Experimentally initiated epidemics of infectious pancreatic necrosis in rainbow-trout fry were analyzed using a modification of the standard mathematical model for a simple propagative epidemic. Contrary to expectations, the value of the transmission parameter (β) was inversely related to initial density of susceptible hosts. This anomaly can be explained if we assume that the experimental epidemics were point-source rather than propagative epidemics. The implications of this conclusion for modeling experimental and natural epidemics are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00176-8","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., Bebak, J., and McAllister, P.E., 2000, Experimental infectious pancreatic necrosis infections: propagative or point-source epidemic?: Preventive Veterinary Medicine, v. 47, no. 4, p. 221-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00176-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00176-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f922b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, G.","contributorId":52918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bebak, J.","contributorId":31704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bebak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016161,"text":"1016161 - 2000 - Fire frequency in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T21:47:56.075511","indexId":"1016161","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire frequency in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data","docAbstract":"Fire frequency affects vegetation composition and successional pathways; thus it is essential to understand fire regimes in order to manage natural resources at broad spatial scales. Fire history data are lacking for many regions for which fire management decisions are being made, so models are needed to estimate past fire frequency where local data are not yet available. We developed multiple regression models and tree-based (classification and regression tree, or CART) models to predict fire return intervals across the interior Columbia River basin at 1-km resolution, using georeferenced fire history, potential vegetation, cover type, and precipitation databases. The models combined semiqualitative methods and rigorous statistics. The fire history data are of uneven quality; some estimates are based on only one tree, and many are not cross-dated. Therefore, we weighted the models based on data quality and performed a sensitivity analysis of the effects on the models of estimation errors that are due to lack of cross-dating. The regression models predict fire return intervals from 1 to 375 yr for forested areas, whereas the tree-based models predict a range of 8 to 150 yr. Both types of models predict latitudinal and elevational gradients of increasing fire return intervals. Examination of regional-scale output suggests that, although the tree-based models explain more of the variation in the original data, the regression models are less likely to produce extrapolation errors. Thus, the models serve complementary purposes in elucidating the relationships among fire frequency, the predictor variables, and spatial scale. The models can provide local managers with quantitative information and provide data to initialize coarse-scale fire-effects models, although predictions for individual sites should be treated with caution because of the varying quality and uneven spatial coverage of the fire history database. The models also demonstrate the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods when requisite data for fully quantitative models are unavailable. They can be tested by comparing new, independent fire history reconstructions against their predictions and can be continually updated, as better fire history data become available.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1497:FFITIC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, D., Peterson, D.L., and Agee, J.K., 2000, Fire frequency in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1497-1516, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1497:FFITIC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1497","endPage":"1516","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -120.9375,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -120.73974609374999,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -120.10253906249999,\n 39.67337039176558\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -119.17968749999999,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -115.1806640625,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 40.12849105685408\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -107.841796875,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -107.38037109375,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -108.45703125,\n 45.36758436884978\n ],\n [\n -108.08349609375,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 47.44294999517949\n ],\n [\n -105.908203125,\n 48.151428143221224\n ],\n [\n -108.8525390625,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 46.89023157359399\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f446f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, D.","contributorId":34093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agee, James K.","contributorId":12446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agee","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014981,"text":"1014981 - 2000 - Bias survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:20","indexId":"1014981","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"00-021/AE","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Burnham, K., Kahn, D., He, X., Goshorn, C., Hattala, K., and Kahnle, A., 2000, Bias survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 5, p. 886-897.","productDescription":"p. 886-897","startPage":"886","endPage":"897","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ad71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahn, D.M.","contributorId":11558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahn","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"He, X.","contributorId":85540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goshorn, C.J.","contributorId":36503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goshorn","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hattala, K.A.","contributorId":88690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattala","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kahnle, A.W.","contributorId":44496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahnle","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1001094,"text":"1001094 - 2000 - Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T12:17:55","indexId":"1001094","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes","docAbstract":"In order to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) production from managed and unmanaged lands, waterfowl biologists need measurable predictors of brood survival. We evaluated effects of percent of seasonal basins holding water (WETSEAS), percent of upland landscape in perennial cover (PERNCOVER), rainfall (RAIN), daily minimum ambient temperature (TMIN), hatch date (HATCHDATE), brood age (BA; 0-7 or 8-30 days), age of brood females, and brood size on mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes, and developed a predictive model using factors found to have significant effects. Sixteen of 56 radiomarked broods experienced total loss during 1,250 exposure days. Our final fitted model of brood survival contained only main effects of WETSEAS, HATCHDATE, and RAIN. Total brood loss during the first 30 days of exposure was 11.2 times more likely for broods hatched on areas with <17% WETSEAS than those on areas with >59% WETSEAS. Total brood loss was 5.2 times more likely during rainy conditions than during dry periods, and the hazard of total brood loss increased by 5% for each 1-day delay in hatching between 17 May and 12 August. High survival of mallard broods in landscapes where most seasonal basins contain water underscores the importance of maintaining seasonal wetlands as a major component of wetland complexes managed for mallard production. Because early hatched broods have higher survival, we also suggest that waterfowl managers focus their efforts on enhancing nest success of early laid clutches, especially in wet years.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803253","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G.L., Pietz, P., Brandt, D.A., and Cox, R.R., 2000, Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 553-561, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803253.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L. 0000-0001-8482-6130 gkrapu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8482-6130","contributorId":3074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary","email":"gkrapu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, David A. dbrandt@usgs.gov","contributorId":147142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"David","email":"dbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, Robert R. Jr.","contributorId":6575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1002421,"text":"1002421 - 2000 - Climate change: Potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T15:48:00","indexId":"1002421","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change: Potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States","docAbstract":"Wetlands exist in a transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial environments which can be altered by subtle changes in hydrology. Twentieth century climate records show that the United States is generally experiencing a trend towards a wetter, warmer climate; some climate models suggest that his trend will continue and possibly intensify over the next 100 years. Wetlands that are most likely to be affected by these and other potential changes (e.g., sea-level rise) associated with atmospheric carbon enrichment include permafrost wetlands, coastal and estuarine wetlands, peatlands, alpine wetlands, and prairie pothote wetlands. Potential impacts range from changes in community structure to changes in ecological function, and from extirpation to enhancement. Wetlands (particularly boreal peatlands) play an important role in the global carbon cycle, generally sequestering carbon in the form of biomass, methane, dissolved organic material and organic sediment. Wetlands that are drained or partially dried can become a net source of methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, serving as a positive biotic feedback to global warming. Policy options for minimizing the adverse impacts of climate change on wetland ecosystems include the reduction of current anthropogenic stresses, allowing for inland migration of coastal wetlands as sea-level rises, active management to preserve wetland hydrology, and a wide range of other management and restoration options.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04270.x","usgsCitation":"Burkett, V., and Kusler, J., 2000, Climate change: Potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 313-320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04270.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"320","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de1e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkett, Virginia 0000-0003-4746-2862 virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":2867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia","email":"virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kusler, Jon","contributorId":113716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusler","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008262,"text":"1008262 - 2000 - Testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay estuary of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:40:15","indexId":"1008262","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay estuary of California","docAbstract":"Aquatic hazing devices recently have been developed as a possible means of deterring waterbirds from oil spills, thereby reducing casualties. However, the effectiveness of these devices has not been examined with rigorous statistical tests. We conducted a study in the San Francisco Bay estuary to develop a design for testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in open water. Transects marked with poles at 100-m inter- vals up to 800 m from the hazing device were established at two sites separated by three km in the north bay. Alter- nating two-day test and control periods were conducted at each site. Observers in over-water blinds counted the number, species and behavior (swimming, diving, or preening) of birds on transects each day. Aerial surveys of birds within four km of the device were conducted at the beginning of each test. For both aerial and ground surveys, a three-way mixed model analysis of variance test was used to examine trial, distance from the device, and treatment (device on or off) fixed effects, and site as a random effect on numbers of Greater and Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis and A. marila), Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata), and all other waterbirds. We could not detect a significant deter- rent effect of the hazing device in either aerial surveys of all ducks or scaup (all ducks, F,283 = 1.1; Scaup, F28,230 = 0.9, all n.s.; 3-factor ANOVA), or ground surveys for all ducks or scaup (all ducks, F28,23 = 1.0; scaup, F2s,230 = 0.9, all n.s.; 3-factor ANOVA). There was a significant trial-by-treatment interaction for Surf Scoters (F4,9 = 5.4, P = 0.02; 3-factor ANOVA), but Surf Scoter numbers fluctuated greatly among trials so the effect of the device on this species was not clear. Birds did not alter their behavior when the device was active. In general, although aquatic hazing devices have potential to reduce waterbird mortality in oil spills, the tested device was not effective as a deterrent for waterfowl in experimental trials on the estuary. Received 27 September 1999, accepted 3January 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","usgsCitation":"Whisson, D.A., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2000, Testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay estuary of California: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 1, p. 56-63.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whisson, Desley A.","contributorId":23496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whisson","given":"Desley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001910,"text":"1001910 - 2000 - Seasonal-range forecasting of the ozark climate by a principal component regression scheme with antecedent sea surface temperatures and upper air conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T16:50:44.702465","indexId":"1001910","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":920,"text":"Atmósfera","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal-range forecasting of the ozark climate by a principal component regression scheme with antecedent sea surface temperatures and upper air conditions","docAbstract":"On the basis of principal component analysis of long-term climatological records, regression models are formulated and forecast experiments are conducted for monthly temperature and precipitation of the Ozark Highlands area, a large area of low mountains and plateau in the south central midwestern United States. Predictors include global sea surface temperatures, hemispheric upper air fields and the local climate observations. The experiments for all months of the year are performed with the data from continuous 15-year segments of 1961-75 to 1980-94 for those years beyond the respective data segments. Relationships between regional-scale and large-scale climate variables are investigated by cross-correlation analysis to identify useful teleconnections for seasonal-range forecasting. The predictability of the Ozark Highlands climate is examined with the multiple linear regression scheme and the principal component regression scheme. It is shown that the forecast performance by the latter is superior to that of the former. The results of the extensive forecast experiments reveal the useful and stable predictability of the Ozark Highlands climate elements. The validity of the forecasting models is verified for up to 10 years after the data period of regression formulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México","usgsCitation":"Lee, J., and Kung, E., 2000, Seasonal-range forecasting of the ozark climate by a principal component regression scheme with antecedent sea surface temperatures and upper air conditions: Atmósfera, v. 13, p. 223-244.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407618,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/atm/index.php/atm/article/view/8469"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Highlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.284912109375,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -92.87841796875,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -92.87841796875,\n 36.79169061907076\n ],\n [\n -93.284912109375,\n 36.79169061907076\n ],\n [\n -93.284912109375,\n 36.474306755095235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J.W.","contributorId":60582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kung, E.C.","contributorId":85117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kung","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013083,"text":"1013083 - 2000 - Sea otters past and present perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T09:28:58","indexId":"1013083","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":690,"text":"Alaska Geographic","printIssn":"0361-1353","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otters past and present perspectives","docAbstract":"Sea otters have been an important resource for people living along the North Pacific coast for thousands of years. At least two aspects of the sea otters' natural history have linked them with humans: their pelt and their food habits. Sea otter pelts, arguably the finest in the animal kingdom, were fashioned into garments, particularly in northern latitudes, while the presence of sea otters influenced the availability of some marine invertebrates, like snails, clams and abalone, that provided food for coastal people. In addition, sea otters spurred a growing fur trade after Vitus Bering's explorations of the North Pacific in the early 1700s revealed their widespread abundance. This commercial harvest was instrumental in European exploration and settlement of the Pacific Rim and led to the near-extermination of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, in following centuries.
Largely because of their life history and their direct relations with coastal residents, sea otters are a comparatively well-understood marine mammal. During the past few decades, concern for sea otters has broadened to encompass an interest in global resource conservation and restoration, as well as community ecology. This more recent focus on sea otters now extends to humans far removed from marine environments.
Early sea otters evolved about 12 million years ago from Eurasian and African ancestors. They reached the North Pacific by way of two proposed migration paths, one along the Bering Land Bridge between northeastern Asia and northwestern North America and a second from the Atlantic Ocean that entered the Pacific through a channel in the central Americas. Modern sea otters occur only in the North Pacific and have occupied their current range for the past 1 million to 3 million years.
We used 742 beach-cast carcasses to characterize age- and sex-specific sea otter mortality during the winter of 1990-1991 at Bering Island, Russia. We also examined 363 carcasses recovered after the 1989 grounding of the T/V Exxon Valdez, to characterize age and sex composition in the living western Prince William Sound (WPWS) sea otter population. At Bering Island, mortality was male-biased (81%), and 75% were adults. The WPWS population was female-biased (59%) and most animals were subadult (79% of the males and 45% of the females). In the decade prior to 1990-1991 we found increasing sea otter densities (particularly among males), declining prey resources, and declining weights in adult male sea otters at Bering Island. Our findings suggest the increased mortality at Bering Island in 1990-1991 was a density-dependent population response. We propose male-maintained breeding territories and exclusion of juvenile females by adult females, providing a mechanism for maintaining densities in female areas below densities in male areas and for potentially moderating the effects of prey reductions on the female population. Increased adult male mortality at Bering Island in 1990-1991 likely modified the sex and age class structure there toward that observed in Prince William Sound.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00913.x","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Burdin, A., and Ryazanov, D., 2000, Age- and sex-specific mortality and population structure in sea otters: Marine Mammal Science, v. 16, no. 1, p. 201-219, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00913.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"219","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689250","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burdin, A.M.","contributorId":45661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdin","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryazanov, D.A.","contributorId":15559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryazanov","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015104,"text":"1015104 - 2000 - Coupled atmosphere-biophysics-hydrology models for environmental modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T20:24:14.434357","indexId":"1015104","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2168,"text":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupled atmosphere-biophysics-hydrology models for environmental modeling","docAbstract":"The formulation and implementation of LEAF-2, the Land Ecosystem–Atmosphere Feedback model, which comprises the representation of land–surface processes in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), is described. LEAF-2 is a prognostic model for the temperature and water content of soil, snow cover, vegetation, and canopy air, and includes turbulent and radiative exchanges between these components and with the atmosphere. Subdivision of a RAMS surface grid cell into multiple areas of distinct land-use types is allowed, with each subgrid area, or patch, containing its own LEAF-2 model, and each patch interacts with the overlying atmospheric column with a weight proportional to its fractional area in the grid cell. A description is also given of TOPMODEL, a land hydrology model that represents surface and subsurface downslope lateral transport of groundwater. Details of the incorporation of a modified form of TOPMODEL into LEAF-2 are presented. Sensitivity tests of the coupled system are presented that demonstrate the potential importance of the patch representation and of lateral water transport in idealized model simulations. Independent studies that have applied LEAF-2 and verified its performance against observational data are cited. Linkage of RAMS and TOPMODEL through LEAF-2 creates a modeling system that can be used to explore the coupled atmosphere–biophysical–hydrologic response to altered climate forcing at local watershed and regional basin scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0931:CABHMF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Walko, R.L., Band, L., Baron, J., Kittel, T., Lammers, R., Lee, T., Ojima, D., Pielke, R., Taylor, C., Tague, C., Tremback, C., and Vidale, P., 2000, Coupled atmosphere-biophysics-hydrology models for environmental modeling: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 39, no. 6, p. 931-944, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0931:CABHMF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"944","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479156,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0931:cabhmf>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68387b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walko, R. L.","contributorId":25521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walko","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kittel, T.G.F.","contributorId":21500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"T.G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lammers, R.","contributorId":46904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lammers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, T.J.","contributorId":42169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ojima, D.","contributorId":10378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Taylor, C.","contributorId":73958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tague, C.","contributorId":13579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tague","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tremback, C.J.","contributorId":52530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tremback","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Vidale, P.L.","contributorId":35690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":1015072,"text":"1015072 - 2000 - Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T16:22:19","indexId":"1015072","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"We analyzed factors that contributed to the success of 100 translocations of bighorn sheep within six western states between 1923 and 1997. We categorized the populations as unsuccessful (i.e., extirpated or remnant, <29 animals), moderately successful (30–99 animals), and successful (100–350 animals) by the end of the study period in 1997. Thirty of the translocated populations were unsuccessful (n = 13 were extirpated and n = 17 were remnant), 29 were moderately successful, and 41 were successful (21 ± 1.3 [SE] years of information per translocation). Translocations were less successful when domestic sheep were located within 6 km of the known bighorn sheep use areas (logistic regression, p = 0.052). Grazing of cattle on the same range also negatively influenced success (p = 0.004). Use of indigenous versus previously translocated source stocks increased success (p = 0.084). The translocation was twice as likely to be successful when indigenous herds were used as sources (p = 0.043), but mixing genetic stocks (p = 0.381) or later additional augmentations did not influence success (p = 0.095). Annual migrations by newly established translocated populations increased success (p = 0.014). We recommend translocations of founder groups of bighorn sheep from indigenous sources into large patches of habitat that promote movements and migrations, and with no domestic sheep present in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Papouchis, C., and Symonds, K., 2000, Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 6-13, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626d51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papouchis, C.M.","contributorId":36080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papouchis","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Symonds, K.K.","contributorId":18710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015057,"text":"1015057 - 2000 - Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:37:52","indexId":"1015057","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher concentrations of D.O. were measured in open water mesocosms containing submerged pondweeds. Invertebrate taxa richness was positively related to D.O. concentrations that were, in turn, related to vegetation communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related to the type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type. Wetlands designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.M., Roline, R., Thullen, J., Sartoris, J., and Boutwell, J., 2000, Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 406-415, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c5e4b07f02db53fb1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":81853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roline, R.A.","contributorId":62965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roline","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thullen, J.S.","contributorId":16361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thullen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sartoris, J.J.","contributorId":84310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartoris","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boutwell, J.E.","contributorId":52533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boutwell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008394,"text":"1008394 - 2000 - A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T12:49:12","indexId":"1008394","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration","docAbstract":"A model (ALFISH) for fish functional groups in freshwater marshes of the greater Everglades area of southern Florida has been developed. Its main objective is to assess the spatial pattern of fish densities through time across freshwater marshes. This model has the capability of providing a dynamic measure of the spatially-explicit food resources available to wading birds. ALFISH simulates two functional groups, large and small fish, where the larger ones can prey on the small fish type. Both functional groups are size-structured. The marsh landscape is modeled as 500×500 m spatial cells on a grid across southern Florida. A hydrology model predicts water levels in the spatial cells on 5-day time steps. Fish populations spread across the marsh during flooded conditions and either retreat into refugia (alligator ponds), move to other spatial cells, or die if their cell dries out. ALFISH has been applied to the evaluation of alternative water regulation scenarios under the Central and South Florida Comprehensive Project Review Study. The objective of this Review Study is to compare alternative methods for restoring historical ecological conditions in southern Florida. ALFISH has provided information on which plans are most are likely to increase fish biomass and its availability to wading bird populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00202-1","usgsCitation":"Gaff, H., DeAngelis, D., Gross, L., Salinas, R., and Shorrosh, M., 2000, A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration: Ecological Modelling, v. 127, no. 1, p. 33-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00202-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaff, H.D.","contributorId":12424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaff","given":"H.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, L.J.","contributorId":65030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salinas, R.","contributorId":57804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salinas","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shorrosh, M.","contributorId":101611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorrosh","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015054,"text":"1015054 - 2000 - Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:28:08","indexId":"1015054","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America","docAbstract":"Data from long-term ecosystem monitoring and research stations in North America and results of simulations made with interpretive models indicate that changes in climate (precipitation and temperature) can have a significant effect on the quality of surface waters. Changes in water quality during storms, snowmelt, and periods of elevated air temperature or drought can cause conditions that exceed thresholds of ecosystem tolerance and, thus, lead to water-quality degradation. If warming and changes in available moisture occur, water-quality changes will likely first occur during episodes of climate-induced stress, and in ecosystems where the factors controlling water quality are sensitive to climate variability. Continued climate stress would increase the frequency with which ecosystem thresholds are exceeded and thus lead to chronic water-quality changes. Management strategies in a warmer climate will therefore be needed that are based on local ecological thresholds rather than annual median condition. Changes in land use alter biological, physical, and chemical processes in watersheds and thus significantly alter the quality of adjacent surface waters; these direct human-caused changes complicate the interpretation of water-quality changes resulting from changes in climate, and can be both mitigated and exacerbated by climate change. A rigorous strategy for integrated, long-term monitoring of the ecological and human factors that control water quality is necessary to differentiate between actual and perceived climate effects, and to track the effectiveness of our environmental policies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x","usgsCitation":"Murdoch, P., Baron, J., and Miller, T.L., 2000, Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 347-366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. L.","contributorId":54557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015051,"text":"1015051 - 2000 - Stream chemistry modeling of two watersheds in the Front Range, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:51:53","indexId":"1015051","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream chemistry modeling of two watersheds in the Front Range, Colorado","docAbstract":"We investigated the hydrologic, geochemical, and biogeochemical controls on stream chemical composition on the Green Lakes Valley and Andrews Creek watersheds using the alpine hydrochemical model (AHM). Both sites had comparable data sets from 1994 and 1996, including high‐resolution spatial data and high‐frequency time series of hydrology, geochemistry, and meteorology. The model of each watershed consisted of three terrestrial subunits (soil, talus, and rock), with the routing between the subunits determined by spatial land cover data. Using 1994 data for model calibration and 1996 data for evaluation, AHM captured the dominant processes and successfully simulated daily stream chemical composition on both watersheds. These results confirm our procedure of using spatial and site‐specific field and laboratory data to generate an initial catchment model and then calibrating the model to calculate effective parameters for unmeasured processes. A net source of nitrogen was identified in the Andrews Creek watershed during the spring snowmelt period, whereas nitrogen was immobilized in the Green Lakes Valley. This difference was most likely due to the larger and more dominant area of talus in the Andrews Creek watershed. Our results also indicate that routing of snowmelt through either soil or talus material is sufficient for retention of H+ and release of base cations but that N retention is more important on areas mapped as soil. Owing to the larger ionic pulse and larger fraction of surface runoff the Green Lakes Valley was more sensitive to a doubling of wet deposition chemistry than the Andrews Creek watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900248","usgsCitation":"Meixner, T., Bales, R.C., Williams, M.W., Campbell, D.H., and Baron, J., 2000, Stream chemistry modeling of two watersheds in the Front Range, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 77-87, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900248.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900248","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a521e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meixner, Thomas","contributorId":22653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meixner","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":321969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Roger C.","contributorId":189659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bales","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":321968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baron, Jill S. 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill S.","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015103,"text":"1015103 - 2000 - Comparison of one and two-dimensional open channel flow models for a small habitat stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:24:11","indexId":"1015103","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3303,"text":"Rivers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of one and two-dimensional open channel flow models for a small habitat stream","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
We present a comprehensive survey of genetic variation across the range of the narrowly distributed endemic Yosemite toad Bufo canorus, a declining amphibian restricted to the Sierra Nevada of California. Based on 322 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data, we found limited support for the monophyly of B. canorus and its closely related congener B. exsul to the exclusion of the widespread western toad B. boreas. However, B. exsul was always phylogenetically nested within B. canorus, suggesting that the latter may not be monophyletic. SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of 372 individual B. canorus from 28 localities in Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks revealed no shared haplotypes among these two regions and lead us to interpret these two parks as distinct management units for B. canorus. Within Yosemite, we found significant genetic substructure both at the level of major drainages and among breeding ponds. Kings Canyon samples show a different pattern, with substantial variation among breeding sites, but no substructure among drainages. Across the range of B. canorus as well as among Yosemite ponds, we found an isolation-by-distance pattern suggestive of a stepping stone model of migration. However, in Kings Canyon we found no hint of such a pattern, suggesting that movement patterns of toads may be quite different in these nearby parklands. Our data imply that management for B. canorus should focus at the individual pond level, and effective management may necessitate reintroductions if local extirpations occur. A brief review of other pond-breeding anurans suggests that highly structured populations are often the case, and thus that our results for B. canorus may be general for other species of frogs and toads.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00835.x","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, H., Fellers, G.M., Magee, A., and Voss, S.R., 2000, The genetics of amphibian decline: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the Yosemite toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data: Molecular Ecology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 245-257, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00835.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62c6aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, H. Bradley","contributorId":71051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"H. Bradley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magee, Allison","contributorId":175070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magee","given":"Allison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, S. Randal","contributorId":104334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008365,"text":"1008365 - 2000 - Estimating the magnitude of decline of the Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia Arn.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T12:50:26","indexId":"1008365","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the magnitude of decline of the Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia Arn.)","docAbstract":"Torreya taxifolia is a coniferous tree that is endemic to the 35 km stretch of bluffs and ravines along the east side of the Apalachicola River in northern Florida and adjacent southern Georgia. This formerly locally abundant tree declined during the 1950s and 1960s as a result of disease and is currently on the US Endangered Species list. For sparsely distributed species it can often be difficult to determine both current and historic population sizes. Historical descriptions of the distribution (203 km2) and relative abundance (14.2% of dominant ravine trees) of T. taxifolia are used along with current measures of forest structure to estimate the pre-decline population density (30 trees/ha) and size (∼0.3–0.65 million individuals). Survey information from five extant stands is used to estimate current population size (∼500–4000 individuals). The surveys were conducted in areas with known high tree densities such that a simple extrapolation to the entire distribution would produce a gross over-estimate of population size. We therefore use a variety of assumptions to produce a range of estimates for total population sizes. Regardless of the particular model, our estimates suggest that T. taxifolia has lost at least 98.5% of its total population size since the early 1900s. We discuss these results in relation to the potential difficulties likely of restoring sustainable populations of this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00008-2","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M.W., Hermann, S.M., and van Mantgem, P.J., 2000, Estimating the magnitude of decline of the Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia Arn.): Biological Conservation, v. 95, no. 1, p. 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00008-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Mark W.","contributorId":145938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":317532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hermann, Sharon M.","contributorId":175058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hermann","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008364,"text":"1008364 - 2000 - Population persistence in Florida torreya: Comparing modeled projections of a declining coniferous tree","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T10:05:00","indexId":"1008364","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population persistence in Florida torreya: Comparing modeled projections of a declining coniferous tree","docAbstract":"The Florida torreya ( Torreya taxifolia) is a coniferous tree endemic to a 35-km stretch of bluffs and ravines along the east side of the Apalachicola River in northern Florida and southern Georgia. This formerly locally abundant tree has declined as a result of disease during the 1950s and is on the U.S. endangered species list. With no seed production in the wild, this species is headed toward extinction. We conducted a survey on roughly 200 trees from 1988 to 1996 and used these data to estimate the likelihood of population persistence during the next several decades. We compared a stage-class transition matrix model ( RAMAS) and an individual-based stochastic model ( TORSIM) of growth and mortality to project future populations. Given the current lack of seed production in the wild, all models predict extinction. The question of concern is the imminence of this predicted extinction. Differing predicted times to extinction would suggest different immediate management recommendations. Both models predicted an over 90% likelihood of persistence during the next 50 years. Predictions differed in that the transition matrix model was less optimistic than the individual-based model regarding persistence. Model sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust to significant decreases in growth and sprouting probabilities. Submodels identified different persistence likelihoods in different populations. Nonetheless, unless management of the population can facilitate maturation and seed production, extinction of this species in the wild is inevitable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98393.x","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M.W., Hermann, S.M., and van Mantgem, P.J., 2000, Population persistence in Florida torreya: Comparing modeled projections of a declining coniferous tree: Conservation Biology, v. 14, no. 4, p. 1023-1033, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98393.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1023","endPage":"1033","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Mark W.","contributorId":145938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":317529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hermann, Sharon M.","contributorId":175058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hermann","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008357,"text":"1008357 - 2000 - Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: Implications for conservation ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T11:46:02","indexId":"1008357","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: Implications for conservation ecology","docAbstract":"We evaluate the empirical and theoretical support for the hypothesis that a large proportion of native species richness is required to maximize ecosystem stability and sustain function. This assessment is important for conservation strategies because sustenance of ecosystem functions has been used as an argument for the conservation of species. If ecosystem functions are sustained at relatively low species richness, then arguing for the conservation of ecosystem function, no matter how important in its own right, does not strongly argue for the conservation of species. Additionally, for this to be a strong conservation argument the link between species diversity and ecosystem functions of value to the human community must be clear. We review the empirical literature to quantify the support for two hypotheses: (1) species richness is positively correlated with ecosystem function, and (2) ecosystem functions do not saturate at low species richness relative to the observed or experimental diversity. Few empirical studies demonstrate improved function at high levels of species richness. Second, we analyze recent theoretical models in order to estimate the level of species richness required to maintain ecosystem function. Again we find that, within a single trophic level, most mathematical models predict saturation of ecosystem function at a low proportion of local species richness. We also analyze a theoretical model linking species number to ecosystem stability. This model predicts that species richness beyond the first few species does not typically increase ecosystem stability. One reason that high species richness may not contribute significantly to function or stability is that most communities are characterized by strong dominance such that a few species provide the vast majority of the community biomass. Rapid turnover of species may rescue the concept that diversity leads to maximum function and stability. The role of turnover in ecosystem function and stability has not been investigated. Despite the recent rush to embrace the linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem function, we find little support for the hypothesis that there is a strong dependence of ecosystem function on the full complement of diversity within sites. Given this observation, the conservation community should take a cautious view of endorsing this linkage as a model to promote conservation goals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004420050035","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M., Brigham, C., Hoeksema, J., Lyons, K., Mills, M., and van Mantgem, P., 2000, Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: Implications for conservation ecology: Oecologia, v. 122, no. 3, p. 297-305, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050035.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, M.W.","contributorId":68246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham, C.A.","contributorId":40172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoeksema, J.D.","contributorId":79847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeksema","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lyons, K.G.","contributorId":41387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mills, M.H.","contributorId":19122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"van Mantgem, P.","contributorId":99066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008340,"text":"1008340 - 2000 - A funnel trap modification for surface collection of aquatic amphibians and reptiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:33:23","indexId":"1008340","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A funnel trap modification for surface collection of aquatic amphibians and reptiles","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Casazza, M.L., Wylie, G., and Gregory, C., 2000, A funnel trap modification for surface collection of aquatic amphibians and reptiles: Herpetological Review, v. 31, no. 2, p. 91-92.","productDescription":"p. 91-92","startPage":"91","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, G.D.","contributorId":68238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gregory, C.J.","contributorId":32487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015323,"text":"1015323 - 2000 - Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:56:02","indexId":"1015323","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed","docAbstract":"We model the spatial distribution of snow across a mountain basin using an approach that combines binary decision tree and geostatistical techniques. In April 1997 and 1998, intensive snow surveys were conducted in the 6.9‐km2 Loch Vale watershed (LVWS), Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Binary decision trees were used to model the large‐scale variations in snow depth, while the small‐scale variations were modeled through kriging interpolation methods. Binary decision trees related depth to the physically based independent variables of net solar radiation, elevation, slope, and vegetation cover type. These decision tree models explained 54–65% of the observed variance in the depth measurements. The tree‐based modeled depths were then subtracted from the measured depths, and the resulting residuals were spatially distributed across LVWS through kriging techniques. The kriged estimates of the residuals were added to the tree‐based modeled depths to produce a combined depth model. The combined depth estimates explained 60–85% of the variance in the measured depths. Snow densities were mapped across LVWS using regression analysis. Snow‐covered area was determined from high‐resolution aerial photographs. Combining the modeled depths and densities with a snow cover map produced estimates of the spatial distribution of snow water equivalence (SWE). This modeling approach offers improvement over previous methods of estimating SWE distribution in mountain basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900251","usgsCitation":"Balk, B., and Elder, K., 2000, Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 13-26, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900251.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900251","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balk, Benjamin","contributorId":168435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balk","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, Kelly","contributorId":174398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elder","given":"Kelly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5121,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1221 South Main Street, Moscow, ID 83843","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015324,"text":"1015324 - 2000 - Diana H. Wall, ESA President 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:28:01","indexId":"1015324","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1121,"text":"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diana H. Wall, ESA President 1999-2000","docAbstract":"A more polite term for workaholic is over-achiever, and Diana Harrison Wall could easily serve as the type specimen for both words. Her ability to multi-task is a great boon for the Ecological Society of America. That characteristic drive has also been essential to Wall’s own personal success, since it pushed her to persevere during the lean years when a woman’s place was NOT in the field or laboratory. Diana is a very strong role model for young ecologists through her enthusiasm for science, her remarkable scientific achievements, and her leadership skills. In addition to advising her many graduate students, Diana-as-role-model has been featured in many news media, including PBS TV shows such as “Horizons” and “Discovery,” National Geographic magazine, and the New York Times. She is highlighted on the ESA Web site: “What Do Ecologists Do? Focus on Ecologists.”
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9623(2000)081[0018:DHWEP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., and Parsons, A., 2000, Diana H. Wall, ESA President 1999-2000: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, v. 81, no. 1, p. 18-19, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2000)081[0018:DHWEP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2000)081[0018:dhwep]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, A.","contributorId":30955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015325,"text":"1015325 - 2000 - Preface [to special section on recent Loch Vale Watershed research]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:56:51","indexId":"1015325","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preface [to special section on recent Loch Vale Watershed research]","docAbstract":"Catchment-scale intensive and extensive research conducted over the last decade shows that our understanding of the biogeochemical and hydrologic processes in subalpine and alpine basins is not yet sufficiently mature to model and predict how biogeochemical transformations and surface water quality will change in response to climatic or human-driven changes in energy, water, and chemicals. A better understanding of these processes is needed for input to decision-making regulatory agencies and federal land managers. In recognition of this problem the National Research Council [1998] has identified as a critical research need an improved understanding of how global change will affect biogeochemical interactions with the hydrologic cycle and biogeochemical controls over the transport of water, nutrients, and materials from land to freshwater ecosystems. Improved knowledge of alpine and subalpine ecosystems is particularly important since high-elevation catchments are very sensitive to small changes in the flux of energy, chemicals, and water. Furthermore, alpine ecosystems may act as early warning indicators for ecosystem changes at lower elevations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900293","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., and Williams, M.W., 2000, Preface [to special section on recent Loch Vale Watershed research]: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 11-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900293.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900293","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill S. 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill S.","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015329,"text":"1015329 - 2000 - Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:57:42","indexId":"1015329","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2","title":"Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2","docAbstract":"We explored the hydrologic and ecological responses of a headwater mountain catchment, Loch Vale watershed, to climate change and doubling of atmospheric CO2 scenarios using the Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys). A slight (2°C) cooling, comparable to conditions observed over the past 40 years, led to greater snowpack and slightly less runoff, evaporation, transpiration, and plant productivity. An increase of 2°C yielded the opposite response, but model output for an increase of 4°C showed dramatic changes in timing of hydrologic responses. The snowpack was reduced by 50%, and runoff and soil water increased and occurred 4–5 weeks earlier with 4°C warming. Alpine tundra photosynthetic rates responded more to warmer and wetter conditions than subalpine forest, but subalpine forest showed a greater response to doubling of atmospheric CO2 than tundra. Even though water use efficiency increased with the double CO2 scenario, this had little effect on basin-wide runoff because the catchment is largely unvegetated. Changes in winter and spring climate conditions were more important to hydrologic and vegetation dynamics than changes that occurred during summer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900263","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Hartman, M.D., Band, L., and Lammers, R., 2000, Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 89-99, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900263.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900263","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7a5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, Melannie D.","contributorId":98836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Melannie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lammers, R.B.","contributorId":67469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lammers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}