In May 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the Kershaw County Water and Sewer Authority to characterize and simulate the water quality in the Wateree River, South Carolina. Longitudinal profiling of dissolved-oxygen concentrations during the spring and summer of 1996 revealed dissolved-oxygen minimums occurring upstream from the point-source discharges. The mean dissolved-oxygen decrease upstream from the effluent discharges was 2.0 milligrams per liter, and the decrease downstream from the effluent discharges was 0.2 milligram per liter. Several theories were investigated to obtain an improved understanding of the dissolved-oxygen dynamics in the upper Wateree River. Data suggest that the dissolved-oxygen concentration decrease is associated with elevated levels of oxygen-consuming nutrients and metals that are flowing into the Wateree River from Lake Wateree.
Analysis of long-term streamflow and water-quality data collected at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations suggests that no strong correlation exists between streamflow and dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Wateree River. However, a strong negative correlation does exist between dissolved-oxygen concentrations and water temperature. Analysis of data from six South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control monitoring stations for 1980.95 revealed decreasing trends in ammonia nitrogen at all stations where data were available and decreasing trends in 5-day biochemical oxygen demand at three river stations.
The influence of various hydrologic and point-source loading conditions on dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Wateree River were determined by using results from water-quality simulations by the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The effects of five tributaries and four point-source discharges were included in the model. Data collected during two synoptic water-quality samplings on June 23.25 and August 11.13, 1997, were used to calibrate and validate the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The data include dye-tracer concentrations collected at six locations, stream-reaeration data collected at four locations, and water-quality and water-temperature data collected at nine locations. Hydraulic data for the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model were simulated by using the U.S. Geological Survey BRANCH one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model. Data that were used to calibrate and validate the BRANCH model included time-series of water-level and streamflow data at three locations. The domain of the hydraulic model and the transport model was a 57.3- and 43.5-mile reach of the river, respectively.
A sensitivity analysis of the simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations to model coefficients and data inputs indicated that the simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations were most sensitive to changes in the boundary concentration inputs of water temperature and dissolved oxygen followed by sensitivity to the change in streamflow. A 35-percent increase in streamflow resulted in a negative normalized sensitivity index, indicating a decrease in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations showed no significant sensitivity to changes in model input rate kinetics.
To demonstrate the utility of the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model of the Wateree River, the model was used to simulate several hydrologic and water-quality scenarios to evaluate the effects on simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The first scenario compared the 24-hour mean dissolved-oxygen concentrations for August 13, 1997, as simulated during the model validation, with simulations using two different streamflow patterns. The mean streamflow for August 13, 1997, was 2,000 cubic feet per second. Simulations were run using mean streamflows of 1,000 and 1,400 cubic feet per second while keeping the water-quality boundary conditions the same as were used during the validation simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994234","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Conrads, P., 2000, Characterization of water quality and simulation of temperature, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the Wateree River, South Carolina, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4234, vi, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994234.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119976,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Catabwa-Wateree River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.7657470703125,35.567980458012094],[-81.8756103515625,35.536696378395035],[-82.0074462890625,35.572448615622804],[-82.0623779296875,35.585851593232356],[-82.16812133789062,35.54060755592023],[-82.22579956054688,35.59255224089235],[-82.24159240722656,35.65729624809628],[-82.20794677734374,35.74818410650582],[-82.08915710449219,35.801664652427895],[-82.02598571777344,35.81001773806242],[-81.96418762207031,35.821153818963175],[-81.95594787597656,35.92019610057511],[-81.95182800292969,35.98078444581272],[-81.903076171875,36.053540128339755],[-81.8536376953125,36.05798104702501],[-81.76712036132812,36.055760619006755],[-81.71905517578125,36.04021586880111],[-81.66824340820312,35.98245135784044],[-81.5679931640625,35.9157474194997],[-81.31393432617188,35.95911138558121],[-81.26998901367188,36.03244234269516],[-81.19171142578125,36.0779620797358],[-81.08322143554688,36.06353184297193],[-80.79620361328125,35.89350026142572],[-80.71929931640624,35.69299463209881],[-80.7275390625,35.53110865111194],[-80.69869995117188,35.43381992014202],[-80.70556640625,35.34425514918409],[-80.80718994140625,35.15584570226544],[-80.81268310546874,34.95349314197422],[-80.771484375,34.89494244739732],[-80.71105957031249,34.65467425162703],[-80.68084716796875,34.51787261401661],[-80.52978515625,34.35704160076073],[-80.4583740234375,34.23905366851639],[-80.518798828125,34.03900467904445],[-80.496826171875,33.88865750124075],[-80.60394287109375,33.75060604160645],[-80.71998596191406,33.82992730179868],[-80.74745178222656,34.05209051767928],[-80.83328247070312,34.27083595165],[-80.8971405029297,34.3201881768449],[-80.98915100097656,34.40634314091266],[-81.04133605957031,34.487881874939866],[-81.10588073730469,34.710009159224946],[-81.12167358398438,34.84311278917537],[-81.16905212402344,35.07271701786369],[-81.15669250488281,35.18222692831516],[-81.12373352050781,35.25627309169437],[-81.12648010253906,35.460669951495305],[-81.2384033203125,35.567980458012094],[-81.3922119140625,35.58138418324621],[-81.595458984375,35.59925232772949],[-81.7657470703125,35.567980458012094]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c6b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38276,"text":"pp1650C - 2000 - Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America; additional conifers, hardwoods, and monocots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"pp1650C","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1650","chapter":"C","title":"Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America; additional conifers, hardwoods, and monocots","docAbstract":"This volume explores the continental-scale relations between climate and the geographic ranges of woody plant species in North America. A 25-km equal-area grid of modern climatic and bioclimatic parameters for North America was constructed from instrumental weather records. The geographic distributions of selected tree and shrub species were digitized, and the presence or absence of each species was determined for each cell on the 25-km grid, thus providing a basis for comparing climatic data and species' distribution.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1650C","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Anderson, K.H., Bartlein, P.J., and Smith, S.A., 2000, Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America; additional conifers, hardwoods, and monocots: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650, 386 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1650C.","productDescription":"386 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1650c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64659,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1650c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66940b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Sharon A.","contributorId":65896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":35514,"text":"b2163 - 2000 - Lateral ramps in the folded Appalachians and in overthrust belts worldwide— A fundamental element of thrust-belt architecture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T16:44:34.710555","indexId":"b2163","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2163","title":"Lateral ramps in the folded Appalachians and in overthrust belts worldwide— A fundamental element of thrust-belt architecture","docAbstract":"Lateral ramps are zones where decollements change stratigraphic level along strike; they differ from frontal ramps, which are zones where decollements change stratigraphic level perpendicular to strike. In the Appalachian Mountains, the surface criteria for recognizing the subsurface presence of lateral ramps include (1) an abrupt change in wavelength or a termination of folds along strike, (2) a conspicuous change in the frequency of mapped faults or disturbed zones (extremely disrupted duplexes) at the surface, (3) long, straight river trends emerging onto the coastal plain or into the Appalachian Plateaus province, (4) major geomorphic discontinuities in the trend of the Blue Ridge province, (5) interruption of Mesozoic basins by cross-strike border faults, and (6) zones of modern and probable ancient seismic activity. Additional features related to lateral ramps include tectonic windows, cross-strike igneous intrusions, areas of giant landslides, and abrupt changes in Paleozoic sedimentation along strike.\r\n\r\n\r\nProprietary strike-line seismic-reflection profiles cross three of the lateral ramps that were identified by using the surface criteria. The profiles confirm their presence and show their detailed nature in the subsurface.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLike frontal ramps, lateral ramps are one of two possible consequences of fold-and-thrust-belt tectonics and are common elements in the Appalachian fold-and-thrust belt. A survey of other thrust belts in the United States and elsewhere strongly suggests that lateral ramps at depth can be identified by their surface effects.\r\n\r\n\r\nLateral ramps probably are the result of thrust sheet motion caused by continued activation of ancient cratonic fracture systems. Such fractures localized the transform faults along which the continental segments adjusted during episodes of sea-floor spreading.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2163","usgsCitation":"Pohn, H.A., 2000, Lateral ramps in the folded Appalachians and in overthrust belts worldwide— A fundamental element of thrust-belt architecture (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2163, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2163.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392686,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70820.htm"},{"id":3416,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.1167,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 41.3333\n ],\n [\n -77.1167,\n 41.3333\n ],\n [\n -77.1167,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohn, Howard A.","contributorId":66681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohn","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29309,"text":"wri994213 - 2000 - Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri994213","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4213","title":"Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida","docAbstract":"Results from 35 new test coreholes and aquifer-test, water-level, and water-quality data were combined with existing hydrogeologic data to define the extent, thickness, hydraulic properties, and degree of confinement of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida. This aquifer, previously known to be present only in southeastern Florida (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties) below, and to the west of, the Biscayne aquifer, extends over most of central-south Florida, including eastern and central Collier County and southern Hendry County; it is the same as the lower Tamiami aquifer to the north, and it becomes the water-table aquifer and the upper limestone part of the lower Tamiami aquifer to the west. The aquifer generally is composed of gray, shelly, lightly to moderately cemented limestone with abundant shell fragments or carbonate sand, abundant skeletal moldic porosity, and minor quartz sand. The gray limestone aquifer comprises the Ochopee Limestone of the Tamiami Formation, and, in some areas, the uppermost permeable part of an unnamed formation principally composed of quartz sand. Underlying the unnamed formation is the Peace River Formation of the upper Hawthorn Group, the top of which is the base of the surficial aquifer system. Overlying the aquifer and providing confinement in much of the area is the Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation. The thickness of the aquifer is comparatively uniform, generally ranging from 30 to 100 feet. The unnamed formation part of the aquifer is up to 20 feet thick. The Ochopee Limestone accumulated in a carbonate ramp depositional system and contains a heterozoan carbonate-particle association. The principal rock types of the aquifer are pelecypod lime rudstones and floatstones and permeable quartz sands and sandstones. The pore types are mainly intergrain and separate vug (skeletal-moldic) pore spaces. The rock fabric and associated primary and secondary pore spaces combine to form a dual diffuse-carbonate and conduit flow system capable of producing high values of hydraulic conductivity. Transmissivity values of the aquifer are commonly greater than 50,000 feet squared per day to the west of Miami-Dade and Broward Counties. Hydraulic conductivity ranges from about 200 to 12,000 feet per day and generally increases from east to west; an east-to-west shallowing of the depositional profile of the Ochopee Limestone carbonate ramp contributes to this spatial trend. The aquifer contains two areas of high transmissivity, both of which trend northwest-southeast. One area extends through southern Hendry County. The other area extends through eastern Collier County, with a transmissivity as high as 300,000 feet squared per day; in this area, the aquifer is structurally high, the top of the aquifer is close to land surface, and it is unconfined to semiconfined. The confinement of the aquifer is good to the north and east in parts of southern Hendry, Palm Beach, Collier, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties. In these areas, the upper confining unit approaches or is greater than 50 feet thick, and vertical leakance is less than 1.0 x 10-3 l/day. In most of the study area, the specific conductance in water from the gray limestone aquifer is 1,500 microsiemens per centimeter or less (chloride concentration of about 250 milligrams per liter or less). Areas where specific conductance is greater than 3,000 microsiemens per centimeter are found where there is a low horizontal-head gradient and the upper confining unit is greater than 50 feet thick. An area with specific conductance less than 1,500 microsiemens per centimeter extends from southern Hendry County to the southeast into western Broward County and coincides with an area of high transmissivity. However, much of this area has good confinement. The potentiometric gradient also is to the southeast in much of the area, and this area of low specific conductance is probably caused by a relatively rapid downgradient movement of fres","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"USGS,","doi":"10.3133/wri994213","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Cunningham, K.J., 2000, Hydrogeology of the gray limestone aquifer in southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4213, v, 244 p. : b ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994213.","productDescription":"v, 244 p. : b ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2279,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994213","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21961,"text":"ofr200092 - 2000 - MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model: User guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T19:03:54.648705","indexId":"ofr200092","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"00-92","displayTitle":"MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model: User Guide to Modularization Concepts and the Ground-Water Flow Process","title":"MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model: User guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process","docAbstract":"MODFLOW is a computer program that numerically solves the three-dimensional ground-water flow equation for a porous medium by using a finite-difference method. Although MODFLOW was designed to be easily enhanced, the design was oriented toward additions to the ground-water flow equation. Frequently there is a need to solve additional equations; for example, transport equations and equations for estimating parameter values that produce the closest match between model-calculated heads and flows and measured values. This report documents a new version of MODFLOW, called MODFLOW-2000, which is designed to accommodate the solution of equations in addition to the ground-water flow equation. This report is a user's manual. It contains an overview of the old and added design concepts, documents one new package, and contains input instructions for using the model to solve the ground-water flow equation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr200092","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A.W., Banta, E.R., Hill, M.C., and McDonald, M.G., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model: User guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-92, viii, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200092.","productDescription":"viii, 121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":10065,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/ofr00-92.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648c85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, Edward R. erbanta@usgs.gov","contributorId":197025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward","email":"erbanta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonald, Michael G.","contributorId":47352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25776,"text":"wri994139 - 2000 - Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T19:55:56.107022","indexId":"wri994139","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4139","title":"Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96","docAbstract":"In 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began an assessment of the lower Tennessee River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Existing nutrient and sediment data from 1980 to 1996 were compiled, screened, and interpreted to estimate watershed inputs from nutrient sources, provide a general description of the distribution and transport of nutrients and sediments in surface water, and evaluate trends in nutrient and sediment concentrations in the lower Tennessee (LTEN) River Basin.
Nitrogen inputs from major sources varied widely among tributary basins in the LTEN River Basin. Point source wastewater discharges contributed between 0 and 0.61 tons per square mile per year [(tons/mi2)/yr]. Of the nonpoint sources of nitrogen for which inputs were estimated (atmospheric deposition, nitrogen fixation, fertilizer application, and livestock waste) livestock waste contributed the largest input in about two-thirds (7 out of 11) of the tributary basins, and fertilizer application contributed the largest input in the remaining 4 basins. Nitrogen input from fertilizer application was the most variable spatially among the nonpoint sources of nitrogen, ranging from 1.5 to 23 (tons/mi2)/yr. Atmospheric deposition estimates varied the least from basin to basin, ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 (tons/mi2)/yr. Estimates of nitrogen input from livestock waste ranged between 2.0 to 13 (tons/mi2)/yr. The percentage of the input from each of these nonpoint sources that entered the surface-water system is not known.
Wastewater discharge contributed between 0 and 0.14 (ton/mi2)/yr of phosphorus to tributary basins. Livestock waste contributed most of the input in 8 out of the 11 basins, and fertilizer application contributed the most in the remaining 3 basins. Estimates of phosphorus input for fertilizer application ranged from 0.35 to 5.1 (tons/mi2)/yr and from 0.62 to 4.3 (tons/mi2)/yr from livestock waste.
Reservoirs on the main stem of the Tennessee River and on the Duck and Elk Rivers affect nutrient transport because hydrodynamic conditions in the reservoirs promote assimilation by aquatic plants and deposition of particulate matter. Observed decreases in total nitrite plus nitrate and dissolved-orthophosphorus concentrations in reservoirs or at sites downstream of reservoirs during summer months were probably related to seasonality of plant growth.
Nutrient and sediment data used to estimate annual instream loads and yields were compiled from various water-quality monitoring programs and represent the best available data in the LTEN River Basin, but these data have several characteristics that limit accuracy of load estimates. Many of the monitoring programs were not designed with the objective of annual load estimation, and data representing storm transport are, therefore, sparse; sampling and analytical methods varied through time and among the monitoring programs, hampering spatial and temporal comparisons. The load estimates computed from these data are useful for evaluating broad spatial patterns of instream load, and comparisons of instream load to inputs, but may not be sufficiently accurate for local-scale evaluations of water quality.
Estimates of the mean annual instream load of total nitrogen entering (Chattanooga, Tenn.) and leaving (Paducah, Ky.) the LTEN River Basin were 29,000 and 60,000 tons per year (tons/yr), respectively. These estimates represent a gain of 31,000 tons/yr, on average, across the area (18,930 mi2) between these inlet and outlet sites. The sum of the mean annual instream load from gaged tributaries to the main stem within the study unit was 14,000 tons/yr; however, this number cannot be directly compared with the gain between the inlet and outlet sites because (1) the gaged area represents only 30 percent of the total area and (2) the period of record at many tributary sites did not correspond with the period of record at the inlet or outlet sites.
Estimates of mean annual instream load of total phosphorus at the inlet and outlet sites of the LTEN River Basin were 1,300 and 5,000 tons/yr, respectively, representing a gain of 3,700 tons/yr, on average, across the study unit. The sum of the gaged tributary load, representing only 28 percent of the area contributing to the main stem, was 4,300 tons/yr. Although this number cannot be closely compared with the gain throughout the study unit, for the same reasons given for total nitrogen, a general comparison suggests that the main stem of the Tennessee River and the tributary embayments along the main stem function as a sink for total phosphorus, removing a substantial amount from the water column through deposition or assimilation.
The estimates of inputs can be compared and correlated with yields (area-normalized instream loads); significant correlations between estimates of inputs and yields might be useful as predictive tools for instream water quality where monitoring data are not available. Yields of nitrogen correlated moderately well with inputs from nonpoint sources, based on 1992 estimates. Nitrogen yield was highest [3.5 (tons/mi2)/yr] for Town Creek, for which the balance of nonpoint-source inputs to agricultural lands (fertilizer application plus nitrogen fixation plus livestock waste minus harvest) was also the highest [15 (tons/mi2)/yr]. Nitrogen yield was low [1.0 (tons/mi2)/yr] for the Buffalo River, for which the balance of agricultural nonpoint-source input was correspondingly low [3.2 (tons/mi2)/yr, the second lowest]. Correlation of wastewater discharge with yield was poor, and contrasted with the significant correlation between wastewater discharge and median nitrogen concentration during low streamflow. The poor correlation between wastewater discharge and annual yield was expected, however, as wastewater discharge is a small fraction compared with annual yield.
In contrast with nitrogen, phosphorus yield did not correlate well with any estimated inputs or land-use types for the tributary basins. Phosphorus yield was highest [1.1 and 0.93 (tons/mi2)/yr] at two sites along the Duck River and at Elk River near Prospect [0.89 (ton/mi2)/yr]; however, estimates of inputs at these sites were in the middle of their respective ranges. The influence of the outcrop of phosphatic limestone formations of the brown-phosphate districts in the lower Duck and lower Elk River Basins might be responsible for the poor correlation between estimated inputs and yields of phosphorus. The outcrop pattern of these phosphatic limestones are an important factor to consider as regional boundaries are established for attainable, region-specific water-quality criteria for total phosphorus.
Estimates of sediment input from cropland soil erosion in 1992 ranged from 51 to 540 (tons/mi2)/yr among the major hydrologic units in the LTEN River Basin. Information was not available to estimate this input for individual tributaries. Sediment yield estimates ranged from 65 to 263 (tons/mi2)/yr for the three tributary monitoring basins for which instream data were available, and from 17 to 26 (tons/mi2)/yr for the Tennessee River at South Pittsburg and at Pickwick Landing Dam, respectively. Lower sediment yields for the main stem sites compared with the tributary sites is probably due to sediment deposition in the main stem of the Tennessee River and tributary embayments along the main stem.
Most of the significant trends in nutrient concentrations from about 1985 to about 1995 were decreasing trends, except for total nitrite plus nitrate, which increased at one site on the Elk River. The spatial distribution of decreasing trends of total nitrogen and total ammonia corresponds with the spatial variation among basins in wastewater loading rate. The time period of observed trends corresponds to the period of improvements in municipal treatment, thus decreases in wastewater effluent concentrations of nitrogen might be responsible for the decreasing trend in instream concentrations at these sites. Concentrations of total phosphorus did not decrease during this period at these sites, as might have been expected considering the reductions in wastewater input of phosphorus during this period.
On April 2,1868, an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 occurred beneath the southern part of the island of Hawaii. The quake, which was felt throughout all of the Hawaiian Islands, had a Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity of XII near its source.The destruction caused by a quake that large is nearly complete. A landslide triggered by the quake buried a small village, killing 31 people, and a tsunami that swept over coastal settlements added to the death toll.
\n\nWe know as much as we do about this and other early earthquakes thanks to detailed records kept by Hawaiian missionaries, including the remarkable diary maintained by the Lyman family that documented every earthquake felt at their home in Hilo between 1833 and 1917 [Wyss et al., 1992].Our analysis of these and other historical records indicates that Hawaii was at least as intensely seismic in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century as in its more recent past, with 26 M ≥6.0 earthquakes occurring from 1823 to 1903 and 20 M ≥6.0 earthquakes from 1904 to 1959. Just five M ≥6.0 earthquakes occurred from 1960 to 1999. The potential damage caused by a repeat of some of the larger historic events could be catastrophic today.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","doi":"10.1029/00EO00063","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Klein, F.W., 2000, New earthquake catalog reexamines Hawaii's seismic history: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 10, p. 101-107, https://doi.org/10.1029/00EO00063.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"107","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/00eo00063","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288091,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00EO00063"}],"volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53903ff2e4b04eea98bf852b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70111411,"text":"70111411 - 2000 - Airborne electromagnetics (EM) as a three-dimensional aquifer-mapping tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-04T14:03:29","indexId":"70111411","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-05T13:53:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Airborne electromagnetics (EM) as a three-dimensional aquifer-mapping tool","docAbstract":"The San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona hosts a major migratory bird flyway, and was declared a Riparian Conservation Area by Congress in 1988. Recharge of the adjacent Upper San Pedro Valley aquifer was thought to come primarily from the Huachuca Mountains, but the U. S. Army Garrison of Fort Huachuca and neighboring city of Sierra Vista have been tapping this aquifer for many decades, giving rise to claims that they jointly threatened the integrity of the Riparian Conservation Area. For this reason, the U. S. Army funded two airborne geophysical surveys over the Upper San Pedro Valley (see figure 1), and these have provided us valuable information on the aquifer and the complex basement structure underlying the modern San Pedro Valley. Euler deconvolution performed on the airborne magnetic data has provided a depth-to-basement map that is substantially more complex than a map obtained earlier from gravity data, as would be expected from the higher-resolution magnetic data. However, we found the output of the Euler deconvolution to have \"geologic noise\" in certain areas, interpreted to be post-Basin-and-Range Tertiary volcanic flows in the sedimentary column above the basement but below the ground surface.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume, SAGEEP-2000 Conference","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J., Pool, D., Bultman, M., Gettings, M., and Lemieux, J., 2000, Airborne electromagnetics (EM) as a three-dimensional aquifer-mapping tool, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":244,"text":"Eastern Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288084,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/jwynn/10sageep2k.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.82,31.33 ], [ -114.82,37.0 ], [ -109.05,37.0 ], [ -109.05,31.33 ], [ -114.82,31.33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53903fe2e4b04eea98bf84e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pool, Don","contributorId":102797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bultman, Mark","contributorId":74045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gettings, Mark E.","contributorId":100293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lemieux, Jean","contributorId":97430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemieux","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174841,"text":"70174841 - 2000 - Use of the 'Legal-Institutional Analysis Model' for resolving environmental disputes involving hydropower","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T14:19:01","indexId":"70174841","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of the 'Legal-Institutional Analysis Model' for resolving environmental disputes involving hydropower","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Trends in water and environmental engineering for safety and life: eco-compatible solutions for aquatic environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Trends in water and environmental engineering for safety and life: eco-compatible solutions for aquatic environments","conferenceDate":"July 3-7, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Capri, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"Centro Studi Deflussi Urbani","usgsCitation":"Burkardt, N., and Lamb, B.L., 2000, Use of the 'Legal-Institutional Analysis Model' for resolving environmental disputes involving hydropower, in Trends in water and environmental engineering for safety and life: eco-compatible solutions for aquatic environments, Capri, Italy, July 3-7, 2000, p. 93-93.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"93","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdbae4b0f1bea0e0f908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkardt, Nina 0000-0002-9392-9251 burkardtn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9251","contributorId":2781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"Nina","email":"burkardtn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":71907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24888,"text":"ofr00315 - 2000 - Graphical user interface for MODFLOW, Version 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:18:24","indexId":"ofr00315","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-315","title":"Graphical user interface for MODFLOW, Version 4","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00315","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., 2000, Graphical user interface for MODFLOW, Version 4: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-315, 27 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00315.","productDescription":"27 p. ","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438894,"rank":301,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Y29U1H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GW_Chart version 1.30"},{"id":157245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70204232,"text":"70204232 - 2000 - Disruption and restoration of en route habitat, a case study: The Chenier Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T15:22:30.88766","indexId":"70204232","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T12:09:37","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Disruption and restoration of en route habitat, a case study: The Chenier Plain","title":"Disruption and restoration of en route habitat, a case study: The Chenier Plain","docAbstract":"Cheniers (relict beach ridges) and other habitats adjacent to ecological barriers may be critical linkages in the migratory pathways of long-distance migratory birds. It is important that these wooded habitats provide enough food and cover at the right time to support these birds’ requirements. To date, little attention has been given to the conservation of coastal woodlands, habitats in which en route migrants tend to concentrate in large numbers during migration. Because about one-third of North Americas ’ human population lives within 80 km of the coast, many forest-dwelling landbird migrants now depend on degraded native woodlands and urbanized environments for survival during migration. Restoration or rehabilitation of coastal woodlands, such as the cheniers of southwest Louisiana and southeast Texas, is of particular importance because of historic anthropogenic modifications, their limited geographic extent, and the extraordinary abundance and species richness of migratory birds using them during migration. In this paper, we use the Chenier Plain as a case study to discuss the issue of land use changes and their consequences for maintaining suitable stopover habitat. Results from an ongoing field study in this ecosystem indicate that most forest-dependent migratory birds are tolerant of at least some degradation of chenier forest during migration. However, these results reveal that subtle differences in vegetation composition and structure beneath the canopy of these forests, primarily as a result of livestock grazing and white-tailed deer overbrowsing, can result in differential use by some en route migrants. Species that were most affected by disturbance to the forest understory were early-arriving migrants, dead-leaf foragers, frugivores, and nectarivores. Given that the understory structure and regeneration of chenier forests has been so greatly reduced, and that high densities of nearctic-neotropical migrants tend to concentrate in cheniers during migration, restoration and re-habilitation should be conservation priorities in the Chenier Plain.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Barrow, W., Chen, C., Hamilton, R.B., Ouchley, K., and Spengler, T.J., 2000, Disruption and restoration of en route habitat, a case study: The Chenier Plain: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 20, p. 71-87.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405074,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/139382"},{"id":365542,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Chenier Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.779052734375,\n 29.372601506681402\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -93.27392578125,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -92.318115234375,\n 29.506549442788593\n ],\n [\n -92.04345703125,\n 29.5830116903775\n ],\n [\n -92.098388671875,\n 29.81205076752506\n ],\n [\n -92.384033203125,\n 30.855079286968596\n ],\n [\n -92.955322265625,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 30.230594564932193\n ],\n [\n -94.801025390625,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -94.94384765625,\n 30.35391637229704\n ],\n [\n -95.284423828125,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -94.779052734375,\n 29.372601506681402\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrow, Wylie C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823 barroww@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":168953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"Wylie C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"barroww@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Chao-Chieh","contributorId":27282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Chao-Chieh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, Robert B.","contributorId":216919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ouchley, Keith","contributorId":216315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ouchley","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spengler, Terry J.","contributorId":216920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spengler","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207869,"text":"70207869 - 2000 - Comparison of wintering redhead populations in four Gulf of Mexico seagrass beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T11:51:18","indexId":"70207869","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T11:41:56","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of wintering redhead populations in four Gulf of Mexico seagrass beds","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second International Symposium on Limnology and Aquatic Birds","conferenceDate":"Nov 24-27, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Merida, Yucatan, Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán","isbn":"9789687556598","usgsCitation":"Michot, T.C., 2000, Comparison of wintering redhead populations in four Gulf of Mexico seagrass beds, in Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, Nov 24-27, 1997, p. 243-260.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Florida, Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Apalachee Bay, Chandeleur Sound, Laguna Madre, Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 28.013801376380712\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 27.235094607795503\n ],\n [\n -97.58056640625,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -97.80029296875,\n 25.423431426334222\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 24.387127324604496\n ],\n [\n -97.62451171875,\n 24.226928664976377\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 27.0982539061379\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 28.013801376380712\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.6099853515625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -88.736572265625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -88.736572265625,\n 30.130875412002318\n ],\n [\n -89.6099853515625,\n 30.130875412002318\n ],\n [\n -89.6099853515625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.385986328125,\n 29.950175057288813\n ],\n [\n -83.01544189453125,\n 29.10897615145302\n ],\n [\n -83.01544189453125,\n 29.243270277106987\n ],\n [\n -83.37249755859375,\n 29.602118211647333\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 29.707139348134145\n ],\n [\n -83.86138916015624,\n 30.123748754600435\n ],\n [\n -84.11956787109375,\n 30.185496022109444\n ],\n [\n -84.451904296875,\n 30.109493896732292\n ],\n [\n -84.48760986328125,\n 29.971590978566113\n ],\n [\n -84.385986328125,\n 29.950175057288813\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michot, Thomas C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":57935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197399,"text":"70197399 - 2000 - The modern Earth narrative: Natural and human history of the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-31T16:43:17","indexId":"70197399","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The modern Earth narrative: Natural and human history of the Earth","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkTitle":"Earth matters: The Earth sciences, philosophy, and the claims of community","language":"English","publisher":"Prentice-Hall","publisherLocation":"NJ","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.J., 2000, The modern Earth narrative: Natural and human history of the Earth, chap. of Earth matters: The Earth sciences, philosophy, and the claims of community, p. 35-49.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b158ef3e4b092d9651e21d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. J.","contributorId":108121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70263768,"text":"70263768 - 2000 - An effective filter for removal of production artifacts in U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute digital elevation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T17:03:25.843821","indexId":"70263768","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T10:59:45","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An effective filter for removal of production artifacts in U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute digital elevation models","docAbstract":"Many digital elevation models (DEM) produced by the U.S. Geological Survey suffer from the presence of striping artifacts, which limit their utility. The most common approaches to filtering the affected DEMs rely on simple low-pass filters that blur fine details. A new filtering algorithm has been developed that isolates the stripes by applying a low-pass filter along the axis of the striping, followed by high-pass filtering orthogonal to the stripes. Once isolated, the artifacts are subtracted from the DEM to yield clean, detailed terrain data.
","conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing, 14th","conferenceDate":"November 6-8, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Veridian ERIM International","usgsCitation":"Oimoen, M.J., 2000, An effective filter for removal of production artifacts in U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute digital elevation models, International Conference on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing, 14th, Las Vegas, NV, November 6-8, 2000, p. 311-319.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"319","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oimoen, Michael J. 0000-0003-3611-6227 oimoen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3611-6227","contributorId":4757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oimoen","given":"Michael","email":"oimoen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70260447,"text":"70260447 - 2000 - Accounting for site effects in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses of southern California: Overview of the SCEC Phase III Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-01T15:38:58.770805","indexId":"70260447","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T10:31:34","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accounting for site effects in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses of southern California: Overview of the SCEC Phase III Report","docAbstract":"This article presents an overview of the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Phase-III effort to determine the extent to which probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) can be improved by accounting for site effects. The contributions made in this endeavor are represented in the various articles that compose this special issue of BSSA.
Given the somewhat arbitrary nature of the site-effect distinction, it must be carefully defined in any given context. With respect to PSHA, we define the site effect as the response, relative to an attenuation relationship, averaged over all damaging earthquakes in the region. A diligent effort has been made to identify any attributes that predispose a site to greater or lower levels of shaking. The most detailed maps of Quaternary geology are not found to be helpful; either they are overly detailed in terms of distinguishing different amplification factors or present southern California strong-motion observations are inadequate to reveal their superiority. A map based on the average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m, however, is found to delineate significantly different amplification factors. A correlation of amplification with basin depth is also found to be significant, implying up to a factor of two difference between the shallowest and deepest parts of the Los Angeles basin. In fact, for peak acceleration the basin-depth correction is more influential than the 30-m shear-wave velocity. Questions remain, however, as to whether basin depth is a proxy for some other site attribute.
In spite of these significant and important site effects, the standard deviation of an attenuation relationship (the prediction error) is not significantly reduced by making such corrections. That is, given the influence of basin-edge-induced waves, subsurface focusing, and scattering in general, any model that attempts to predict ground motion with only a few parameters will have a substantial intrinsic variability. Our best hope for reducing such uncertainties is via waveform modeling based on first principals of physics.
Finally, questions remain with respect to the overall reliability of attenuation relationships at large magnitudes and short distances. Current discrepancies between viable models produce up to a factor of 3 difference among predicted 10% in 50-yr exceedance levels, part of which results from the uncertain influence of sediment nonlinearity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000512","usgsCitation":"Field, E.H., and SCEC Phase III Working Group, 2000, Accounting for site effects in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses of southern California: Overview of the SCEC Phase III Report: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 6B, p. S1-S31, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000512.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"S1","endPage":"S31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.75,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.625,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.625,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 34.375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"SCEC Phase III Working Group","contributorId":345854,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"SCEC Phase III Working Group","id":917713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6542,"text":"ds64 - 2000 - USGS mineral deposit models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:17:55","indexId":"ds64","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64","title":"USGS mineral deposit models","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM publication is a compilation of 29 previously published mineral deposit model and related reports of the USGS. It in part reflects a history of mineral deposit model development within the USGS. Model types presented include descriptive, grade-tonnage, geoenvironmental, and geophysical. These models generally compile the geologic, geochemical, and geophysical characteristics of various types of metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits. The models list attributes intended as guides for resource and geoenvironmental studies and for mineral exploration. They are presented using the lithologic-tectonic environmental mineral deposit classification scheme originally developed by Cox and Singer (1986).
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ds64","isbn":"0607949201","usgsCitation":"Heran, W.D., 2000, USGS mineral deposit models (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 64, 1 computer optical disc ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds64.","productDescription":"1 computer optical disc ;4 3/4 in.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/064/application.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890a1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stoeser, D. B.","contributorId":18735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749874,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Heran, William D. wheran@usgs.gov","contributorId":2246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heran","given":"William","email":"wheran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":152896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156761,"text":"70156761 - 2000 - Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T13:16:02","indexId":"70156761","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone","docAbstract":"Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are important atmospheric trace gases participating in the regulation of global climate and environment. Predictive models on the emissions of N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere are required. We modified the CENTURY model (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51 (1987) 1173) to simulate the emissions of N2O and NO from tropical primary forests in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica at a monthly time step. Combined fluxes of N2O and NO were simulated as a function of gross N mineralization and water-filled pore space (WFPS). The coefficients for partitioning N2O from NO were derived from field measurements (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). The modified CENTURY was calibrated against observations of carbon stocks in various pools of forest ecosystems of the region, and measured WFPS and emission rates of N2O and NO from soil to the atmosphere.
\nWFPS is an important factor regulating nutrient cycling and emissions of N2O and NO from soils making the accuracy of the WFPS prediction central to the modeling process. To do this, we modified the hydrologic submodel and developed a new method for the prediction of WFPS at the monthly scale from daily rainfall information. The new method is based on: (1) the relationship between monthly rainfall and the number of rainfall events, and (2) the relative cumulative frequency distribution of ranked daily rainfall events. The method is generic and should be applicable to other areas.
\nSimulated monthly average WFPS was 0.68±0.02 — identical with the field measurement average of 0.68±0.02 from the annual cycle observed by Keller and Reiners (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). Simulated fluxes of N2O and NO were 52.0±9.4 mg-N m−2 month−1 and 6.5±0.7 mg-N m−2 month−1, respectively, compared with measured averages of 48.2±11.0 mg-N m−2 month−1 and 7.1±1.1 mg-N m−2 month−1. The simulated N2O/NO ratio was 11.2±1.9 compared with the measured value of 10.9±4.7.
\nWFPS is the dominant determinant of the fraction of gross N mineralization that is emitted from the soil as N2O and NO. If WFPS were not limiting during part of the year, this fraction would be 4.2%. With some periods of lower WFPS, the realized fraction is 2.2%. Because of the strong relationships between N2O and NO emission rates and rainfall and its derivative, WFPS, these moisture variables can be used to scale up nitrogen trace gas fluxes from sites to larger spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00030-X","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Reiners, W.A., Keller, M., and Schimel, D.S., 2000, Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 15, no. 8, p. 727-743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00030-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"743","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034c3e4b0f42e3d040e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiners, William A.","contributorId":147117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiners","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, Michael","contributorId":42681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schimel, Davis S.","contributorId":108419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"Davis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":66537,"text":"i2722 - 2000 - Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:21","indexId":"i2722","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2722","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri","docAbstract":"The geology of the Powder Mill Ferry 7 1/2-minute\r\n quadrangle ,\r\n Shannon and Reynolds Counties, Missouri was mapped from\r\n 1997 through 1998 as part of the Midcontinent Karst Systems\r\n and Geologic\r\n Mapping Project, Eastern Earth Surface Processes Team. The\r\n map supports the production of a geologic framework that\r\n will be used in hydrogeologic investigations related to\r\n potential lead and zinc mining in the Mark Twain National\r\n Forest adjacent to the Ozark National Scenic Riverways\r\n (National Park Service). Digital geologic coverages will be\r\n used by other federal and state agencies in hydrogeologic\r\n analyses of the Ozark karst system and in ecological models.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2722","usgsCitation":"McDowell, R., Harrison, R., and Lagueux, K.M., 2000, Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2722, map, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2722.","productDescription":"map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6127,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2722/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110139,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34355.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34355"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.25,37.1175 ], [ -91.25,37.25 ], [ -91.11749999999999,37.25 ], [ -91.11749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -91.25,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDowell, Robert C.","contributorId":88345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Richard W. rharriso@usgs.gov","contributorId":544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Richard W.","email":"rharriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lagueux, Kerry M.","contributorId":18799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lagueux","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188630,"text":"70188630 - 2000 - Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of chemical exposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-19T13:41:37","indexId":"70188630","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5427,"text":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of chemical exposure","title":"Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of chemical exposure","docAbstract":"This review compiles and evaluates existing scientific information on the use, limitations, and procedural considerations for EROD activity (a catalytic measurement of cytochrome P4501A induction) as a biomarker in fish. A multitude of chemicals induce EROD activity in a variety of fish species, the most potent inducers being structural analogs of 2,3,7,8-tetracholordibenzo-p-dioxin. Although certain chemicals may inhibit EROD induction/activity, this interference is generally not a drawback to the use of EROD induction as a biomarker. The various methods of EROD analysis currently in use yield comparable results, particularly when data are expressed as relative rates of EROD activity. EROD induction in fish is well characterized, the most important modifying factors being fish species, reproductive status and age, all of which can be controlled through proper study design. Good candidate species for biomonitoring should have a wide range between basal and induced EROD activity (e.g., common carp, channel catfish, and mummichog). EROD activity has proven value as a biomarker in a number of field investigations of bleached kraft mill and industrial effluents, contaminated sediments, and chemical spills. Research on mechanisms of CYP1A-induced toxicity suggests that EROD activity may not only indicate chemical exposure, but also may also precede effects at various levels of biological organization. A current research need is the development of chemical exposure-response relationships for EROD activity in fish. In addition, routine reporting in the literature of EROD activity in standard positive and negative control material will enhance confidence in comparing results from different studies using this biomarker.
","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","doi":"10.1080/10408440091159239","usgsCitation":"Whyte, J., Jung, R., Schmitt, C., and Tillitt, D.E., 2000, Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biomarker of chemical exposure: Critical Reviews in Toxicology, v. 30, no. 4, p. 347-570, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440091159239.","productDescription":"224 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"570","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5948e2a8e4b062508e354c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whyte, J.J.","contributorId":34716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whyte","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, R.E.","contributorId":66213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, C. J. 0000-0001-6804-2360","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":56339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243618,"text":"70243618 - 2000 - Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T16:30:43.19969","indexId":"70243618","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-14T11:25:06","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique","docAbstract":"We model the second inflation period at Long Valley caldera, California using a genetic algorithm technique and high quality geodetic measurements of elevation changes and baseline extensions. We compare two source inversions for both spherical Mogi point sources and the finite prolate ellipsoid of Yang and Davis. A sensitivity analysis for the genetic algorithm is performed based upon synthetic data set inversions on similar sources in order to better constrain the areal location, orientation, and volume of the potential sources. The spherical sources are well constrained, the larger located at 9.9 km beneath the resurgent dome, with a volume of 0.036 km3, while the second, at only 0.008 km3, is located at a depth of 7.3 km beneath the south moat. The depths to the ellipsoidal sources are switched, with the larger source at a depth of 9.6 km and the smaller at 11.8 km, with volumes of 0.037 and 0.002 km3, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00185-2","usgsCitation":"Tiampo, K., Rundle, J.B., Fernandez, J., and Langbein, J.O., 2000, Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 102, no. 3-4, p. 189-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00185-2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.18522537937804,\n 37.914311779585745\n ],\n [\n -119.18522537937804,\n 37.60012368276372\n ],\n [\n -118.52734559225568,\n 37.60012368276372\n ],\n [\n -118.52734559225568,\n 37.914311779585745\n ],\n [\n -119.18522537937804,\n 37.914311779585745\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiampo, K.","contributorId":305397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tiampo","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rundle, J. B.","contributorId":17766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rundle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez, J.","contributorId":46229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22080,"text":"ofr00215 - 2000 - Publications of the Western Earth Surface Processes Team, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:22:06.206866","indexId":"ofr00215","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-215","title":"Publications of the Western Earth Surface Processes Team, 1999","docAbstract":"The Western Earth Surfaces Processes Team (WESPT) of the U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Division (USGS, GD), conducts geologic mapping and related topical earth- science studies in the western United States. This work is focused on areas where modern geologic maps and associated earth-science data are needed to address key societal and environmental issues such as ground-water quality, potential geologic hazards, and land-use decisions. Areas of primary emphasis currently include southern California, the San Francisco Bay region, and the Pacific Northwest. The team has its headquarters in Menlo Park, California, and maintains field offices at several other locations in the western United States.\n\nThe results of research conducted by the WESPT are released to the public as a variety of databases, maps, text reports, and abstracts, both through the internal publication system of the USGS and in diverse external publications such as scientific journals and books. This report lists publications of the WESPT released in 1999 as well as additional 1997 and 1998 publications that were not included in the previous list (USGS Open-file Report 99-302). Most of the publications listed were authored or coauthored by WESPT staff. The list also includes some publications authored by non-USGS cooperators with the WESPT, as well as some authored by USGS staff outside the WESPT in cooperation with WESPT projects.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00215","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stone, P., and Powell, C.L., 2000, Publications of the Western Earth Surface Processes Team, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-215, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00215.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281576,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0215/"},{"id":51522,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0215/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Charles L. II 0000-0002-1913-555X cpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-555X","contributorId":3243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","email":"cpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":186988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22050,"text":"ofr00219 - 2000 - Preliminary potential-field constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:21:30.011181","indexId":"ofr00219","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-219","title":"Preliminary potential-field constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, Southern California","docAbstract":"Gravity and magnetic data provide new insights on the structural underpinnings of the San Fernando Basin region, which may be important to ground motion models. Gravity data indicate that a deep basin (>5 km) underlies the northern part of the San Fernando Valley; this deep basin is required to explain the lowest gravity values over the Mission Hills thrust fault. Gravity modeling, constrained by well data and density information, shows that the basin may reach a thickness of 8 km, coinciding with the upper termination of the 1994 Northridge earthquake mainshock rupture. The basin is deeper than previous estimates by 2 to 4 km; this estimate is the result of high densities for the gravels of the Pliocene-Pleisocene Saugus Formation. The geometry of the southern margin of the deep basin is not well-constrained by the gravity data, but may dip to the south. Recently acquired seismic data along the LARSE (Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment) II profile may provide constraints to determine the location and attitude of the basin edge. Gravity and aeromagnetic models across the eastern margin of the San Fernando Valley indicate that the Verdugo fault may dip to the southwest along its southern extent and therefore have a normal fault geometry whereas it clearly has a thrust fault geometry along its northern strand.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00219","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Griscom, A., Jachens, R., and Hildenbrand, T., 2000, Preliminary potential-field constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-219, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00219.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51507,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0219/pdf/ofr00-219.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0219/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0219/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Fernando Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.25,34.0 ], [ -119.25,34.75 ], [ -117.75,34.75 ], [ -117.75,34.0 ], [ -119.25,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 901
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
Protecting tropical forests under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could reduce the cost of emissions limitations set in Kyoto. However, while society must soon decide whether or not to use tropical forest-based offsets, evidence regarding tropical carbon sinks is sparse. This paper presents a general method for constructing an integrated model (based on detailed historical, remote sensing and field data) that can produce land-use and carbon baselines, predict carbon sequestration supply to a carbon-offsets market and also help to evaluate optimal market rules. Creating such integrated models requires close collaboration between social and natural scientists. Our project combines varied disciplinary expertise (in economics, ecology and geography) with local knowledge in order to create high-quality, empirically grounded, integrated models for Costa Rica.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00199-3","usgsCitation":"Pfaff, A.S., Kerr, S., Hughes, R., Liu, S., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Schimel, D., Tosi, J., and Watson, V., 2000, The Kyoto protocol and payments for tropical forest: An interdisciplinary method for estimating carbon-offset supply and increasing the feasibility of a carbon market under the CDM: Ecological Economics, v. 35, no. 2, p. 203-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00199-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"221","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309932,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ceace4b06217fc478b2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pfaff, Alexander S.P.","contributorId":77492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfaff","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"S.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerr, Suzi","contributorId":147107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"Suzi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, R. 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Arturo","contributorId":149246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanchez-Azofeifa","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Arturo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schimel, David","contributorId":146637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimel","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":577615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tosi, Joseph","contributorId":67302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosi","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Watson, Vicente","contributorId":31992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":23214,"text":"ofr0097 - 2000 - Simulation of aquifer tests and ground-water flowpaths at the local scale in fractured shales and sandstones of the Brunswick Group and Lockatong Formation, Lansdale, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T19:59:23.550743","indexId":"ofr0097","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-97","displayTitle":"Simulation of Aquifer Tests and Ground-Water Flowpaths at the Local Scale in Fractured Shales and Sandstones of the Brunswick Group and Lockatong Formation, Lansdale, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","title":"Simulation of aquifer tests and ground-water flowpaths at the local scale in fractured shales and sandstones of the Brunswick Group and Lockatong Formation, Lansdale, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, as part of technical assistance to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has constructed and calibrated models of local-scale ground-water flow in and near Lansdale, Pa., where numerous sources of industrial contamination have been consolidated into the North Penn Area 6 Superfund Site. The local-scale models incorporate hydrogeologic structure of northwest-dipping beds with uniform hydraulic properties identified in previous studies. Computations associated with mapping the dipping-bed structure into the three-dimensional model grid are handled by a preprocessor using a programmed geographic information system (GIS). Hydraulic properties are identified by calibration of the models using measured water levels during pumping and recovery from aquifer tests at three sites. Reduced flow across low-permeability beds is explicitly simulated. The dipping high-permeability beds are extensive in the strike direction but are of limited extent in the dip direction. This model structure yields ground-water-flow patterns characteristic of anisotropic aquifers; preferred flow is in the strike direction. The transmissivities of high-permeability beds in the local-scale models range from 142 to 1,900 ft2/d (feet squared per day) (13 to 177 m2/d). The hydraulic conductivities of low-permeability parts of the aquifer range from 9.6 x 10-4 to 0.26 ft/d (feet per day) (2.9 x 10-4 to 0.079 m/d). Storage coefficients and specific storage are very low, indicating the confined nature of the aquifer system. The calibrated models are used to simulate contributing areas of wells under alternative, hypothetical ground-water-management practices. Predictive contributing areas indicate the general characteristics of ground-water flow towards wells in the Lansdale area. Recharge to wells in Lansdale generally comes from infiltration near the well and over an area that extends upgradient from the well. The contributing areas for two wells pumping at 10 gal/min (gallons per minute) extend about 1,500 ft (feet) upgradient from the wells. The contributing area is more complex at ground-water divides and can extend in more than one direction to capture recharge from more than 3,300 ft away, for pumping at a rate of 30 gal/min. Locally, all recharge in the area of the pumping well is not captured; recharge in the downgradient direction about 150 ft from the pumping well will flow to other discharge locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Senior, L.A., 2000, Simulation of aquifer tests and ground-water flowpaths at the local scale in fractured shales and sandstones of the Brunswick Group and Lockatong Formation, Lansdale, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-97, Report: vii, 46 p.; Zip File, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0097.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Zip File","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407242,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27944.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0097/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":364958,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0097/ofr0097data.zip","size":"33.8 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Tab Delimited text files and Readme File"},{"id":364957,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0097/ofr200097.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-97"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Lansdale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.317,\n 40.233\n ],\n [\n -75.267,\n 40.233\n ],\n [\n -75.267,\n 40.263\n ],\n [\n -75.317,\n 40.263\n ],\n [\n -75.317,\n 40.233\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
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215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Because rapid growth of communities in Washington and Iron Counties, Utah, is expected to cause an increase in the future demand for water resources, a hydrologic investigation was done to better understand ground-water resources within the central Virgin River basin. This study focused on two of the principal ground-water reservoirs within the basin: the upper Ash Creek basin ground-water system and the Navajo and Kayenta aquifer system.
The ground-water system of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin consists of three aquifers: the uppermost Quaternary basin-fill aquifer, the Tertiary alluvial-fan aquifer, and the Tertiary Pine Valley monzonite aquifer. These aquifers are naturally bounded by the Hurricane Fault and by drainage divides. On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations of reasonable values for all inflow and outflow components, total water moving through the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is estimated to be about 14,000 acre-feet per year. Recharge to the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is mostly from infiltration of precipitation and seepage from ephemeral and perennial streams. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be evapotranspiration; however, subsurface discharge near Ash Creek Reservoir also may be important.
The character of two of the hydrologic boundaries of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is speculative. The eastern boundary provided by the Hurricane Fault is assumed to be a no-flow boundary, and a substantial part of the ground-water discharge from the system is assumed to be subsurface outflow beneath Ash Creek Reservoir along the southern boundary. However, these assumptions might be incorrect because alternative numerical simulations that used different boundary conditions also proved to be feasible. The hydrogeologic character of the aquifers is uncertain because of limited data. Differences in well yield indicate that there is considerable variability in the transmissivity of the basin-fill aquifer. Field data also indicate that the basin-fill aquifer is more transmissive than the underlying alluvial-fan aquifer. Data from the Pine Valley monzonite aquifer indicate that its transmissivity may be highly variable and that it is strongly influenced by the connection of fractures.
The Navajo and Kayenta aquifers provide most of the potable water to the municipalities of Washington County. Because of large outcrop exposures, uniform grain size, and large stratigraphic thickness, these formations are able to receive and store large amounts of water. In addition, structural forces have resulted in extensive fracture zones that enhance ground-water recharge and movement within these aquifers. Aquifer testing of the Navajo aquifer indicates that horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values range from 0.2 to 32 feet per day at different locations and may be primarily dependent on the extent of fracturing. Limited data indicate that the Kayenta aquifer generally is less transmissive than the Navajo aquifer. The aquifers are bounded to the south and west by the erosional extent of the formations and to the east by the Hurricane Fault, which completely offsets these formations and is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary. Like the Hurricane Fault, the Gunlock Fault is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary that divides the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers within the study area into two parts: the main part, between the Hurricane and Gunlock Faults; and the Gunlock part, west of the Gunlock Fault.
Generally, the water in the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers contains few dissolved minerals. However, two distinct areas contain water with dissolved-solids concentrations greater than 500 milligrams per liter: a larger area north of the city of St. George and a smaller area a few miles west of the town of Hurricane. Mass-balance calculations indicate that in the higher-dissolved-solids area north of St. George, as much as 2.7 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations. For the area west of Hurricane, as much as 1.5 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations.
On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations, total water moving through the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers is estimated to be about 25,000 acre-feet per year for the main part and 5,000 acre-feet per year for the Gunlock part. The primary source of recharge is assumed to be infiltration of precipitation in the main part and seepage from the Santa Clara River in the Gunlock part. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be well discharge for both the main and Gunlock parts of the aquifers. Numerical simulations indicate that faults with major offset, such as the Washington Hollow Fault and an unnamed fault near Anderson Junction, may impede horizontal ground-water flow. Also, increased horizontal hydraulic conductivity along the orientation of predominant surface fracturing may be an important factor in regional ground-water flow. Simulations with increased north-south hydraulic conductivity substantially improved the match to measured water levels in the central area of the model between Snow Canyon and Mill Creek. Numerical simulation of the Gunlock part, using aquifer properties determined for the city of St. George municipal well field, resulted in a reasonable representation of regional water levels and estimated seepage from and to the Santa Clara River. To further quantify the Gunlock part of the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers, a better understanding of ground-water flow at the Gunlock Fault is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V., Freethey, G., Wilkowske, C., Stolp, B., and Wilberg, D., 2000, Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah: Technical Publication 116, xviii, 139 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 139 p.","numberOfPages":"206","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409264,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/docview.exe?Folder=TP50-1-203&Title=Technical+Publication+116"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Central Virgin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8ae4b02bdf681568c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkowske, C.D.","contributorId":63050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}