{"pageNumber":"1199","pageRowStart":"29950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":70022759,"text":"70022759 - 2000 - Energy budgets of mining-induced earthquakes and their interactions with nearby stopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70022759","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Energy budgets of mining-induced earthquakes and their interactions with nearby stopes","docAbstract":"In the early 1960's, N.G.W. Cook, using an underground network of geophones, demonstrated that most Witwatersrand tremors are closely associated with deep level gold mining operations. He also showed that the energy released by the closure of the tabular stopes at depths of the order of 2 km was more than sufficient to account for the mining-induced earthquakes. I report here updated versions of these two results based on more modern underground data acquired in the Witwatersrand gold fields. Firstly, an extensive suite of in situ stress data indicate that the ambient state of crustal stress here is close to the failure state in the absence of mining even though the tectonic setting is thoroughly stable. Mining initially stabilizes the rock mass by reducing the pore fluid pressure from its initial hydrostatic state to nearly zero. The extensive mine excavations, as Cook showed, concentrate the deviatoric stresses, in localized regions of the abutments, back into a failure state resulting in seismicity. Secondly, there appears to be two distinct types of mining-induced earthquakes: the first is strongly coupled to the mining and involves shear failure plus a coseismic volume reduction; the second type is not evidently coupled to any particular mine face, shows purely deviatoric failure, and is presumably caused by more regional changes in the state of stress due to mining. Thirdly, energy budgets for mining induced earthquakes of both types indicate that, of the available released energy, only a few per cent is radiated by the seismic waves with the majority being consumed in overcoming fault friction. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.In the early 1960's, N.G.W. Cook, using an underground network of geophones, demonstrated that most Witwatersrand tremors are closely associated with deep level gold mining operations. He also showed that the energy released by the closure of the tabular stopes at depths of the order of 2 km was more than sufficient to account for the mining-induced earthquakes. I report here updated versions of these two results based on more modern underground data acquired in the Witwatersrand gold fields. Firstly, an extensive suite of in situ stress data indicate that the ambient state of crustal stress here is close to the failure state in the absence of mining even though the tectonic setting is thoroughly stable. Mining initially stabilizes the rock mass by reducing the pore fluid pressure from its initial hydrostatic state to nearly zero. The extensive mine excavations, as Cook showed, concentrate the deviatoric stresses, in localized regions of the abutments, back into a failure state resulting in seismicity. Secondly, there appears to be two distinct types of mining-induced earthquakes: the first is strongly coupled to the mining and involves shear failure plus a coseismic volume reduction; the second type is not evidently coupled to any particular mine face, shows purely deviatoric failure, and is presumably caused by more regional changes in the state of stress due to mining. Thirdly, energy budgets for mining induced earthquakes of both types indicate that, of the available released energy, only a few per cent is radiated by the seismic waves with the majority being consumed in overcoming fault friction.","largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., 2000, Energy budgets of mining-induced earthquakes and their interactions with nearby stopes, in International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, v. 37, no. 1-2, p. 437-443.","startPage":"437","endPage":"443","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0947e4b0c8380cd51e56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186623,"text":"70186623 - 2000 - Microsatellites: Evolutionary and methodological background and empirical applications at individual, population, and phylogenetic levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:05:17","indexId":"70186623","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Microsatellites: Evolutionary and methodological background and empirical applications at individual, population, and phylogenetic levels","docAbstract":"

The recent proliferation and greater accessibility of molecular genetic markers has led to a growing appreciation of the ecological and evolutionary inferences that can be drawn from molecular characterizations of individuals and populations (Burke et al. 1992, Avise 1994). Different techniques have the ability to target DNA sequences which have different patterns of inheritance, different modes and rates of evolution and, concomitantly, different levels of variation. In the quest for 'the right marker for the right job', microsatellites have been widely embraced as the marker of choice for many empirical genetic studies. The proliferation of microsatellite loci for various species and the voluminous literature compiled in very few years associated with their evolution and use in various research applications, exemplifies their growing importance as a research tool in the biological sciences.

The ability to define allelic states based on variation at the nucleotide level has afforded unparalleled opportunities to document the actual mutational process and rates of evolution at individual microsatellite loci. The scrutiny to which these loci have been subjected has resulted in data that raise issues pertaining to assumptions formerly stated, but largely untestable for other marker classes. Indeed this is an active arena for theoretical and empirical work. Given the extensive and ever-increasing literature on various statistical methodologies and cautionary notes regarding the uses of microsatellites, some consideration should be given to the unique characteristics of these loci when determining how and under what conditions they can be employed.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular methods in ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","isbn":"978-0-632-03437-6","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., and Pearce, J.M., 2000, Microsatellites: Evolutionary and methodological background and empirical applications at individual, population, and phylogenetic levels, chap. 10 of Molecular methods in ecology, p. 235-273.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0632034378.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75403e4b09da6799c0c72","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Baker, Allan J.","contributorId":36383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690079,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178135,"text":"70178135 - 2000 - Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-03T13:02:41","indexId":"70178135","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán","publisherLocation":"Mérida, Mexico","usgsCitation":"Woodin, M., Skoruppa, M., and Hickman, G., 2000, Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA, chap. of Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management, p. 24-27.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc5e4b09688d6e91001","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Comlin, F. A.","contributorId":176636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Comlin","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652931,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrera, J. A.","contributorId":176637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrera","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652932,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramirez-Ramirez, Javier","contributorId":112724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramirez-Ramirez","given":"Javier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652933,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Woodin, M.C.","contributorId":97307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodin","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skoruppa, M.K.","contributorId":39189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skoruppa","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, G.C.","contributorId":15823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185292,"text":"70185292 - 2000 - Densities of Barrow's goldeneyes during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska in relation to habitat, food, and history of oil contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T12:51:43","indexId":"70185292","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Densities of Barrow's goldeneyes during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska in relation to habitat, food, and history of oil contamination","docAbstract":"

We evaluated variation in densities of Barrow's Goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) during winter at 214 sites within oiled and unoiled study areas in Prince William Sound, Alaska in relation to physical habitat attributes, prey biomass, and history of habitat contamination by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Using general linear model analyses, we found that goldeneye densities were positively associated with occurrence of a stream within 200 m, lack of exposure to wind and waves, and mixed (versus rocky) substrate. We speculate that these associations relate to habitat profitability via selection of beneficial attributes and avoidance of detrimental features. We also determined that biomass of blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus), the primary prey, was not related to Barrow's Goldeneye densities; we suggest that mussel standing stock exceeds predation demands in our study areas and, thus, does not dictate goldeneye distribution. After accounting for habitat effects, we detected no effect of history of oil contamination on Barrow's Goldeneye densities, suggesting that populations have recovered from the oil spill. Although other studies documented hydrocarbon exposure in Barrow's Goldeneyes through at least 1997, either the level of exposure did not affect populations via reductions in survival, or effects of oil exposure were offset by immigration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1522179","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bowman, T.D., O’Clair, C.E., Dean, T.A., and McDonald, L.L., 2000, Densities of Barrow's goldeneyes during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska in relation to habitat, food, and history of oil contamination: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 3, p. 423-429, https://doi.org/10.2307/1522179.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337853,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.282470703125,\n 60.14834108584633\n ],\n [\n -146.97235107421875,\n 60.14834108584633\n ],\n [\n -146.97235107421875,\n 60.593710896628956\n ],\n [\n -148.282470703125,\n 60.593710896628956\n ],\n [\n -148.282470703125,\n 60.14834108584633\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f67375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":685126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Thomas A.","contributorId":187562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185214,"text":"70185214 - 2000 - First LC/MS determination of cyanazine amide, cyanazine acid, and cyanazine in groundwater samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:24:26","indexId":"70185214","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First LC/MS determination of cyanazine amide, cyanazine acid, and cyanazine in groundwater samples","docAbstract":"

Cyanazine and two of its major metabolites, cyanazine amide and cyanazine acid, were measured at trace levels in groundwater using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/APCI/MS). Solid-phase extraction was carried out by passing 20 mL of groundwater sample through a cartridge containing a polymeric phase (PLRP-s), with recoveries ranging from 99 to 108% (n = 5). Using LC/MS detection in positive ion mode, useful structural information was obtained by increasing the fragmentor voltage, thus permitting the unequivocal identification of these compounds in groundwater samples with low sample volumes. The fragmentation of the amide, carboxylic acid, and cyano group was observed for both metabolites and cyanazine, respectively, leading to a diagnostic ion at m/z 214. Method detection limits were in the range of 0.002−0.005 μg/L for the three compounds. Finally, the newly developed method was evaluated for the analysis of groundwater samples from New York containing the compounds under study and presents evidence that the metabolites, cyanazine acid, and cyanazine amide may leach to groundwater and serve as sources for deisopropylatrazine. The combination of on-line SPE and LC/APCI/MS represents an important advance in environmental analysis of herbicide metabolites in groundwater since it demonstrates that trace amounts of polar metabolites may be determined rapidly. Furthermore, the presence of both cyanazine amide and cyanazine acid indicate that another degradation product, deisopropylatrazine, may be occurring at depth because of the subsequent degradation of cyanazine.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es990462g","usgsCitation":"Ferrer, I., Thurman, E., and Barcelo, D., 2000, First LC/MS determination of cyanazine amide, cyanazine acid, and cyanazine in groundwater samples: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 714-718, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990462g.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"714","endPage":"718","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba423e4b0849ce97dc79c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrer, Imma","contributorId":169362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferrer","given":"Imma","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25480,"text":"Univ of Colorado, Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barcelo, Damia","contributorId":189407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barcelo","given":"Damia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185094,"text":"70185094 - 2000 - Response of geese to aircraft disturbances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T15:26:43","indexId":"70185094","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5319,"text":"Terra Borealis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Response of geese to aircraft disturbances","docAbstract":"

Low-flying aircraft can affect behavior, physiology, and distribution of wildlife (Manci et al., 1988), and over time, may impact a population by reducing survival and reproductive performance. Thus, it is important to identify the particular aspects of overflights that affect animals so that management strategies can be developed to minimize adverse effects.

Waterfowl are particularly sensitive to low-flying aircraft (Manci et al., 1988) and respond at all stages of their annual cycle, including breeding (Gollop et al., 1974a; Laing, 1991), molting (Derksen et al., 1979; Mosbech and Glahder, 1991), migration (Jones and Jones, 1966; Belanger and Bedard, 1989), and wintering (Owens, 1977; Kramer et al., 1979; Henry, 1980). Waterfowl response can be quite variable both within and among species (Fleming et al., 1996). For example, response can vary with age, sex, and body condition of individual, habitat type and quality, and previous exposure to aircraft (Dahlgren and Korshgen, 1992). However, the most important factors influencing a response are aircraft type (Davis and Wiseley, 1974; Jensen, 1990), noise (Mosbech and Glahder, 1991; Temple, 1993), and proximity to the birds, as measured in altitude and lateral distance (Derksen et al., 1979; Belanger and Bedard, 1989; Ward et al., 1994). Wildlife managers can reduce impacts on a population by controlling or modifying these factors.

In an experimental study conducted at Izembek Lagoon in southwestern Alaska in 1985-1988 (Ward and Stehn, 1989), we conducted planned aircraft overflights with control of aircraft type, noise, altitude, and lateral distance to flocks (hereafter called lateral distance) to measure behavioral response of fall-staging Pacific brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) and Canada geese (B. canadensis taverneri) to fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. These data were then used to develop predictive models of the relationship between aircraft type, noise, altitude, and lateral distance and the response of geese (Ward et al., 1989). We also developed a simulation model incorporating energy intake and daily energy costs to assess the long-term consequences of repeated overflights on the ability of brant to obtain sufficient energy reserves necessary for fall migration and over winter survival (Ward and Stehn, 1989).

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of noise on wildlife conference (Terra Borealis no. 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Effects of noise on wildlife conference","conferenceDate":"August 22-23, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"Institute for Environmental Monitoring and Research","publisherLocation":"Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada","issn":"14810336","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., and Derksen, D.V., 2000, Response of geese to aircraft disturbances, in Effects of noise on wildlife conference (Terra Borealis no. 2), v. 2, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada, August 22-23, 2000, p. 52-55.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula, Izembek Lagoon","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, Robert A.","contributorId":83986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185677,"text":"70185677 - 2000 - Approaches to modelling uranium (VI) adsorption on natural mineral assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T11:45:26","indexId":"70185677","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3226,"text":"Radiochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to modelling uranium (VI) adsorption on natural mineral assemblages","docAbstract":"

Component additivity (CA) and generalised composite (GC) approaches to deriving a suitable surface complexation model for description of U(VI) adsorption to natural mineral assemblages are pursued in this paper with good success. A single, ferrihydrite-like component is found to reasonably describe uranyl uptake to a number of kaolinitic iron-rich natural substrates at pH > 4 in the CA approach with previously published information on nature of surface complexes, acid-base properties of surface sites and electrostatic effects used in the model. The GC approach, in which little pre-knowledge about generic surface sites is assumed, gives even better fits and would appear to be a method of particular strength for application in areas such as performance assessment provided the model is developed in a careful, stepwise manner with simplicity and goodness of fit as the major criteria for acceptance.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Atomic Energy Agency ","doi":"10.1524/ract.2000.88.9-11.687","usgsCitation":"Waite, T., Davis, J., Fenton, B., and Payne, T., 2000, Approaches to modelling uranium (VI) adsorption on natural mineral assemblages: Radiochimica Acta, v. 88, p. 687-696, https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.2000.88.9-11.687.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"687","endPage":"696","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253ae4b0543bf7fda857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fenton, B.R.","contributorId":189879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fenton","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Payne, T.E.","contributorId":31916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022593,"text":"70022593 - 2000 - High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022593","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"After a magnitude 7.2 earthquake in 1975 and before the start of the ongoing eruption in 1983, deformation of Kilauea volcano was the most rapid ever recorded. Three-dimensional numerical modeling shows that this deformation is consistent with the dilation of a dike within Kilauea's rift zones coupled with creep over a narrow area of a low-angle fault beneath the south flank. Magma supply is estimated to be 0.18 cubic kilometers per year, twice that of previous estimates. The 1983 eruption may be a direct consequence of the high rates of magma storage within the rift zone that followed the 1975 earthquake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.288.5475.2343","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Cayol, V., Dieterich, J.H., Okamura, A., and Mikijus, A., 2000, High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii: Science, v. 288, no. 5475, p. 2343-2346, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5475.2343.","startPage":"2343","endPage":"2346","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487392,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-03049436","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206684,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5475.2343"},{"id":230549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"288","issue":"5475","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30c0e4b0c8380cd5d8f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayol, V.","contributorId":83302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayol","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okamura, A.T.","contributorId":70400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okamura","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022317,"text":"70022317 - 2000 - January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022317","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS","docAbstract":"A continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) network on Kilauea Volcano captured the most recent fissure eruption in Kilauea's East Rift Zone (ERZ) in unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. The short eruption drained the lava pond at Pu'u O' o, leading to a two month long pause in its on-going eruption. Models of the GPS data indicate that the intrusion's bottom edge extended to only 2.4 km. Continuous GPS data reveal rift opening 8 hours prior to the eruption. Absence of precursory summit inflation rules out magma storage overpressurization as the eruption's cause. We infer that stresses in the shallow rift created by the continued deep rift dilation and slip on the south flank decollement caused the rift intrusion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL008454","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Owen, S., Segall, P., Lisowski, M., Mikijus, A., Murray, M., Bevis, M., and Foster, J., 2000, January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 17, p. 2757-2760, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008454.","startPage":"2757","endPage":"2760","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479227,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl008454","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206630,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008454"},{"id":230416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fe7e4b0c8380cd648f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen, S.","contributorId":56810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, M.","contributorId":89960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bevis, M.","contributorId":27634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bevis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foster, J.","contributorId":89687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022077,"text":"70022077 - 2000 - Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022077","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system","docAbstract":"Synthesis of results from several Arctic and boreal research programmes provides evidence for the strong role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system. Average surface air temperature has increased 0.3??C per decade during the twentieth century in the western North American Arctic and boreal forest zones. Precipitation has also increased, but changes in soil moisture are uncertain. Disturbance rates have increased in the boreal forest; for example, there has been a doubling of the area burned in North America in the past 20 years. The disturbance regime in tundra may not have changed. Tundra has a 3-6-fold higher winter albedo than boreal forest, but summer albedo and energy partitioning differ more strongly among ecosystems within either tundra or boreal forest than between these two biomes. This indicates a need to improve our understanding of vegetation dynamics within, as well as between, biomes. If regional surface warming were to continue, changes in albedo and energy absorption would likely act as a positive feedback to regional warming due to earlier melting of snow and, over the long term, the northward movement of treeline. Surface drying and a change in dominance from mosses to vascular plants would also enhance sensible heat flux and regional warming in tundra. In the boreal forest of western North America, deciduous forests have twice the albedo of conifer forests in both winter and summer, 50-80% higher evapotranspiration, and therefore only 30-50% of the sensible heat flux of conifers in summer. Therefore, a warming-induced increase in fire frequency that increased the proportion of deciduous forests in the landscape, would act as a negative feedback to regional warming. Changes in thermokarst and the aerial extent of wetlands, lakes, and ponds would alter high-latitude methane flux. There is currently a wide discrepancy among estimates of the size and direction of CO2 flux between high-latitude ecosystems and the atmosphere. These discrepancies relate more strongly to the approach and assumptions for extrapolation than to inconsistencies in the underlying data. Inverse modelling from atmospheric CO2 concentrations suggests that high latitudes are neutral or net sinks for atmospheric CO2, whereas field measurements suggest that high latitudes are neutral or a net CO2 source. Both approaches rely on assumptions that are difficult to verify. The most parsimonious explanation of the available data is that drying in tundra and disturbance in boreal forest enhance CO2 efflux. Nevertheless, many areas of both tundra and boreal forests remain net sinks due to regional variation in climate and local variation in topographically determined soil moisture. Improved understanding of the role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system requires a concerted research effort that focuses on geographical variation in the processes controlling land-atmosphere exchange, species composition, and ecosystem structure. Future studies must be conducted over a long enough time-period to detect and quantify ecosystem feedbacks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Chapin, F.S., McGuire, A., Randerson, J., Pielke, R., Baldocchi, D., Hobbie, S., Roulet, N., Eugster, W., Kasischke, E., Rastetter, E.B., Zimov, S., and Running, S.W., 2000, Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system: Global Change Biology, v. 6, no. SUPPLEMENT 1, p. 211-223, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x.","startPage":"211","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487362,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4m48z1dn","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206640,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x"}],"volume":"6","issue":"SUPPLEMENT 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed53e4b0c8380cd49733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randerson, J.","contributorId":94458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randerson","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pielke, R. Sr.","contributorId":37104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldocchi, D.","contributorId":40368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldocchi","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hobbie, S.E.","contributorId":26103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbie","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roulet, Nigel","contributorId":46253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roulet","given":"Nigel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eugster, W.","contributorId":32701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kasischke, E.","contributorId":58803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rastetter, E. B.","contributorId":48342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rastetter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Zimov, S.A.","contributorId":88115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimov","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70022071,"text":"70022071 - 2000 - Time-averaged fluxes of lead and fallout radionuclides to sediments in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T12:23:43","indexId":"70022071","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-averaged fluxes of lead and fallout radionuclides to sediments in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"

Recent, unmixed sediments from mud banks of central Florida Bay were dated using 210Pb/226Ra, and chronologies were verified by comparing sediment lead temporal records with Pb/Ca ratios in annual layers of coral (Montastrea annularis) located on the ocean side of the Florida Keys. Dates of sediment lead peaks (1978±2) accord with prior observations of a 6 year lag between the occurrence of maximum atmospheric lead in 1972 and peak coral lead in 1978. Smaller lags of 1–2 years occur between the maximum atmospheric radionuclide fallout and peaks in sediment temporal records of 137Cs and Pu. Such lags are consequences of system time averaging (STA) in which atmospherically delivered particle-associated constituents accumulate and mix in a (sedimentary?) reservoir before transferring to permanent sediments and coral. STA model calculations, using time-dependent atmospheric inputs, produced optimized profiles in excellent accord with measured sediment 137Cs, Pu, lead, and coral lead distributions. Derived residence times of these particle tracers (16±1, 15.7±0.7, 19±3, and 16±2 years, respectively) are comparable despite differences in sampling locations, in accumulating media, and in element loading histories and geochemical properties. For a 16 year weighted mean residence time, STA generates the observed 6 year lead peak lag. Evidently, significant levels of nondegradable, particle-associated contaminants can persist in Florida Bay for many decades following elimination of external inputs. Present results, in combination with STA model analysis of previously reported radionuclide profiles, suggest that decade-scale time averaging may occur widely in recent coastal marine sedimentary environments.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1999JC000271","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Robbins, J.A., Holmes, C., Halley, R., Bothner, M., Shinn, E., Graney, J., Keeler, G., TenBrink, M., Orlandini, K., and Rudnick, D., 2000, Time-averaged fluxes of lead and fallout radionuclides to sediments in Florida Bay: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 105, no. C12, p. 28805-28821, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000271.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"28805","endPage":"28821","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 24.156778233303413\n ],\n [\n -79.837646484375,\n 24.156778233303413\n ],\n [\n -79.837646484375,\n 25.710836919640595\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 25.710836919640595\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 24.156778233303413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"C12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3b6e4b08c986b325f74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, J. A.","contributorId":41843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, C.","contributorId":33067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halley, R.","contributorId":53552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shinn, E.","contributorId":56824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graney, J.","contributorId":63560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graney","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeler, G.","contributorId":73772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeler","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"TenBrink, M.","contributorId":77320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"TenBrink","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Orlandini, K.A.","contributorId":7434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlandini","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rudnick, D.","contributorId":23710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudnick","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70022069,"text":"70022069 - 2000 - Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022069","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia","docAbstract":"Southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State are subject to megathrust earthquakes, deep intraslab events, and earthquakes in the continental crust. Of the three types of earthquakes, the most poorly understood are the crustal events. Despite a high level of seismicity, there is no obvious correlation between the historical crustal earthquakes and the mapped surface faults of the region. On 24 June 1997, a ML = 4.6 earthquake occurred 3-4 km beneath the Strait of Georgia, 30 km to the west of Vancouver, British Columbia. This well-recorded earthquake was preceded by 11 days by a felt foreshock (ML = 3.4) and was followed by numerous small aftershocks. This earthquake sequence occurred in one of the few regions of persistent shallow seismic activity in southwestern British Columbia, thus providing an ideal opportunity to attempt to characterize an active near-surface fault. We have computed focal mechanisms and utilized a waveform cross-correlation and joint hypocentral determination routine to obtain accurate relative hypocenters of the mainshock, foreshock, and 53 small aftershocks in an attempt to image the active fault and the extent of rupture associated with this earthquake sequence. Both P-nodal and CMT focal mechanisms show thrust faulting for the mainshock and the foreshock. The relocated hypocenters delineate a north-dipping plane at 2-4 km depth, dipping at 53??, in good agreement with the focal mechanism nodal plane dipping to the north at 47??. The rupture area is estimated to be a 1.3-km-diameter circular area, comparable to that estimated using a Brune rupture model with the estimated seismic moment of 3.17 ?? 1015 N m and the stress drop of 45 bars. The temporal sequence indicates a downdip migration of the seismicity along the fault plane. The results of this study provide the first unambiguous evidence for the orientation and sense of motion for active faulting in the Georgia Strait area of British Columbia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000044","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Cassidy, J., Rogers, G., and Waldhauser, F., 2000, Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1188-1199, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000044.","startPage":"1188","endPage":"1199","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479329,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.1957","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206577,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000044"},{"id":230280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4c0e4b0c8380cd4beb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cassidy, J.F.","contributorId":18927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cassidy","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, Gary C.","contributorId":41980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Gary C.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022063,"text":"70022063 - 2000 - Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022063","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output","docAbstract":"Daily rainfall and surface temperature series were simulated for the Animas River basin, Colorado using dynamically and statistically downscaled output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re-analysis. A distributed hydrological model was then applied to the downscaled data. Relative to raw NCEP output, downscaled climate variables provided more realistic stimulations of basin scale hydrology. However, the results highlight the sensitivity of modeled processes to the choice of downscaling technique, and point to the need for caution when interpreting future hydrological scenarios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL006078","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Wilby, R., Hay, L., Gutowski, W., Arritt, R., Takle, E., Pan, Z., Leavesley, G., and Clark, M., 2000, Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1199-1202, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL006078.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1202","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489175,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=ge_at_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL006078"}],"volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36b0e4b0c8380cd6090b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gutowski, W.J. Jr.","contributorId":48344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowski","given":"W.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arritt, R.W.","contributorId":39544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Takle, E.S.","contributorId":7033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takle","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pan, Z.","contributorId":13006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70022058,"text":"70022058 - 2000 - Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T15:37:25.188589","indexId":"70022058","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3713,"text":"Water International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","title":"Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","docAbstract":"The quality of freshwater at any point on the landscape reflects the combined effects of many processes along water pathways. Human activities on all spatial scales affect both water quality and quantity. Alteration of the landscape and associated vegetation has not only changed the water balance, but typically has altered processes that control water quality. Effects of human activities on a small scale are relevant to an entire drainage basin. Furthermore, local, regional, and global differences in climate and water flow are considerable, causing varying effects of human activities on land and water quality and quantity, depending on location within a watershed, geology, biology, physiographic characteristics, and climate. These natural characteristics also greatly control human activities, which will, in turn, modify (or affect) the natural composition of water. One of the most important issues for effective resource management is recognition of cyclical and cascading effects of human activities on the water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways. The degradation of water quality in one part of a watershed can have negative effects on users downstream. Everyone lives downstream of the effects of some human activity. An extremely important factor is that substances added to the atmosphere, land, and water generally have relatively long time scales for removal or clean up. The nature of the substance, including its affinity for adhering to soil and its ability to be transformed, affects the mobility and the time scale for removal of the substance. Policy alone will not solve many of the degradation issues, but a combination of policy, education, scientific knowledge, planning, and enforcement of applicable laws can provide mechanisms for slowing the rate of degradation and provide human and environmental protection. Such an integrated approach is needed to effectively manage land and water resources.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02508060008686817","issn":"02508060","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., and Meybeck, M., 2000, Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities: Water International, v. 25, no. 2, p. 185-193, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686817.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc893e4b08c986b32c9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meybeck, Michel","contributorId":43521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meybeck","given":"Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022053,"text":"70022053 - 2000 - Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022053","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference","docAbstract":"Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference were presented. Multiscale logistic regression models were used and based on these models a spatial optimization technique was utilized to generate optimal maps. The tradeoffs were analyzed by gradually increasing the weighting on a single species in the objective function over a series of simulations. Results indicated that efficiency of habitat management for species diversity could be maximized for small landscapes by incorporating spatial context.","largerWorkTitle":"NCASI Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2000 NCASI Northeast Regional Meeting","conferenceDate":"24 October 2000 through 26 October 2000","conferenceLocation":"Portsmouth, NH","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Loehle, C., Mitchell, M., and White, M., 2000, Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference, in NCASI Proceedings, v. 2, Portsmouth, NH, 24 October 2000 through 26 October 2000, p. 372-384.","startPage":"372","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd104e4b08c986b32f1b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loehle, C.","contributorId":92823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loehle","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, M.S.","contributorId":26724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, M.","contributorId":11792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022051,"text":"70022051 - 2000 - Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022051","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1775,"text":"Geologia Sudetica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","docAbstract":"1 A classic biogeographic pattern is the alignment of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid races of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) across the Chihuahuan, Sonoran and Mohave Deserts of western North America. We used statistically robust differences in guard cell size of modern plants and fossil leaves from packrat middens to map current and past distributions of these ploidy races since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). 2 Glacial/early Holocene (26-10 14C kyr BP or thousands of radiocarbon years before present) populations included diploids along the lower Rio Grande of west Texas, 650 km removed from sympatric diploids and tetraploids in the lower Colorado River Basin of south-eastern California/south-western Arizona. Diploids migrated slowly from lower Rio Grande refugia with expansion into the northern Chihuahuan Desert sites forestalled until after ???4.0 14C kyr BP. Tetraploids expanded from the lower Colorado River Basin into the northern limits of the Sonoran Desert in central Arizona by 6.4 14C kyr BP. Hexaploids appeared by 8.5 14C kyr BP in the lower Colorado River Basin, reaching their northernmost limits (???37??N) in the Mohave Desert between 5.6 and 3.9 14C kyr BP. 3 Modern diploid isolates may have resulted from both vicariant and dispersal events. In central Baja California and the lower Colorado River Basin, modern diploids probably originated from relict populations near glacial refugia. Founder events in the middle and late Holocene established diploid outposts on isolated limestone outcrops in areas of central and southern Arizona dominated by tetraploid populations. 4 Geographic alignment of the three ploidy races along the modern gradient of increasingly drier and hotter summers is clearly a postglacial phenomenon, but evolution of both higher ploidy races must have happened before the Holocene. The exact timing and mechanism of polyploidy evolution in creosote bush remains a matter of conjecture. ?? 2001 Blackwell Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologia Sudetica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0072100X","usgsCitation":"Hunter, K., Betancourt, J., Riddle, B., Van Devender, T.R., Cole, K., and Geoffrey, S.W., 2000, Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata: Geologia Sudetica, v. 33, no. 2, p. 521-533.","startPage":"521","endPage":"533","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c86e4b0c8380cd79a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, K.L.","contributorId":88905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riddle, B.R.","contributorId":91615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Devender, T. R.","contributorId":8033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Devender","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Geoffrey, Spaulding W.","contributorId":74901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geoffrey","given":"Spaulding","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022047,"text":"70022047 - 2000 - Hydrological Aspects of Weather Prediction and Flood Warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022047","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrological Aspects of Weather Prediction and Flood Warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program","docAbstract":"Among the many natural disasters that disrupt human and industrial activity in the United States each year, including tornadoes, hurricanes, extreme temperatures, and lightning, floods are among the most devastating and rank second in the loss of life. Indeed, the societal impact of floods has increased during the past few years and shows no sign of abating. Although the scientific questions associated with flooding and its accurate prediction are many and complex, an unprecedented opportunity now exists - in light of new observational and computing systems and infrastructures, a much improved understanding of small-scale meteorological and hydrological processes, and the availability of sophisticated numerical models and data assimilation systems - to attack the flood forecasting problem in a comprehensive manner that will yield significant new scientific insights and corresponding practical benefits. The authors present herein a set of recommendations for advancing our understanding of floods via the creation of natural laboratories situated in a variety of local meteorological and hydrological settings. Emphasis is given to floods caused by convection and cold season events, fronts and extratropical cyclones, orographic forcing, and hurricanes and tropical cyclones following landfall. Although the particular research strategies applied within each laboratory setting will necessarily vary, all will share the following principal elements: (a) exploitation of those couplings important to flooding that exist between meteorological and hydrological processes and models; (b) innovative use of operational radars, research radars, satellites, and rain gauges to provide detailed spatial characterizations of precipitation fields and rates, along with the use of this information in hydrological models and for improving and validating microphysical algorithms in meteorological models; (c) comparisons of quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms from both research (especially multiparameter) and operational radars against gauge data as well as output produced by meso- and storm-scale models; (d) use of data from dense, temporary river gauge networks to trace the fate of rain from its starting location in small basins to the entire stream and river network; and (e) sensitivity testing in the design and implementation of separate as well as coupled meteorological and hydrologic models, the latter designed to better represent those nonlinear feedbacks between the atmosphere and land that are known to play an important role in runoff prediction. Vital to this effort will be the creation of effective and sustained linkages between the historically separate though scientifically related disciplines of meteorology and hydrology, as well as their observational infrastructures and research methodologies.","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Droegemeier, K., Smith, J., Businger, S., Doswell, C., Doyle, J., Duffy, C., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Graziano, T., James, L., Krajewski, V., LeMone, M., Lettenmaier, D., Mass, C., Pielke, R., Ray, P., Rutledge, S., Schaake, J., and Zipser, E., 2000, Hydrological Aspects of Weather Prediction and Flood Warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program, in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 81, no. 11, p. 2665-2680.","startPage":"2665","endPage":"2680","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36a7e4b0c8380cd608b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Droegemeier, K.K.","contributorId":45578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droegemeier","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Businger, S.","contributorId":65331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Businger","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doswell, C. III","contributorId":62468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doswell","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doyle, J.","contributorId":74219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duffy, C.","contributorId":103930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foufoula-Georgiou, E.","contributorId":64099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foufoula-Georgiou","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Graziano, T.","contributorId":28484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graziano","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"James, L.D.","contributorId":62469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Krajewski, V.","contributorId":97382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krajewski","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"LeMone, M.","contributorId":91743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeMone","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lettenmaier, D.","contributorId":9831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lettenmaier","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Mass, C.","contributorId":92108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mass","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Pielke, R. Sr.","contributorId":37104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Ray, P.","contributorId":91744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Rutledge, S.","contributorId":63678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schaake, J.","contributorId":63603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaake","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Zipser, E.","contributorId":103931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zipser","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70022027,"text":"70022027 - 2000 - Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:27:12.044082","indexId":"70022027","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere","docAbstract":"

Long-term slip rates on major faults in the San Francisco Bay area are predicted by modeling the anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere in response to regional relative plate motion. The model developed by Bird and Kong [1994] is used to simulate lithospheric deformation according to a Coulomb frictional rheology of the upper crust and a dislocation creep rheology at depth. The focus of this study is the long-term motion of faults in a region extending from the creeping section of the San Andreas fault to the south up to the latitude of Cape Mendocino to the north. Boundary conditions are specified by the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley microplate [Argus and Gordon, 2000]. Rheologic-frictional parameters are specified as independent variables, and prediction errors are calculated with respect to geologic estimates of slip rates and maximum compressive stress directions. The model that best explains the region-wide observations is one in which the coefficient of friction on all of the major faults is less than 0.15, with the coefficient of friction for the San Andreas fault being approximately 0.09, consistent with previous inferences of San Andreas fault friction. Prediction error increases with lower fault friction on the San Andreas, indicating a lower bound of μSAF > 0.08. Discrepancies with respect to previous slip rate estimates include a higher than expected slip rate along the peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault and a slightly lower than expected slip rate along the San Gregorio fault.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900254","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Andrews, D., 2000, Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B11, p. 25543-25552, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900254.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"25543","endPage":"25552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900254","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 37.900865092570065\n ],\n [\n -122.57995605468749,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 37.23907530202184\n ],\n [\n -121.8218994140625,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -120.9649658203125,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -121.1846923828125,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -121.2451171875,\n 37.95719224376526\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -121.67358398437499,\n 38.371808917147554\n ],\n [\n -122.01965332031249,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 38.225235239076824\n ],\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 37.900865092570065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b914de4b08c986b319829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022762,"text":"70022762 - 2000 - Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:06:48","indexId":"70022762","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"

Approximately one-half of the 50 000000 lb of antibiotics produced in the USA are used in agriculture. Because of the intensive use of antibiotics in the management of confined livestock operations, the potential exists for the transport of these compounds and their metabolites into our nation's water resources. A commercially available radioimmunoassay method, developed as a screen for tetracycline antibiotics in serum, urine, milk, and tissue, was adapted to analyze water samples at a detection level of approximately 1.0 ppb and a semiquantitative analytical range of 1-20 ppb. Liquid waste samples were obtained from 13 hog lagoons in three states and 52 surface- and ground-water samples were obtained primarily from areas associated with intensive swine and poultry production in seven states. These samples were screened for the tetracycline antibiotics by using the modified radioimmunoassay screening method. The radioimmunoassay tests yielded positive results for tetracycline antibiotics in samples from all 13 of the hog lagoons. Dilutions of 10-100-fold of the hog lagoon samples indicated that tetracycline antibiotic concentrations ranged from approximately 5 to several hundred parts per billion in liquid hog lagoon waste. Of the 52 surface- and ground-water samples collected all but two tested negative and these two samples contained tetracycline antibiotic concentrations less than 1 ppb. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was used to confirm the radioimmunoassay results in 9 samples and also to identify the tetracycline antibiotics to which the radioimmunoassay test was responding. The new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method with online solid-phase extraction and a detection level of 0.5 ??g/l confirmed the presence of chlorotetracycline in the hog lagoon samples and in one of the surface-water samples. The concentrations calculated from the radioimmunoassay were a factor of 1-5 times less than those calculated by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry concentrations for chlorotetracycline. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., Bumgarner, J., Varns, J., Daughtridge, J., Thurman, E., and Hostetler, K., 2000, Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 181-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0"},{"id":233491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf64e4b08c986b329b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, J.E.","contributorId":82410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varns, J.L.","contributorId":85369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varns","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daughtridge, J.V.","contributorId":69335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daughtridge","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hostetler, K.A.","contributorId":29855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022745,"text":"70022745 - 2000 - Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:04:17","indexId":"70022745","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","docAbstract":"

The ‘Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) is the most endangered corvid in the world, and intensive efforts are being made to reintroduce it to its former native range in Hawaii. We diagnosed Toxoplasma gondii infection in five free-ranging ‘Alala. One ‘Alala, recaptured from the wild because it was underweight and depressed, was treated with diclazuril (10 mg/kg) orally for 10 days. Antibodies were measured before and after treatment by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using whole T. gondii tachyzoites fixed in formalin and mercaptoethanol. The MAT titer decreased four-fold from an initial titer of 1:1,600 with remarkable improvement in physical condition. Lesions of toxoplasmosis also were seen in two partially scavenged carcasses and in a third fresh intact carcass. Toxoplasma gondii was confirmed immunohistochemically by using anti-T. gondii specific serum. The organism was also cultured by bioassay in mice from tissues of one of these birds and the brain of a fifth ‘Alala that did not exhibit lesions. The life cycle of the parasite was experimentally completed in cats. This is the first record of toxoplasmosis in ‘Alala, and the parasite appears to pose a significant threat and management challenge to reintroduction programs for ‘Alala in Hawaii.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Massey, J.G., Rideout, B.A., Gardiner, C.H., Ledig, D.B., Kwok, O.C., and Dubey, J., 2000, Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288460,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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\"}}]}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f02e4b0c8380cd53703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massey, J. Gregory","contributorId":101054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rideout, Bruce A.","contributorId":90912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rideout","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardiner, Chris H.","contributorId":74920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardiner","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ledig, David B.","contributorId":27645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ledig","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kwok, O. C. H.","contributorId":83891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kwok","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dubey, J. P.","contributorId":80609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dubey","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022738,"text":"70022738 - 2000 - Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022738","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range","docAbstract":"To describe the composition and pattern of unmanaged forestland in Oregon's central Coast Range, we analyzed forest conditions from a random sample of 18 prelogging (1949 and earlier) landscapes. We also compared the amount and variability of old forest (conifer-dominated stands > 53 cm dbh) in the prelogging landscapes with that in the current landscapes. Sixty-three percent of the prelogging landscape comprised old forest, approximately 21% of which also had a significant (> 20% cover) hardwood component. The proportions of forest types across the 18 prelogging landscapes varied greatly for both early seral stages (cv = 81194) and hardwoods (cv = 127) and moderately for old forest (cv = 39). With increasing distance from streams, the amount of hardwoods and nonforest decreased, whereas the amount of seedling/sapling/pole and young conifers increased. The amount of old forest was significantly greater (p < 0.002) in prelogging forests than in current landscapes. Old-forest patterns also differed significantly (p < 0.015) between prelogging and current landscapes; patch density, coefficient of variation of patch size, edge density, and fragmentation were greater in current landscapes and mean patch size, largest patch size, and core habitat were greater in prelogging forests. Generally, old-forest landscape pattern variables showed a greater range in prelogging landscapes than in current landscapes. Management strategies designed to increase the amount of old forest and the range in landscape patterns would result in a landscape more closely resembling that found prior to intensive logging. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Ripple, W.J., Hershey, K., and Anthony, R., 2000, Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range: Biological Conservation, v. 93, no. 1, p. 127-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8.","startPage":"127","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8"},{"id":233675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3190e4b0c8380cd5e016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ripple, W. J.","contributorId":36333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hershey, K.T.","contributorId":44709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershey","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022737,"text":"70022737 - 2000 - Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:29:54","indexId":"70022737","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies","docAbstract":"

The edifice of Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, has episodically collapsed leading to major debris flows. The largest debris flows are related to argillically altered rock which leave areas of the edifice prone to failure. The argillic alteration results from the neutralization of acidic magmatic gases that condense in a meteoric water hydrothermal system fed by the melting of a thick mantle of glacial ice. Two craters atop a 2000-year-old cone on the summit of the volcano contain the world's largest volcanic ice-cave system. In the spring of 1997 two active fumaroles (T=62°C) in the caves were sampled for stable isotopic, gas, and geochemical studies.

\n
\n

Stable isotope data on fumarole condensates show significant excess deuterium with calculated δD and δ18O values (−234 and −33.2‰, respectively) for the vapor that are consistent with an origin as secondary steam from a shallow water table which has been heated by underlying magmatic–hydrothermal steam. Between 1982 and 1997, δD of the fumarole vapor may have decreased by 30‰.

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\n

The compositions of fumarole gases vary in time and space but typically consist of air components slightly modified by their solubilities in water and additions of CO2 and CH4. The elevated CO2 contents δ13CCO2 = -11.8±0.7‰, with spikes of over 10,000 ppm, require the episodic addition of magmatic components into the underlying hydrothermal system. Although only traces of H2S were detected in the fumaroles, most notably in a sample which had an air δ13CCO2 signature (−8.8‰), incrustations around a dormant vent containing small amounts of acid sulfate minerals (natroalunite, minamiite, and woodhouseite) indicate higher H2S (or possibly SO2) concentrations in past fumarolic gases.

\n
\n

Condensate samples from fumaroles are very dilute, slightly acidic, and enriched in elements observed in the much higher temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens (K and Na up to the ppm level; metals such as Al, Pb, Zn Fe and Mn up to the ppb level and volatiles such as Cl, S, and F up to the ppb level).

\n
\n

The data indicate that the hydrothermal system in the edifice at Mount Rainier consists of meteoric water reservoirs, which receive gas and steam from an underlying magmatic system. At present the magmatic system is largely flooded by the meteoric water system. However, magmatic components have episodically vented at the surface as witnessed by the mineralogy of incrustations around inactive vents and gas compositions in the active fumaroles. The composition of fumarole gases during magmatic degassing is distinct and, if sustained, could be lethal. The extent to which hydrothermal alteration is currently occurring at depth, and its possible influence on future edifice collapse, may be determined with the aid of on site analyses of fumarole gases and seismic monitoring in the ice caves.

","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., Rye, R.O., and Landis, G.P., 2000, Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies, v. 97, no. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8.","startPage":"457","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487441,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00180-8","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a140fe4b0c8380cd548b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021946,"text":"70021946 - 2000 - Period doubling and other nonlinear phenomena in volcanic earthquakes and tremor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T16:04:09","indexId":"70021946","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Period doubling and other nonlinear phenomena in volcanic earthquakes and tremor","docAbstract":"Evidence of subharmonic period-doubling cascades has recently been recognized in seismograms of volcanic tremor from several volcanoes. This phenomenon occurs only in nonlinear systems, and is the commonest route by which such systems change from periodic to chaotic behavior. It is predicted to occur in a model of volcanic tremor excitation by flow-induced vibration, and it might well also occur in other volcano-seismic source process. If the possibility of period doubling is not taken into account in interpreting spectra of tremor and long-period earthquakes, then low-frequency \"sub-harmonic\" oscillations may be mis-identified as normal modes of a linear acoustic resonator, leading to errors of an order of magnitude or more in inferred magma-body dimensions. This example illustrates the importance of nonlinear phenomena in attempts to understand volcano-seismic phenomena physically. Linear systems are fundamentally incapable of causing earthquakes or exciting tremor, so nonlinearity is essential to any theory of volcano-seismic phenomena. Nonlinear processes are in many respects qualitatively different from linear ones. A few of their characteristics that might be relevant in volcanoes include the possibility: (1) that damping might increase, rather than decrease, oscillation frequencies; and (2) that these frequencies might be functions of the amplitude of oscillation, so that temporal variations in spectral peak frequencies might not be manifestations of changes of conditions within the magmatic system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00165-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., 2000, Period doubling and other nonlinear phenomena in volcanic earthquakes and tremor: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 101, no. 1-2, p. 19-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00165-7.","startPage":"19","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206352,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00165-7"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7696e4b0c8380cd781d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022724,"text":"70022724 - 2000 - Palaeohydrology, vegetation, and climate since the late Illinois Episode (~130 ka) in south-central Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022724","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Palaeohydrology, vegetation, and climate since the late Illinois Episode (~130 ka) in south-central Illinois","docAbstract":"Our interpretation of pollen and ostracode successions from four basins in south-central Illinois provides a new synthesis of palaeovegetation, palaeohydrology, and palaeoclimate for the period from the late Illinois Episode (about 130,000 years ago) to near the end of the Wisconsin Episode (about 25,000 years ago). Correlations of pollen biozones between Raymond, Pittsburg, and Bald Knob basins are the basis for identifying the late Illinois glacial, Sangamon interglacial, Wisconsin glacial, and Hudson interglacial episodes. Glacial episodes were identified primarily by the presence of Picea pollen and the ostracode Limnocythere friabilis, whereas interglacial episodes were identified by Quercus pollen and by the ostracodes Candona caudata and Heterocypris punctata. Within interglacial and glacial episodes, pollen and ostracode assemblages varied with changes in moisture balance. Local palaeohydrology was assessed primarily on the basis of environmental tolerance indices of ostracodes and the stable isotope (C,O) stratigraphy of ostracodal calcite. Regional moisture balance was assessed from multivariate analyses of the pollen successions. Three climatic regimes occurred during the Sangamon Episode. (1) One regime was characterised by precipitation exceeding evaporation that promoted basin overflow. This climate was inferred from the high percentages (generally >80%) of deciduous-forest pollen. Peaks in the abundance of Liquidambar and Fagus pollen indicate that winters may have been slightly warmer, and effective moisture slightly greater, than at present. (2) The second climatic regime was continental, similar to the present climate of Illinois in which precipitation is equal to or just less than evaporation. This climate is inferred from abundant Ambrosia pollen (40 to 60%) and abundant nektic (swimming) ostracode valves which suggest a shallow lake. These conditions probably developed in association with a 'heat-low' over the interior of North America during marine oxygen isotope stages 5e and 5c. Associated with the transition between the first two climates are fossils of the subtropical ostracode Heterocypris punctata and the giant tortoise Geochelone crassiscutata that suggest short periods in winter when polar low-pressure systems did not extend into Illinois as they do today. (3) The third climatic regime occurred during the transition from the Sangamon interglacial episode to the Wisconsin glacial episode. A severely continental climate is indicated by the heat-tolerant ostracode Pelocypris tuberculatum, variable ??18O values of ostracode valves, and high environmental tolerance index values for the ostracode assemblages. The weedy Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae families grew on exposed mudflats. The tree pollen associated with this type of climate included low percentages of Picea and Liquidambar, an assemblage that has no modem analogue. We suggest that this transitional climatic regime was associated with the large-scale changes in the climate system during marine oxygen isotope stage 4.","largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00094-2","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Curry, B.B., and Baker, R.G., 2000, Palaeohydrology, vegetation, and climate since the late Illinois Episode (~130 ka) in south-central Illinois, in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 59-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00094-2.","startPage":"59","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00094-2"},{"id":233416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73a5e4b0c8380cd77179","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, R. G.","contributorId":96326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022826,"text":"70022826 - 2000 - Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T17:57:21.382456","indexId":"70022826","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion","docAbstract":"

A simple one-dimensional model is developed to quantitatively predict the change in elevation, over a period of decades, for vertically accreting floodplains. This unsteady model approximates the monotonic growth of a floodplain as an incremental but constant increase of net sediment deposition per flood for those floods of a partial duration series that exceed a threshold discharge corresponding to the elevation of the floodplain. Sediment deposition from each flood increases the elevation of the floodplain and consequently the magnitude of the threshold discharge resulting in a decrease in the number of floods and growth rate of the floodplain.

Floodplain growth curves predicted by this model are compared to empirical growth curves based on dendrochronology and to direct field measurements at five floodplain sites. The model was used to predict the value of net sediment deposition per flood which best fits (in a least squares sense) the empirical and field measurements; these values fall within the range of independent estimates of the net sediment deposition per flood based on empirical equations. These empirical equations permit the application of the model to estimate of floodplain growth for other floodplains throughout the world which do not have detailed data of sediment deposition during individual floods.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200002)25:2<115::AID-ESP46>3.0.CO;2-Z","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Troutman, B., 2000, Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 2, p. 115-133, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200002)25:2<115::AID-ESP46>3.0.CO;2-Z.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"133","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9226e4b0c8380cd806ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}