Water use, such as withdrawals, wastewater return flows, and interbasin transfers, can alter streamflow regimes, water quality, and the integrity of aquatic habitat and affect the availability of water for human and ecosystem needs. To provide the information needed to determine alteration of streamflows and pond water levels in southeastern Massachusetts, existing groundwater models of the Plymouth-Carver region and western (Sagamore flow lens) and eastern (Monomoy flow lens) Cape Cod were used to delineate subbasins and simulate long-term average and average monthly streamflows and pond levels for a series of water-use conditions. Model simulations were used to determine the extent to which streamflows and pond levels were altered by comparing simulated streamflows and pond levels under predevelopment conditions with streamflows and pond levels under pumping only and pumping with wastewater return flow conditions. The pumping and wastewater return flow rates used in this study are the same as those used in previously published U.S. Geological Survey studies in southeastern Massachusetts and represent the period from 2000 to 2005. Streamflow alteration for the nontidal portions of streams in southeastern Massachusetts was evaluated within and at the downstream outlets of 78 groundwater subbasins delineated for this study. Evaluation of streamflow alteration at subbasin outlets is consistent with the approach used by the U.S. Geological Survey for the topographically derived subbasins in the rest of Massachusetts.
\nThe net effect of pumping and wastewater return flows on streamflows and pond levels varied by location and included no change in areas minimally affected by water use, decreases in areas affected more by pumping than by wastewater return flows, or increases in areas affected more by wastewater return flows than by pumping. Simulated alterations to long-term average streamflows at subbasin outlets in response to pumping with wastewater return flows were within about 10 percent of predevelopment streamflows for most of the subbasins in the study area. Alterations ranged from a decrease (depletion) of 43.9 percent at an unnamed tributary to Salt Pond in the Plymouth-Carver region to an increase (surcharge) of 18.2 percent at an unnamed tributary to the Centerville River on western Cape Cod. In general, the relative effects of pumping and wastewater return flows typically were larger in the subbasins with low streamflows than in the subbasins with high streamflows, and there were more depleted streamflows than surcharged streamflows. Increases in streamflows in response to wastewater return flows were generally largest in subbasins with a high density of septic systems or a centralized wastewater treatment facility. For average monthly conditions, streamflow alteration results were similar spatially to results for long-term average conditions. However, differences in the extent of alteration by month were observed; percentage streamflow depletions in most subbasins typically were greatest during the low-streamflow months of August and October.
\nThe percentages of the total number of ponds affected by pumping with wastewater return flows under long-term average conditions in the modeled areas were 28 percent for the Plymouth-Carver region, 67 percent for western Cape Cod, and 75 percent for eastern Cape Cod. Pond-level alterations ranged from a decrease of 4.6 feet at Great South Pond in the Plymouth Carver region to an increase of 0.9 feet at Wequaquet Lake in western Cape Cod. The magnitudes of monthly alterations to pond water levels were fairly consistent throughout the year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Carlson, C.S., Walter, D.A., and Barbaro, J.R., 2015, Simulated responses of streams and ponds to groundwater withdrawals and wastewater return flows in southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5168, 60 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155168.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 60 p.; 2 Tables; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065841","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312500,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5168/sir20155168_appendix2_gis.zip","text":"Appendix 2 - Shapefiles and spreadsheet files","size":"15.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5168"},{"id":312497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5168/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":312501,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5168/sir20155168_appendix3_gis.zip","text":"Appendix 3 - Shapefiles and spreadsheet files","size":"3.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5168"},{"id":312498,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5168/sir20155168.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5168"},{"id":312499,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5168/sir20155168_tables3-4.xlsx","text":"Tables 3-4","size":"52 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5168","linkHelpText":"Table 3. Stream identification, landscape characteristics, and Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Or visit our Web site at:
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov
Anyone who spends more than a few days on Cape Cod (the Cape) quickly becomes a coastal geologist, quickly learning the rhythms of daily tides and the seasonal cycles of beaches growing and being swept away by storms; swimmers and surfers track how the breakers appear, and dog-walkers notice the hard-packed sand blanketed overnight by an airy layer that leaves deep labored tracks.
\nCareful observers whose paths wander to the ocean’s edge will observe many of the landforms and coastal processes described in this book and if we have done our job well, the stories told here will seem familiar. Watchful experience brings insights; indeed, this is how scientists and perhaps how artists work, describing patterns that explain and predict. When is the next high tide? What will the winter bring? Where do we build, fish, swim? How do wind and waves offshore in the North Atlantic help arrange the plants and dunes and hollows on the beach? And most of all, as human animals drawn to live and play on the edge of the ocean, how do we get the benefits of this complex natural system of geology and biology? How do we affect coastal processes; how is the coast changing now and how is the coast likely to change in years ahead with climate warming and climate change?
\nThis book is about the highly dynamic coastal landforms of Cape Cod—the beaches, bluffs, spits, dunes, barrier beaches, estuaries, and salt marshes. What they are, why they are where they are, how they behave with respect to the greater Cape Cod coastal system—how the landforms respond to day-to-day and long-term geologic processes, such as waves and currents, change in sediment transport, relative sea-level rise, and meteorological processes such as hurricanes, nor’easters, and cold front passages. It is also about how the landforms got to be where they are and the way they are and where they are headed in the near future with the predicted effects of global climate warming and change.
\nOur objective is to provide a single source of understandable and readable scientific information for those who live, play, and work on outer Cape Cod and at the Cape Cod National Seashore, as well as to provide an introduction to Cape Cod’s coastal landforms for anyone with an interest in Earth science and nature who wants a better understanding of coastal systems and processes. Basic to an understanding of coastal landforms is the fact that they work together—they interact—as elements of many systems, and therefore our ultimate concern is not the individual landform itself but rather the geologic systems that make up Cape Cod and the Cape Cod National Seashore. Much of this discussion can be applied as well to Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, and other coastal regions.
\nThe coast of outer Cape Cod, about 15,000 years old and about 30 miles (mi; 50 kilometers [km]) long, is but a tiny piece of the global Earth system that operates within a much larger realm of space and time. Cape Cod’s coastal landforms are temporary holding patterns within a continual interplay of land, sea, atmosphere, climate, ice, and life, including a variety of human activities that both affect and are affected by these processes. These interactions produce the landforms, and the landforms alter the interactions. The resulting landforms provide habitats for a wide variety of coastal plants and animals. The habitats along with their inhabitants and the interacting environmental factors controlling them constitute the Cape’s complex and varied ecosystems. But for now, we are here to enjoy it. We welcome you to delight and wonder at the perpetually changing handshake between the ocean and shore at New England’s Great Beach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1417","isbn":"978-1-4113-3994-1","usgsCitation":"Giese, G.S., Williams, S.J., and Adams, Mark, 2015, Coastal landforms and processes at the Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts—A primer: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1417, 86 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1417.","productDescription":"iv, 86 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062012","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503655,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103782.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":311914,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1417/circ1417.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1417"},{"id":311913,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1417/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.19027709960938,\n 42.014611228817955\n ],\n [\n -70.25550842285156,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -70.22598266601562,\n 42.08038780095535\n ],\n [\n -70.19371032714844,\n 42.08344551881909\n ],\n [\n -70.15731811523438,\n 42.07885888676642\n ],\n [\n -70.08522033691405,\n 42.05897965014623\n ],\n [\n -70.02410888671875,\n 42.00950942549379\n ],\n [\n -69.96986389160156,\n 41.91607416876307\n ],\n [\n -69.94445800781249,\n 41.83733944214672\n ],\n [\n -69.93415832519531,\n 41.78052894057897\n ],\n [\n -69.92729187011719,\n 41.74160260664948\n ],\n [\n -69.92935180664061,\n 41.693936942282164\n ],\n [\n -69.93690490722655,\n 41.66778269875831\n ],\n [\n -69.94720458984375,\n 41.678040531771785\n ],\n [\n -69.93827819824219,\n 41.75184866809371\n ],\n [\n -69.94857788085938,\n 41.83887416186901\n ],\n [\n -69.96780395507811,\n 41.830176930139835\n ],\n [\n -69.98908996582031,\n 41.91454130182335\n ],\n [\n -70.02273559570311,\n 41.96051129429777\n ],\n [\n -70.04539489746094,\n 41.95540515378059\n ],\n [\n -70.04676818847656,\n 41.92833577889557\n ],\n [\n -70.07080078125,\n 41.89409955811395\n ],\n [\n -70.08316040039062,\n 41.95489451722692\n ],\n [\n -70.06393432617188,\n 41.98909812021334\n ],\n [\n -70.04676818847656,\n 42.00287646941049\n ],\n [\n -70.081787109375,\n 42.032464317845175\n ],\n [\n -70.12298583984375,\n 42.05031239367961\n ],\n [\n -70.14770507812499,\n 42.06050904321049\n ],\n [\n -70.16624450683594,\n 42.03144427637554\n ],\n [\n -70.19027709960938,\n 42.014611228817955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 0254
http:/woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) have been introduced across the globe, including in many northern latitude habitats where wetlands are ice-covered for part of the year. Because bullfrogs are less mobile at low temperatures, greater knowledge about their overwintering habitat may provide additional opportunities for control. Here, we described fall and early-winter movements and habitat associations for introduced juvenile bullfrogs in a pond within the Yellowstone River corridor near Billings, Montana, USA. We attached radio-transmitters to 13 juvenile bullfrogs and located individuals from 28 August to 10 December 2014. Bullfrogs moved greater distances in late summer and early autumn, and later during brief warming periods. Collectively, all bullfrog locations were distributed across a 15,384 m2 area during the active season, but contracted to a 130 m2 area in the east cove of the pond by the time the study site froze over. Our research provides evidence that managers in northern latitude regions like Montana may be able to use the long, cold winters to their advantage because the site-specific distributions of introduced bullfrogs contracted as temperatures decreased.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, A.J., and Layhee, M.J., 2015, Fall and winter movements and habitat use of the introduced American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) in a Montana pond: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 978-984.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"984","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066117","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_10/Issue_3/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Billings","otherGeospatial":"Will's Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.78387451171875,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -108.78387451171875,\n 45.89956596377031\n ],\n [\n -108.314208984375,\n 45.89956596377031\n ],\n [\n -108.314208984375,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -108.78387451171875,\n 45.644768217751924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5673dcb1e4b0da412f4f81f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Adam J. 0000-0001-7621-7028 asepulveda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-7028","contributorId":150628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Adam","email":"asepulveda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Layhee, Megan J. 0000-0003-1359-1455 mlayhee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-1455","contributorId":3955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layhee","given":"Megan","email":"mlayhee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168347,"text":"70168347 - 2015 - Functional response of ungulate browsers in disturbed eastern hemlock forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T21:38:25","indexId":"70168347","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional response of ungulate browsers in disturbed eastern hemlock forests","docAbstract":"Ungulate browsing in predator depleted North American landscapes is believed to be causing widespread tree recruitment failures. However, canopy disturbances and variations in ungulate densities are sources of heterogeneity that can buffer ecosystems against herbivory. Relatively little is known about the functional response (the rate of consumption in relation to food availability) of ungulates in eastern temperate forests, and therefore how “top down” control of vegetation may vary with disturbance type, intensity, and timing. This knowledge gap is relevant in the Northeastern United States today with the recent arrival of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae) that is killing eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) and initiating salvage logging as a management response. We used an existing experiment in central New England begun in 2005, which simulated severe adelgid infestation and intensive logging of intact hemlock forest, to examine the functional response of combined moose (Alces americanus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) foraging in two different time periods after disturbance (3 and 7 years). We predicted that browsing impacts would be linear or accelerating (Type I or Type III response) in year 3 when regenerating stem densities were relatively low and decelerating (Type II response) in year 7 when stem densities increased. We sampled and compared woody regeneration and browsing among logged and simulated insect attack treatments and two intact controls (hemlock and hardwood forest) in 2008 and again in 2012. We then used AIC model selection to compare the three major functional response models (Types I, II, and III) of ungulate browsing in relation to forage density. We also examined relative use of the different stand types by comparing pellet group density and remote camera images. In 2008, total and proportional browse consumption increased with stem density, and peaked in logged plots, revealing a Type I response. In 2012, stem densities were greatest in girdled plots, but proportional browse consumption was highest at intermediate stem densities in logged plots, exhibiting a Type III (rather than a Type II) functional response. Our results revealed shifting top–down control by herbivores at different stages of stand recovery after disturbance and in different understory conditions resulting from logging vs. simulated adelgid attack. If forest managers wish to promote tree regeneration in hemlock stands that is more resistant to ungulate browsers, leaving HWA-infested stands unmanaged may be a better option than preemptively logging them.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.006","usgsCitation":"DeStefano, S., 2015, Functional response of ungulate browsers in disturbed eastern hemlock forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 32, p. 177-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.006.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"183","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069358","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Harvard Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.2,\n 42.45\n ],\n [\n -72.2,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 42.45\n ],\n [\n -72.2,\n 42.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c45642e4b0946c6521852d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeStefano, Stephen 0000-0003-2472-8373 destef@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-8373","contributorId":166706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"Stephen","email":"destef@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":619787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160029,"text":"ofr20151232 - 2015 - California State Waters map series — Offshore of Pigeon Point, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T21:45:34.762725","indexId":"ofr20151232","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-15T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1232","title":"California State Waters map series — Offshore of Pigeon Point, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Pigeon Point map area is located in central California, on the Pacific Coast about 50 km south of San Francisco and 25 km northwest of Santa Cruz. The onshore part of the map area is sparsely populated. The nearest significant onshore cultural center is Pescadero, an unincorporated community with a population of well under 1,000. The hilly coastal area is virtually undeveloped, used primarily for agricultural or as grazing land for sheep and cattle. Agriculture is limited to the coastal uplifted Pleistocene marine terraces and upper Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits, which lie between the shoreline and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains.
\nThe map area is cut by the San Gregorio Fault Zone, and is located a few kilometers southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Coastal uplift and folding in the map area has been attributed to a westward bend in the San Andreas Fault Zone and also to right-lateral movement along the San Gregorio Fault Zone. The irregular coastal geomorphology of this area, which consists of low, rocky cliffs and sparse, small pocket beaches backed by low, terraced hills, is partly attributable to this ongoing deformation.
\nThe shelf in the map area is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 20 m) of upper Quaternary nearshore and shelf sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. The southern part of the map is characterized by the presence of uplifted bedrock that has been linked to a local zone of transpression in the San Gregorio Fault Zone. This uplift, coupled with high wave energy, has resulted in little or no sediment cover in this area where exposures of bedrock are present at water depths of as much as 45 m. The thickest deposits of sediment are located in the northern part of the map area.
\nCoastal sediment transport in the map area is characterized by north-to-south littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from streams in the Santa Cruz Mountains and also from local coastal erosion. Shoreline-change studies indicate long-term erosion; within the region between San Francisco and Davenport, the highest long- and short-term coastal-erosion rates occur in the map area, just north of Point Año Nuevo. During the last approximately 300 years, as much as 18 million cubic yards (14 million cubic meters) of sand-sized sediment has been eroded from the area between Año Nuevo Island and Point Año Nuevo and transported south. Once widened by this pulse of eroded sediment, beaches south of Point Año Nuevo are now narrowing as the tail end of this mass of sand progresses farther south.
\nThe Offshore of Pigeon Point map area lies within the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 335 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Pigeon Point map area lie within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat. Significant rocky outcrops, which support kelp-forest communities in the nearshore and rocky-reef communities in deeper water, dominate the inner shelf waters. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of rockfish and greenling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151232","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Watt, J.T., Dartnell, P., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Dieter, B.E., Golden, N.E., Johnson, S.Y., Endris, C.A., Hartwell, S.R., Kvitek, R.G., Davenport, C.W., Krigsman, L.M., Ritchie, A.C., Sliter, R.W., Finlayson, D.P., and Maier, K.L. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. 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A qualitative mineral resource assessment of sediment-hosted stratabound copper mineralized areas for undiscovered copper deposits was performed for 10 selected areas of the world. The areas, in alphabetical order, are (1) Belt-Purcell Basin, United States and Canada; (2) Benguela and Cuanza Basins, Angola; (3) Chuxiong Basin, China; (4) Dongchuan Group rocks, China; (5) Egypt–Israel–Jordan Rift, Egypt, Israel, and Jordan; (6) Maritimes Basin, Canada; (7) Neuquén Basin, Argentina; (8) Northwest Botswana Rift, Botswana and Namibia; (9) Redstone Copperbelt, Canada; and (10) Salta Rift System, Argentina. This assessment (1) outlines the main characteristics of the areas, (2) classifies known deposits by deposit model subtypes, and (3) ranks the areas according to their potential to contain undiscovered copper deposits.
\nAn analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to rank assessment areas according to their potential for undiscovered copper deposits. Once the main characteristics of each area were compiled (age of host rock, geologic setting, stratigraphy, host lithology, deposit subtype(s), known deposits and occurrences, and mineral system components), three criteria (mineralization, extent of study area, and lithostratigraphic framework, each with multiple subcriteria) were scored for all assessment areas. Relative weights and scores were assigned to all criteria by three geologists. In addition, the assessment areas were ranked for comparison exclusively on the basis of professional opinion. The AHP and professional opinion lists are similar but not the same. Both the professional opinion and the cumulative AHP lists rate the Northwest Botswana Rift in Botswana and Namibia as the area most likely to contain the most undiscovered copper deposits. The Salta Rift System in Argentina is rated lowest among the 10 qualitatively assessed areas.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
http://minerals.usgs.gov/
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Professional Paper 1794–C is the third in a four-volume series on the status and trends of the Nation’s land use and land cover, providing an assessment of the rates and causes of land-use and land-cover change in the Midwest–South Central United States between 1973 and 2000. Volumes A, B, and D provide similar analyses for the Western United States, the Great Plains of the United States, and the Eastern United States, respectively. The assessments of land-use and land-cover trends are conducted on an ecoregion-by-ecoregion basis, and each ecoregion assessment is guided by a nationally consistent study design that includes mapping, statistical methods, field studies, and analysis. Individual assessments provide a picture of the characteristics of land change occurring in a given ecoregion; in combination, they provide a framework for understanding the complex national mosaic of change and also the causes and consequences of change. Thus, each volume in this series provides a regional assessment of how (and how fast) land use and land cover are changing, and why. The four volumes together form the first comprehensive picture of land change across the Nation.
Geographic understanding of land-use and land-cover change is directly relevant to a wide variety of stakeholders, including land and resource managers, policymakers, and scientists. The chapters in this volume present brief summaries of the patterns and rates of land change observed in each ecoregion in the Midwest–South Central United States, together with field photographs, statistics, and comparisons with other assessments. In addition, a synthesis chapter summarizes the scope of land change observed across the entire Midwest–South Central United States. The studies provide a way of integrating information across the landscape, and they form a critical component in the efforts to understand how land use and land cover affect important issues such as the provision of ecological goods and services and also the determination of risks to, and vulnerabilities of, human communities. Results from this project also are published in peer-reviewed journals, and they are further used to produce maps of change and other tools for land management, as well as to provide inputs for carbon-cycle modeling and other climate change research.
Contact information, U.S. Geological Survey
Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001
Geologic cross section I‒I’ is the fourth in a series of cross sections constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey to document and improve understanding of the geologic framework and petroleum systems of the Appalachian basin. Cross section I‒I’ provides a regional view of the structural and stratigraphic framework of the Appalachian basin from the eastern margin of the Illinois basin in central Kentucky, across the Cincinnati arch (Lexington dome), to the Valley and Ridge province in southwestern Virginia, a distance of approximately 280 miles. This cross section is a companion to cross sections E‒E’, D‒D’, and C‒C’ that are located about 200 to 300 miles to the northeast. Cross section I‒I’ either updates or complements earlier geologic cross sections through the central Kentucky and southwestern Virginia part of the Appalachian basin. Although other published cross sections through parts of the basin show more structural and stratigraphic detail, these other cross sections are of more limited extent geographically and (or) stratigraphically.
\nCross section I‒I ’ contains much information that is useful for evaluating energy resources in the Appalachian basin. Many of the key elements of the Appalachian basin petroleum systems (such as source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, and traps) can be inferred from lithologic units, unconformities, and geologic structures shown on the cross section. Other aspects of petroleum systems (such as the timing of petroleum generation and petroleum migration pathways) may be evaluated by burial history, thermal history, and fluid flow models on the basis of what is shown on the cross section. Cross section I‒I’ also provides a stratigraphic and structural framework for the Pennsylvanian coal-bearing section. In addition, geologists and engineers could use cross section I‒I’ as a reconnaissance tool to identify plausible geologic structures and strata for the subsurface storage of liquid waste or for the sequestration of carbon dioxide.
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Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
954 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
http://energy.usgs.gov/GeneralInfo/
ScienceCenters/Eastern.aspx
Or
Michael H. Trippi
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
Mining of stibnite (antimony sulfide), tungsten, gold, silver, and mercury near the town of Stibnite in central Idaho has left a legacy of trace element contamination in local streams. Water-quality and streamflow monitoring data from a network of five streamflow-gaging stations were used to estimate trace-element and suspended-sediment loads and flow-weighted concentrations in the Stibnite mining area between 2012 and 2014. Measured concentrations of arsenic exceeded human health-based water-quality criteria at each streamflow-gaging station, except for Meadow Creek (site 2), which was selected to represent background conditions in the study area. Measured concentrations of antimony exceeded human health-based water-quality criteria at sites 3, 4, and 5.
\nRegression models developed using the U.S. Geological Survey LOAD ESTimation (LOADEST) program showed that concentrated sources of arsenic and antimony are present in specific reaches along Meadow Creek and the East Fork of South Fork of the Salmon River (EFSFSR) between the EFSFSR at Stibnite (site 3) and the EFSFSR above Sugar Creek (site 4). Eighty percent of the arsenic and antimony loads were attributable to discrete reaches that accounted for 25 percent of the total streamflow in the study area. Streamflow was negatively correlated with arsenic and antimony concentrations, indicating groundwater sources. Continuously monitored specific conductance, alone or combined with continuously computed streamflow, was more significant than streamflow alone as a surrogate measure of dissolved arsenic and antimony concentrations. Surrogate regression models (with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.96 to 0.65) can be used to estimate arsenic and antimony concentrations in real time at all five streamflow-gaging stations.
\nLOADEST model simulation results indicated hysteresis in transport of suspended sediment and sediment-associated constituents. Predictor variables that account for streamflow variability reduced model bias and root mean square error when included in regression models used to estimate concentrations and loads of suspended sediment, total aluminum, total lead, and total mercury.
\nNinety-eight percent of the estimated total mercury load transported downstream of the study area is attributable to Sugar Creek. A maximum concentration of 26 micrograms per liter was measured in Sugar Creek during May 2013 when snowmelt runoff occurred during a single peak in the hydrograph. Monitoring and modeling results indicate sediment and sediment-associated constituent concentrations and loads increase along Meadow Creek, likely because of the inflow of the East Fork of Meadow Creek, and decrease between sites 3 and 4 because the Glory Hole is trapping sediments. Sugar Creek (site 5) accounted for most of the sediment and sediment-associated constituent loading leaving the study area because loads from the East Fork of Meadow Creek remained trapped in the Glory Hole. Additionally, total mercury was detected at all five streamflow-gaging stations, and sampled mercury concentrations exceeded Idaho ambient water-quality criteria at all five streamflow-gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155166","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Lands and the Midas Gold Corporation","usgsCitation":"Etheridge, A.B., 2015, Occurrence and transport of selected constituents in streams near the Stibnite mining area, central Idaho, 2012–14: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5166, 47 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155166.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 47 p.; Appendix B","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-10-01","temporalEnd":"2014-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-060615","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5166/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":311964,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5166/sir20155166_appendixb.xlsx","text":"Appendix B","size":"40 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5166 Appendix B"},{"id":311963,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5166/sir20155166.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5166 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Stibnite Mining Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.36502838134766,\n 44.82397775537488\n ],\n [\n -115.36502838134766,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -115.20195007324217,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -115.20195007324217,\n 44.82397775537488\n ],\n [\n -115.36502838134766,\n 44.82397775537488\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
http://id.water.usgs.gov
The Darwin Basin developed in response to episodic subsidence of the western margin of the Cordilleran continental shelf from Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian) to Early Permian (late Artinskian) time. Subsidence of the basin was initiated in response to continental truncation farther to the west and was later augmented by thrust emplacement of the Last Chance allochthon. This deep-water basin was filled by voluminous fine-grained siliciclastic turbidites and coarse-grained limestone-gravity-flow deposits. Most of this sediment was derived from the Bird Spring carbonate shelf and cratonal platform to the northeast or east, but some came from an offshore tectonic ridge (Conglomerate Mesa Uplift) to the west that formed at the toe of the Last Chance allochthon. At one point in the late Artinskian the influx of extrabasinal sediment was temporarily cut off, resulting in deposition of a unique black limestone that allows precise correlation throughout the basin. Deep-water sedimentation in the Darwin Basin ended by Kungurian time when complex shallow-water to continental sedimentary facies spread across the region. Major expansion of the Darwin Basin occurred soon after the middle Sakmarian emplacement of the Last Chance allochthon. This tectonic event was approximately coeval with deformation in northeastern Nevada that formed the deep-water Dry Mountain Trough. We herein interpret the two basins to have been structurally continuous. Deposition of the unique black limestone is interpreted to mark a eustatic sea level rise that also can be recognized in Lower Permian sections in east-central Nevada and central Arizona.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press Foundation, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Stevens, C., Stone, P., and Magginetti, R.T., 2015, Regional implications of new chronostratigraphic and paleogeographic data from the Early Permian Darwin Basin, east-central California: Stratigraphy, v. 12, p. 149-166.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"166","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051976","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/stratigraphy/issue-319/article-1944"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Darwin Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 36.85325222344018\n ],\n [\n -118.817138671875,\n 36.74768773190056\n ],\n [\n -118.58642578124999,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -116.79565429687499,\n 35.764343479667176\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 36.85325222344018\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930d1e4b0da412f4fb58a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Calvin H.","contributorId":59848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Calvin H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magginetti, Robert T.","contributorId":8532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magginetti","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160383,"text":"70160383 - 2015 - Architecture and evolution of an Early Permian carbonate complex on a tectonically active island in east-central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T10:14:06","indexId":"70160383","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Architecture and evolution of an Early Permian carbonate complex on a tectonically active island in east-central California","docAbstract":"The newly named Upland Valley Limestone represents a carbonate complex that developed on and adjacent to a tectonically active island in east-central California during a brief interval of Early Permian (late Artinskian) time. This lithologically unique, relatively thin limestone unit lies within a thick sequence of predominantly siliciclastic rocks and is characterized by its high concentration of crinoidal debris, pronounced lateral changes in thickness and lithofacies, and a largely endemic fusulinid fauna. Most outcrops represent a carbonate platform and debris derived from it and shed downslope, but another group of outcrops represents one or possibly more isolated carbonate buildups that developed offshore from the platform. Tectonic activity in the area occurred before, probably during, and after deposition of this short-lived carbonate complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press; Micropaleontology Press Foundation, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Stevens, C., Magginetti, R.T., and Stone, P., 2015, Architecture and evolution of an Early Permian carbonate complex on a tectonically active island in east-central California: Stratigraphy, v. 12, p. 167-182.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"182","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053129","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/stratigraphy/issue-319/article-1945"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"East-central California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.82424926757811,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -117.40264892578124,\n 36.465471886798134\n ],\n [\n -117.29415893554686,\n 36.10681461011844\n ],\n [\n -117.75970458984374,\n 36.09349937380574\n ],\n [\n -117.82424926757811,\n 36.421282443649496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bee4b0da412f4fb535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Calvin H.","contributorId":59848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Calvin H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magginetti, Robert T.","contributorId":8532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magginetti","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160382,"text":"70160382 - 2015 - Stratigraphy and paleogeographic significance of a Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian channeled slope sequence in the Darwin Basin, southern Darwin Hills, east-central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:14:29","indexId":"70160382","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and paleogeographic significance of a Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian channeled slope sequence in the Darwin Basin, southern Darwin Hills, east-central California","docAbstract":"The complex stratigraphy of late Paleozoic rocks in the southern Darwin Hills consists of regionally extensive Mississippian and Early to Middle Pennsylvanian rocks overlain by latest Pennsylvanian to Early Permian rocks, herein called the Darwin Hills sequence. Deposition of this latter sequence marked the beginning of the Darwin Basin. In Mississippian time, a carbonate platform prograded westward over slightly older slope deposits. In the Late Mississippian this platform was exposed to erosion and siliciclastic sediments were deposited. In Early to Middle Pennsylvanian time the area subsided, forming a west-facing ramp that was subjected to deformation and erosion in Middle or early Late Pennsylvanian time. Later this area was tilted westward and deep-water sediments were deposited on this slope. In latest Pennsylvanian to earliest Permian time, a major channel was cut through the older Pennsylvanian rocks and into the Upper Mississippian strata. This channel was gradually filled with increasingly finer grained, deep-water sediment as the area evolved into a basin floor by Early Permian (Sakmarian) time. Expansion of the Darwin Basin in Artinskian time led to a second phase of deposition represented by strata of the regionally extensive Darwin Canyon Formation. The geology in this small area thus documents tectonic events occurring during the early development of the Darwin Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press","collaboration":"San Jose State University","usgsCitation":"Stevens, C., Stone, P., Magginetti, R.T., and Ritter, S.M., 2015, Stratigraphy and paleogeographic significance of a Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian channeled slope sequence in the Darwin Basin, southern Darwin Hills, east-central California: Stratigraphy, v. 12, no. 2, p. 185-196.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"196","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069648","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/stratigraphy/issue-319/article-1946","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Argus Range, Death Valley, Inyo Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 35.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930d4e4b0da412f4fb5a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Calvin H.","contributorId":59848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Calvin H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magginetti, Robert T.","contributorId":8532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magginetti","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritter, Scott M.","contributorId":150726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritter","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6681,"text":"Brigham Young University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159917,"text":"70159917 - 2015 - Classification of ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial stream reaches using a TOPMODEL-based approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T13:22:56","indexId":"70159917","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-03T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial stream reaches using a TOPMODEL-based approach","docAbstract":"Whether a waterway is temporary or permanent influences regulatory protection guidelines, however, classification can be subjective due to a combination of factors, including time of year, antecedent moisture conditions, and previous experience of the field investigator. Our objective was to develop a standardized protocol using publicly available spatial information to classify ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial streams. Our hypothesis was that field observations of flow along the stream channel could be compared to results from a hydrologic model, providing an objective method of how these stream reaches can be identified. Flow-state sensors were placed at ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial stream reaches from May to December 2011 in the Appalachian coal basin of eastern Kentucky. This observed flow record was then used to calibrate the simulated saturation deficit in each channel reach based on the topographic wetness index used by TOPMODEL. Saturation deficit values were categorized as flow or no-flow days, and the simulated record of streamflow was compared to the observed record. The hydrologic model was more accurate for simulating flow during the spring and fall seasons. However, the model effectively identified stream reaches as intermittent and perennial in each of the two basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.12352","usgsCitation":"Williamson, T., Agouridis, C.T., Barton, C.D., Villines, J.A., and Lant, J.G., 2015, Classification of ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial stream reaches using a TOPMODEL-based approach: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1739-1759, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12352.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1739","endPage":"1759","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051282","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566167b7e4b06a3ea36c5655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agouridis, Carmen T. 0000-0001-9580-6143","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-6143","contributorId":150223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Agouridis","given":"Carmen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barton, Christopher D.","contributorId":150222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Villines, Jonathan A.","contributorId":150224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villines","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lant, Jeremiah G. 0000-0001-6688-4820 jlant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-4820","contributorId":4912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lant","given":"Jeremiah","email":"jlant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159894,"text":"70159894 - 2015 - Estimating regional landbird populations from enhanced North American Breeding Bird Surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-03T09:31:03","indexId":"70159894","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-03T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating regional landbird populations from enhanced North American Breeding Bird Surveys","docAbstract":"Estimating the size of bird populations is central to effective conservation planning and prudent management. I updated estimated regional bird populations for the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi using data from 275 North American Breeding Bird Surveys from 2009 to 2013. However, regional bird populations estimated from count surveys of breeding birds may be biased due to lack of empirical knowledge of the distance at which a species is effectively detected and the probability of detecting a species if it is present. I used data recorded within two distance classes (0–50 m and >50–400 m) and three 1-min time intervals on 130 Breeding Bird Surveys to estimate detection probability and effective detection distance for 77 species. Incorporating these empirical estimates of detection probability and detection distance resulted in estimated regional populations for these species that were markedly greater than regional populations estimated without species-specific estimates of detection parameters. Using the same Breeding Bird Survey data, I also estimated probability of site occupancy for 66 species and extrapolated this to the proportion of area occupied in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi. I combined the area occupied with the reported range of breeding territory size for 54 species to obtain independent estimates of regional bird populations. Although the true population of these species is unknown, estimated populations that incorporated empirical estimates of detection probability and detection distance were more likely to be within the range of independently estimated, occupancy-based, regional population estimates than were population estimates that lacked empirical detection and distance information.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/jofo.12118","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D.J., 2015, Estimating regional landbird populations from enhanced North American Breeding Bird Surveys: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 86, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1111/jofo.12118.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058291","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -88.472900390625,\n 31.868227816180674\n ],\n [\n -88.099365234375,\n 34.89944783005726\n ],\n [\n -88.209228515625,\n 35.007502842952896\n ],\n [\n -90.15380859375,\n 34.99850370014629\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -90.0933837890625,\n 34.773203753940734\n ],\n [\n -90.0714111328125,\n 34.619647359797185\n ],\n [\n -90.0274658203125,\n 34.492975402501536\n ],\n [\n -89.9176025390625,\n 34.17999758688084\n ],\n [\n -89.879150390625,\n 33.89321737944089\n ],\n [\n -89.8187255859375,\n 33.5459730276919\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 33.23409295522519\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 32.90726224488304\n ],\n [\n -90.47241210937499,\n 32.62549671451373\n ],\n [\n -90.9613037109375,\n 32.310348764525806\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 32.194208672875355\n ],\n [\n -91.109619140625,\n 32.091882620021785\n ],\n [\n -91.19750976562499,\n 31.970803930433096\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 31.700129553985924\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 31.606609719226917\n ],\n [\n -91.505126953125,\n 31.522361470421437\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 31.38177878211098\n ],\n [\n -91.571044921875,\n 31.28793989264176\n ],\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 31.25037814985571\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 31.11879439598953\n ],\n [\n -91.636962890625,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -89.71435546875,\n 31.005862904624205\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 30.770159115784214\n ],\n [\n -89.835205078125,\n 30.609549797190844\n ],\n [\n -89.703369140625,\n 30.439202087235607\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 30.135626231134612\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 30.278044377800153\n ],\n [\n -89.000244140625,\n 30.38235321766959\n ],\n [\n -88.83544921874999,\n 30.38235321766959\n ],\n [\n -88.681640625,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 30.363396239603716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566167b8e4b06a3ea36c565d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, Daniel J. 0000-0003-1223-5045 dtwedt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"Daniel","email":"dtwedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159537,"text":"ofr20151211 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Fort Ross, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T21:34:02.125304","indexId":"ofr20151211","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-03T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1211","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Fort Ross, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Fort Ross map area is located in northern California, on the Pacific coast of Sonoma County, about 90 km north of San Francisco and 60 km south of Point Arena. The onshore part of the map area is largely undeveloped, used primarily for grazing and recreation; the small town of Jenner (population, 136), located at the mouth of the Russian River, is the largest cultural center. The coast and shoreline are rugged and scenic, characterized by rocky promontories, kelp-rich coves, and nearshore rocks and sea stacks. U.S. Highway 1 extends along the coast through the map area, crossing the Russian River and passing through Sonoma Coast State Park and Fort Ross State Historic Park.
\nThe Offshore of Fort Ross map area is cut by the northwest-striking San Andreas Fault, the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. The fault intersects the shoreline a few kilometers south of Fort Ross at Timber Gulch, and it juxtaposes Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene rocks of the Franciscan Complex to the northeast and Tertiary sedimentary rocks to the southwest. In this area, the San Andreas Fault has an estimated slip rate of 17 to 24 mm/yr. The devastating great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault offshore of San Francisco, about 90 km to the south, with the rupture extending northward through the Offshore of Fort Ross map area to the south flank of Cape Mendocino. Approximately 3.6 m of lateral offset occurred at Timber Gulch during this event.
\nThe San Andreas Fault has an important influence on coastal geomorphology. The coastline in the northern part of the map area, southwest of the onshore San Andreas Fault, is characterized by steep shoreline bluffs and as many as four uplifted, relatively flat marine terraces that range in elevation from about 15 to 100 m. Northeast of the San Andreas Fault, about 12 km of coastline is marked by steep, landslide-prone cliffs that commonly are 200 to 300 m high.
\nThe mouth of the Russian River and its estuary cut through the steep coastal topography in the southern part of the Offshore of Fort Ross map area. The Russian River drains a large watershed (3,470 km2), and it has an annual discharge of about 2 km3 (1,600,000 acre-feet) and an annual sediment load of about 900,000 metric tons. The map area is part of the Russian River littoral cell, in which the predominant longshore drift is to the south. Small pocket beaches are most common along the shoreline, but longer linear beaches are present near the mouth of the Russian River.
\nThe seafloor in the north half of the map area is characterized by rocky outcrops of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The rugged nearshore zone and the inner shelf area (to water depths of about 50 m) typically slopes gently seaward, whereas the smooth midshelf area within California’s State Waters (about 50 to 85 m deep) is relatively flat. In contrast, the nearshore to midshelf area in the south half of the map area, which lies directly offshore of the mouth of the Russian River, has a more uniform, relatively flat slope. Shallow-marine and shelf sediments were deposited in the last about 21,000 years during the sea-level rise that followed the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Sea level was about 125 m lower than present during the LGM, at which time the entire Offshore of Fort Ross map area was emergent and the shoreline was about 20 km west of its present location.
\nCirculation over the continental shelf in the map area (and in the broader northern California region) is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. The current flow generally is southeastward during the spring and summer; however, during the fall and winter, the otherwise persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent, causing the California Current to move farther offshore and the Davidson Current, a weaker, northward-flowing countercurrent, to become active.
\nThroughout the year, this part of the northern California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes: the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months (typically November through March). During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore of Central America. Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, whereas local wind waves are most common from October to April.
\nPotential marine benthic habitat types in the Offshore of Fort Ross map area include unconsolidated continental-shelf sediments, mixed continental-shelf substrate, and hard continental-shelf substrate. Rocky shelf outcrops and rubble are considered the primary habitat type for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151211","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Erdey, M.D., Greene, H.G., Cochrane, G.R., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M.W., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Watt, J.T., Krigsman, L.M., Sliter, R.W., Lowe, E.N., and Chin, J.L. (S.Y. Johnson and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Fort Ross, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1211, pamphlet 37 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151211.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 37 p.; 10 Sheets: 47.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056321","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399011,"rank":21,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103728.htm"},{"id":311811,"rank":11,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1211/ofr20151211_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1211 Sheet 9 PDF","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Fort Ross Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Salt Point to Drakes Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":311810,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1211/ofr20151211_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1211 Sheet 8 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Fort Ross Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Stephen R. Hartwell, and John L. Chin"},{"id":311809,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1211/ofr20151211_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1211 Sheet 7 PDF","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Fort Ross Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, H. Gary Greene, Charles A. Endris, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Erik N. 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Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":311812,"rank":12,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1211/ofr20151211_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1211 Sheet 10 PDF","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Fort Ross Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Michael W. Manson"},{"id":311808,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1211/ofr20151211_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1211 Sheet 6 PDF","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Fort Ross Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. 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Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
The lower Part of the Garden Valley Formation yields two distinct conodont faunas. One of late Asselian age dominated by Mesogondolella and Streptognathodus and one of Artinskian age dominated by Sweetognathus with Mesogondolella. The Asselian fauna contains the same species as those found in the type area of the Asselian in the southern Urals including Mesogondolella dentiseparata, described for the first time outside of the Urals. Apparatuses for Sweetognathus whitei, Diplognathodus stevensi, and Idioprioniodus sp. are described. The Garden Valley Formation represents a marine pro-delta basin and platform, and marine and shore fan delta complex deposition. The fan-delta complex was most likely deposited from late Artinskian to lateWordian. The Garden Valley Formation records tremendous swings in depositional setting from shallow-water to basin to shore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press","usgsCitation":"Wardlaw, B.R., Gallegos, D.M., Chernykh, V.V., and Snyder, W.S., 2015, Early Permian conodont fauna and stratigraphy of the Garden Valley Formation, Eureka County, Nevada: Stratigraphy, v. 12, no. 2, p. 197-215.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"215","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039095","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312593,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/stratigraphy/issue-319/article-1948","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Eureka County","otherGeospatial":"Sulphur Springs Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -116.3,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.9,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -115.9,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -116.3,\n 39.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930c5e4b0da412f4fb550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallegos, Dora M.","contributorId":150734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":18082,"text":"Albertson College of Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Chernykh, Valery V.","contributorId":150733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chernykh","given":"Valery","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":18081,"text":"Rusian Academy of Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Snyder, Walter S.","contributorId":150735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":18083,"text":"Boise State Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70158596,"text":"fs20153069 - 2015 - Assessment of undiscovered sandstone-hosted uranium resources in the Texas Coastal Plain, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-29T18:59:31.144525","indexId":"fs20153069","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-02T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3069","title":"Assessment of undiscovered sandstone-hosted uranium resources in the Texas Coastal Plain, 2015","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey estimated a mean of 220 million pounds of recoverable uranium oxide (U3O8 ) remaining as potential undiscovered resources in southern Texas. This estimate used a geology-based assessment method for Tertiary sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in the Texas Coastal Plain sedimentary strata (fig.1).
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wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tavernia, Brian G. btavernia@usgs.gov","contributorId":5876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tavernia","given":"Brian G.","email":"btavernia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyons, James E.","contributorId":35461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"James 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Background seismicity sources were improved using a new moment-magnitude-based catalog; a new adaptive, nearest-neighbor smoothing kernel was implemented; and maximum magnitudes for background sources were updated. Areal source zones developed by the Central and Eastern United States Seismic Source Characterization for Nuclear Facilities project were simplified and adopted. The weighting scheme for ground motion models was updated, giving more weight to models with a faster attenuation with distance compared to the previous maps. Overall, hazard changes (2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, across a range of ground-motion frequencies) were smaller than 10% in most of the CUS relative to the 2008 USGS maps despite new ground motion models and their assigned logic tree weights that reduced the probabilistic ground motions by 5–20%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/103114EQS174M","usgsCitation":"Boyd, O.S., Haller, K., Luco, N., Moschetti, M.P., Mueller, C., Petersen, M.D., Rezaeian, S., and Rubinstein, J.L., 2015, Seismic hazard in the Nation's breadbasket: Earthquake Spectra, v. S1, no. 31, p. 109-130, https://doi.org/10.1193/103114EQS174M.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"130","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064918","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1193/103114eqs174m","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"S1","issue":"31","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f2c6e4b07dd077c6aa3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haller, Kathleen 0000-0001-8847-7302 haller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8847-7302","contributorId":172556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luco, Nico 0000-0002-5763-9847 nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":145730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nico","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mueller, Charles 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":140380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rezaeian, Sanaz 0000-0001-7589-7893 srezaeian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-7893","contributorId":4395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezaeian","given":"Sanaz","email":"srezaeian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rubinstein, Justin L. 0000-0003-1274-6785 jrubinstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-6785","contributorId":2404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubinstein","given":"Justin","email":"jrubinstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70164445,"text":"70164445 - 2015 - Roost habitat of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the canyonlands of Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:50:21","indexId":"70164445","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Roost habitat of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the canyonlands of Utah","title":"Roost habitat of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the canyonlands of Utah","docAbstract":"In large portions of their geographic range, Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) roost in forest-dominated environments, but in some areas the owls use relatively arid rocky canyonlands. We measured habitat characteristics at 133 male roosts (n = 20 males) during 1992-95, and 56 female roosts (n = 13 females) during 1994-95. Across all years and study areas, 44% of Mexican Spotted Owl roosts occurred in mixed-conifer forest patches, 30% in desert scrub habitat, 16% in pinyon-juniper woodlands, and 10% of roosts occurred in riparian vegetation. Two basic substrates were used as perches by owls, including rock ledges or various trees, where roost height averaged 9 m (0.54 SD), and average height of cliffs above perched owls was 50 m (58 SD). For both males and females, trees types used most frequently included various firs (51%), followed by pinyon pine (18%), Utah juniper (15%), and big-tooth maple or box elder combined (15%). Roost sites were located in canyons composed of cliff-forming geologic formations, primarily oriented north-west to south-east. The width of canyons measured at roosts averaged 68 m (105 SD), but ranged from 1-500 m. Canopy cover at roosts used by owls ranged from 44% to 71%, mean tree height of all trees present was 9.5 m and mean diameter of trees was 25.4 cm. Non-roost habitat was warmer, not as steep, and possessed fewer caves and ledges than roost habitat. Trees present in roost plots were taller, and thus showed greater average diameter than trees present in non-roost habitat.
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- Conodont faunas from a complete basinal succession of the upper part of the Wordian (Middle Permian, Guadalupian, West Texas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T14:30:57","indexId":"70187776","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conodont faunas from a complete basinal succession of the upper part of the Wordian (Middle Permian, Guadalupian, West Texas)","docAbstract":"In the southern part of the Patterson Hills just to the west of the Guadalupe Mountains escarpment ofWest Texas, a 29m outcrop of alternating calcareous siltstone and silty limestone with a few thin fine sandstone interbeds displays the overlap occurrence of a narrowmorphotype of Jinogondolella nankingensis (herein named J. nankingensis behnkeni) with J. aserrata near its base. The transition of Jinogondolella aserrata to J. postserrata is present near the top of this section and marks theWordian-Capitanian boundary, therefore displaying a significant portion of the upper part of theWordian in one short continuous section. Pseudohindeodus brevis n. sp. and H. capitanensis n. sp. are described. Pseudohindeodus ramovsi, Caenodontus serrulatus, Hindeodus wordensis, Sweetina triticum, Jinogondolella palmata, and J. errata also occur in this succession.
","language":"English","publisher":"Micropaleontology Press","usgsCitation":"Wardlaw, B.R., and Nestell, M.K., 2015, Conodont faunas from a complete basinal succession of the upper part of the Wordian (Middle Permian, Guadalupian, West Texas): Micropaleontology, v. 61, p. 257-292.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"292","ipdsId":"IP-071644","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341454,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.micropress.org/microaccess/micropaleontology/issue-320/article-1950"},{"id":341483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"61","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591eb2e3e4b0a7fdb4418b8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nestell, Merlynd K.","contributorId":68603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nestell","given":"Merlynd","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12734,"text":"University of Texas at Arlington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184226,"text":"70184226 - 2015 - Ground motion models used in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T11:18:18","indexId":"70184226","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground motion models used in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"The National Seismic Hazard Maps (NSHMs) are an important component of seismic design regulations in the United States. This paper compares hazard using the new suite of ground motion models (GMMs) relative to hazard using the suite of GMMs applied in the previous version of the maps. The new source characterization models are used for both cases. A previous paper (Rezaeian et al. 2014) discussed the five NGA-West2 GMMs used for shallow crustal earthquakes in the Western United States (WUS), which are also summarized here. Our focus in this paper is on GMMs for earthquakes in stable continental regions in the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), as well as subduction interface and deep intraslab earthquakes. We consider building code hazard levels for peak ground acceleration (PGA), 0.2-s, and 1.0-s spectral accelerations (SAs) on uniform firm-rock site conditions. The GMM modifications in the updated version of the maps created changes in hazard within 5% to 20% in WUS; decreases within 5% to 20% in CEUS; changes within 5% to 15% for subduction interface earthquakes; and changes involving decreases of up to 50% and increases of up to 30% for deep intraslab earthquakes for most U.S. sites. These modifications were combined with changes resulting from modifications in the source characterization models to obtain the new hazard maps.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161871,"text":"70161871 - 2015 - Critical loads of atmospheric deposition to Adirondack lake watersheds: A guide for policymakers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-17T16:24:46","indexId":"70161871","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Critical loads of atmospheric deposition to Adirondack lake watersheds: A guide for policymakers","docAbstract":"Acid deposition is sometimes referred to as “acid rain,” although part of the acid load reaches the surface by means other than rainfall. In the eastern U.S., acid deposition consists of several forms of sulfur and nitrogen that largely originate as emissions to the atmosphere from sources such as electricity-generating facilities (coal, oil, and natural gas), diesel- and gasoline-burning vehicles, some agricultural activities, and smokestack industries. Acid deposition is known to cause deleterious effects to sensitive ecosystems of which the Adirondack region of New York State provides several well-known and well-studied examples. This largely forested region includes abundant lakes, streams, and wetlands and possesses several landscape features that result in high ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition. These features include bedrock that weathers slowly, steep slopes, and thin, naturally acidic soils. An ecosystem is described as sensitive to, or affected by, acid deposition if prolonged exposure to acid deposition has resulted in detrimental ecosystem effects. Soils, streams, and lakes that are less sensitive are better able to buffer acid deposition. A principal reason that acidification is a concern for resource managers is because of the changes induced in native biota and their habitat on land and in water. As the chemistry of soils and surface waters in sensitive landscapes changes in response to prolonged exposure to acid deposition, organisms that cannot tolerate high acidity, such as sugar maple trees and many species of fish and aquatic insects, may be gradually eliminated from the ecosystem. Other biota such as red spruce may experience increased stress and reduced growth rates as a result of acidification, exposing these species to increased susceptibility to disease and other natural stressors and perhaps increased mortality. The ecological effects of acid deposition have been documented by extensive research that began in the U.S. in the 1970s and continues today. This report does not provide a detailed discussion of these ecological effects, but interested readers can refer to four publications that provide good summaries of current scientific knowledge of these effects, including extensive reference to previous research in the Adirondacks (Driscoll et al. 2001, Jenkins et al. 2007, Burns et al. 2011, Sullivan 2015).
","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Energy Research and Development Authority","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., and Sullivan, T.J., 2015, Critical loads of atmospheric deposition to Adirondack lake watersheds: A guide for policymakers, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-058091","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiv7-LktazTAhWBOyYKHWKcBasQFggiMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyserda.ny.gov%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FPublications%2FResearch%2FEnvironmental%2FCritical-Loads-Atmospheric-Deposition-Andirondack-Watersheds-Policymakers.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFsh27dS6wWmxNnFdWHul_fyLdDUA"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f5d440e4b0f2e20545e417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, Timothy J.","contributorId":77812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159962,"text":"70159962 - 2015 - Categorisation of northern California rainfall for periods with and without a radar brightband using stable isotopes and a novel automated precipitation collector","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-04T15:46:35","indexId":"70159962","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3527,"text":"Tellus, Series A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Categorisation of northern California rainfall for periods with and without a radar brightband using stable isotopes and a novel automated precipitation collector","docAbstract":"During landfall of extratropical cyclones between 2005 and 2011, nearly 1400 precipitation samples were collected at intervals of 30-min time resolution with novel automated collectors at four NOAA sites in northern California [Alta (ATA), Bodega Bay (BBY), Cazadero (CZD) and Shasta Dam (STD)] during 43 events. Substantial decreases were commonly followed hours later by substantial increases in hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2HVSMOW where VSMOW is Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) and oxygen isotopic composition (δ18OVSMOW) of precipitation. These variations likely occur as pre-cold frontal precipitation generation transitions from marine vapour masses having low rainout to cold cloud layers having much higher rainout (with concomitant brightband signatures measured by an S-band profiling radar and lower δ2HVSMOW values of precipitation), and finally to shallower, warmer precipitating clouds having lower rainout (with non-brightband signatures and higher δ2HVSMOW values of precipitation), in accord with ‘seeder–feeder’ precipitation. Of 82 intervals identified, a remarkable 100.5 ‰ decrease in δ2HVSMOW value was observed for a 21 January 2010 event at BBY. Of the 61 intervals identified with increases in δ2HVSMOW values as precipitation transitioned to shallower, warmer clouds having substantially less rainout (the feeder part of the seeder–feeder mechanism), a remarkable increase in δ2HVSMOW value of precipitation of 82.3 ‰ was observed for a 10 February 2007 event at CZD. All CZD and ATA events having δ2HVSMOW values of precipitation below −105 ‰ were atmospheric rivers (ARs), and of the 13 events having δ2HVSMOWvalues of precipitation below −80 ‰, 77 % were ARs. Cloud echo-top heights (a proxy for atmospheric temperature) were available for 23 events. The mean echo-top height is greater for higher rainout periods than that for lower rainout periods in 22 of the 23 events. The lowest δ2HVSMOW of precipitation of 28 CZD events was −137.9 ‰ on 16 February 2009 during an AR with cold precipitating clouds and very high rainout with tops >6.5 km altitude. An altitude effect of −2.5 ‰ per 100 m was measured from BBY and CZD δ2HVSMOW data and of −1.8 ‰ per 100 m for CZD and ATA δ2HVSMOW data. We present a new approach to categorise rainfall intervals using δ2HVSMOW values of precipitation and rainfall rates. We term this approach the algorithmic-isotopic categorisation of rainfall, and we were able to identify higher rainout and/or lower rainout periods during all events in this study. We conclude that algorithmic-isotopic categorisation of rainfall can enable users to distinguish between tropospheric vapour masses having relatively high rainout (typically with brightband rain and that commonly are ARs) and vapour masses having lower rainout (commonly with non-brightband rain).
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