{"pageNumber":"12","pageRowStart":"275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":330,"records":[{"id":70012585,"text":"70012585 - 1978 - Lithium, a preliminary survey of its mineral occurrence in flint clay and related rock types in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:08:41.967755","indexId":"70012585","displayToPublicDate":"1978-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium, a preliminary survey of its mineral occurrence in flint clay and related rock types in the United States","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">Maximum concentrations of lithium found in samples of flint clay and associated rocks of Pennsylvanian age in different States, in parts per million (ppm), are: Missouri, 5100; Pennsylvania-Maryland, 2100; Kentucky, 890; Ohio, 660; Alabama, 750; and Illinois, 160. Lithium-bearing kaolin deposits are distributed in the Coastal Plain province from New Jersey to Texas, and one occurs in Idaho; maximum lithium concentrations in samples from these deposits range from 64 to 180 ppm. The maximum concentration found in the Arkansas bauxite region is 460 ppm and that in flint clay in Colorado is 370 ppm. Samples from areas other than Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri are relatively few in number, represent mostly commercially valuable clays, and represent only a part of the refractory clay deposits in the United States. Data are not available on the clays associated with these deposits that may be unusable because they contain too much lithium as well as other deleterious elements. In both Pennsylvania and Missouri, lithium contents vary regionally between districts and locally between deposits.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">In samples containing more than 2000 ppm lithium, the lithium occurs in a dioctahedral chlorite mineral very similar to cookeite, which previously has not been recognized in sedimentary clays. The associated clays consist chiefly of well-crystallized kaolinite. The dioctahedral chlorite, however, seems to be most abundant where diaspore and boehmite occur along with the kaolinite. Barium, chromium, copper, phosphorus and strontium are present in some samples in amounts of several hundred pans per million or more, and may contribute to the failure of some clays to perform satisfactorily in firing tests.</p><p id=\"SP0015\">Lithium-rich clays could serve as a significant lithium resource in the very distant future. Clays that contain as much as 1% lithium may be common enough in Missouri or in Pennsylvania to be produced as a by-product to help support benefication costs for refractory clays. Sufficient amounts of lithium-rich clay may be found in deposits that have been explored, found unsatisfactory for normal refractory uses, and not developed. The lithium-rich clay in some deposits presently being worked may be worth stockpiling for eventual use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90022-1","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H., and Brenner-Tourtelot, E.F., 1978, Lithium, a preliminary survey of its mineral occurrence in flint clay and related rock types in the United States: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 263-272, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90022-1.","productDescription":"10 pp.","startPage":"263","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n   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,{"id":70012408,"text":"70012408 - 1978 - Lithium-bearing rocks of the Horse Spring Formation, Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:17:44.471846","indexId":"70012408","displayToPublicDate":"1978-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium-bearing rocks of the Horse Spring Formation, Clark County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">The Horse Spring Formation of Miocene age in Clark County, Nevada, contains as much as 0.5% Li in individual samples. Rock sequences which average 0.1% Li range from 3 m thick near Gold Butte (south of Mesquite, Nev.) to as much as 40 m thick near Lava Butte (east of Las Vegas, Nev.) about 75 km to the west. The lithium-bearing beds are light colored to white and contain hectorite in a dolomite, magnesite, or calcite matrix. Varied amounts of gypsum, halite, celestite, clinoptilolite, quartz, feldspar, biolite and colemanite are also present locally. Hectorite is the only lithium mineral recognized to date.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The lithium-rich rocks contain low concentrations of most other minor elements except that boron and strontium are enriched. Rarely, barium, arsenic, and zinc are present in anomalously large amounts.</p><p id=\"SP0015\">The lithium-enriched part of the Horse Spring Formation was formed from a series of volcanic ashes which were deposited in a playa. Relict volcanic ash is recognizable in thin sections as remnant glass shards and vitroclastic textures. Most of the original glass has been altered to clay minerals, carbonate minerals, or zeolites, presumably through interaction with highly saline pore waters. Abundant evidence of spring activity suggests that thermal waters played a part in releasing the lithium from volcanic materials.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90021-X","usgsCitation":"Brenner-Tourtelot, E.F., and Glanzman, R.K., 1978, Lithium-bearing rocks of the Horse Spring Formation, Clark County, Nevada: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 255-262, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90021-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Horse Spring Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.05374232611656,\n              36.42386016202295\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.87970101824956,\n              36.42386016202295\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.87970101824956,\n              35.94407538325308\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.05374232611656,\n              35.94407538325308\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.05374232611656,\n              36.42386016202295\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a482fe4b0c8380cd67c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner-Tourtelot, Elizabeth F.","contributorId":103672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner-Tourtelot","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012613,"text":"70012613 - 1978 - Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T14:50:43.55147","indexId":"70012613","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p id=\"SP0005\">Preliminary investigations at Salar de Uyuni and the nearby salars (salt pans) of Coipasa and Empexa in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano show the presence of widespread lithium-rich brines. Widely scattered brine samples from Salar de Uyuni, which has an area of about 9000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and is the largest salt pan on earth, show lithium values ranging from 80 to 1500 ppm. High values of 300–700 ppm are most prevalent in an area of about 2500 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the east-central and southeastern part of the salar. A few brine samples in small areas in Coipasa and Empexa Salars have values ranging from 170 to 580 ppm Li. All the brines are essentially saturated with halite and are moderately high in sulfate (5000–15,000 ppm SO<sub>4</sub>) but low in carbonate (&lt;500 ppm HCO<sub>3</sub>). Potassium and magnesium values are relatively high, chiefly in the range of 2000–20,000 ppm, and the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>K</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">KMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio is about 1:1. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>K</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiK</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios are relatively constant at about 1:20.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The crystalline saline material and brines in these salars are residual from a former large lake, Lago Minchin, that occupied much of the southern Bolivian Altiplano during late Pleistocene time, augmented by saline material carried to the salars by streams since final drying of this lake. Thermal springs associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Quaternary age may have been a major source of the lithium.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G., Vine, J.D., and Ballon A., R., 1978, Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f560e4b0c8380cd4c1ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vine, James D.","contributorId":105287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballon A., Raul","contributorId":101387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballon A.","given":"Raul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012573,"text":"70012573 - 1978 - Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:02:34.933396","indexId":"70012573","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">Anomalously high concentrations of lithium in fluviatile-lacustrine sediments near McDermitt, Nevada, may constitute a potential resource. These sediments are associated with a caldera about 45 km in diameter that is a result of volcanic activity, subsidence and sedimentation chiefly of Miocene age. The sediments originally were vitroclastic and now consist chiefly of authigenic zeolites, clay minerals, feldspar and quartz. Calcite occurs as thin beds, nodules and cement Gypsum is presnt but sparse.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">Most of the clay beds in the caldera contain 0.01–0.1% Li and have well above the average Li concentration for continental clays (0.006%) (Ronov et al.<sup>1</sup>). Individual smectitic clay samples from the western and southern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.65% Li and are associated with analcime and K-feldspar. Two beds, each 0.6m thick, contain 0.35% Li. Clay samples from the northern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.36% Li, and are associated with clinoptilolite and erionite. The clay beds are thinner in the north; in one section a bed 0.3 m thick contains 0.36% Li, and in another section a bed 0.1 m thick contains 0.30% Li. Lithium is probably derived from volcanic material and then incorporated into the clay beds during alteration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2","usgsCitation":"Glanzman, R.K., McCarthy, J.H., and Rytuba, J.J., 1978, Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 347-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McDermitt caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21938913832656,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21938913832656,\n              41.5758226718315\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              41.5758226718315\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4828e4b0c8380cd67c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22995,"text":"ofr77615 - 1977 - Lithium-rich brines at Salar de Uyuni and nearby Salars in southwestern Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T09:16:20","indexId":"ofr77615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-615","title":"Lithium-rich brines at Salar de Uyuni and nearby Salars in southwestern Bolivia","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr77615","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G.E., Vine, J.D., and Ballon A., R., 1977, Lithium-rich brines at Salar de Uyuni and nearby Salars in southwestern Bolivia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-615, iii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77615.","productDescription":"iii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0615/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52384,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0615/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Bolivia","otherGeospatial":"Zongo Valley ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -65.45654296875,\n              -9.687398430760611\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.56640625,\n              -9.79567758282973\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.89599609375,\n              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David","contributorId":52147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballon A., Raul","contributorId":42987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballon A.","given":"Raul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":11808,"text":"ofr77744 - 1977 - Uranium mobility during interaction of rhyolitic glass with alkaline solutions: dissolution of glass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr77744","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-744","title":"Uranium mobility during interaction of rhyolitic glass with alkaline solutions: dissolution of glass","docAbstract":"This report concerns investigations designed to identify the important physical and chemical parameters influencing the rate of release of uranium from glass shards of rhyolitic air-fall ash. Oxidizing, silica undersaturated, alkaline solutions are eluted through a column of rhyolitic glass shards at a carefully controlled temperature, pressure, and flow rate. The solutions are monitored for the concentration of uranium and selected additional elements (Si, K, Li, F), and the glass is recovered and examined for physical and/or chemical evidence of attack. The flushing mode is designed to mimic leaching of glass shards by intermittent, near-surface waters with which the glass is not in equilibrium. \r\n\r\nReported rates are applicable only to the experimental conditions (120?C, 7,000 psi), but it is assumed that the reaction mechanisms and the relative importance of rate-influencing parameters remain unchanged, at reduced temperature and pressure. Results of the above experiment indicate that silica and uranium are released from glass shards at comparable rates, while lithium and potassium are released faster and fluorine slower than either Si or U. Rates of release of silica and uranium correlate positively with the surface area of the shards. Rhyolitic shards release uranium at faster rates than rhyodacitic shards of comparable surface area. Changes in the shards resulting from experimental treatment and observed in the original glass separates from an Oligocene ash (compared to a Pleistocene ash) include; surface pitting, increased surface area, devitrification rinds (<1l micron wide) and reduced lithium contents. Future investigations will study the effect of temperature, pressure, solution composition, and flow rate on the relative mobility of U, Si, Li, F, and K.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77744","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1977, Uranium mobility during interaction of rhyolitic glass with alkaline solutions: dissolution of glass: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-744, 36, [5] leaves of plates :ill. ;28 cm.; (41 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77744.","productDescription":"36, [5] leaves of plates :ill. ;28 cm.; (41 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0744/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39701,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0744/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60541a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":163765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":11460,"text":"ofr77786 - 1977 - Lithium in flint clay, bauxite, related high-alumina materials and sedimentary rocks in the United States: a preliminary survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr77786","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-786","title":"Lithium in flint clay, bauxite, related high-alumina materials and sedimentary rocks in the United States: a preliminary survey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77786","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., and Brenner-Tourtelot, E.F., 1977, Lithium in flint clay, bauxite, related high-alumina materials and sedimentary rocks in the United States: a preliminary survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-786, iii, 46 leaves :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77786.","productDescription":"iii, 46 leaves :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0786/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39326,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0786/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, Harry Allison","contributorId":77937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"Allison","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenner-Tourtelot, Elizabeth F.","contributorId":103672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner-Tourtelot","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19477,"text":"ofr7735 - 1977 - Genesis of a zoned granite stock, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr7735","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-35","title":"Genesis of a zoned granite stock, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"A composite epizonal stock of biotite granite has intruded a diverse assemblage of metamorphic rocks in the Serpentine Hot Springs area of north-central Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The metamorphic rocks include amphibolite-facies orthogneiss and paragneiss, greenschist-facies fine-grained siliceous and graphitic metasediments, and a variety of carbonate rocks. Lithologic units within the metamorphic terrane trend generally north-northeast and dip moderately toward the southeast. Thrust faults locally juxtapose lithologic units in the metamorphic assemblage, and normal faults displace both the metamorphic rocks and some parts of the granite stock. The gneisses and graphitic metasediments are believed to be late Precambrian in age, but the carbonate rocks are in part Paleozoic. Dating by the potassium-argon method indicates that the granite stock is Late Cretaceous. \r\n\r\nThe stock has sharp discordant contacts, beyond which is a well-developed thermal aureole with rocks of hornblende hornfels facies. The average mode of the granite is 29 percent plagioclase, 31 percent quartz, 36 percent K-feldspar, and 4 percent biotite. Accessory minerals include apatite, magnetite, sphene, allanite, and zircon. Late-stage or deuteric minerals include muscovite, fluorite, tourmaline, quartz, and albite. \r\n\r\nThe stock is a zoned complex containing rocks with several textural facies that are present in four partly concentric zones. Zone 1 is a discontinuous border unit, containing fine- to coarse-grained biotite granite, that grades inward into zone 2. Zone 2 consists of porphyritic biotite granite with oriented phenocrysts of pinkish-gray microcline in a coarse-grained equigranular groundmass of plagioclase, quartz, and biotite. It is in sharp, concordant to discordant contact with rocks of zone 3. Zone 3 consists of seriate-textured biotite granite that has been intruded by bodies of porphyritic biotite granite containing phenocrysts of plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, and biotite in an aplitic groundmass. Flow structures, pegmatite and aplite segregations, and miarolitic cavities are common in the seriate-textured granite. Zone 4, which forms the central part of the complex, consists of fine- to medium-grained biotite granite and locally developed leucogranite. Small miarolitic cavities are common within it. \r\n\r\nEight textural facies have been defined within the complex, and mineralogic, petrographic, modal, and chemical variations are broadly systematic within the facies sequence. Study of these variations shows that the gradational facies of zones l and 2 systematically shift toward more mafic compositions inward within the complex. Seriate-textured rocks of zone 3 are similar in composition to those of zone 2, but porphyritic rocks of zone 3 and rocks of zone 4 mark shifts to more felsic compositions. These late-crystallizing felsic rocks are products of an interior residual magma system. This system was enriched in water and certain trace elements including tin, lithium, niobium, lead, and zinc. The complex as a whole has higher concentrations of these elements than many other granites. The nature of this geochemical specialization is particularly well demonstrated by the trace-element composition of biotite.\r\n\r\nThe crystallization history of the pluton was complex. The available data suggest that this history could have included: (1) chilling and metasomatic alteration adjacent to the contact, (2) in-situ crystallization in several marginal facies accompanied by some transfer of residual constituents toward interior parts of the pluton, (3) slight upward displacement of magma that was subjacent to the crystallized walls, accompanied by disequilibrium crystallization and local vapor saturation, (4) upward displacement of part of the residual water-rich interior magma, accompanied by rapid loss of a separated vapor phase, and (5) displacement of the margins of the pluton by normal faults, accompanied by loss of an exsolved vapor phase from th","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7735","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T., 1977, Genesis of a zoned granite stock, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-35, xv, 188 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ; scale 1:31,680; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7735.","productDescription":"xv, 188 p. :ill., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ; scale 1:31,680; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48947,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0035/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48948,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"31680","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aebcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis","contributorId":90282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20950,"text":"ofr7754 - 1977 - Lithium in the brines of Fish Lake Valley and Columbus Salt Marsh, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:48","indexId":"ofr7754","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-54","title":"Lithium in the brines of Fish Lake Valley and Columbus Salt Marsh, Nevada","docAbstract":"Analyses of waters-from springs in Nevada have led to the identification of an area containing anomalous amounts of lithium northwest of the Clayton Valley-area. Fish Lake Valley and Columbus Salt Marsh contain waters having, relatively high lithium and potassium concentrations. At least a part of these waters is probably derived from the leaching of Tertiary rocks containing saline minerals. The high-lithium waters at Columbus Salt Marsh could be derived not only by the leaching of rocks with a high soluble lithium ands, potassium content but also by subsurface outflow from Fish Lake Valley.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7754","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.L., Meier, A.L., and Downey, H., 1977, Lithium in the brines of Fish Lake Valley and Columbus Salt Marsh, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-54, 14, [8] leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7754.","productDescription":"14, [8] leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0054/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, C. L.","contributorId":100842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downey, H.D.","contributorId":56258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downey","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207815,"text":"70207815 - 1977 - Epithermal beryllium deposits in water-laid tuff, western Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T14:26:35","indexId":"70207815","displayToPublicDate":"1977-12-31T14:21:49","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epithermal beryllium deposits in water-laid tuff, western Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>Epithermal beryllium deposits in western Utah have distinctive geological and geochemical associations that provide guides to exploration for new resources of beryllium and associated metals. Beryllium deposits at Spor Mountain and the Honeycomb Hills are uniquely associated with topaz-bearing rhyolite of Late Tertiary age and are restricted to porous water-laid tuff and breccia that contains carbonate clasts. The beryllium deposits are near both local and regional faults that probably provided conduits for mineralizing fluids.The beryllium deposits contain sizable but uneconomic concentrations of fluorite, lithium (in smectite), manganese oxides, zinc (in smectite and manganese oxides), and uranium, as well as many trace elements. Distinctive zones of argillic and feldspathic alteration enclose the beryllium deposits and generally are parallel to the original stratification of the host tuff. Anomalous concentrations of fluorine, beryllium, cesium, lithium, gallium, niobium, and yttrium occur in relatively unmineralized tuff nearby; these elements form extensive but discontinuous halos around the Spor Mountain beryllium and fluorspar district.The mineralized areas at Spor Mountain and the Honeycomb Hills may be the tops of extensive altered zones that contain deep ore deposits. Anomalous molybdenum, lead, tin, and tungsten in beryllium deposits at Spor Mountain may indicate such leakage. Consideration of possible zonation of ore deposits suggests that if ore deposits do exist at depth, they are in greisens, banded tactites, and medium to high temperature veins similar to the tin-beryllium deposits in the York Mountains of Alaska.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":" Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.72.2.219","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., 1977, Epithermal beryllium deposits in water-laid tuff, western Utah: Economic Geology, v. 72, no. 2, p. 219-232, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.72.2.219.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.0435791015625,\n              39.11727568585598\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.225341796875,\n              39.11727568585598\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.225341796875,\n              40.195659093364654\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0435791015625,\n              40.195659093364654\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0435791015625,\n              39.11727568585598\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1977-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1007784,"text":"1007784 - 1977 - Sterility among female lizards (Uta stansburiana) exposed to continuous gamma irradiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T15:45:08.786615","indexId":"1007784","displayToPublicDate":"1977-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3224,"text":"Radiation Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sterility among female lizards (Uta stansburiana) exposed to continuous gamma irradiation","docAbstract":"<p><span>A natural population of the lizard Uta stansburiana occupying a fenced 9-ha area in southern Nevada was exposed to essentially continuous γ irradiation from an artificial source between February 1964 and September 1973. Tissue doses were estimated using implanted lithium fluoride microdosimeters. Females became sterile as early as 11 months of age, but many were still fertile at ages of 20 months and a very few may have reproduced at 32 months. Dosimetry showed some females to be sterile after accumulated doses of around 500 rad, while others may have required 1000 or more rad. One female estimated to have received over 1200 rad was still reproductive. Irradiated females may pass through a state of half sterility, during which time they possess one functional ovary. Female <i>U. stansburiana</i> are sterilized at lower doses than the sterilizing dose (1500 rad) previously suggested for the leopard lizard, <i>Crotaphytus wislizenii</i>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/3574739","usgsCitation":"Turner, F., and Medica, P., 1977, Sterility among female lizards (Uta stansburiana) exposed to continuous gamma irradiation: Radiation Research, v. 70, no. 1, p. 154-163, https://doi.org/10.2307/3574739.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"southern Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.85917479708911,\n              37.53045764413265\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.26217562525778,\n              35.48886189107081\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.47283015098797,\n              34.669013146839035\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.04438866481567,\n              34.862210559167366\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.04438866481567,\n              37.64459407689792\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.85917479708911,\n              37.53045764413265\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, F.B.","contributorId":95414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, P.A.","contributorId":77079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70233080,"text":"70233080 - 1977 - Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:32:56.038882","indexId":"70233080","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T11:25:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH","docAbstract":"<p>One-gram samples of hectorite were treated with 40 millilitres each of hydrochloric acid (6 <i>N</i>), acetic acid (4.5 <i>N</i>), distilled water, natural seawater, sodium chloride (0.6 <i>N</i>), and sodium hydroxide (2.5 <i>N</i>) for 10 days in stoppered plastic centrifuge tubes. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the structure was virtually destroyed by the hydrochloric and acetic acids. Analyses of the supernatant liquids were made to determine amounts of the elements removed by the various treatments. All treatments removed at least some SiO<sub>2</sub>, MgO, CaO, Li<sub>2</sub>O, and F. The acids removed most of the lithium and magnesium after 3 days. The fluorine and the magnesium released by the acetic acid began to form sellaite (MgF<sub>2</sub> ). After 5 days, sufficient sellaite was produced to be discernible by X-ray diffraction. The loss of silica from the sample when it was treated with sodium hydroxide amounted to about 10 percent of the total sample. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Starkey, H., Mountjoy, W., and Gardner, J.M., 1977, Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 235-242.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starkey, Harry C.","contributorId":102074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mountjoy, Wayne","contributorId":21973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountjoy","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Johnnie M.","contributorId":293201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":8523,"text":"ofr76671 - 1976 - Lithium reconnaissance of Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr76671","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-671","title":"Lithium reconnaissance of Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76671","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.R., and Meier, A.L., 1976, Lithium reconnaissance of Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-671, 15 leaves :map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76671.","productDescription":"15 leaves :map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Joseph R.","contributorId":70765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18376,"text":"ofr76223 - 1976 - Radioactive mineral springs in Delta County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:30","indexId":"ofr76223","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-223","title":"Radioactive mineral springs in Delta County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The system of springs in Delta County, Colo., contains geochemical clues to the nature and location of buried uranium-mineralized rock. The springs, which occur along the Gunnison River and a principal tributary between Delta and Paonia, are regarded as evidence of a still-functioning hydrothermal system. Associated with the springs are hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide gas seeps, carbon dioxide gas-powered geysers, thick travertine deposits including radioactive travertine, and a flowing warm-water (41?C) radioactive well. Geochemical study of the springs is based on surface observations, on-site water-property measurements, and sampling of water, travertine, soft precipitates, and mud. The spring deposits are mostly carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, and chlorides that locally contain notable amounts of some elements, such as arsenic, barium, lithium, and radium. Samples from five localities have somewhat different trace element assemblages even though they are related to the same hydrothermal system. All the spring waters but one are dominated by sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate. The exception is an acid sulfate water with a pH of 2.9, which contains high concentrations of aluminum and iron. \r\n\r\nMost of the detectable radioactivity is due to the presence of radium-226, a uranium daughter product, but at least one spring precipitate contains abundant radium-228, a thorium daughter product. The 5:1 ratio of radium-228 to radium-226 suggests the proximity of a vein-type deposit as a source for the radium. The proposed locus of a thorium-uranium mineral deposit is believed to lie in the vicinity of Paonia, Colo. Exact direction and depth are not determinable from data now available.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76223","usgsCitation":"Cadigan, R., Rosholt, J.N., and Felmlee, J., 1976, Radioactive mineral springs in Delta County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-223, iii, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76223.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47721,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a09d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cadigan, Robert A.","contributorId":93514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cadigan","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosholt, John N.","contributorId":68336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felmlee, J. Karen","contributorId":90311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felmlee","given":"J. Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":11459,"text":"ofr76856 - 1976 - Preliminary report on samples collected during lithium reconnaissance studies of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr76856","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-856","title":"Preliminary report on samples collected during lithium reconnaissance studies of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent states","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76856","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, E.B., and Meier, A.L., 1976, Preliminary report on samples collected during lithium reconnaissance studies of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-856, [1], 48, [7] leaves :7 maps (some fold.) ;29 cm.; (46 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76856.","productDescription":"[1], 48, [7] leaves :7 maps (some fold.) ;29 cm.; (46 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0856/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39321,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0856/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39322,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0856/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39323,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0856/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39324,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0856/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0856/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a15f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, Elizabeth B.","contributorId":24341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8524,"text":"ofr76666 - 1976 - Lithium reconnaissance of southern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr76666","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-666","title":"Lithium reconnaissance of southern Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76666","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.R., and Meier, A.L., 1976, Lithium reconnaissance of southern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-666, 7 leaves :map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76666.","productDescription":"7 leaves :map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Joseph R.","contributorId":70765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":7970,"text":"ofr76567 - 1976 - Lithium in sediments and rocks in Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T13:58:07","indexId":"ofr76567","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-567","title":"Lithium in sediments and rocks in Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Reconnaissance geochemical sampling has been conducted by the Lithium Resource Program of the United States Geological Survey for much of the Western U.S. Sediment, rock, and brine samples have been collected in many states, but this report describes just those solid samples collected in Nevada. Further reports by other members of the Lithium Program will describe water samples from Nevada and samples from other states.</p>\n<p>The purpose of the sampling program was to determine if areas of anonalous lithium could be recognized by reconnaissance surface sampling. The results, however, have been indeterminate because most large lithium deposits occur at depth and appear to be formed when deeply buried. Many may not manifest themselves at the surface at all . Nonetheless, the data derived during the surface sampling program will be presented in this report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr76567","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., and Meier, A.L., 1976, Lithium in sediments and rocks in Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-567, ii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76567.","productDescription":"ii, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr76567.jpg"},{"id":308536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1976/0567/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":7000074,"text":"7000074 - 1976 - Lithium, nature's lightest metal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"7000074","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Lithium, nature's lightest metal","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000074","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1976, Lithium, nature's lightest metal: General Interest Publication, 4 p. (15 columns) : ill., map ; 23 x 20 cm. folded to 23 x 10 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000074.","productDescription":"4 p. (15 columns) : ill., map ; 23 x 20 cm. folded to 23 x 10 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":196277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042654,"text":"70042654 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16381,"text":"ofr7586 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]","indexId":"ofr7586","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042654,"text":"70042654 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search","indexId":"70042654","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T16:34:16","indexId":"70042654","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search","docAbstract":"The possibility of using lithium in batteries to power electric vehicles and as fuel for thermonuclear power has focused attention on the limited resources of lithium other than in pegmatite minerals. The Clayton Valley, Nev., subsurface lithium brine has been the major source of lithium carbonate since about 1967, but the life of this brine field is probably limited to several more decades at the present rate of production. Lithium is so highly soluble during weathering and in sedimentary environments that no lithium-rich sedimentary minerals other than clays have been identified to date. The known deposits of lithium, such as the clay mineral hectorite and the lithium-rich brines, occur in closed desert basins of the Southwest in association with nonmarine evaporites. However, the ultimate source for the lithium in these deposits may be from hydrothermal solutions. The search for previously unreported deposits of nonpegmatitic lithium should consider its probable association, not only with nonmarine evaporite minerals, but also with recent volcanic and tectonic activity, as well as with deposits of boron, beryllium, fluorine, manganese, and possibly phosphate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Vine, J.D., 1975, Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 4, p. 479-485.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"24.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f7da1be4b0faa3ef21ebf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vine, James D.","contributorId":105287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":11525,"text":"ofr75682 - 1975 - Are lithium resources adequate for energy self-sufficiency?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:50","indexId":"ofr75682","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-682","title":"Are lithium resources adequate for energy self-sufficiency?","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75682","usgsCitation":"Vine, J.D., 1975, Are lithium resources adequate for energy self-sufficiency?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-682, 14 leaves :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75682.","productDescription":"14 leaves :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db67411d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vine, James David","contributorId":52147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16381,"text":"ofr7586 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16381,"text":"ofr7586 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]","indexId":"ofr7586","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042654,"text":"70042654 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search","indexId":"70042654","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042654,"text":"70042654 - 1975 - Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search","indexId":"70042654","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why and where to search"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T10:27:55","indexId":"ofr7586","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-86","title":"Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7586","usgsCitation":"Vine, J.D., 1975, Lithium in sediments and brines--how, why, and where to search? [Talk delivered to Wyoming Geological Association, Caspar, WY, Jan. 3, 1975]: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-86, 14 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7586.","productDescription":"14 leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ed7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vine, James David","contributorId":52147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5750,"text":"pp918 - 1975 - Lithium in unconsolidated sediments and plants of the Basin and Range Province, southern California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:54","indexId":"pp918","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"918","title":"Lithium in unconsolidated sediments and plants of the Basin and Range Province, southern California and Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp918","usgsCitation":"Cannon, H., Harms, T.F., and Hamilton, J.C., 1975, Lithium in unconsolidated sediments and plants of the Basin and Range Province, southern California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 918, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp918.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0918/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32328,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0918/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Helen L.","contributorId":96249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Helen L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harms, Thelma F.","contributorId":57841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"Thelma","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, John C. jhamilton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"jhamilton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":151520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":35810,"text":"b1401 - 1975 - Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: Revised edition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T14:04:26.556535","indexId":"b1401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1401","title":"Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: Revised edition","docAbstract":"<p>The rapid methods previously used by the U.S. Geological Survey to determine the major constituents of rocks have been modified to introduce atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) where applicable. Two procedures are available for determining 10 constituents: one, from a single solution prepared by a nitric-acid dissolution of a lithium metaborate-lithium tetraborate fusion, and the other, a two-solution method in which one portion of sample is dissolved in an HF-H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>,-HNO<sub>3</sub> mixture and another portion is fused with NaOH. In both techniques, SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and MnO are determined spectrophotometrically, and CaO, MgO, Na<sub>2</sub>O, and K<sub>2</sub>O are determined by AAS. Separate portions of samples are used for the following determinations: FeO by titration with K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> after decomposition with HF and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>; total H<sub>2</sub>O by its weight when evolved on heating a mixture of sample plus flux; H<sub>2</sub>O by loss of weight at 110° overnight; CO<sub>2</sub> by its volume upon evolution with acid; fluorine by a new indirect measurement of SiO<sub>2</sub> evolved with fluorine on heating; and. sulfur by a new procedure based on a turbidimetric measurement of BaSO<sub>4</sub>, after an aqua regia attack. Several mechanical aids and automated devices are used for the analyses. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1401","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, L., 1975, Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: Revised edition (Revised edition): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1401, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1401.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Leonard","contributorId":61406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Leonard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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