From 1985 through 1992, the Summitville open-pit mine produced gold from lowgrade ore using cyanide heap-leach techniques, a method to extract gold whereby the ore pile is sprayed with water containing cyanide, which dissolves the minute gold grains. Environmental problems due to mining activity at Summitville include significant increases in acidic and metal-rich drainage from the site, leakage of cyanide-bearing solutions from the heap-leach pad into an underdrain system, and several surface leaks of cyanide-bearing solutions into the Wightman Fork of the Alamosa River. In general, drainage from the Summitville mine moves downslope into the Wightman Fork, a small tributary of the Alamosa River, which in turn flows east into the Terrace Reservoir before entering the agricultural lands of the San Luis Valley. The increase in the trace-metal burden of the Alamosa River watershed due to the mining activities at Summitville is of concern to farmers and fisherman, as well as Federal and State of Colorado agencies having responsibility for land stewardship.
The environment of the Summitville area is a result of 1) its geologic evolution, that culminated in the formation of precious-metal mineral deposits; and 2) previous metal mining activity. Mining accentuates, accelerates, and pertubates natural geochemical processes. The development of underground workings, open pits, mill tailings, and spoil heaps and the extractive processing of ore enhances the likelihood of releasing chemicals and elements to the surrounding areas and at increased rates relative to unmined areas. Both mined and unmined mineralized areas can produce acid drainage from the formation and movement of highly acidic water rich in heavy metals. This acidic water forms principally through the chemical reaction of oxygenated surface water and shallow subsurface water with rocks that contain sulfide minerals, producing sulphuric acid. Heavy metals can be leached by the acid solution that comes in contact with mineralized rocks, a process that may be enhanced by bacterial action. The resulting fluids may be highly toxic and, when mixed with groundwater, surface water, and soil, may have harmful effects on humans, animals, and plants. Thus, understanding the geologic and hydrologic history of this area is a critical piece of the environmental puzzle in the Summitville area.
The Summitville mine operators had ceased active mining and begun environmental remediation, including treatment of the heap-leach pile and installation of a water-treatment facility, when it declared bankruptcy in December 1992 and abandoned the mine site. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) immediately took over the Summitville site under EPA Superfund Emergency Response authority.
Summitville has focused public attention on the environmental effects of modern mineral-resource development. Soon after the mine was abandoned, Federal, State, and local agencies, along with Alamosa River water users and private companies, began extensive studies at the mine site and surrounding areas. These studies included analysis of water, soil, livestock and vegetation. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was to provide geologic, hydrologic and agricultural information about the mine and surrounding area and to describe and evaluate the environmental condition of the Summitville mine and the downstream effects of the mine on the San Luis Valley (King 1995).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing for site characterization","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-56978-4_6","usgsCitation":"King, T., Clark, R.N., and Swayze, G.A., 2000, Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado, chap. of Remote sensing for site characterization, p. 164-185, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56978-4_6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Summitville","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4da5e4b0b290850f19f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074380,"text":"70074380 - 2000 - Evaluating temporal changes in stream condition in three New Jersey rive basins by using an index of biotic integrity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T13:30:35","indexId":"70074380","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:17:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1131,"text":"Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating temporal changes in stream condition in three New Jersey rive basins by using an index of biotic integrity","docAbstract":"An index of biotic integrity (!B!) modified for New Jersey streams was used to compare changes in stream condition from the 1970s to the 1990s in Delaware, Passaic, and Raritan River Basins. Stream condition was assessed at 88 sampling locations. Mean IBI scores for all basins increased from the 1970s to the 1990s, but the stream-condition category improved (from fair to good) only for the Delaware River Basin. The number of benthic insectivores and the proportion of insectivorous cyprinds increased in all three basins; however, the number of white suckers decreased significantly only in the Delaware River Basin. Results of linear-regression analysis indicate a significant correlation between the percentage of altered land in the basin and change in IBI score (1970s to 1990s) for Delaware River sites. Results of analysis of variance of the rank-transformed IBI scores for the 1970s and 1990s indicate that the three basins was equal in the 1970s. Results of a multiple-comparison test demonstrated that the 1990s IBI values for the Delaware River Basin differed significantly from those for the Passaic and Raritan River Basins. Many factors, such as the imposition of the more stringent standards on water-water and industrial discharges during the 1980s and changes in land-use practices, likely contributed to the change in the Delaware River Basin. A general increase in IBI values for the Passaic, Raritan, and Delaware River Basins over the past 25 years appears to reflect overall improvements in water quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Chang, M., Kennen, J., and Del Corso, E., 2000, Evaluating temporal changes in stream condition in three New Jersey rive basins by using an index of biotic integrity: Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Science, v. 45, no. 1, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River Basin;Passaic River Basin;Raritan River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5598,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,41.3574 ], [ -73.9024,41.3574 ], [ -73.9024,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,38.9286 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd583ee4b0b290850f7f81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Ming","contributorId":80318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Ming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennen, Jonathan G. 0000-0002-5426-4445 jgkennen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-4445","contributorId":574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennen","given":"Jonathan G.","email":"jgkennen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Del Corso, Ellyn","contributorId":107191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Del Corso","given":"Ellyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100288,"text":"70100288 - 2000 - Two-phase debris-flow across 3-D terrain: model predictions and experimental tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-31T13:14:52","indexId":"70100288","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:11:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Two-phase debris-flow across 3-D terrain: model predictions and experimental tests","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation","conferenceTitle":"Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment","conferenceDate":"2003-09-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Davos, Switzerland","language":"English","publisher":"IOS Press","isbn":"9789077017784","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., Denlinger, R., LaHusen, R., and Logan, M., 2000, Two-phase debris-flow across 3-D terrain: model predictions and experimental tests, p. 521-529.","productDescription":"p. 521-529","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285153,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535595d4e4b0120853e8c2b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaHusen, R.G.","contributorId":105742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Logan, M.","contributorId":45856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70074369,"text":"70074369 - 2000 - Growth in conventional fields in high-cost areas: A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-27T17:56:15.62931","indexId":"70074369","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T12:52:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3796,"text":"World Oil","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth in conventional fields in high-cost areas: A case study","docAbstract":"Exploration managers commonly base future drilling decisions on past experience in an area. To do this well, they should consider both discovered and undiscovered resources to characterize total future potential. Discovery-size estimates should be adjusted to account for future field growth; otherwise, the relative efficiency of recent exploration will be undervalued.\n\nThis study models and projects field growth for pre-1997 discoveries in the U.S. Federal Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Projected additions to reserves for these fields from field growth through 2020 are 5.2 billion bbl of oil and 46 Tcfg. Projections include growth associated with sizable new oil discoveries in deepwater areas and initial reserve additions from new subsalt plays discovered through 1996.\n\nThis article focuses on the U.S. GOM because it has produced longer than other worldwide offshore areas. Its field-growth profile may be prototypical of other offshore provinces such as the North Sea, Scotian Shelf and deepwater Angola, as well as high-cost onshore areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Publishing","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 2000, Growth in conventional fields in high-cost areas: A case study: World Oil, v. 221, no. 4, p. 63-66.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402532,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldoil.com/magazine/2000/april-2000/features/growth-in-conventional-fields-in-high-cost-areas-a-case-study/"},{"id":281657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,24.48 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,24.48 ], [ -97.86,24.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"221","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5ffee4b0b290850fca32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200651,"text":"70200651 - 2000 - The derivation of World Magnetic Model 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T12:24:07","indexId":"70200651","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T12:23:57","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5772,"text":"British Geological Survey Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"WM/00/17R","title":"The derivation of World Magnetic Model 2000","docAbstract":"This report contains a detailed summary of the data used, the modelling techniques employed and the results obtained in the production of the World Magnetic Model 2000. This model is designed for use in air and sea navigation systems and is valid till 2005.0.
The derivation of World Magnetic Model 2000 has been the joint responsibility of the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The World Magnetic Model is the standard model in UK Ministry of Defence and US Department of Defense, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the World Hydrographic Office (WHO) navigation and attitude/heading referencing systems. It is also used widely in civilian navigation systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Macmillan, S., and Quinn, J.M., 2000, The derivation of World Magnetic Model 2000: British Geological Survey Technical Report WM/00/17R, 278 p.","productDescription":"278 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10fbf4e4b034bf6a8091b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macmillan, Susan","contributorId":210119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macmillan","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, John M.","contributorId":47469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093929,"text":"70093929 - 2000 - Hydrologic and geologic characteristics of the Yucca Mountain site relevant to the performance of a potential repository: Day 1, Las Vegas, Nevada to Pahrump, Nevada: Stop 6A. Keane Wonder Spring and regional groundwater flow in the Death Valley region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-09T13:19:00.049563","indexId":"70093929","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:47:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and geologic characteristics of the Yucca Mountain site relevant to the performance of a potential repository: Day 1, Las Vegas, Nevada to Pahrump, Nevada: Stop 6A. Keane Wonder Spring and regional groundwater flow in the Death Valley region","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, located ~100 mi northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, has been designated by Congress as a site to be characterized for a potential mined geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. This field trip will examine the regional geologic and hydrologic setting for Yucca Mountain, as well as specific results of the site characterization program, The first day focuses on the regional seeing with emphasis on current and paleo hydrology, which are both of critical concern for predicting future performance of a potential repository. Morning stops will be in southern Nevada and afternoon stops will be in Death Valley. The second day will be spent at Yucca Mountain. The filed trip will visit the underground testing sites in the \"Exploratory Studies Facility\" and the \"Busted Butte Unsaturated Zone Transport Field Test\" plus several surface-based testing sites. Much of the work at the site has concentrated on studies of the unsaturated zone, and element of the hydrologic system that historically has received little attention. Discussions during the second day will comprise selected topics of Yucca Mountain geology, mic hazard in the Yucca Mountain area. Evening discussions will address modeling of regional groundwater flow, the geology and hydrology of Yucca Mountain to the performance of a potential repository. Day 3 will examine the geologic framework and hydrology of the Pahute Mesa-Oasis Valley Groundwater Basin and then will continue to Reno via Hawthorne, Nevada and the Walker Lake area.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.383","usgsCitation":"Steinkampf, W., 2000, Hydrologic and geologic characteristics of the Yucca Mountain site relevant to the performance of a potential repository: Day 1, Las Vegas, Nevada to Pahrump, Nevada: Stop 6A. Keane Wonder Spring and regional groundwater flow in the Death Valley region: GSA Field Guides, v. 2, p. 398-398, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.383.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley;Keane Wonder Spring","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0019,35.6332 ], [ -118.0019,37.3473 ], [ -116.2761,37.3473 ], [ -116.2761,35.6332 ], [ -118.0019,35.6332 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd615ee4b0b290850fd7cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinkampf, W.C.","contributorId":8137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073496,"text":"70073496 - 2000 - Application of snow models to snow removal operations on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-17T12:43:01","indexId":"70073496","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:42:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Application of snow models to snow removal operations on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park","docAbstract":"Snow removal, and the attendant avalanche risk for road crews, is a major issue on mountain highways worldwide. The Going-to-the-Sun Road is the only road that crosses Glacier National Park, Montana. This 80-km highway ascends over 1200m along the wall of a glaciated basin and crosses the continental divide. The annual opening of the road is critical to the regional economy and there is public pressure to open the road as early as possible. Despite the 67-year history of snow removal activities, few stat on snow conditions at upper elevations were available to guide annual planning for the raod opening. We examined statistical relationships between the opening date and nearby SNOTEL data on snow water equivalence (WE) for 30 years. Early spring SWE (first Monday in April) accounted for only 33% of the variance in road opening dates. Because avalanche spotters, used to warn heavy equipment operators of danger, are ineffective during spring storms or low-visibility conditions, we incorporated the percentage of days with precipitation during plowing as a proxy for visibility. This improved the model's predictive power to 69%/ A mountain snow simulator (MTSNOW) was used to calculate the depth and density of snow at various points along the road and field data were collected for comparison. MTSNOW underestimated the observed snow conditions, in part because it does not yet account for wind redistribution of snow. The severe topography of the upper reaches of the road are subjected to extensive wind redistribution of snow as evidence by the formation of \"The Big Drift\" on the lee side of Logan Pass.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop","conferenceTitle":"A merging of theory & practice: ISSW 2000","conferenceDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Big Sky, MT","language":"English","publisher":"International Snow Science Workshop","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D.B., and Klasner, F.L., 2000, Application of snow models to snow removal operations on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, p. 266-272.","productDescription":"p. 266-272","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.4755,48.2337 ], [ -114.4755,49.001 ], [ -113.242,49.001 ], [ -113.242,48.2337 ], [ -114.4755,48.2337 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4d9ee4b0b290850f19a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klasner, Frederick L.","contributorId":51373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093927,"text":"70093927 - 2000 - High-temperature quartz cement and the role of stylolites in a deep gas reservoir, Spiro Sandstone, Arkoma Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T11:41:07","indexId":"70093927","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:33:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"High-temperature quartz cement and the role of stylolites in a deep gas reservoir, Spiro Sandstone, Arkoma Basin, USA","docAbstract":"The Spiro Sandstone, a natural gas play in the central Arkoma Basin and the frontal Ouachita Mountains preserves excellent porosity in chloritic channel-fill sandstones despite thermal maturity levels corresponding to incipient metamorphism. Some wells, however, show variable proportions of a late-stage, non-syntaxial quartz cement, which post-dated thermal cracking of liquid hydrocarbons to pyrobitumen plus methane. Temperatures well in excess of 150°C and possibly exceeding 200°C are also suggested by (i) fluid inclusions in associated minerals; (ii) the fact that quartz post-dated high-temperature chlorite polytype IIb; (iii) vitrinite reflectance values of the Spiro that range laterally from 1.9 to ≥ 4%; and (iii) the occurrence of late dickite in these rocks. Oxygen isotope values of quartz cement range from 17.5 to 22.4‰ VSMOW (total range of individual in situ ion microprobe measurements) which are similar to those of quartz cement formed along high-amplitude stylolites (18.4–24.9‰). We favour a model whereby quartz precipitation was controlled primarily by the availability of silica via deep-burial stylolitization within the Spiro Sandstone. Burial-history modelling showed that the basin went from a geopressured to a normally pressured regime within about 10–15 Myr after it reached maximum burial depth. While geopressure and the presence of chlorite coats stabilized the grain framework and inhibited nucleation of secondary quartz, respectively, stylolites formed during the subsequent high-temperature, normal-pressured regime and gave rise to high-temperature quartz precipitation. Authigenic quartz growing along stylolites underscores their role as a significant deep-burial silica source in this sandstone.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quartz cementation in sandstones","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.1002/9781444304237.ch19","isbn":"0632054824","usgsCitation":"Worden, R.H., Morad, S., Spotl, C., Houseknecht, D., and Riciputi, L., 2000, High-temperature quartz cement and the role of stylolites in a deep gas reservoir, Spiro Sandstone, Arkoma Basin, USA, chap. of Quartz cementation in sandstones, v. 29, p. 281-297, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304237.ch19.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"297","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282396,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444304237.ch19"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas;Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkoma Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.4744,33.5002 ], [ -97.4744,36.3318 ], [ -90.6246,36.3318 ], [ -90.6246,33.5002 ], [ -97.4744,33.5002 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6096e4b0b290850fd02f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worden, Richard H.","contributorId":43271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worden","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morad, Sadoon","contributorId":77048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morad","given":"Sadoon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spotl, C.","contributorId":11944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spotl","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Houseknecht, D.W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":33695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riciputi, L.R.","contributorId":27360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riciputi","given":"L.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70073349,"text":"70073349 - 2000 - Isotopic studies of authigenic sulfides, silicates and carbonates, and calcite and pyrite veinlets in the Creede Formation, San Juan Mountains, Southwest Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-16T12:38:49","indexId":"70073349","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:32:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic studies of authigenic sulfides, silicates and carbonates, and calcite and pyrite veinlets in the Creede Formation, San Juan Mountains, Southwest Colorado","docAbstract":"Sulfur isotope analysis of authigenic pyrite in the Creede Formation documents its precipitation by the reaction between iron in the volcaniclastic sediments and H2S formed through bacteriogenic reduction of sulfate added to the lake during and immediately following repeated volcanic eruptions during sedimentation. Pyrite veinlets in the underlying Snowshoe Mountain Tuff were formed by the percolation of H2S-bearing pore waters into fractures in the tuff. Conventional analyses of bulk samples of authigenic pyrite range from -20.4% to 34.5% essentially equivalent to the range of -30% to 40% determined using SHRIMP microprobe techniques. Conventional analyses of bulk samples of pyrite from veinlets in the Snowshow Mountain Tiff range from -3.5% to 17.6% much more limited than the ranges of -23% to 111% and -15.6% to 67.0% determined by SHRIMP and laser ablation microbeam techniques, respectively. The extreme range of δ34S for the veinlets is interpreted to be the result of continued fractionation of the already 34S-depleted pore water. Oxygen isotope analysis of authigenic smectite, kaolinite, and K-feldspar together with fluid-inclusion temperatures and oxygen isotope analysis of calcite coexisting with kaolinite indicate that the smectites formed early during burial diagenesis, in accord with petrographic observations. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of K-feldspar, concorfance of K-feldspar, kaolinite, and calcite δ18O values, and fluid-inclusion temperatures in calcite, indicate that the sediments at core hole CCM-1 were subjected to a hydrothermal event at 17.6 Ma. The minerals formed oxygen-shifted meteoric waters with δ18O values of ~-9% Smecities at CCM-1 at least partially exchanged with these waters. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of authigenic calcites in the Creede Formation show that they formed over a wide range of temperatures from fluids having a wide range of isotopic composition, presumably over an extended period time. Some of the cements apparently formed very late from unexchanged meteoric water. Concretions and possibly some cements at CCM-1 appear to have exchanged with the 17.6 Ma oxygen-shifted hydrothermal fluids. Such exchange is consistent with evidence that lacustrine carbonates at CCM-1 exchanged with low 18O waters, whereas those at CCM-2 underwent little, if any, exchange. The δ13C-δ18O values for calcite veinlets in the Creede Formation are similar to those for authegenic calcites. Fluid-inclusion temperatures and δ18O indicate that some were deposited during the 17.6 Ma hydrothermal event and others from unexchanged meteoric water at a later date. The isotope studies confirm that part of the model of Rye et al., proposing that the barites in the southern end of the Creede Mining District were formed by mixing of the Creede hydrotermal system with Lake Creede pore of lake waters. The silicate and carbonate isotope data indicate that the pores of the Creede Formation were occupied by at least three isotopically distinct water since the time of deposition. The original pore fluids were probably shifted to lower δ18O values during burial diagensis as a result of the hydrolysis of the volcanic glass to for smectites and other hydrous silicates. During or prior to a 17.6 Ma hydrothermal event in the vicinity of CCM-1, the Creede Formation was flushed with oxygen-shifted meteoric water, possibly related to the breaching of the east side of the caldera wall sometime between 20 and 22 Ma. Later, the Creede Formation was again flushed, this time with unexchanged meteoric water with δD-δ18O values of present-day waters, possibly during the incision of the Rio Grande drainage during uplifting of the southern Rocky Mountains beginning about 5 Ma.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Special Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.267","usgsCitation":"Bethke, P., Rye, R.O., and Finkelstein, D., 2000, Isotopic studies of authigenic sulfides, silicates and carbonates, and calcite and pyrite veinlets in the Creede Formation, San Juan Mountains, Southwest Colorado: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 267-286, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.267.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281181,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281172,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.267"}],"volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd634fe4b0b290850feb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelstein, David B.","contributorId":64687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelstein","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073346,"text":"70073346 - 2000 - Overview: Ancient Lake Creede","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-16T11:27:15","indexId":"70073346","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:17:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview: Ancient Lake Creede","docAbstract":"Lake Creede was moderately saline closed-basin lake that developed in the 26.9 Ma Creede caldera in the San Juan Mountains in the southwest Colorado. The volcaniclastic sediments deposited within the late Oligocene lake were first described and named as the Creede Formation by Emmons and Larsen (1923). The lake and its sedimentary fill are of interest first as representatives of a caldera-hosted lake in a silicic volcanic terrane, and second because of the likely involvement of lake fluids or related pore waters in the deposition of the 25 Ma silver and base-metal ores of the Creede mining district north of the Creede caldera (Fig. 1), as proposed Bethke and Rye (1979). Much of the material presented in this volume is based on observation of core samples and on downhole geophysical measurements obtained as part of a U.S. Continental Scientific Drilling Program in the moat of the Creede caldera. These core and downhole studies are supplemented by outcrop studies, some initiated in support of the drilling program (Bethke and Lipman, 1987), and by conceptual studies of the evolution of the Creede caldera and its surrounding landscape. Not surprisingly, not all authors agree on all interpretation. Most disagreements are pointed out in this overview chapter, and may present opportunities for future study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Special Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.1","usgsCitation":"Bethke, P., and Hay, R., 2000, Overview: Ancient Lake Creede: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281168,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Creede Mining District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.25,37.5 ], [ -107.25,38.0 ], [ -106.75,38.0 ], [ -106.75,37.5 ], [ -107.25,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a59e4b0b290851032f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, Richard L.","contributorId":16747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073336,"text":"70073336 - 2000 - Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:27:33","indexId":"70073336","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:41:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","docAbstract":"The filling history, hydrologic budget, and geomorphic development of ancient Lake Creede and its tributary basin are evaluated to determine the factors that controlled its character. The lake filled the Creede caldera that formed in the late Oligocene as a consequence of the eruption of the Snowshoe Mountain Tuff. The caldera's sedimentary fill accumlated to a depth of about 1.26 km and had a volume of about 89 km3. The highest lake level was ~3300 m (10,800 ft) present altitude before it drained eastward across a broad volcanic plateau as the ancestral Rio Grande. A tributary canyon several hundred meters deep was cut into hard rhyolite in the north wall of the caldera before the lake was more than half full; its presence demonstrates that ancient Lake Creede filled slowly and thus occupied a long-lived, closed basin. The slow filling rate is incompatible with the present water flux through the Creede caldera basin, because such a flow would fill the basin geologically instantaneously. This mismatch, together with the recognition that the Oligocene climate was similar to that of today, forces the reexamination of the hydrologic and geomorphic history of the caldera. That appraisal shows that the caldera cannot have resurged rapidly immediately after caldera collapse, and that ancient watershed must have been lass than half as large as the present upper Rio Grande basin. The ancient lake had a more or less constant surface area of about 200 km2 that approximated a steady-state condition between inflow and evaporation. Although the lake level fluctuated with climatic variations, its surface elevation steadily climbed as sediment accumulated, accelerating as resurgance and dome growth usurped spacewithin the basin. It could have had one playa stage early in its development and another after the basin had nearly filled with sediment, but there is no direct evidence for either. At least the lower half of the sedimentary column (the part sampled by the scientific drilling) formed in an euxinic environment. This argues against a persistent early playa, although evaporative accumulation of brine was inevitable. When the rate of resurgance was rapid relative to sedimentary infilling, the lake would have been deep (i.e., bordered by bedrock rather than sedimentary fans). The geomorphic evolution of the Creede caldera and its watershed tracks a two-phase topographic history, the first the Oligocene through Miocene, and the second for Pliocene to the recent. In Oligocene time, the San Juan volcanic field was a hydrologically immature, gently undulating, and outward sloping, constructional volcanic plateau straddling the ancient Continental Divide. West of the Creede caldera, a dendritic drainage discharged northeastward into ancestral Cebolla Creek (a tributary of the ancestral Gunnison River) through an early stage of the Clear Creek graben in the vicinity of Spring Creek Pass. Miocene basalt choked, but did not reconstruct, the drainage. By the end of Miocene time a mature topography of moderate relief developed, exposing some of the higher ores in the Creede district to weathering. In the late Miocene-early Pliocene time the San Juan Mountains were uplifted and titled eastward; the ancestral Rio Grande was revitalized and cut deeply into the older terrain, excavating much of the accessible sediment from the moat of the Creede caldera and exposing successively lowe levels in the Creede district to oxidation. Simultaneously, the southeast end of the Clear Creek graben was reactivated and breached the southwest wall of the Creede caldera. The rejuvenated Rio Grande captured the formerly northeast-directed headwaters of ancestral Cebolla Creek, shifting more than 1000 km2 from the Pacific-directed drainage to the Atlantic. The water budget for ancient Lake Creede was strictly limited by the early stages of the fist geomorphic cycle; the modern water budget is the product of the second cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105","issn":" 00721077","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., Steven, T., and Hayba, D.O., 2000, Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281158,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Lake Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6167e4b0b290850fd81d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B.","contributorId":97128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70093919,"text":"70093919 - 2000 - Neogene geomorphic and climatic evolution of the central San Juan Mountains, Colorado: K/Ar age and stable isotope data on supergene alunite and jarosite from the Creede mining district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-30T15:48:43","indexId":"70093919","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:20:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene geomorphic and climatic evolution of the central San Juan Mountains, Colorado: K/Ar age and stable isotope data on supergene alunite and jarosite from the Creede mining district","docAbstract":"K/Ar age determinations or supergene alunite and jarosite, formed during Neogene weathering of the epithermal silver and base-metal ores of the Creede mining district, have been combined with geologic evidence to estimate the timing of regional uplift of the southern Rocky Mountains and related canyon cutting. In addition, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic studies suggest climate changes in the central San Juan Mountains during the past 5 m.y. Alunite [ideally (K,Na)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6] and jarosite [ideally KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6] can be dated by K/Ar or 40Ar/39Ar techniques and both contain OH and SO4 sites that enable four stable isotope analyses (δD, δ18OOH, and δ34S) to be made. This supergene alunite and jarosite formed by weathering of sulfide-rich ore bodies may record the evolution of the chemical and hydrologic processes affecting ancient oxidized acid ground water, as well as details of climate history and geomorphic evolution. Fine-grained (1-10 μm) supergene alunite and jarosite occur in minor fractures in the upper, oxidized parts of the 25 Ma sulfide-bearing veins of the Creede mining district, and jarosite also occurs in adjacent oxidized Ag-bearing clastic sediments. K/Ar ages for alunite range from 4.8 to 3.1 Ma, and for jarosite range from 2.6 to 0.9 Ma. The δD values for alunite and jarosite show opposite correlations with elevation, and values for jarosite correlate with age. Calculated δDH2O values of alunite fluids approach but are larger than those of present-day meteoric water. Calculated δDH2O values for jarosite fluids are more variable; the values of the youngest jarosites are lowest and are similar to those of present-day meteoric water in the district. The narrow δD-δ18OSO4 values of alunites reflects oxidation of sulfide below the water table. The greater range in these values for jarosites reflects oxidation of sulfide under vadose conditions. The ages of alunite mark the position of the paleo-water table at the end of a period of moderate erosion from ca. 25 to 5 Ma that exposed the tops of the ore bodies to oxidation. The younger jarosite formed in the vadose zone during or following subsequent canyon cutting related to regional uplift of the southern Rocky Mountains, The δD values suggest that climates in the area were similar to those of the present day prior to regional uplift but went through a warm period before returning to present conditions during or after regional uplift. The results of this study indicate that the combined stable and radiogenic isotope analysis of supergene alunite and jarosite has broad application in understanding climate and geomorphic evolution of selected areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Special Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.95","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Bethke, P., Lanphere, M.A., and Steven, T., 2000, Neogene geomorphic and climatic evolution of the central San Juan Mountains, Colorado: K/Ar age and stable isotope data on supergene alunite and jarosite from the Creede mining district: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 95-103, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.95.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282383,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.95"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.4401,37.4651 ], [ -107.4401,37.9552 ], [ -106.5941,37.9552 ], [ -106.5941,37.4651 ], [ -107.4401,37.4651 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd68cee4b0b290851024bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":490290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70073643,"text":"70073643 - 2000 - Landslides and tsunamis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:42:12","indexId":"70073643","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:17:29","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Landslides and tsunamis","docAbstract":"The study of tsunamis has been shifting away from theoretical modeling of tsunami source, wave propagation and runup toward multidisciplinary investigations, with an emphasis on field studies. This collection of papers highlights the many approaches being utilized to study landslides and tsunamis.","largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","language":"English","publisher":"Birkhauser Verlag","publisherLocation":"Boston","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Dawson, A.G., 2000, Landslides and tsunamis, v. 157, no. 6-8, 443 p.","productDescription":"443 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"1313","numberOfPages":"443","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"6-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd640de4b0b290850ff376","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keating, Barbara H.","contributorId":42520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509727,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509726,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Alastair G.","contributorId":74297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Alastair","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509728,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Alastair G.","contributorId":74297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Alastair","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073333,"text":"70073333 - 2000 - Evolution of the Creede Caldera and its relation to mineralization in the Creede mining district, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-16T10:37:02","indexId":"70073333","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:13:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the Creede Caldera and its relation to mineralization in the Creede mining district, Colorado","docAbstract":"At 25 Ma a major epithermal silver and base metal deposit formed in rhyolitic welded tuff near Creede, Colorado. Nearly 24000 metric tons of silver, appreciable lead, and small amounts of zinc, copper, and gold, have been produced from large, crustified veins under Bachelor and Bulldog Mountains north and northwest of Creede. Prior geologic, hydrologic, and stable-isotope studies showed that ore deposition was associated with the mixing and boiling of waters from diverse sources and suggester that a critical part of the ore-forming fluid may have originated within the ancient lake and sediments of the lacustrine Creede Formation that filled the Creede caldera. Two drill holes that sampled the heretofore hidden lower half of the Creede Formation are the focus of this book. The Creede caldera formed at 26.9 Ma within a high constructional plateau of silicic ashflows that covered and were sporadically interlayed with, intermediate lavas and lahars from large stratovolcanoes. The Creede caldera lake had an inflow evaporation balance that did not permit rapid filling to create a brim-full deep lake. Thus salts were evaporatively concentrated; but, with the exception of possible gypsum, no evaporite minerals preserved. Cool springs deposited travertine as mounds and contributed to limestone interlaminations within the sediment. The lake bottom was anoxic, and bacterial reduction of sulfate led to extreme sulfur isotopic fractionation in diagenetic pyrite. The caldera gradually resurged, converting the initial equant lake into an arcuate moat. Resurgent doming, alluvial fans, lacustrine sediments, ashfalls, and lava domes displaced water, lifted the lake so that it overlapped what later became the southern edge of the mineralized are, and eventually filled the basin. At 25.1 Ma an unseen pluton intruded beneath the northen part of the Creede district and created a convecting olume that drew in brine from the Creede caldera fill, meteotic water from highlands to the north, and possibly a fluid carrying radiogenic lead. These waters mixed and boiled as they approached the surface and moved southward, deposited a zoned epithermal deposit a few hundred meters below the paleosurface, and finally discharged into the top of the Creede Formation. The sulfide in the ores was the igneous derivation, but the sulfate was a mixture of biogenic sulfur from the Creede Formation, oxidized igneous sulfide, and thermochemically reduced and partially oxygen exchanged sulfate. The studies of the Creede caldera provide key observational and conceptual elements for the generalized model of the Creede ore deposit. The relation of the Creed ore deposit to a brine reservoir has broad significance because other brine accumulations (as in the Great Basin, the Green River Basin, or the playas of the Altiplano offer similar setting and exploration opportunities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Special Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.301","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., Rye, R.O., and Bethke, P., 2000, Evolution of the Creede Caldera and its relation to mineralization in the Creede mining district, Colorado: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 301-326, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.301.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281155,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.301"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.0,37.75 ], [ -107.0,37.916667 ], [ -106.833333,37.916667 ], [ -106.833333,37.75 ], [ -107.0,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd58aae4b0b290850f83d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B.","contributorId":97128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209576,"text":"70209576 - 2000 - SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-14T15:14:09.938037","indexId":"70209576","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:08:15","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","docAbstract":"Sensitive, high-resolution, ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon ages from a sample of the high-grade, hornblende-feldspathic Big Creek gneiss of the southeastern Sierra Madre, along with samples of a quartz monzonitic phase of the Boulder Creek batholith, help define timing of three major Paleoproterozoic thermo-tectonic events within the northern Colorado province at approximately 1810, 1710, and 1610 Ma. Previous ages determined for these key rock units were problematic; they hindered regional tectonic interpretations of the Paleoproterozoic crustal accretion history of the Colorado province that extends from the Cheyenne belt of southern Wyoming to north-central New Mexico. The Colorado province has been popularly modelled as a series of accreted oceanic volcano-plutonic arc systems and associated sediments, although alternative interpretations suggest that the series represents continental-margin arc rocks.
The Big Creek gneiss has been interpreted as a high-grade basement equivalent of the oldest arc volcanic rocks exposed within the Green Mountain arc terrane, but it also has been suspected of being either an older block of pre-arc basement or perhaps an allochthonous piece of crust from slightly older orogens to the east and north. Previous ID-TIMS work on mg-size zircon fractions yielded U-Pb concordia upper-intercept ages of 1618 ± 22 and 1684 ± 5 Ma as well as negative lower-intercept ages, indicating complex U-Pb isotopic systematics involving at least two ages of zircon growth overprinted by at least one episode of Pb-loss. Zircons from this gneiss were analyzed using the SHRIMP, and a total of 32 spot analyses on both centers and rims produced a range of different 207Pb/206Pb ages between ∼1840 and ∼1560 Ma. The weighted mean of the oldest 207Pb/206Pb ages is 1812 ± 12 Ma and is interpreted to estimate the age of the protolith that appears to be slightly older than lower-grade metabasalts and associated plutons at ∼1790–1775 Ma. This protolith age of 1812 Ma further implies that significantly older crust (> 1820 Ma; e.g., Penokean orogeny) is not found in the Green Mountain magmatic arc. The youngest 207Pb/206Pb ages of ∼1610 Ma are interpreted to represent a time of new zircon growth during highly localized high-grade metamorphism—an event that also produced local granitic magmatism at ∼1625 Ma.
The Boulder Creek batholith had been dated previously using the ID-TIMS, U-Pb zircon technique that yielded ages at ∼1670 and ∼1714 Ma, a 45-m.y. discrepancy that left the true age of the batholith in doubt. Zircons from two samples, previously dated using the ID-TIMS method, were analyzed using SHRIMP, and yielded concordia upper-intercept ages of 1713 ± 10 and 1721 ± 15 Ma. These results, combined with two earlier U-Pb zircon determinations, help to establish the age of the Boulder Creek batholith at 1714.4 ± 4.6 Ma (weighted mean), an age more compatible with those for the other large, tonalitic to quartz monzonitic, syntectonic plutons within the northern Colorado province. The new Boulder Creek age helps to establish a discrete period of plutonism (∼1735–1705 Ma) that is syn- to post-tectonic with respect to major regional structures of deformation and metamorphism in the northern Colorado province. Assuming the multiple oceanic arc accretion model, the new age for the mid-crustal emplacement of this batholith into a deforming composite back-arc basin may date the closure of that basin during crustal shortening.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wyoming","doi":"10.2113/35.1.31","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., and Fanning, C., 2000, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 31-50, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.1.31.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 40.204050425113294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fanning, C. Mark","contributorId":46814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C. Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093562,"text":"70093562 - 2000 - Modeling surface-subsurface hydrological interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-07T08:50:23","indexId":"70093562","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T08:44:30","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling surface-subsurface hydrological interactions","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Streams and ground waters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","usgsCitation":"Packman, A., and Bencala, K.E., 2000, Modeling surface-subsurface hydrological interactions, chap. of Streams and ground waters, p. 45-80.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd67ece4b0b29085101b20","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones, Jeremy B.","contributorId":113650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509792,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, Patrick J.","contributorId":112634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":32968,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509791,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Packman, Aaron I.","contributorId":15092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packman","given":"Aaron I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":490024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093912,"text":"70093912 - 2000 - Emergent biological patterns and surface-subsurface interactions at landscape scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T08:35:53","indexId":"70093912","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T08:17:34","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Emergent biological patterns and surface-subsurface interactions at landscape scales","docAbstract":"In this chapter, we focus on emergent biological patterns in riverine ecosystems at landscape scales resulting from surface-subsurface water interaction. Our objectives are to examine (1) how the balance of physical and chemical factors on the \"natural\" geologic template affects biological patterns, (2) how natural hydrothermal systems can be used as a model for understanding surface-subsurface interactions and biological patterns in streams, and (3) how anthropogenic influences decouple the stream from the landscape by altering the nature of surface-subsurface water interactions and affecting biological patterns. We conclude with a synthesis and recommendations for further studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Streams and ground waters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","usgsCitation":"Pringle, C.M., and Triska, F., 2000, Emergent biological patterns and surface-subsurface interactions at landscape scales, chap. of Streams and ground waters, p. 167-193.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd576be4b0b290850f7763","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones, Jeremy B.","contributorId":113650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509799,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, Patrick J.","contributorId":112634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":32968,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509798,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Pringle, C. M.","contributorId":72902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2000752,"text":"2000752 - 2000 - Vegetation and soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T17:43:47","indexId":"2000752","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"GTR-SRS 38","title":"Vegetation and soils","docAbstract":"haracterization of bottomland hardwood vegetation in relatively undisturbed forests can provide critical information for developing effective wetland creation and restoration techniques and for assessing the impacts of management and development. Classification is a useful technique in characterizing vegetation because it summarizes complex data sets, assists in hypothesis generation about factors influencing community variation, and helps refine models of community structure. Hierarchical classification of communities is particularly useful for showing relationships among samples (Gauche 1982).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Coosawhatchie Bottomland Ecosystem Study: a report on the development of a reference wetland","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","usgsCitation":"Burke, M., King, S., Eisenbies, M., and Gartner, D., 2000, Vegetation and soils, chap. of The Coosawhatchie Bottomland Ecosystem Study: a report on the development of a reference wetland, p. 23-28.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15375,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/2208","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6961.000000000000000"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60268a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burke, M.K.","contributorId":87248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eisenbies, M.H.","contributorId":82420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisenbies","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gartner, D.","contributorId":87249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008218,"text":"1008218 - 2000 - Forest gradient response in Sierran landscapes: the physical template","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T12:47:22","indexId":"1008218","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest gradient response in Sierran landscapes: the physical template","docAbstract":"Vegetation pattern on landscapes is the manifestation of physical gradients, biotic response to these gradients, and disturbances. Here we focus on the physical template as it governs the distribution of mixed-conifer forests in California's Sierra Nevada. We extended a forest simulation model to examine montane environmental gradients, emphasizing factors affecting the water balance in these summer-dry landscapes. The model simulates the soil moisture regime in terms of the interaction of water supply and demand: supply depends on precipitation and water storage, while evapotranspirational demand varies with solar radiation and temperature. The forest cover itself can affect the water balance via canopy interception and evapotranspiration. We simulated Sierran forests as slope facets, defined as gridded stands of homogeneous topographic exposure, and verified simulated gradient response against sample quadrats distributed across Sequoia National Park. We then performed a modified sensitivity analysis of abiotic factors governing the physical gradient. Importantly, the model's sensitivity to temperature, precipitation, and soil depth varies considerably over the physical template, particularly relative to elevation. The physical drivers of the water balance have characteristic spatial scales that differ by orders of magnitude. Across large spatial extents, temperature and precipitation as defined by elevation primarily govern the location of the mixed conifer zone. If the analysis is constrained to elevations within the mixed-conifer zone, local topography comes into play as it influences drainage. Soil depth varies considerably at all measured scales, and is especially dominant at fine (within-stand) scales. Physical site variables can influence soil moisture deficit either by affecting water supply or water demand; these effects have qualitatively different implications for forest response. These results have clear implications about purely inferential approaches to gradient analysis, and bear strongly on our ability to use correlative approaches in assessing the potential responses of montane forests to anthropogenic climatic change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1008183331604","usgsCitation":"Urban, D., Miller, C., Halpin, P.N., and Stephenson, N.L., 2000, Forest gradient response in Sierran landscapes: the physical template: Landscape Ecology, v. 15, no. 7, p. 603-620, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008183331604.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"620","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Urban, Dean L.","contributorId":10674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"Dean L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Carol","contributorId":18691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Carol","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halpin, Patrick N.","contributorId":175071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halpin","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001870,"text":"1001870 - 2000 - Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:35:00","indexId":"1001870","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3534,"text":"Texas Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","docAbstract":"Surface water quality was monitored at 19 stations (2-4 week intervals) in six drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve of east Texas between 1996 and 1999. The parameters monitored were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, current speed, light attenuation, chlorophyll a and concentrations of ammonium, ortho-phosphate, nitrate and nitrite. The best water quality (low nutrients and chlorophyll a; no hypoxia) was found in the Big Sandy Creek, Turkey Creek and Village Creek systems. Water quality in the Neches River was also generally good except for instances of moderate algal blooms. The Pine Island Bayou system, however, typically showed poor water quality. Very low current velocities and high concentrations of nutrients promoted massive spring plankton blooms (chlorophyll a in excess of 100 μg L-1) and subsequent hypoxia/anoxia (dissolved oxygen less than 5 mg L-1). In this system, hypoxia occurred as early as April and as late as December.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rizzo, W., Rafferty, P., and Segura, M., 2000, Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve: Texas Journal of Science, v. 52, no. 4, p. 79-92.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rafferty, P.","contributorId":98672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafferty","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segura, M.R.","contributorId":51244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segura","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001729,"text":"1001729 - 2000 - Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:48:24","indexId":"1001729","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"It is necessary periodically to identify research priorities so that future research will be directed toward the most pertinent issues in waterfowl ecology and management. To that end, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center convened a quorum of experts on the ecology of breeding waterfowl, the Waterfowl Working Group, to 1) develop a mission statement, 2) identify waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains, and 3) determine the frequency for re-identifying research needs. Research needs (nonprioritized) identified by the group and described in detail herein included: 1) determine effects of landscape factors on demographics and recruitment of ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region; 2) develop, improve, or update estimates of important parameters used in existing models for management and planning; 3) evaluate waterfowl management activities at broad, regional scales; 4) direct studies at waterfowl species of concern; and 5) evaluate applicability of the bird-conservation-area concept to waterfowl. The Waterfowl Working Group will reconsider research priorities at 2-year intervals.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Cox, R.R., Johnson, D.H., Johnson, M.A., Kirby, R., Nelson, J., and Reynolds, R., 2000, Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 28, no. 3, p. 558-564.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"564","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cde4b07f02db5d9343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, M. A.","contributorId":87088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, R.E.","contributorId":75871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, J.W.","contributorId":9995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reynolds, R. E.","contributorId":25098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008191,"text":"1008191 - 2000 - Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel‐bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:46:57","indexId":"1008191","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel‐bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales","docAbstract":"Local variations in boundary shear stress acting on bed‐surface particles control patterns of bed load transport and channel evolution during varying stream discharges. At the reach scale a channel adjusts to imposed water and sediment supply through mutual interactions among channel form, local grain size, and local flow dynamics that govern bed mobility. In order to explore these adjustments, we used a numerical flow model to examine relations between model‐predicted local boundary shear stress (тj( and measured surface particle size (D50) at bank‐full discharge in six gravel‐bed, alternate‐bar channels with widely differing annual sediment yields. Values of тj and D50 were poorly correlated such that small areas conveyed large proportions of the total bed load, especially in sediment‐poor channels with low mobility. Sediment‐rich channels had greater areas of full mobility; sediment‐poor channels had greater areas of partial mobility; and both types had significant areas that were essentially immobile. Two reach‐mean mobility parameters (Shields stress and Q*) correlated reasonably well with sediment supply. Values which can be practicably obtained from carefully measured mean hydraulic variables and particle size would provide first‐order assessments of bed mobility that would broadly distinguish the channels in this study according to their sediment yield and bed mobility.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900238","usgsCitation":"Lisle, T.E., Nelson, J.M., Pitlick, J., Madej, M.A., and Barkett, B.L., 2000, Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel‐bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 12, p. 3743-3755, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900238.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3743","endPage":"3755","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900238","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688dc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisle, Thomas E.","contributorId":124570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lisle","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitlick, John","contributorId":168765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitlick","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25358,"text":"University of Colorado, Geography Dept., Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barkett, Brent L.","contributorId":124576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barkett","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}