Metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River basin study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana affect water quality as a result of acid-generation and toxic-metal solubilization. Mine waste and tailings in the unnamed tributary to Jack Creek draining the Bullion mine area and in Uncle Sam Gulch below the Crystal mine are contributors to water quality degradation of Basin Creek and Cataract Creek, Montana. Basin Creek and Cataract Creek are two of three tributaries to the Boulder River in the study area. The bed sediment geochemistry in these two creeks has also been affected by the acidic drainage from these two mines. Geochemical analysis of 42 tailings cores and eleven bed-sediment samples was undertaken to determine the concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn present in these materials. These elements are environmentally significant, in that they can be toxic to fish and/or the invertebrate organisms in the aquatic food chain. Suites of one-inch cores of mine waste and tailings material were taken from two breached tailings impoundments near the site of the Bullion mine and from Uncle Sam Gulch below the Crystal mine. Forty-two core samples were taken and divided into 211 subsamples. The samples were analyzed by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy) using a mixed-acid (HC1-HNO3-HC1O4-HF) digestion. Results of the core analyses show that some samples contain moderate to very high concentrations of arsenic (as much as 13,000 ppm), silver (as much as 130 ppm), cadmium (as much as 260 ppm), copper (as much as 9,000 ppm), lead (as much as 11,000 ppm), and zinc (as much as 18,000 ppm). Eleven bed-sediment samples were also subjected to the mixed-acid total digestion, and a warm (50°C) 2M HC1-1% H2O2 leach and analyzed by ICP-AES. Results indicate that bed sediments of the Jack Creek tributary are impacted by past mining at the Bullion and Crystal mines. The contaminating metals are mostly contained in the 2M HC1-1% H2O2 leachable phase, which are the hydrous amorphous iron- and manganese-hydroxide coatings on detrital sediment particles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0031","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., Church, S.E., and Finney, C.J., 2000, Analytical results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-31, Report: i, 63 p.; 8 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0031.","productDescription":"Report: i, 63 p.; 8 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339795,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table6.xls","text":"Table 6","size":"16 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 6","linkHelpText":"- Field numbers, depths to midpoints of intervals, and interval sample descriptions for cores from Uncle Sam Gulch fluvial tailings deposits below Crystal Mine"},{"id":340566,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table11.xls","text":"Table 11","size":"24.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 11","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data following 2M HCl-1%H2O2 leach digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340567,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table12.xls","text":"Table 12","size":"25.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 12","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data of total digestion of residues of the 2M HCl-1%H2O2 leach digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340563,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table8.xls","text":"Table 8 ","size":"42 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 8","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from total digestions of core samples from lower tailings impoundment below Bullion Mine, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":339794,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table5.xls","text":"Table 5","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"- Field numbers, depths to midpoints of intervals, and interval sample descriptions for cores from Bullion Mine tailings impoundments"},{"id":340564,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table9.xls","text":"Table 9","size":"25.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 9","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from core samples analyzed by ICP-AES, Uncle Sam Gulch below Crystal Mine, Montana"},{"id":340562,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table7.xls","text":"Table 7","size":"57.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 7","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from core samples analyzed by ICP-AES, upper tailings impoundment below Bullion Mine, Boulder Watershed Montana"},{"id":340565,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table10.xls","text":"Table 10","size":"25 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 10","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from total digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":155138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52408,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0031/OFR-00-031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"838 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0031"},{"id":341932,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0031/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder River watershed, Bullion Mine, Crystal Mine, Jack Creek, Uncle Sam Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0055","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 2000, Application of a sediment-transport model to evaluate the effect of streambed-management practices on flood levels and streambed elevations at selected sites in Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-55, iv, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0055.","productDescription":"iv, 92 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414510,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23441.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156831,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.919,\n 44.919\n ],\n [\n -72.919,\n 44.55\n ],\n [\n -72.45,\n 44.55\n ],\n [\n -72.45,\n 44.919\n ],\n [\n -72.919,\n 44.919\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67abc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24754,"text":"ofr0038 - 2000 - Chemical data and lead isotopic compositions of geochemical baseline samples from streambed sediments and smelter slag, lead isotopic compositions in fluvial tailings, and dendrochronology results from the Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T17:29:26","indexId":"ofr0038","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-38","title":"Chemical data and lead isotopic compositions of geochemical baseline samples from streambed sediments and smelter slag, lead isotopic compositions in fluvial tailings, and dendrochronology results from the Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana","docAbstract":"As a part of the U.S. Geological Survey Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative, metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana, have been evaluated for their environmental effects. The study area includes a 24-km segment of the Boulder River in and around Basin, Montana and three principal tributaries to the Boulder River: Basin Creek, Cataract Creek, and High Ore Creek. Mine and prospect waste dumps and mill wastes are located throughout the drainage basins of these tributaries and in the Boulder River. Mine-waste material has been transported into and down streams, where it has mixed with and become incorporated into the streambed sediments. In some localities, mine waste material was placed directly in stream channels and was transported downstream forming fluvial tailings deposits along the stream banks. Water quality and aquatic habitat have been affected by trace-element-contaminated sediment that moves from mine wastes into and down streams during snowmelt and storm runoff events within the Boulder River watershed.
Present-day trace element concentrations in the streambed sediments and fluvial tailings have been extensively studied. However, in order to accurately evaluate the impact of mining on the stream environments, it is also necessary to evaluate the pre-mining trace-element concentrations in the streambed sediments. Three types of samples have been collected for estimation of pre-mining concentrations: 1) streambed sediment samples from the Boulder River and its tributaries located upstream from historical mining activity, 2) stream terrace deposits located both upstream and downstream of the major tributaries along the Boulder River, and 3) cores through sediment in overbank deposits, in abandoned stream channels, or beneath fluvial tailings deposits. In this report, we present geochemical data for six stream-terrace samples and twelve sediment-core samples and lead isotopic data for six terrace and thirteen core samples. Sample localities are in table 1 and figures 1 and 2, and site and sample descriptions are in table 2.
Geochemical data have been presented for cores through fluvial tailings on High Ore Creek, on upper Basin Creek, and on Jack Creek and Uncle Sam Gulch. Geochemical and lead isotopic data for modern streambed-sediment samples have been presented by Fey and others.
Lead isotopic determinations in bed sediments have been shown to be an effective tool for evaluating the contributions from various sources to the metals in bed sediments. However, in order to make these calculations, the lead isotopic compositions of the contaminant sources must also be known. Consequently, we have determined the lead isotopic compositions of five streambed-sediment samples heavily contaminated with fluvial mine waste immediately downstream from large mines in the Boulder River watershed in order to determine the lead isotopic signatures of the contaminants. Summary geochemical data for the contaminants are presented here and geochemical data for the streambed-sediment samples are given by Fey and others.
Downstream from the Katie mill site and Jib tailings, fluvial deposits of mill tailings are present on a 10-m by 50-m bar in the Boulder River below the confluence with Basin Creek. The source of these tailings is not known, but fluvial tailings are also present immediately downstream from the Katie mill site, which is immediately upstream from the confluence with Basin Creek. Nine cores of fluvial tailings from this bar were analyzed.
Dendrochronology samples were taken at several stream terrace localities to provide age control on the stream terrace deposits. Trees growing on the surfaces of stream terraces provide a minimum age for the terrace deposits, although floods subsequent to the trees' growth could have deposited post-mining overbank deposits around the trees. Historical data were also used to provide estimates of minimum ages of cultural features and to bracket the age of events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0038","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Unruh, D., Fey, D.L., and Church, S.E., 2000, Chemical data and lead isotopic compositions of geochemical baseline samples from streambed sediments and smelter slag, lead isotopic compositions in fluvial tailings, and dendrochronology results from the Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-38, Report: i, 75 p.; 11 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0038.","productDescription":"Report: i, 75 p.; 11 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340574,"rank":11,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table9.xls","text":"Table 9","size":"17 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 9","linkHelpText":"- Dendrochronology results from selected sites, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340575,"rank":12,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_tableA1.xlsx","text":"Table A1","size":"15.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table A1","linkHelpText":"- PB isotopic compositions of geochemical baseline samples from streambed sediments and smelter slag, lead isotopic compositions in fluvial tailings, and dendrochronology results from the Boulder Rover watershed. Jefferspm Coungy Montana"},{"id":340568,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table3.xls","text":"Table 3","size":"71 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace element data from total digestions of stream terrace and core samples of sediments, Boulder River, Montana"},{"id":340569,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table4.xls","text":"Table 4","size":"24.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 4","linkHelpText":"- Lead Isotopic data from streambed sediments in stream terrace deposits and core samples, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340573,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table8.xls","text":"Table 8","size":"17.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 8","linkHelpText":"- Statistical summary of ore-related trace-element concentrations in sampled mine wasted, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340576,"rank":13,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_tableA2.xls","text":"Table A2","size":"21 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table A2","linkHelpText":"- Lead isotopic compositions in NIST standards SRM 2704, SRM 2709, SRM 2710, and SRM 2711"},{"id":341928,"rank":14,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0038/"},{"id":339782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table1.xls","text":"Table 1","size":"102 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 1","linkHelpText":"- - Sample localities of stream terrace and core samples, smelter slag, and sampled mine wastes, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":339783,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table2.xls","text":"Table 2","size":"47.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 2","linkHelpText":"- Site and sample descriptions of stream terrace and core samples of bed sediments, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340572,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table7.xls","text":"Table 7","size":"17.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 7","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace element data from the Bullion Smelter slag sample, Jack Creek drainage, Boulder "},{"id":340570,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table5.xls","text":"Table 5","size":"27 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace element data from total digestions of fluvial tailings deposited on a bar in the Boulder River, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340571,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table6.xls","text":"Table 6","size":"19.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 6","linkHelpText":"- Lead Isotopic data from fluvial tailings and contaminated streambed-sediment samples from the Boulder River watershed, Montana River watershed, Montana "},{"id":158256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53781,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0038/OFR-00-038.pdf","text":"Report","size":"874 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0038"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":" Boulder River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
Locatable minerals have been produced from the Chugach National Forest (CNF) for nearly 100 years. Past gold production has come from the Kenai Peninsula and the Girdwood, Port Wells, and Valdez areas. Copper and by-product gold and silver have been produced from mines at Ellamar, on Latouche Island, and near Valdez. Many of the past-producing properties were not mined out and contain significant inferred reserves of gold, copper, lead, zinc, and silver. This report outlines mineral resource areas (tracts) that contain both identified and undiscovered mineral resources. These tracts were drawn on the basis of one or more of the following criteria: (1) geochemical anomalies, (2) favorable geologic units, (3) presence of mines, prospects or mineral occurrences, and (4) geophysical anomalies. Bliss (1989) used six mineral deposit models to describe the types of deposits known from the CNF. Of these deposit types, only four are sufficiently known and defined in the CNF to be suitable for consideration in outlining and ranking of mineral resource tracts; these deposit types are: (1) Cyprus-type massive sulfide, (2) Chugach-type low-sulfide goldquartz veins, (3) placer gold, and (4) polymetallic vein.
\nThe U.S. Bureau of Mines indicated that most of the inferred mineral reserves in the CNF would not be economic to produce under current prices. Small-scale placer gold operations are a possible exception. Other known resources that have recorded past production (oil, coal, rock, sand, and gravel) are not addressed in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0026","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.W., and Miller, M.L., 2000, Assessment of mineral resource tracts in the Chugach National Forest, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-26, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0026.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0026.jpg"},{"id":3305,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280639,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0026/pdf/of00-026.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Ellamar;Girdwood;Port Wells;Valdez","otherGeospatial":"Chugach National Forest;Kenai Peninsula;Latouche Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.3259,59.5983 ], [ -150.3259,62.0009 ], [ -143.3112,62.0009 ], [ -143.3112,59.5983 ], [ -150.3259,59.5983 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Steven W.","contributorId":74024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228815,"text":"70228815 - 2000 - Data Report: Intra-annual variability of the diatom assemblages at Hole 1034B (Saanich Inlet) near 9 ka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T16:44:38.582144","indexId":"70228815","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-08T10:32:08","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5640,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","onlineIssn":"1096-7451","printIssn":"0884-5891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"169S","chapter":"1","title":"Data Report: Intra-annual variability of the diatom assemblages at Hole 1034B (Saanich Inlet) near 9 ka","docAbstract":"Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1034 (48°38.000´N, 123°30.000´W) was drilled at a water depth of 200 m in the Saanich Inlet, an anoxic fjord on the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to a depth of 118.2 meters below seafloor (mbsf). The uppermost 50 m consists of very well-laminated (triplet varves) diatomaceous muds deposited over the past 7000 yr. Below, sediments become progressively less distinctly laminated and reflect better oxygenated bottom-water conditions. The oldest sediments recovered at Site 1034 were dated as 14 to 15 ka (see Shipboard Scientific Party, 1998).
Varved sediments recovered during Leg 169S in the Saanich Inlet offer an excellent opportunity to compare the interannual variability of recent climatic elements (e.g., sea-surface temperature, salinity, precipitation) with those of late Quaternary periods that were characterized by climates appreciably different from those of today. A large amount of recent diatom data from Saanich Inlet exists, which can serve as a baseline for such comparisons: Sancetta (1989a, 1989b, 1990) investigated modern processes controlling the accumulation of diatoms and spacial and temporal trends of diatom flux in the Inlet; Sancetta and Calvert (1988) documented the annual cycle of sedimentation in the fjord. McQuoid (1995) and McQuoid and Hobson (1997) studied the modern pattern of diatom succession in the Saanich Inlet and analyzed the diatoms in laminae couplets in frozen sediment cores for the years 1900 to 1991 A.D.
During the hypsithermal warming of the early Holocene (~10-6 ka), climatic conditions throughout much of northern North America were warmer and drier than those of the present (Pielou, 1991; Hebda and Whitlock, 1997), largely as a result of increased solar insolation, which peaked between 10 and 9 ka at 65°N (Berger and Loutre, 1991). Temperatures are estimated to have been 2° to 4°C warmer than today for most of this interval, reaching a maximum between ~9 and 7 ka (Hebda and Whitlock, 1997). According to Heusser (1983) and Heusser (1985), rapid warming occurred at ~10 ka in southwestern British Columbia with summer conditions that were drier and as warm or warmer than today lasting until ~6 ka. Clague and Mathewes (1989) report that treeline elevation in the southeastern coast mountains of British Columbia reached elevations that were between 60 and 130 m higher than today between 9.1 and 8.2 ka. Thompson et al. (1993) argue that the driest conditions (period of maximum summer drought) of the Holocene were reached in western North America at 9 ka. The warmer and drier conditions of this Holocene thermal maximum were gradually replaced by cooler and wetter conditions (Hebda, 1995; Hebda and Whitlock, 1997).
This report describes the intra-annual variability of the diatom assemblages at Site 1034, during a 8-yr interval near 9 ka. Pollen and dinoflagellates are being studied from the same samples by R. Hebda and P. Mudie (unpubl. data).
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.169S.195.2000","usgsCitation":"Fourtanier, E., and Barron, J.A., 2000, Data Report: Intra-annual variability of the diatom assemblages at Hole 1034B (Saanich Inlet) near 9 ka: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 169S, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.169S.195.2000.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.55155944824219,\n 48.485666057669334\n ],\n [\n -123.53370666503908,\n 48.51614951080023\n ],\n [\n -123.5309600830078,\n 48.52524549628992\n ],\n [\n -123.53370666503908,\n 48.53388516962484\n ],\n [\n -123.53370666503908,\n 48.545705491847464\n ],\n [\n -123.51036071777344,\n 48.54979649877053\n ],\n [\n -123.50143432617186,\n 48.551614617913636\n ],\n [\n -123.49937438964842,\n 48.55797752047523\n ],\n [\n -123.49113464355469,\n 48.563430800044365\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 48.5729726246542\n ],\n [\n -123.47946166992188,\n 48.57160961708199\n ],\n [\n -123.4808349609375,\n 48.55797752047523\n ],\n [\n -123.46435546875,\n 48.55570514713803\n ],\n [\n -123.46092224121094,\n 48.5588864412307\n ],\n [\n -123.46916198730467,\n 48.56524842925465\n ],\n [\n -123.45748901367188,\n 48.57160961708199\n ],\n [\n -123.46504211425781,\n 48.579787111382345\n ],\n [\n -123.46092224121094,\n 48.59159671248723\n ],\n [\n -123.47465515136719,\n 48.60294949578345\n ],\n [\n -123.47671508789062,\n 48.60885193484524\n ],\n [\n -123.46160888671875,\n 48.628824302362084\n ],\n [\n -123.46641540527342,\n 48.633362374769604\n ],\n [\n -123.47740173339844,\n 48.63063958030254\n ],\n [\n -123.47190856933595,\n 48.64016871811908\n ],\n [\n -123.45680236816408,\n 48.64697414317913\n ],\n [\n -123.44444274902344,\n 48.65241782207755\n ],\n [\n -123.44718933105469,\n 48.66012869453836\n ],\n [\n -123.4588623046875,\n 48.66829186224258\n ],\n [\n -123.46847534179686,\n 48.66874533279169\n ],\n [\n -123.48014831542969,\n 48.67826727167941\n ],\n [\n -123.47190856933595,\n 48.680080770292875\n ],\n [\n -123.47190856933595,\n 48.68960056688\n ],\n [\n -123.475341796875,\n 48.6932266827277\n ],\n [\n -123.44169616699219,\n 48.6977589603096\n ],\n [\n -123.40942382812501,\n 48.68552087440201\n ],\n [\n -123.43070983886719,\n 48.73536111738081\n ],\n [\n -123.4918212890625,\n 48.71679007064027\n ],\n [\n -123.55979919433592,\n 48.70319715481828\n ],\n [\n -123.53988647460938,\n 48.6932266827277\n ],\n [\n -123.53507995605469,\n 48.6814408514071\n ],\n [\n -123.53507995605469,\n 48.6705591741806\n ],\n [\n -123.53851318359375,\n 48.66511745413668\n ],\n [\n -123.53782653808594,\n 48.66058223854266\n ],\n [\n -123.54194641113281,\n 48.656953772242026\n ],\n [\n -123.55499267578125,\n 48.662849897350576\n ],\n [\n -123.56185913085936,\n 48.65604661485727\n ],\n [\n -123.5577392578125,\n 48.648788768109824\n ],\n [\n -123.53439331054689,\n 48.63245479293965\n ],\n [\n -123.52134704589844,\n 48.6106679311573\n ],\n [\n -123.52615356445312,\n 48.60340355404899\n ],\n [\n -123.52409362792969,\n 48.58069564021177\n ],\n [\n -123.5186004638672,\n 48.568883491709244\n ],\n [\n -123.52409362792969,\n 48.562976382535126\n ],\n [\n -123.5309600830078,\n 48.56524842925465\n ],\n [\n -123.54057312011719,\n 48.5607042337487\n ],\n [\n -123.55018615722658,\n 48.5607042337487\n ],\n [\n -123.56048583984374,\n 48.55252365298789\n ],\n [\n -123.55979919433592,\n 48.53979567575707\n ],\n [\n -123.54675292968749,\n 48.51978810100079\n ],\n [\n -123.55705261230469,\n 48.49795263955065\n ],\n [\n -123.55155944824219,\n 48.485666057669334\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fourtanier, Elisabeth","contributorId":279872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fourtanier","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12937,"text":"California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35195,"text":"b1917U - 2000 - Composition and depositional environment of concretionary strata of early Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) age, Johnson County, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":35195,"text":"b1917U - 2000 - Composition and depositional environment of concretionary strata of early Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) age, Johnson County, Wyoming","indexId":"b1917U","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"chapter":"U","title":"Composition and depositional environment of concretionary strata of early Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) age, Johnson County, Wyoming"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33202,"text":"b1917 - 1990 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin","indexId":"b1917","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33202,"text":"b1917 - 1990 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin","indexId":"b1917","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Powder River Basin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-09T13:44:47","indexId":"b1917U","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1917","chapter":"U","title":"Composition and depositional environment of concretionary strata of early Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) age, Johnson County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Unusual, concretion-bearing mudrocks of early Late Cretaceous age, which were deposited in an early Cenomanian epeiric sea, have been recognized at outcrops in eastern Wyoming and in adjoining areas of Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Colorado. In Johnson County, Wyo., on the western flank of the Powder River Basin, these strata are in the lower part of the Belle Fourche Member of the Frontier Formation. At a core hole in south-central Johnson County, they are informally named Unit 2. These strata are about 34 m (110 ft) thick and consist mainly of medium- to dark-gray, noncalcareous, silty shale and clayey or sandy siltstone; and light-gray to grayish-red bentonite. The shale and siltstone are either bioturbated or interlaminated; the laminae are discontinuous, parallel, and even or wavy. Several ichnogenera of deposit feeders are common in the unit but filter feeders are sparse. The unit also contains marine and continental palynomorphs and, near the top, a few arenaceous foraminifers. No invertebrate macrofossils have been found in these rocks. Unit 2 conformably overlies lower Cenomanian shale in the lowermost Belle Fourche Member, informally named Unit 3, and is conformably overlain by lower and middle Cenomanian shale, siltstone, and sandstone within the member, which are informally named Unit 1. The mineral and chemical composition of the three Cenomanian units is comparable and similar to that of shale and siltstone in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, except that these units contain more SiO2 and less CaO, carbonate carbon, and manganese. Silica is generally more abundant and CaO is generally less abundant in river water than in seawater. The composition of Unit 2 contrasts significantly with that of the underlying and overlying units. Unit 2 contains no pyrite and dolomite and much less sulfur than Units 1 and 3. Sulfate is generally less abundant in river water than in seawater. Unit 2 also includes sideritic and calcitic concretions, whereas Units 1 and 3 contain neither concretions nor siderite and only sparse calcite. Carbon-sulfur-iron chemistry for the concretions suggests that sulfate availability was the limiting factor in pyrite formation and sulfide incorporation in Unit 2. Isotopic compositions of the carbon and oxygen in siderite and calcite from several concretions are variable and suggest cementation during early diagenesis in a variety of microenvironments. The isotopic composition of these carbonate minerals differs from that of Upper Cretaceous marine limestones. When considered in conjunction with the proportions of sulfur, organic carbon, and iron in Unit 2, major-element and micropaleontological data suggest that the composition of the original pore waters and of overlying waters in the late early Cenomanian sea was brackish to fresh. The mudrocks of Units 3 and 2, and a lower part of Unit 1, accumulated on a shelf at low to moderate rates of sedimentation in association with variable but generally weak current action. In Unit 2 and laterally equivalent rocks of the region, the sideritic and calcitic concretions probably indicate the extent of a body of brackish to fresh and oxygen-deficient water. Rates of precipitation in this region during the mid-Cretaceous could have been unusually high and the precipitation probably was seasonal. The organic matter in Unit 2 is humic-rich and would have been derived from continental environments. If the epeiric sea was brackish to fresh in the region of eastern Wyoming and contiguous areas, meteoric runoff from the adjoining lowlands must have been periodically large and the seaway north of the region probably was constricted. Seasonal changes in salinity might have been accompanied by changes in water temperature and oxygen content. The lower part of the Frontier Formation (Units 3, 2, and 1) in Wyoming records an intermittently and easterly prograding shoreline during late early and early middle Cenomanian time. Laterally equivalent strata in Nebraska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b1917U","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E., and Gautier, D.L., 2000, Composition and depositional environment of concretionary strata of early Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) age, Johnson County, Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1917, 33 p.; illus. incl. strat. cols., 7 tables, sketch maps, 62 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1917U.","productDescription":"33 p.; illus. incl. strat. cols., 7 tables, sketch maps, 62 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1917-u/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":167345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merewether, E.A.","contributorId":32517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gautier, Donald L. gautier@usgs.gov","contributorId":1310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"Donald","email":"gautier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6847,"text":"fs05400 - 2000 - Borehole-radar methods: Tools for characterization of fractured rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T18:03:33","indexId":"fs05400","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"054-00","title":"Borehole-radar methods: Tools for characterization of fractured rock","docAbstract":"Locating and characterizing bedrock fractures and lithologic changes is an important component of studies of ground water supply and contamination in fractured-rock aquifers. Borehole-radar reflection methods provide information on the location, orientation, and lateral extent of fracture zones that intersect the borehole, and can identify fractures in the rock surrounding the borehole that are not penetrated by drilling. Crosshole radar logging provides crosssectional maps of the electromagnetic properties of bedrock between boreholes that can identify fracture zones and lithologic changes and can also be used to monitor tracer tests.
Borehole-radar logs can be integrated with results of surfacegeophysical surveys and other borehole-geophysical logs, such as acoustic or optical televiewer and flowmeter, to distinguish transmissive fractures from lithologic variations or closed fractures. Integrated interpretation procedures provide results that can be used to develop conceptual and numerical models, design monitoring and sampling programs, and monitor implementation of contamination remediation measures, such as blast-fracturing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05400","usgsCitation":"Singha, K., Kimball, K., and Lane, J.W., 2000, Borehole-radar methods: Tools for characterization of fractured rock: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 054-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05400.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34172,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6029ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singha, Kamini","contributorId":76733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Kari","contributorId":81486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Kari","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6595,"text":"fs08300 - 2000 - Earth Explorer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T10:10:36","indexId":"fs08300","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"083-00","title":"Earth Explorer","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Earth Explorer Web site provides access to millions of land-related products, including the following: Satellite images from Landsat, advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), and Corona data sets. Aerial photographs from the National Aerial Photography Program, NASA, and USGS data sets. Digital cartographic data from digital elevation models, digital line graphs, digital raster graphics, and digital orthophoto quadrangles. USGS paper maps Digital, film, and paper products are available, and many products can be previewed before ordering.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs08300","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, Earth Explorer: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 083-00, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08300.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34052,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":892,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c1e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22429,"text":"ofr99112 - 2000 - The stream segment and stream network temperature models: A self-study course","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:31:41","indexId":"ofr99112","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-112","title":"The stream segment and stream network temperature models: A self-study course","docAbstract":"I am pleased to have had the opportunity to revise the first version of this set of course notes for the stream temperature models. In some ways, there have been many changes and in some ways the notes have stayed much the same. Generally, I was satisfied that the notes were both comprehensive and fairly easy to read. The exercises using SSTEMP have been upgraded to reflect advances in the software. Some additional material was added to better cover contemporary thremistors, and some, but not all, weak transitions and incomplete sentences have been corrected. A comprehensive index was added in an attempt to make these notes as useful as possible, and a few telling quotes have been added for spice. The goal has been to make this set of notes as stand-alone as possible and keep the file size down to something that is easily downloadable over the Internet today (March 2000).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr99112","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., 2000, The stream segment and stream network temperature models: A self-study course (Version 2.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-112, iii, 276 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99112.","productDescription":"iii, 276 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr99112.PNG"},{"id":320307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5855,"text":"pp1423C - 2000 - Regional ground-water flow and geochemistry in the midwestern Basins and Arches aquifer system in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-17T21:18:46.448558","indexId":"pp1423C","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1423","chapter":"C","title":"Regional ground-water flow and geochemistry in the midwestern Basins and Arches aquifer system in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois","docAbstract":"This report synthesizes information on the regional ground-water flow and geochemistry in the Midwestern Basins and Arches aquifer system in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois. Aquifers that compose this water-table aquifer system include glacial aquifers and an underlying, areally extensive carbonate-rock aquifer. Water within the aquifers is most commonly a Ca-Mg-HCO3 type or a Ca-Mg-SO4 type. In general, the distribution of hydrochemical facies within the aquifer system is controlled by the mineralogy of the aquifer material, rather than by a chemical evolution of water along general directions of regional ground-water flow. Some ground-water flow systems within the aquifer system provide base flow to streams in response to ground-water recharge events. Other (often deeper) ground-water flow systems respond minimally to variations in ground-water recharge from precipitation and provide a fairly constant supply of water to streams. Streamflow hydrographs and base-flow duration curves were used to estimate such components of base flow in selected streams for long-term steady-state conditions in the aquifer system. Mean sustained ground-water discharge (discharge from fairly stable ground-water flow systems) ranges from 3 to 50 percent of mean ground-water discharge (discharge from all ground-water flow systems) to the selected stream reaches. These percentages indicate that 50 to 97 percent of base flow in the streams within the study area can be attributed to transient ground-water flow systems, which typically have a major component of local-scale flow. Because ground-water flow across the external boundaries of the aquifer system is minimal, such percentages indicate that most ground-water flow in the aquifer system is associated with seasonally transient local flow systems. Results of a ground-water flow model that was calibrated by use of regression methods and that simulates regional flow systems within the aquifer system (approximately 10 percent of total ground-water flow in the aquifer system) indicate that most water (99 percent) in simulated regional flow systems is from recharge at the water table. Most water (78 percent) discharges from simulated regional flow systems to the principal streams. Less than 3 percent of water in simulated regional flow systems discharges to the Ohio River, Lake Erie, or downdip areas in the Illinois (structural) Basin. Simulations also indicate that most of the Midwestern Basins and Arches aquifer system is characterized by alternating regional recharge and discharge areas at intervals of less than every 10 miles along the dominant regional trends of the potentiometric surfaces in the aquifers. Such alternating regional recharge and discharge areas result in the absence of long flow paths from the very highest regional potentiometric levels to the very lowest regional potentiometric levels. The presence of tritiated ground water (less than 50 years old) across most of the aquifer system also indicates that the aquifer system receives recharge across most of the study area. The northeastern part of the aquifer system near Lake Erie differs from the rest of the system with respect to regional ground-water flow and chemistry. Specifically, part of the northeastern part of the aquifer system can be characterized as a broad area (tens of miles) of weak regional discharge (less than 0.5 inch per year). Results of the regional ground-water flow model indicate that regional flow systems have a limited ability to carry ground water away from this area; thus precipitation is prevented from recharging the regional flow systems in this part of the aquifer system. Some ground water recharged during Pleistocene glaciation was found in this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1423C","usgsCitation":"Eberts, S., and George, L.L., 2000, Regional ground-water flow and geochemistry in the midwestern Basins and Arches aquifer system in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1423, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1423C.","productDescription":"103 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":712,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1423-c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":32644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1423c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1423c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391825,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31667.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Basins and Arches aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.944,\n 38.183\n ],\n [\n -82.517,\n 38.183\n ],\n [\n -82.517,\n 42.4\n ],\n [\n -87.944,\n 42.4\n ],\n [\n -87.944,\n 38.183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6883e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberts, Sandra M. smeberts@usgs.gov","contributorId":2264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Sandra M.","email":"smeberts@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":151688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, Lori L.","contributorId":19543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5593,"text":"fs09500 - 2000 - The Sun and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T16:42:09","indexId":"fs09500","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"095-00","title":"The Sun and climate","docAbstract":"Many geologic records of climatic and environmental change based on various proxy variables exhibit distinct cyclicities that have been attributed to extraterrestrial forcing. The best known of these are the changes in Earth’s orbital geometry called Milankovitch Cycles, with periodicities of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. However, many cycles seem to have subMilankovitch periodicities, commonly on decadal and centennial scales, similar to those of known solar cycles. A direct connection between solar irradiance (solar constant) and weather and climate has been suggested for more than 100 years but generally rejected by most scientists, who assume that the effect of solar variations would be small. However, recent satellite radiometer measurements and modeling studies indicate that small changes in total solar irradiance could produce global temperature changes of the magnitude suggested for climatic events such as the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1550–1700).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs09500","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, The Sun and climate: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 095-00, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09500.","productDescription":"1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0095-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_095_00.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a7f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5413,"text":"fs08100 - 2000 - Water flow in the high plains aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T16:25:29","indexId":"fs08100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"081-00","displayTitle":"Water Flow in the High Plains Aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma","title":"Water flow in the high plains aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The High Plains is a major agricultural area, supported primarily by water from the High Plains aquifer, which is used to irrigate wheat and corn and to raise cattle and swine. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) began a study of the High Plains aquifer in 1996. One purpose of the study was to develop a ground-water flow model that the OWRB could use to allocate the amount of water withdrawn from the a aquifer. The study area in Oklahoma covers all or parts of Beaver, Cimarron, Dewey, Ellis, Harper, Texas, and Woodward Counties. To provide appropriate hydrologic boundaries for the ground-water flow model, the study area was expanded to include parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs08100","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., Osborn, N.I., Becker, M.F., and Andrews, W.J., 2000, Water flow in the high plains aquifer in Northwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 081-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08100.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_081_00.bmp"},{"id":526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-081-00/pdf/fs-081-00.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 35.77771427205079\n ],\n [\n -98.734130859375,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -98.76708984374999,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -98.78356933593749,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -103.0133056640625,\n 36.99816565700228\n ],\n [\n -103.018798828125,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -100.0030517578125,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 35.77771427205079\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, Richard R.","contributorId":17980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osborn, Noel I. nosborn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osborn","given":"Noel","email":"nosborn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, Mark F.","contributorId":40180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22670,"text":"ofr002 - 2000 - Height changes in the epicentral region preceding the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-03T10:28:10","indexId":"ofr002","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-2","title":"Height changes in the epicentral region preceding the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake","docAbstract":"Analysis of the results of repeated levelings through the epicentral region of the Mw 6.7, 1994 Northridge earthquake has disclosed the occurrence of differential uplift in this area that preceded the earthquake. Although the distribution of the relevant vertical-control data is somewhat sparse, in both space and time, those data that we have recovered indicate that this uplift exceeded 0.10 m and peaked 20-25 km west of the 1994 epicenter. While our data also indicate that this deformational event must have occurred during the period 1978-1989, evidence based on the character and magnitude of misclosures developed from 1987 and 1989 surveys argue that the deformation occurred largely during the period 1987-1989. The preseismic vertical-displacement field that preceded the Northridge earthquake is similar in form and, less certainly, magnitude to that which preceded the Mw 6.7, 1971 San Fernando earthquake; other possible, but less significant southern California analogues include the deformational events that preceded the Mw 5.3, 1973 Point Mugu and Mw 5.9, 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquakes. The small but growing number of recognized aseismic deformational episodes that preceded small to moderate magnitude earthquakes in southern California suggests that the deployment of the dense array of continuously recording GPS receivers planned for southern California can be expected to detect and more accurately describe such events than was heretofore possible. Moreover, if the relation between the duration of these deformational anomalies and the magnitudes of any ensuing earthquakes can be much more clearly established, the near perfect temporal control on position afforded by GPS suggests that we may be on the threshold of a realistic earthquake warning system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr002","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., Packard, R.F., and Dinitz, L.B., 2000, Height changes in the epicentral region preceding the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-2, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr002.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1421,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0002/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52145,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0002/pdf/of00-002.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.2981,33.6983 ], [ -119.2981,34.4996 ], [ -118.1994,34.4996 ], [ -118.1994,33.6983 ], [ -119.2981,33.6983 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635df0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Packard, Robert F.","contributorId":96583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dinitz, Laura B. ldinitz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinitz","given":"Laura","email":"ldinitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185198,"text":"70185198 - 2000 - A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 1. Theory and development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:01:50","indexId":"70185198","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 1. Theory and development","docAbstract":"This paper, the first of two parts [see Abrams and Loague, this issue], takes the compartmentalized approach for the geochemical evolution of redox zones presented by Abrams et al. [1998] and embeds it within a solute transport framework. In this paper the compartmentalized approach is generalized to facilitate the description of its incorporation into a solute transport simulator. An equivalent formulation is developed which removes any discontinuities that may occur when switching compartments. Rate‐limited redox reactions are modeled with a modified Monod relationship that allows either the organic substrate or the electron acceptor to be the rate‐limiting reactant. Thermodynamic constraints are used to inhibit lower‐energy redox reactions from occurring under infeasible geochemical conditions without imposing equilibrium on the lower‐energy reactions. The procedure used allows any redox reaction to be simulated as being kinetically limited or thermodynamically limited, depending on local geochemical conditions. Empirical reaction inhibition methods are not needed. The sequential iteration approach (SIA), a technique which allows the number of solute transport equations to be reduced, is adopted to solve the coupled geochemical/solute transport problem. When the compartmentalized approach is embedded within the SIA, with the total analytical concentration of each component as the dependent variable in the transport equation, it is possible to reduce the number of transport equations even further than with the unmodified SIA. A one‐dimensional, coupled geochemical/solute transport simulation is presented in which redox zones evolve dynamically in time and space. The compartmentalized solute transport (COMPTRAN) model described in this paper enables the development of redox zones to be simulated under both kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. The modular design of COMPTRAN facilitates the use of many different, preexisting solute transport and geochemical codes. The companion paper [Abrams and Loague, this issue] presents examples of the application of COMPTRAN to field‐scale problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900110","usgsCitation":"Abrams , R., and Loague, K., 2000, A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 1. Theory and development: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2001-2013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900110.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2001","endPage":"2013","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900110","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba421e4b0849ce97dc780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abrams , Robert H.","contributorId":189399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrams ","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185199,"text":"70185199 - 2000 - A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 2. Field‐scale simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:03:36","indexId":"70185199","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 2. Field‐scale simulations","docAbstract":"This paper, the second of two parts [see Abrams and Loague, this issue], reports the field‐scale application of COMPTRAN (compartmentalized solute transport model) for simulating the development of redox zones. COMPTRAN is fully developed and described in the companion paper. Redox zones, which are often delineated by the relative concentrations of dissolved oxygen, have been observed around the globe. The distribution of other redox‐sensitive species is affected by redox zonation. At the U.S. Geological Survey's Cape Cod research site, an anoxic zone containing high concentrations of dissolved iron has been observed. Field data were abstracted from the Cape Cod site for the one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional COMPTRAN simulations reported in this paper. The purpose of the concept‐development simulations was to demonstrate that the compartmentalized approach reported by Abrams et al. [1998] can be linked with a solute transport model to simulate field‐scale phenomena. The results presented in this paper show that COMPTRAN successfully simulated the development of redox zones at the field scale, including trends in pH and alkalinity. Thermodynamic constraints were used to prevent lower‐energy redox reactions from occurring under infeasible geochemical conditions without imposing equilibrium among all redox species. Empirical methods of reaction inhibition were not needed for the simulations conducted for this study. COMPTRAN can be extended easily to include additional compartments and reactions and is capable of handling complex velocity fields in more than one dimension.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900111","usgsCitation":"Abrams , R., and Loague, K., 2000, A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 2. Field‐scale simulations: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2015-2029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900111.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"2015","endPage":"2029","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba421e4b0849ce97dc77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abrams , Robert H.","contributorId":189399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrams ","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201975,"text":"70201975 - 2000 - Recent planetary topographic mapping at the USGS, Flagstaff: Moon, Mars, Venus, and beyond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T09:46:42","indexId":"70201975","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T09:45:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recent planetary topographic mapping at the USGS, Flagstaff: Moon, Mars, Venus, and beyond","docAbstract":"We are currently using stereophotogrammetric techniques to compile digital topographic models of parts of the Moon, Mars, Venus, and the asteroid Eros in support of the NASA program of planetary exploration. This work requires the synergistic use of the USGS digital cartographic software system ISIS for data ingestion and calibration steps, along with the commercial software SOCET SET for “photogrammetric” steps such as adjustment of control and topographic model extraction and editing. Novel procedures must frequently be developed to deal with problems of planetary datasets such as the need to use large numbers of small images, nonuniform image coverage, poor image overlap, and lack of true ground control. Some sensors, such as the Magellan Synthetic Aperture Radar, also require the development of specialized sensor model software.
An important theme of our work is the complementarity between photogrammetric techniques and the laser altimeter systems coming into increasing use on planetary spacecraft. Stereoanalysis of Clementine images of the Moon has been used to fill in major gaps in the altimeter dataset at high latitudes, but the stereo data must be tied to the altimetry where the datasets overlap. For Mars and Eros, our stereomapping provides spatial sampling of topography finer than that achieved by altimetry, but use of the altimetry data for vertical control can significantly improve the absolute accuracy of photogrammetric topographic models.
The large brain of modern cetaceans has engendered much hypothesizing about both the intelligence of cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises) and the factors related to the evolution of such large brains. Despite much interest in cetacean brain evolution, until recently there have been few estimates of brain mass and/or brain–body weight ratios in fossil cetaceans. In the present study, computed tomography (CT) was used to visualize and estimate endocranial volume, as well as to calculate level of encephalization, for two fully aquatic mid-late Eocene archaeocete species, Dorudon atrox and Zygorhiza kochii. The specific objective was to address more accurately and more conclusively the question of whether relative brain size in fully aquatic archaeocetes was greater than that of their hypothesized sister taxon Mesonychia. The findings suggest that there was no increase in encephalization between Mesonychia and these archaeocete species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1009417831601","usgsCitation":"Marino, L., Uhen, M.D., Frohlich, B., Aldag, J.M., Blane, C., Bohaska, D., and Whitmore, F., 2000, Endocranial volume of mid-late eocene archaeocetes (order: cetacea) revealed by computed tomography: Implications for cetacean brain evolution: Journal of Mammalian Evolution, v. 7, p. 81-94, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009417831601.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/evobio/3","text":"External Repository"},{"id":385181,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marino, Lori","contributorId":257515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marino","given":"Lori","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uhen, Mark D.","contributorId":171936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uhen","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12909,"text":"George Mason University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frohlich, Bruno","contributorId":113245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohlich","given":"Bruno","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aldag, John Matthew","contributorId":257516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aldag","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blane, Caroline","contributorId":257517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blane","given":"Caroline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bohaska, David","contributorId":257518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohaska","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whitmore, F.C. Jr.","contributorId":16895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitmore","given":"F.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70156519,"text":"70156519 - 2000 - A comparison of the IGBP DISCover and University of Maryland 1 km global land cover products","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T11:49:51","indexId":"70156519","displayToPublicDate":"2000-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of the IGBP DISCover and University of Maryland 1 km global land cover products","docAbstract":"Two global 1 km land cover data sets derived from 1992-1993 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data are currently available, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Data and Information System (IGBP-DIS) DISCover and the University of Maryland (UMd) 1 km land cover maps. This paper makes a preliminary comparison of the methodologies and results of the two products. The DISCover methodology employed an unsupervised clustering classification scheme on a per-continent basis using 12 monthly maximum NDVI composites as inputs. The UMd approach employed a supervised classification tree method in which temporal metrics derived from all AVHRR bands and the NDVI were used to predict class membership across the entire globe. The DISCover map uses the IGBP classification scheme, while the UMd map employs a modified IGBP scheme minus the classes of permanent wetlands, cropland/natural vegetation mosaic and ice and snow. Global area totals of aggregated vegetation types are very similar and have a per-pixel agreement of 74%. For tall versus short/no vegetation, the per-pixel agreement is 84%. For broad vegetation types, core areas map similarly, while transition zones around core areas differ significantly. This results in high regional variability between the maps. Individual class agreement between the two 1 km maps is 49%. Comparison of the maps at a nominal 0.5 resolution with two global ground-based maps shows an improvement of thematic concurrency of 46% when viewing average class agreement. The absence of the cropland mosaic class creates a difficulty in comparing the maps, due to its significant extent in the DISCover map. The DISCover map, in general, has more forest, while the UMd map has considerably more area in the intermediate tree cover classes of woody savanna/ woodland and savanna/wooded grassland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/014311600210218","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M., and Reed, B., 2000, A comparison of the IGBP DISCover and University of Maryland 1 km global land cover products: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 21, no. 6-7, p. 1365-1373, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311600210218.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1365","endPage":"1373","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc4028e4b0518e354d10cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, M.C.","contributorId":69690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33433,"text":"University of Maryland, College Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, B.","contributorId":62352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5296,"text":"fs04000 - 2000 - US GeoData Digital Elevation Models","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5295,"text":"fs10296 - 1997 - US GeoData digital elevation models","indexId":"fs10296","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"US GeoData digital elevation models"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5296,"text":"fs04000 - 2000 - US GeoData Digital Elevation Models","indexId":"fs04000","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"US GeoData Digital Elevation Models"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:05","indexId":"fs04000","displayToPublicDate":"2000-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"040-00","title":"US GeoData Digital Elevation Models","docAbstract":"Digital elevation model (DEM) data are arrays of regularly spaced elevation values referenced horizontally either to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection or to a geographic coordinate system. The grid cells are spaced at regular intervals along south to north profiles that are ordered from west to east. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) produces five primary types of elevation data: 7.5-minute DEM, 30-minute DEM, 1-degree DEM, 7.5-minute Alaska DEM, and 15-minute Alaska DEM.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs04000","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, US GeoData Digital Elevation Models: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 040-00, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04000.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0040/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31995,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}