and in crusts with proximity to west Pacific volcanic arcs. Vernadite and CFA-related elements decrease, whereas Fe, Cu, and detrital-related elements increase with increasing water depth of crust occurrence. Cobalt, Ce, Tl, and maybe also Ti, Pb, and Pt are strongly concentrated in crusts over other metals because of oxidation reactions. Total rare earth elements (REEs) commonly vary between 0.1% and 0.3% and are derived from sea water along with other hydrogenetic elements, Co, Mn, Ni, etc. Platinum, Rh, Ir, and some Ru in crusts are also derived from sea water, whereas Pd and the remainder of the Ru derive from detrital minerals. The older parts of thick crusts were phosphatized during at least two global phosphogenic events during the Tertiary, which mobilized and redistributed elements in those parts of the crusts. 240Silicon, Fe, Al, Th, Ti, Co, Mn, Pb, and U are commonly depleted, whereas Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, REEs, Sr, and Pt are commonly enriched in phosphatized layers compared to younger nonphosphatized layers. The dominant controls on the concentration of elements in crusts include the concentration of metals in sea water and their ratios, colloid surface charge, types of complexing agents, surface area, and growth rates. Crusts act as closed systems with regard to the isotopic ratios of Be, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and U-series, which in part have been used to date crusts and in part used as isotopic tracers of paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic conditions. Those tracers are especially useful in delineating temporal changes in deep-ocean circulation. Research and development on the technology of mining crusts are only in their infancy. Detailed maps of crust deposits and a better understanding of small-scale seamount topography are required to design the most appropriate mining equipment.
The coal-bearing, lower Eocene Ghazij Formation is exposed intermittently over a distance of 750 kilometers along the western margin of the Axial Belt in north-central Pakistan. Underlying the formation are Jurassic to Paleocene carbonates that were deposited on a marine shelf along the pre- and post-rift northern margin of the Indian subcontinent. Overlying the formation are middle Eocene to Miocene marine and nonmarine deposits capped by Pliocene to Pleistocene collision molasse.
The lower part of the Ghazij comprises mostly dark gray calcareous mudrock containing foraminifers and rare tabular to lenticular bodies of very fine grained to finegrained calcareous sandstone. We interpret the lower portion of this part of the Ghazij as outer-shelf deposits, and the upper portion as prodelta deposits. The middle part of the formation conformably overlies the lower part. It comprises medium-gray calcareous mudrock containing nonmarine bivalves, fine- to medium-grained calcareous sandstone, and rare intervals of carbonaceous shale and coal. Sandstone bodies in the middle part, in ascending stratigraphic order, are classified as Type I (coarsening-upward grain size, contain the trace fossil Ophiomorpha, and are commonly overlain by carbonaceous shale or coal), Type II (mixed grain size, display wedge-planar cross stratification, and contain fossil oyster shells and Ophiomorpha), and Type III (finingupward grain size, lenticular shape, erosional bases, and display trough cross stratification). These three types of bodies represent shoreface deposits, tidal channels, and fluvial channels, respectively. Mudrock intervals in the lower portion of this part of the formation contain fossil plant debris and represent estuarine deposits, and mudrock intervals in the upper portion contain fossil root traces and represent overbank deposits. We interpret the middle part of the Ghazij as a lower delta plain sequence. Overlying the middle part of the Ghazij, possibly unconformably, is the upper part of the formation, which comprises calcareous, nonfossiliferous, light-gray, brown, and red-banded mudrock, and rare Type III sandstone bodies. Much of the mudrock in this part of the formation represents multiple paleosol horizons. Locally, a limestone-pebble conglomerate is present in the upper part of the formation, either at the base or occupying most of the sequence. We interpret all but the uppermost portion of the upper part of the Ghazij as an upper delta plain deposit.
Thin sections of Ghazij sandstones show mostly fragments of limestone, and heavy-liquid separations reveal the presence of chromite. Paleocurrent data and other evidence indicate a northwestern source area.
During earliest Eocene time, the outer edge of the marine shelf off the Indian subcontinent collided with a terrestrial fragment positioned adjacent to, but detached from, the Asian mainland. This collision caused distal carbonateplatform deposits to be uplifted, and an intervening intracratonic sea, the Indus Foreland Basin, was created. Thus for the first time, the depositional slope switched from northwest facing to southeast facing, and a northwestern source for detritus was provided. We conclude that the Ghazij was deposited as a prograding clastic wedge along the northwestern shore of this sea, and that the formation contains sedimentologic evidence of a collisional event that predates the main impact between India and Asia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1599","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan","usgsCitation":"Johnson, E., Warwick, P.D., Roberts, S.B., and Khan, I.H., 1999, Lithofacies, depositional environments, and regional stratigraphy of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1599, Report: vi, 76 p.; 2 Plates: 44.00 x 31.00 inches and 40.00 x 21.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1599.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 76 p.; 2 Plates: 44.00 x 31.00 inches and 40.00 x 21.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31760,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1599/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31761,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1599/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":31762,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1599/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1599/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Pakistan","state":"Balochistan","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ce4b07f02db69e46d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Edward A.","contributorId":25552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Edward A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Stephen B.","contributorId":104906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Khan, Intizar H.","contributorId":69536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khan","given":"Intizar","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":16954,"text":"Geological Survey of Pakistan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":149781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209265,"text":"70209265 - 1999 - Distributions of uronic acids and O-methyl sugars in sinking and sedimentary particles in two coastal marine environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:53:47","indexId":"70209265","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-29T09:54:48","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distributions of uronic acids and O-methyl sugars in sinking and sedimentary particles in two coastal marine environments","title":"Distributions of uronic acids and O-methyl sugars in sinking and sedimentary particles in two coastal marine environments","docAbstract":"Although recent research has indicated that bacteria may contribute an important fraction of biochemical residues in terrestrial and marine environments, it is difficult for geochemists to identify contributions from these ubiquitous and biochemically diverse organisms. Previous studies have suggested uronic acids and O-methyl sugars may be useful indicators of microbial abundance and activity, but have been limited primarily to analyses of a small number of isolated samples. We report here comparative distributions of O-methyl sugars, uronic acids, and aldoses in sediment trap material and sediments from Dabob Bay, WA and nearby Saanich Inlet, BC, where temporal and spatial trends may be used together with well-established patterns in other biochemicals to identify bacterial contributions against the background of other carbohydrate sources.
O-methyl sugars and uronic acids were important contributors to the overall flux and burial of polysaccharide material in Dabob Bay and Saanich Inlet, composing ≤12 wt% of the total carbohydrate yields from sediment trap and sediment samples. O-methyl sugars accounted for an average of 5% of the carbohydrate yields from sediment trap materials and sediments, but were found rarely and only in low abundance in vascular plant tissues, phytoplankton, and kelp. In contrast, uronic acids were abundant products of sediment trap material and sediments, as well as vascular plant tissues, where in some cases they predominated among all carbohydrates. Uronic acid abundance in sediment trap material averaged 3% and ranged to >6% of total carbohydrate yields.
The persistence of total minor sugar yields in water column collections from Dabob Bay throughout the seasonal cycle indicated they had a primary source that was not directly related to plankton bloom cycles nor pulsed inputs of vascular plant remains. Subsurface maxima in total minor sugar yields (and several individual components) within sediment cores from both sites indicate in situ sedimentary sources. Taken together, the observed environmental distributions strongly suggest that the minor sugar abundances in Dabob Bay and Saanich Inlet were controlled by in situ microbial production.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00075-7","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B.A., Walters, J.S., and Hedges, J.I., 1999, Distributions of uronic acids and O-methyl sugars in sinking and sedimentary particles in two coastal marine environments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, no. 3-4, p. 413-425, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00075-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Dabob Bay, Saanich Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.92945861816406,\n 47.68341892265674\n ],\n [\n -122.772216796875,\n 47.68341892265674\n ],\n [\n -122.772216796875,\n 47.860167165402274\n ],\n [\n -122.92945861816406,\n 47.860167165402274\n ],\n [\n -122.92945861816406,\n 47.68341892265674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 48.48248016155762\n ],\n [\n -123.42796325683594,\n 48.48248016155762\n ],\n [\n -123.42796325683594,\n 48.70772853476065\n ],\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 48.70772853476065\n ],\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 48.48248016155762\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":140776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":223612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walters","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hedges, J. I.","contributorId":30757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedges","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220361,"text":"70220361 - 1999 - Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T15:33:23.8776","indexId":"70220361","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:33:03","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa","docAbstract":"Many Americans think of Iowa as having little topographic variation. However, in westernmost Iowa the Loess Hills rise 200 feet above the flat plains forming a narrow band running north-south 200 miles along the Missouri River. The steep angles and sharp bluffs on the western side of the Loess Hills are in sharp contrast to the flat rectangular cropfields of the Missouri River flood plain. From the east, gently rolling hills blend into steep ridges.
Loess (pronounced \"luss\"), is German for loose or crumbly. It is a gritty, lightweight, porous material composed of tightly packed grains of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other minerals. Loess is the source of most of our Nation's rich agricultural soils and is common in the U.S. and around the world. However, Iowa's Loess Hills are unusual because the layers of loess are extraordinarily thick, as much as 200 feet in some places. The extreme thickness of the loess layers and the intricately carved terrain of the Loess Hills make them a rare geologic feature. Shaanxi, China, is the only other location where loess layers are as deep and extensive. Though much older (2.5 million years) and much thicker (nearly 300 feet) than Iowa's loess, the Shaanxi loess hills have been greatly altered by both natural and human activity and no longer retain their original characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220361","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220361.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Loess Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -95.262451171875,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -95.262451171875,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 40.57224011776902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70196555,"text":"70196555 - 1999 - Mycotoxins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70196555,"text":"70196555 - 1999 - Mycotoxins","indexId":"70196555","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Mycotoxins"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:36:21","indexId":"70196555","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Mycotoxins","docAbstract":"Mycotoxins are toxins produced by molds (fungi) that, when they are ingested, can cause diseases called mycotoxicosis. These diseases are are not infectious. The effects on the animal are caused by fungal toxins in foods ingested, usually grains, and are not caused by infection with the fungus. Many different molds produce mycotoxins and many corresponding disease syndromes have been described for domestic animals. However, only two types of mycotoxin poisoning, aflatoxicosis and fusariotoxicosis, have been documented in free-ranging migratory birds.
Until recently, sickness or death caused by mycotoxins were rarely reported in migratory birds. Identification of mycotoxins as the cause of a mortality event can be difficult for a number of reasons. The effects may be subtle and difficult to detect or identify, or the effects may be delayed and the bird may have moved away from the contaminated food source before becoming sick or dying. Also, grain containing toxin-producing molds can be difficult or impossible to recognize because it may not appear overtly moldy.
Techniques to detect and quantify a variety of mycotoxins important to domestic animal and human health are available through many diagnostic laboratories that serve health needs for those species. These same techniques are applicable for wildlife. Further study and improved diagnostic technology is likely to result in identification of additional types of mycotoxins as causes of disease and death in waterfowl and other wildlife.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Creekmore, L.H., 1999, Mycotoxins: Information and Technology Report, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":353449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=279","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff12ece4b0da30c1bfd32d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creekmore, Lynn H.","contributorId":202107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":36346,"text":"USDA, APHIS, VS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":733579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021001,"text":"70021001 - 1999 - Use of automated monitoring to assess behavioral toxicology in fish: Linking behavior and physiology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021001","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of automated monitoring to assess behavioral toxicology in fish: Linking behavior and physiology","docAbstract":"We measured locomotory behaviors (distance traveled, speed, tortuosity of path, and rate of change in direction) with computer-assisted analysis in 30 day posthatch rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to pesticides. We also examined cholinesterase inhibition as a potential endpoint linking physiology and behavior. Sublethal exposure to chemicals often causes changes in swimming behavior, reflecting alterations in sensory and motor systems. Swimming behavior also integrates functions of the nervous system. Rarely are the connections between physiology and behavior made. Although behavior is often suggested as a sensitive, early indicator of toxicity, behavioral toxicology has not been used to its full potential because conventional methods of behavioral assessment have relied on manual techniques, which are often time-consuming and difficult to quantify. This has severely limited the application and utility of behavioral procedures. Swimming behavior is particularly amenable to computerized assessment and automated monitoring. Locomotory responses are sensitive to toxicants and can be easily measured. We briefly discuss the use of behavior in toxicology and automated techniques used in behavioral toxicology. We also describe the system we used to determine locomotory behaviors of fish, and present data demonstrating the system's effectiveness in measuring alterations in response to chemical challenges. Lastly, we correlate behavioral and physiological endpoints.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1998 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment","conferenceDate":"20 April 1998 through 22 April 1998","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Conshohocken, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Brewer, S., DeLonay, A., Beauvais, S., Little, E.E., and Jones, S., 1999, Use of automated monitoring to assess behavioral toxicology in fish: Linking behavior and physiology, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1364, Atlanta, GA, USA, 20 April 1998 through 22 April 1998, p. 370-384.","startPage":"370","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1364","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbec0e4b08c986b32977b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewer, S.K.","contributorId":34284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeLonay, A. J. 0000-0002-3752-2799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":34246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beauvais, S.L.","contributorId":53752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauvais","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, S.B.","contributorId":27005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}