{"pageNumber":"12","pageRowStart":"275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":560,"records":[{"id":70021191,"text":"70021191 - 1999 - Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: An example from Kilauea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021191","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: An example from Kilauea","docAbstract":"Dike propagation and dilation increases the compression of adjacent rocks. On volcanoes, especially oceanic shields, dikes are accordingly thought to be structurally destabilizing. As compression is incremented, volcanic flanks are driven outward or downslope and thus increase their susceptibility to destructive earthquakes and giant landslides. We show, however, that the 2-m-thick dike emplaced along the east rift zone of Kilauea in 1983 actually stabilized that volcano's flank. Specifically, production of flank earthquakes dropped more than twofold after 1983 as maximum downslope motion slowed to 6 cm ?? year-1 from approximately 40 cm ?? year-1 during 1980-1982. As much as 65 cm of deflationary subsidence above Kilauea's summit and upper rift zones accompanied the dike intrusion. According to recent estimates, this deflation corresponds to a reduction in magma-reservoir pressure of approximately 4 MPa, probably about as much as the driving pressure of the 1983 dike. The volume of the dike, approximately 0.10-0.15 km3, is orders of magnitude less than the estimated 200- to 250-km3 volume of Kilauea's reservoir of magma and nearby hot, mushy rock. Thus, deflation of that reservoir reduces the compressional load on the flank over a much larger area than intrusion of the dike adds to it, particularly at the dominant depth of seismicity, 8-9 km. A Coulomb block model for flank motion during intervals between major earthquakes requires the low-angle fault beneath Kilauea's flank to exhibit slip weakening, conducive to earthquake instability. Accordingly, the triggering mechanism of destructive earthquakes, several of which have struck Hawaii during the past 150 years, need not require stresses accumulated by dike intrusions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050278","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P., and Denlinger, R., 1999, Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: An example from Kilauea: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 6, p. 356-362, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050278.","startPage":"356","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206572,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050278"},{"id":230255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b965fe4b08c986b31b47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021512,"text":"70021512 - 1999 - The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T12:19:42.629411","indexId":"70021512","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS","docAbstract":"

We report measurements of the isotopic composition of lithium in basalts using a multicollector magnetic sector plasma-source mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). This is the first application of this analytical technique to Li isotope determination. External precision of multiple replicate and duplicate measurements for a variety of sample types averages ±1.1‰ (2σ population). The method allows for the rapid (∼8 min/sample) analysis of small samples (∼40 ng Li) relative to commonly used thermal ionization methods. The technique has been applied to a suite of samples from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. The samples range from olivine-rich cumulitic lava to SiO2− and K2O-enriched differentiated liquids, and have δ7Li (per mil deviation of sample 7Li/6Li relative to the L-SVEC standard) of +3.0 to +4.8. The data indicate a lack of per mil-level Li isotope fractionation as a result of crystal–liquid fractionation at temperatures greater than 1050°C. This conclusion has been tacitly assumed but never demonstrated, and is important to the interpretation of Li isotope results from such geochemically complex environments as island arcs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00318-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tomascak, P., Tera, F., Helz, R., and Walker, R., 1999, The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, no. 6, p. 907-910, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00318-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"907","endPage":"910","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479574,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00318-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229504,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29544173163924,\n 19.413134503303723\n ],\n [\n -155.30239350719927,\n 19.403727017732834\n ],\n [\n -155.29257034608182,\n 19.39659977248175\n ],\n [\n -155.29030346274698,\n 19.39189561960241\n ],\n [\n -155.28380506385398,\n 19.389757323349656\n ],\n [\n -155.27896904607306,\n 19.389757323349656\n ],\n [\n -155.27337740051394,\n 19.393748786967393\n ],\n [\n -155.26839025717743,\n 19.400591068288037\n ],\n [\n -155.2608339793948,\n 19.404724807151055\n ],\n [\n -155.25539345939126,\n 19.40871590361516\n ],\n [\n -155.25025519049902,\n 19.40999873524838\n ],\n [\n -155.2469304282747,\n 19.409000978185517\n ],\n [\n -155.24088540604856,\n 19.40914351528437\n ],\n [\n -155.23861852271375,\n 19.41042634354423\n ],\n [\n -155.23861852271375,\n 19.41427476760252\n ],\n [\n -155.24118765715988,\n 19.415272492302705\n ],\n [\n -155.2428500382721,\n 19.41869321621428\n ],\n [\n -155.24798830716435,\n 19.41897827328998\n ],\n [\n -155.2505574416103,\n 19.41798057133559\n ],\n [\n -155.25569571050255,\n 19.423396594038238\n ],\n [\n -155.25826484494866,\n 19.430522664663314\n ],\n [\n -155.26113623050608,\n 19.43137777213154\n ],\n [\n -155.26839025717743,\n 19.43123525453204\n ],\n [\n -155.27398190273652,\n 19.4323753918207\n ],\n [\n -155.28032917607396,\n 19.42966755269316\n ],\n [\n -155.2819915571862,\n 19.427102189773237\n ],\n [\n -155.2869787005227,\n 19.4218288165559\n ],\n [\n -155.2955928571948,\n 19.41598514905445\n ],\n [\n -155.29544173163924,\n 19.413134503303723\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba997e4b08c986b322386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomascak, P.B.","contributorId":38016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomascak","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tera, F.","contributorId":18102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tera","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021543,"text":"70021543 - 1999 - Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021543","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","docAbstract":"Measurements of a large suite of metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and several others) and sulfur at Kilauea volcano over an extended period of time has yielded a detailed record of the atmospheric injection of ordinarily-rare metals from this quiescently degassing volcano, representative of an important type. We have combined the Kilauea data with data of recent studies by others (emissions from volcanoes in the Indonesian arc; the large Laki eruption of two centuries ago; Etna: estimates of total volcanic emissions of sulfur) to form the basis for a new working estimate of the rate of worldwide injection of metals to the atmosphere by volcanoes. The new estimate is that volcanoes inject a substantially smaller mass of ordinarily-rare metals into the atmosphere than was stated in a widely cited previous estimate [J.O. Nriagu, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature 338 (1989) 47-49]. Our estimate, which is an upper limit, is an annual injection mass of about 10,000 tons of the metals considered, versus the earlier estimate of about 23,000 tons. Also, the proportions of the metals are substantially different in our new estimate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Lamothe, P.J., Wilson, S., Finnegan, D., and Gerlach, T., 1999, Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 170, no. 3, p. 315-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X.","startPage":"315","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X"},{"id":229354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a547be4b0c8380cd6cfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finnegan, David L.","contributorId":80410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021207,"text":"70021207 - 1999 - Complex effusive events at Kilauea as documented by the GOES satellite and remote video cameras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70021207","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complex effusive events at Kilauea as documented by the GOES satellite and remote video cameras","docAbstract":"GOES provides thermal data for all of the Hawaiian volcanoes once every 15 min. We show how volcanic radiance time series produced from this data stream can be used as a simple measure of effusive activity. Two types of radiance trends in these time series can be used to monitor effusive activity: (a) Gradual variations in radiance reveal steady flow-field extension and tube development. (b) Discrete spikes correlate with short bursts of activity, such as lava fountaining or lava-lake overflows. We are confident that any effusive event covering more than 10,000 m2 of ground in less than 60 min will be unambiguously detectable using this approach. We demonstrate this capability using GOES, video camera and ground-based observational data for the current eruption of Kilauea volcano (Hawai'i). A GOES radiance time series was constructed from 3987 images between 19 June and 12 August 1997. This time series displayed 24 radiance spikes elevated more than two standard deviations above the mean; 19 of these are correlated with video-recorded short-burst effusive events. Less ambiguous events are interpreted, assessed and related to specific volcanic events by simultaneous use of permanently recording video camera data and ground-observer reports. The GOES radiance time series are automatically processed on data reception and made available in near-real-time, so such time series can contribute to three main monitoring functions: (a) automatically alerting major effusive events; (b) event confirmation and assessment; and (c) establishing effusive event chronology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050280","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Harris, A., and Thornber, C., 1999, Complex effusive events at Kilauea as documented by the GOES satellite and remote video cameras: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 6, p. 382-395, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050280.","startPage":"382","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206465,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050280"},{"id":229858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f90de4b0c8380cd4d3de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, A.J.L.","contributorId":82878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23335,"text":"ofr98511 - 1998 - Compositions of glasses from the Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii January 1983 through December 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr98511","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-511","title":"Compositions of glasses from the Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii January 1983 through December 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98511","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., and Hearn, B., 1998, Compositions of glasses from the Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii January 1983 through December 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-511, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98511.","productDescription":"75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0511/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52634,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0511/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hearn, B.C.","contributorId":7700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22551,"text":"ofr98773 - 1998 - Development and testing of a tensor magnetic gradiometer system with trial monitoring near the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr98773","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-773","title":"Development and testing of a tensor magnetic gradiometer system with trial monitoring near the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98773","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bracken, R.E., Grover, T., and Puniwai, G.S., 1998, Development and testing of a tensor magnetic gradiometer system with trial monitoring near the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (Paper edition.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-773, 163 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98773.","productDescription":"163 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0773/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52042,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0773/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Paper edition.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6672bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bracken, R. E.","contributorId":98316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grover, T.P.","contributorId":43800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grover","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puniwai, G. S.","contributorId":48588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puniwai","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22192,"text":"ofr98462 - 1998 - Sulfur dioxide emission rates of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1979-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T19:57:40.450219","indexId":"ofr98462","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-462","title":"Sulfur dioxide emission rates of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1979-1997","docAbstract":"

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates from Kilauea Volcano were first measured by Stoiber and Malone (1975) and have been measured on a regular basis since 1979 (Casadevall and others, 1987; Greenland and others, 1985; Elias and others, 1993; Elias and Sutton, 1996). The purpose of this report is to present a compilation of Kilauea SO2 emission rate data from 1979 through 1997 with ancillary meteorological data (wind speed and wind direction). We have included measurements previously reported by Casadevall and others (1987) for completeness and to improve the usefulness of this current database compilation.

Kilauea releases SO2 gas predominantly from its summit caldera and rift zones (fig. 1). From 1979 through 1982, vehicle-based COSPEC measurements made within the summit caldera were adequate to quantify most of the SO2 emitted from the volcano. Beginning in 1983. the focus of SO2 release shifted from the summit to the east rift zone (ERZ) eruption site at Pu'u 'O'o and, later, Kupaianaha. Since 1984, the Kilauea gas measurement effort has been augmented with intermittent airborne and tripod-based surveys made near the ERZ eruption site. In addition, beginning in 1992 vehicle-based measurements have been made along a section of Chain of Craters Road approximately 9 km downwind of the eruption site. These several types of COSPEC measurements continue to the present.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98462","usgsCitation":"Elias, T., Sutton, A.J., Stokes, J.B., and Casadevall, T.J., 1998, Sulfur dioxide emission rates of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1979-1997 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-462, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98462.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404284,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37215.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51628,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0462/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":156427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0462/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1530,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-462/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.317,\n 19.25\n ],\n [\n -155.125,\n 19.25\n ],\n [\n -155.125,\n 19.417\n ],\n [\n -155.317,\n 19.417\n ],\n [\n -155.317,\n 19.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stokes, J. B.","contributorId":19182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32047,"text":"ofr98103 - 1998 - The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-08T20:03:11.171211","indexId":"ofr98103","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-103","title":"The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps","docAbstract":"

The Pu'u 'Ō'ō-Kūpaianaha eruption on the east rift zone of Kīlauea, which began in January 1983, is the longest-lived rift zone eruption of the last two centuries. By 1994, a broad field of lava, nearly 1 km3 in volume and 12 km wide at the coast, had buried 87 km2 of the volcano's south flank. The initial six months of fissure eruptions (episodes 1-3) were followed by three years of episodic lava fountaining from the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent (episodes 4–47). In July 1986, after two days of fissure eruptions up- and downrift from Pu'u 'Ō'ō (episodes 48a and 48b), the eruption shifted to a new vent, Kūpaianaha, 3.5 km downrift. For the next five-and-a-half years (episode 48), Kūpaianaha was the site of nearly continuous low-level effusion. The 49th episode occurred in November 1991, when several fissures opened between Pu'u 'Ō'ō and Kūpaianaha (see Mangan and others, 1995, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 127-135). This three-week-long outburst was the result of the waning output of the Kūpaianaha vent, which finally died in February 1992 (see Kauahikaua and others, 1996, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 641-648).

The third epoch of the eruption began ten days later, when vents opened on the uprift slope of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō cone. Several flank vents erupted over the next two years (episodes 50-53). In the first year, from February 1992 through February 1993, the low-level effusion was interrupted by 21 brief pauses. These ended with the beginning of episode 53 in February 1993, and for the next year, lava effusion was continuous. Episode 53 was ongoing at the end of the interval covered by this report.

During the years that Kūpaianaha was active, the Pu'u 'Ō'ō conduit gradually evolved into a crater 300 m in diameter as the conduit walls collapsed. Beginning in 1987, an active lava pond was intermittently visible in the bottom of the crater; from 1990 on, the pond was almost continuously present. The Pu'u 'Ō‘ō pond drained at the beginning of episode 49 in November 1991, and the crater floor collapsed. Lava was visible in the crater by early December, and pond overflows resurfaced the crater floor, raising it to its former level of 35 m below the rim by the end of January 1992.

This report includes flow-field maps and a table giving a) start and stop times of the eruptive episodes and of pauses in the eruption, b) Pu'u 'Ō'ō lava pond and crater-floor elevations, and c) elevations of the episode 50-53 vents and of the floors of the collapse pits that subsequently formed over these vents. A chronology of this interval of the eruption and an interpretation of the data included in this report can be found in Heliker and others (1998, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 59, p. 381-393).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98103","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C., Mangan, M.T., Mattox, T.N., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1998, The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō-Kūpaianaha erruption of Kīlauea, November 1991–February 1994: Field data and flow maps (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-103, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98103.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340481,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/of98-103_text_table.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":108804,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17757"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ],\n [\n -154.92919921875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.479539596600667\n ],\n [\n -155.3466796875,\n 19.241143039165962\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db6568c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, C. Christina","contributorId":43005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C. Christina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattox, Tari N.","contributorId":26314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"Tari","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019725,"text":"70019725 - 1998 - Trace element abundances of high-MgO glasses from Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala volcanoes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:14:40.897507","indexId":"70019725","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element abundances of high-MgO glasses from Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala volcanoes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We performed an ion-microprobe study of eleven high-MgO (6.7-14.8 wt%) tholeiite glasses from the Hawaiian volcanoes Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala. We determined the rare earth (RE), high field strength, and other selected trace element abundances of these glasses, and used the data to establish their relationship to typical Hawaiian shield tholeiite and to infer characteristics of their source. The glasses have trace element abundance characteristics generally similar to those of typical shield tholeiites, e.g. L(light)REE/H(heavy)REE(C1) > 1. The Kilauea and Mauna Loa glasses, however, display trace and major element characteristics that cross geochemical discriminants observed between Kilauea and Mauna Loa shield lavas. The glasses contain a blend of these discriminating chemical characteristics, and are not exactly like the typical shield lavas from either volcano. The production of these hybrid magmas likely requires a complexly zoned source, rather than two unique sources. When corrected for olivine fractionation, the glass data show correlations between CaO concentration and incompatible trace element abundances, indicating that CaO may behave incompatibly during melting of the tholeiite source. Furthermore, the tholeiite source must contain residual garnet and clinopyroxene to account for the variation in trace element abundances of the Kilauea glasses. Inversion modeling indicates that the Kilauea source is flat relative to C1 chondrites, and has a higher bulk distribution coefficient for the HREE than the LREE.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004100050375","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Wagner, T., Clague, D.A., Hauri, E., and Grove, T., 1998, Trace element abundances of high-MgO glasses from Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Haleakala volcanoes, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 131, no. 1, p. 13-21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050375.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano, Mauna Loa volcano, Haleakala volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.26815795898438,\n 20.594223204225184\n ],\n [\n -156.03195190429688,\n 20.594223204225184\n ],\n [\n -156.03195190429688,\n 20.78564668820214\n ],\n [\n -156.26815795898438,\n 20.78564668820214\n ],\n [\n -156.26815795898438,\n 20.594223204225184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.32745361328125,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -155.15579223632812,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -155.15579223632812,\n 19.475655495911568\n ],\n [\n -155.32745361328125,\n 19.475655495911568\n ],\n [\n -155.32745361328125,\n 19.31114335506464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb632e4b08c986b326b06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, T.P.","contributorId":29143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hauri, E.H.","contributorId":66009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauri","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019816,"text":"70019816 - 1998 - Rates of volcanic CO2 degassing from airborne determinations of SO2 Emission rates and plume CO2SO2: test study at Pu′u ′O′o Cone, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-14T16:18:51","indexId":"70019816","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of volcanic CO2 degassing from airborne determinations of SO2 Emission rates and plume CO2SO2: test study at Pu′u ′O′o Cone, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

We present an airborne method that eliminates or minimizes several disadvantages of the customary plume cross-section sampling method for determining volcanic CO2 emission rates. A LI-COR CO2analyzer system (LICOR), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer system (FTIR), and a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) were used to constrain the plume CO2/SO2 and the SO2 emission rate. The method yielded a CO2 emission rate of 300 td−1 (metric tons per day) for Pu′u ′O′o cone, Kilauea volcano, on 19 September 1995. The CO2/SO2 of 0.20 determined from airborne LICOR and FTIR plume measurements agreed with the CO2/SO2 of 204 ground-based samples collected from vents over a 14-year period since the Pu′u ′O′o eruption began in January 1983.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/98GL02030","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T.M., McGee, K.A., Sutton, A.J., and Elias, T., 1998, Rates of volcanic CO2 degassing from airborne determinations of SO2 Emission rates and plume CO2SO2: test study at Pu′u ′O′o Cone, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 14, p. 2675-2678, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL02030.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2675","endPage":"2678","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl02030","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9548e4b0c8380cd81907","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, Terrence M.","contributorId":30246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":384002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutton, A. Jefferson","contributorId":47860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jefferson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020452,"text":"70020452 - 1998 - Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:16:06.768999","indexId":"70020452","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i","docAbstract":"

From 1986 to 1997, the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea produced a vast pahoehoe flow field fed by lava tubes that extended 10–12 km from vents on the volcano's east rift zone to the ocean. Within a kilometer of the vent, tubes were as much as 20 m high and 10–25 m wide. On steep slopes (4–10°) a little farther away from the vent, some tubes formed by roofing over of lava channels. Lava streams were typically 1–2 m deep flowing within a tube that here was typically 5 m high and 3 m wide. On the coastal plain (<1°), tubes within inflated sheet flows were completely filled, typically 1–2 m high, and several tens of meters wide. Tubes develop as a flow's crust grows on the top, bottom, and sides of the tubes, restricting the size of the fluid core. The tubes start out with nearly elliptical cross-sectional shapes, many times wider than high. Broad, flat sheet flows evolve into elongate tumuli with an axial crack as the flanks of the original flow were progressively buried by breakouts. Temperature measurements and the presence of stalactites in active tubes confirmed that the tube walls were above the solidus and subject to melting. Sometimes, the tubes began downcutting. Progressive downcutting was frequently observed through skylights; a rate of 10 cm/d was measured at one skylight for nearly 2 months.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB03576","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., Cashman, K.V., Mattox, T.N., Heliker, C.C., Hon, K., Mangan, M.T., and Thornber, C., 1998, Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B11, p. 27303-27323, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB03576.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"27303","endPage":"27323","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479744,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb03576","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6acbe4b0c8380cd74373","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, K. V.","contributorId":16831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heliker, C. Christina","contributorId":14694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heliker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Christina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hon, K.A.","contributorId":57148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020517,"text":"70020517 - 1998 - Waveform inversion of very long period impulsive signals associated with magmatic injection beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:03:05.675911","indexId":"70020517","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waveform inversion of very long period impulsive signals associated with magmatic injection beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

We use data from broadband seismometers deployed around the summit of Kilauea Volcano to quantify the mechanism associated with a transient in the flow of magma feeding the east rift eruption of the volcano. The transient is marked by rapid inflation of the Kilauea summit peaking at 22 μrad 4.5 hours after the event onset, followed by slow deflation over a period of 3 days. Superimposed on the summit inflation is a series of sawtooth displacement pulses, each characterized by a sudden drop in amplitude lasting 5–10 s followed by an exponential recovery lasting 1–3 min. The sawtooth waveforms display almost identical shapes, suggesting a process involving the repeated activation of a fixed source. The particle motion associated with each sawtooth is almost linear, and its major swing shows compressional motion at all stations. Analyses of semblance and particle motion are consistent with a point source located 1 km beneath the northeast edge of the Halemaumau pit crater. To estimate the source mechanism, we apply a moment tensor inversion to the waveform data, assuming a point source embedded in a homogeneous half-space with compressional and shear wave velocities representative of the average medium properties at shallow depth under Kilauea. Synthetic waveforms are constructed by a superposition of impulse responses for six moment tensor components and three single force components. The origin times of individual impulses are distributed along the time axis at appropriately small, equal intervals, and their amplitudes are determined by least squares. In this inversion, the source time functions of the six tensor and three force components are determined simultaneously. We confirm the accuracy of the inversion method through a series of numerical tests. The results from the inversion show that the waveform data are well explained by a pulsating transport mechanism operating on a subhorizontal crack linking the summit reservoir to the east rift of Kilauea. The crack acts like a buffer in which a batch of fluid (magma and/or gas) accumulates over a period of 1–3 min before being rapidly injected into a larger reservoir (possibly the east rift) over a timescale of 5–10 s. The seismic moment and volume change associated with a typical batch of fluid are approximately 1014 N m and 3000 m3, respectively. Our results also point to the existence of a single force component with amplitude of 109 N, which may be explained as the drag force generated by the flow of viscous magma through a narrow constriction in the flow path. The total volume of magma associated with the 4.5-hour-long activation of the pulsating source is roughly 500,000 m3 in good agreement with the integrated volume flow rate of magma estimated near the eruptive site.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB01122","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ohminato, T., Chouet, B., Dawson, P., and Kedar, S., 1998, Waveform inversion of very long period impulsive signals associated with magmatic injection beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 10, p. 23839-23862, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01122.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"23839","endPage":"23862","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488098,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb01122","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf9fe4b08c986b32e9e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohminato, T.","contributorId":53021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohminato","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kedar, S.","contributorId":64931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kedar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020851,"text":"70020851 - 1998 - Shallow velocity structure of Stromboli Volcano, Italy, derived from small-aperture array measurements of Strombolian tremor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:24:11.347183","indexId":"70020851","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow velocity structure of Stromboli Volcano, Italy, derived from small-aperture array measurements of Strombolian tremor","docAbstract":"

The properties of the tremor wave field at Stromboli are analyzed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed on the north flank of the volcano. The seismometers are configured in two semi-circular arrays with radii of 60 and 150 m and a linear array with length of 600 m. The data are analyzed using a spatiotemporal correlation technique specifically designed for the study of the stationary stochastic wave field of Rayleigh and Love waves generated by volcanic activity and by scattering sources distributed within the island. The correlation coefficients derived as a function of frequency for the three components of motion clearly define the dispersion characteristics for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Love and Rayleigh waves contribute 70% and 30%, respectively, of the surface-wave power. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1000 m/sec at 2 Hz to 350 m/sec at 9 Hz, and those for Love waves range from 800 to 400 m/sec over the same frequency band. These velocities are similar to those measured near Puu Oo on the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, although the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh waves at Stromboli show a stronger dependence on frequency. Such low velocities are consistent with values expected for densely cracked solidified basalt. The dispersion curves are inverted for a velocity model beneath the arrays, assuming those dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0880030653","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., De Luca, G., Milana, G., Dawson, P., Martini, M., and Scarpa, R., 1998, Shallow velocity structure of Stromboli Volcano, Italy, derived from small-aperture array measurements of Strombolian tremor: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 88, no. 3, p. 653-666, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0880030653.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"666","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Stromboli volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.109682985862406,\n 38.87565848644624\n ],\n [\n 15.109682985862406,\n 38.70332171526812\n ],\n [\n 15.360995241721668,\n 38.70332171526812\n ],\n [\n 15.360995241721668,\n 38.87565848644624\n ],\n [\n 15.109682985862406,\n 38.87565848644624\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e44e4b08c986b31882b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Luca, G.","contributorId":88095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Luca","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milana, G.","contributorId":23700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milana","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martini, M.","contributorId":24909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scarpa, R.","contributorId":64818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarpa","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021143,"text":"70021143 - 1998 - Airborne volcanic plume measurements using a FTIR spectrometer, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T00:20:38.029039","indexId":"70021143","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airborne volcanic plume measurements using a FTIR spectrometer, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

A prototype closed-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer system (FTIR), operating from battery power and with a Stirling engine microcooler for detector cooling, was successfully used for airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide at Kilauea volcano. Airborne profiles of the volcanic plume emanating from the erupting Pu′u′O′o vent on the East Rift of Kilauea revealed levels of nearly 3 ppm SO2 in the core of the plume. An emission rate of 2,160 metric tons per day of sulfur dioxide was calculated from the FTIR data, which agrees closely with simultaneous measurements by a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC). The rapid spatial sampling possible from an airborne platform distinguishes the methodology described here from previous FTIR measurements.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98GL00356","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"McGee, K., and Gerlach, T., 1998, Airborne volcanic plume measurements using a FTIR spectrometer, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 5, p. 615-618, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00356.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e929e4b0c8380cd48122","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50300,"text":"ofr98108 - 1998 - Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-108","title":"Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98108","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Dietel, C., Chouet, B., Honma, K., Ohminato, T., and Okubo, P., 1998, Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-108, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98108.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietel, C.","contributorId":27916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Honma, K.","contributorId":72849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honma","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohminato, T.","contributorId":53021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohminato","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":38095,"text":"fs16997 - 1997 - Volcanic Air Pollution - A Hazard in Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"fs16997","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"169-97","title":"Volcanic Air Pollution - A Hazard in Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Noxious sulfur dioxide gas and other pollutants emitted from Kilauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai'i react with oxygen and atmospheric moisture to produce volcanic smog (vog) and acid rain. Vog poses a health hazard by aggravating preexisting respiratory ailments, and acid rain damages crops and can leach lead into household water supplies. The U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is closely monitoring gas emissions from Kilauea and working with health professionals and local officials to better understand volcanic air pollution and to enhance public awareness of this hazard.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs16997","usgsCitation":"Sutton, J., Elias, T., Hendley, J.W., and Stauffer, P.H., 1997, Volcanic Air Pollution - A Hazard in Hawai'i (Online Version 1.1, Revised Jun 2000): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 169-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16997.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3441,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs169-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_169_97.jpg"}],"edition":"Online Version 1.1, Revised Jun 2000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fda2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutton, Jeff","contributorId":51287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":218876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":218875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hendley, James W. II jhendley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendley","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"jhendley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":218873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24677,"text":"ofr97537 - 1997 - HVO/RVTS-1; a prototype remote video telemetry system for monitoring the Kilauea east rift zone eruption, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"ofr97537","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-537","title":"HVO/RVTS-1; a prototype remote video telemetry system for monitoring the Kilauea east rift zone eruption, 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97537","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C.R., 1997, HVO/RVTS-1; a prototype remote video telemetry system for monitoring the Kilauea east rift zone eruption, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-537, 18 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97537.","productDescription":"18 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1924,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/products/OF97537/contents.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0537/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0537/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649fdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019639,"text":"70019639 - 1997 - Volcano geodesy: The search for magma reservoirs and the formation of eruptive vents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T22:47:30.735421","indexId":"70019639","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano geodesy: The search for magma reservoirs and the formation of eruptive vents","docAbstract":"

Routine geodetic measurements are made at only a few dozen of the world's 600 or so active volcanoes, even though these measurements have proven to be a reliable precursor of eruptions. The pattern and rate of surface displacement reveal the depth and rate of pressure increase within shallow magma reservoirs. This process has been demonstrated clearly at Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Long Valley caldera, California; Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy; Rabaul caldera, Papua New Guinea; and Aira caldera and nearby Sakurajima, Japan. Slower and lesser amounts of surface displacement at Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming, are attributed to changes in a hydrothermal system that overlies a crustal magma body. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of eruptive fissures, as well as the amount of widening, have been determined at Kilauea, Hawaii; Etna, Italy; Tolbachik, Kamchatka; Krafla, Iceland; and Asal-Ghoubbet, Djibouti, the last a segment of the East Africa Rift Zone. Continuously recording instruments, such as tiltmeters, extensometers, and dilatometers, have recorded horizontal and upward growth of eruptive fissures, which grew at rates of hundreds of meters per hour, at Kilauea; Izu-Oshima, Japan; Teishi Knoll seamount, Japan; and Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion Island. In addition, such instruments have recorded the hour or less of slight ground movement that preceded small explosive eruptions at Sakurajima and presumed sudden gas emissions at Galeras, Colombia. The use of satellite geodesy, in particular the Global Positioning System, offers the possibility of revealing changes in surface strain both local to a volcano and over a broad region that includes the volcano.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97RG00070","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J., and Dzurisin, D., 1997, Volcano geodesy: The search for magma reservoirs and the formation of eruptive vents: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 35, no. 3, p. 343-384, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG00070.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"384","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97rg00070","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc32be4b08c986b32afc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, J.J.","contributorId":52597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019395,"text":"70019395 - 1997 - Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of sulfur dioxide plumes: A case study from the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:57:38.8578","indexId":"70019395","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of sulfur dioxide plumes: A case study from the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

The synoptic perspective and rapid mode of data acquisition provided by remote sensing are well suited for the study of volcanic SO2 plumes. In this paper we describe a plume-mapping procedure that is based on image data acquired with NASA's airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) and apply the procedure to TIMS data collected over the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, on September 30, 1988. These image data covered the Pu‘u ‘O ‘o and Kupaianaha vents and a skylight in the lava tube that was draining the Kupaianaha lava pond. Our estimate of the SO2 emission rate from Pu‘u ‘O ‘o (17–20 kg s−1) is roughly twice the average of estimates derived from correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) measurements collected 10 days prior to the TIMS overflight (10 kg s−1). The agreement between the TIMS and COSPEC results improves when we compare SO2 burden estimates, which are relatively independent of wind speed. We demonstrate the feasibility of mapping Pu‘u ‘O ‘o - scale SO2 plumes from space in anticipation of the 1998 launch of the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflectance radiometer (ASTER).

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03916","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Realmuto, V., Sutton, A.J., and Elias, T., 1997, Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of sulfur dioxide plumes: A case study from the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 15057-15072, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03916.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15057","endPage":"15072","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a7e4b0c8380cd715e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Realmuto, V.J.","contributorId":60779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Realmuto","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020243,"text":"70020243 - 1997 - Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions: A case study of lava-seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020243","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions: A case study of lava-seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"A variety of hydrovolcanic explosions may occur as basaltic lava flows into the ocean. Observations and measurements were made during a two-year span of unusually explosive littoral activity as tube-fed pahoehoe from Kilauea Volcano inundated the southeast coastline of the island of Hawai'i. Our observations suggest that explosive interactions require high entrance fluxes (??? 4 m3/s) and are most often initiated by collapse of a developing lava delta. Two types of interactions were observed. \"Open mixing\" of lava and seawater occurred when delta collapse exposed the mouth of a severed lava tube or incandescent fault scarp to wave action. The ensuing explosions produced unconsolidated deposits of glassy lava fragments or lithic debris. Interactions under \"confined mixing\" conditions occurred when a lava tube situated at or below sea level fractured. Explosions ruptured the roof of the tube and produced circular mounds of welded spatter. We estimate a water/rock mass ratio of 0.15 for the most common type of littoral explosion and a kinetic energy release of 0.07-1.3 kJ/kg for the range of events witnessed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Mattox, T.N., and Mangan, M.T., 1997, Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions: A case study of lava-seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 1-17.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48b6e4b0c8380cd68090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019466,"text":"70019466 - 1997 - Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T13:35:19","indexId":"70019466","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Three-dimensional seismic P-wave traveltime tomography is used to image the magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. High-velocity bodies (>6.4 km/s) in the upper 9 km of the crust beneath the summits and rift zones of the volcanoes correlate with zones of high magnetic intensities and are interpreted as solidified gabbro-ultramafic cumulates from which the surface volcanism is derived. The proximity of these high-velocity features to the rift zones is consistent with a ridge-spreading model of the volcanic flank. Southeast of the Hilina fault zone, along the south flank of Kilauea, low-velocity material (<6.0 km/s) is observed extending to depths of 9–11 km, indicating that the Hilina fault may extend possibly as deep as the basal decollement. Along the southeast flank of Mauna Loa, a similar low-velocity zone associated with the Kaoiki fault zone is observed extending to depths of 6–8 km. These two upper crustal low-velocity zones suggest common stages in the evolution of the Hawaiian shield volcanoes in which these fault systems are formed as a result of upper crustal deformation in response to magma injection within the volcanic edifice.

","language":"English","publisher":"GSA Publications","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Okubo, P.G., Benz, H.M., and Chouet, B.A., 1997, Imaging the crustal magma sources beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii: Geology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 867-870, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0867:ITCMSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"870","ipdsId":"IP-010041","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3889e4b0c8380cd615e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, Paul G. 0000-0002-0381-6051 pokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":2730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Paul","email":"pokubo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019414,"text":"70019414 - 1997 - Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019414","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data","docAbstract":"The free availability of GOES satellite data every 15 minutes makes these data an attractive tool for studying short-term changes on cloud-free volcanoes in the Pacific basin. We use cloud-free GOES-9 data to investigate the chronology of the January 1997, episode 54 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Seventy-six images for this effusive eruption were collected over a 60-hour period and show the opening and shutdown of active fissures, the draining and refilling of the Pu'u 'O'o lava lake, and the cessation of activity at the ocean entry. Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Harris, A., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L., Mouginis-Mark, P., Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M., and Flament, P., 1997, Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 24, p. 3281-3284.","startPage":"3281","endPage":"3284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f9e4b0c8380cd4c513","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, A.J.L.","contributorId":82878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, L.P.","contributorId":59302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thornber, C.","contributorId":28629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sherrod, D.","contributorId":49828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trusdell, F.","contributorId":61233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sawyer, M.W.","contributorId":21420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Flament, P.","contributorId":68600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flament","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70019629,"text":"70019629 - 1997 - A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:54:08.371646","indexId":"70019629","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

The dynamic balance between magma supply and vent output at Kilauea volcano is used to estimate both the volume of magma stored within Kilauea volcano and its magma supply rate. Throughout most of 1991 a linear decline in volume flux from the Kupaianaha vent on Kilauea's east rift zone was associated with a parabolic variation in the elevation of Kilauea's summit as vent output initially exceeded then lagged behind the magma supply to the volcano. The correspondence between summit elevation and tilt established with over 30 years of data provided daily estimates of summit elevation in terms of summit tilt. The minimum in the parabolic variation in summit tilt and elevation (or zero elevation change) occurs when the magma supply to the reservoir from below the volcano equals the magma output from the reservoir to the surface, so that the magma supply rate is given by vent flux on that day. The measurements of vent flux and tilt establish that the magma supply rate to Kilauea volcano on June 19, 1991, was 217,000±10,000 m3/d (or 0.079±0.004 km3/yr). This is close to the average eruptive rate of 0.08 km3/yr between 1958 and 1984. In addition, the predictable response of summit elevation and tilt to each east rift zone eruption near Puu Oo since 1983 shows that summit deformation is also a measure of magma reservoir pressure. Given this, the correlation between the elevation of the Puu Oo lava lake (4 km uprift of Kupaianaha and 18 km from the summit) and summit tilt provides an estimate for magma pressure changes corresponding to summit tilt changes. The ratio of the change in volume to the change in reservoir pressure (dV/dP) during vent activity may be determined by dividing the ratio of volume erupted to change in summit tilt (dV/dtilt) by the ratio of pressure change to change in summit tilt (dP/dtilt). This measure of dV/dP, when combined with laboratory measurements of the bulk modulus of tholeitic melt, provides an estimate of 240±50 km3 for the volume of Kilauea's magma reservoir. This estimate is much larger than traditional estimates but consistent with seismic tomographic imaging and geophysical modeling of Kilauea's magma system.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01071","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., 1997, A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 18091-18100, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01071.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"18091","endPage":"18100","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01071","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228166,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3c7e4b0c8380cd4620b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019506,"text":"70019506 - 1997 - Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:28:06.108788","indexId":"70019506","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

In 1790 a major hydromagmatic eruption at the summit of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, deposited up to 10 m of pyroclastic fall and surge deposits and killed several dozen Hawaiian natives who were crossing the island. Previous studies have hypothesized that the explosivity of this eruption was due to the influx of groundwater into the conduit and mixing of the groundwater with ascending magma. This study proposes that surface water, not groundwater, was the agent responsible for the explosiveness of the eruption. That is, a lake or pond may have existed in the caldera in 1790 and explosions may have taken place when magma ascended into the lake from below. That assertion is based on two lines of evidence: (1) high vesicularity (averaging 73% of more than 3000 lapilli) and high vesicle number density (105–107 cm−3 melt) of pumice clasts suggest that some phases of the eruption involved vigorous, sustained magma ascent; and (2) numerical calculations suggest that under most circumstances, hydrostatic pressure would not be sufficient to drive water into the eruptive conduit during vigorous magma ascent unless the water table were above the ground surface. These results are supported by historical data on the rate of infilling of the caldera floor during the early 1800s. When extrapolated back to 1790, they suggest that the caldera floor was below the water table.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01426","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., 1997, Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20093-20109, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01426.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"20093","endPage":"20109","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01426","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226470,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d58e4b0c8380cd52f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70246746,"text":"70246746 - 1996 - A preliminary survey of the broadband seismic wavefield at Puu Oo, the active vent of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T14:52:21.812904","indexId":"70246746","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-25T09:46:48","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":786,"text":"Annali di Geofisica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary survey of the broadband seismic wavefield at Puu Oo, the active vent of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

The seismic wavefield near an active volcanic vent consists of superimposed signals in a wide range of frequency bands from sources inside and outside the volcano. To characterize the broadband wavefield near Puu Oo, we deployed a profile of three three-component broadband sensors in a 200 m long line about 1.5 km WSW of the active vent. During this period, Puu Oo maintained a constant, but very low level of activity. The digital data logger recorded the wavefield continuously in the frequency band between 0.01 and 40 Hz between June 25 and July 9, 1994. At the same time, local wind conditions along with air temperature and pressure were monitored by a portable digital weather station. On the basis of characteristic elements, such as waveform, spatial coherence between stations, particle motion and power spectra, the wavefield can be divided into three bands. The dominant signals in the frequency band between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz are not coherent among the stations. Their ground velocities correlate with the wind speed. The signals in the 0.1 to 0.5 Hz band are coherent across the profile and most probably represent a superposition of volcanic tremor and microseisms from the Pacific Ocean. Much of the energy above 0.5 Hz can be attributed to activity at the vent. Power spectra from recordings of the transverse components show complex peaks between 0.5 and 3 Hz which vary in amplitude due to site effects and distance. On the other hand, power spectra calculated from the radial components show a clearly periodic pattern of peaks at 1 Hz intervals for some time segments. A further remarkable feature of the power spectra is that they are highly stationary.

","language":"English","publisher":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)","doi":"10.4401/ag-3973","usgsCitation":"Seidl, D., Hellweg, M., Okubo, P., and Rademacher, H., 1996, A preliminary survey of the broadband seismic wavefield at Puu Oo, the active vent of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Annali di Geofisica, v. 39, no. 2, p. 283-297, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3973.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3973","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":419045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano, Puu Oo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30651941412697,\n 19.448444250928404\n ],\n [\n -155.30651941412697,\n 19.336840877798352\n ],\n [\n -155.10324519723144,\n 19.336840877798352\n ],\n [\n -155.10324519723144,\n 19.448444250928404\n ],\n [\n -155.30651941412697,\n 19.448444250928404\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seidl, D.","contributorId":102746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seidl","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hellweg, M.","contributorId":11344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellweg","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":878152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rademacher, H.","contributorId":93343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rademacher","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}