We use age distributions of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead on beaches of western Prince William Sound, Alaska, between 1976 and 1998 in conjunction with time-varying demographic models to test for lingering effects from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Our results show that sea otters in this area had decreased survival rates in the years following the spill and that the effects of the spill on annual survival increased rather than dissipated for older animals. Otters born after the 1989 spill were affected less than those alive in March 1989, but do show continuing negative effects through 1998. Population-wide effects of the spill appear to have slowly dissipated through time, due largely to the loss of cohorts alive during the spill. Our results demonstrate that the difficult-to-detect long-term impacts of environmental disasters may still be highly significant and can be rigorously analyzed by using a combination of population data, modeling techniques, and statistical analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.120163397","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Doak, D.F., Ballachey, B.E., Johnson, A.H., and Bodkin, J.L., 2000, Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 97, no. 12, p. 6562-6567, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120163397.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6562","endPage":"6567","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18659","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4996e4b0c8380cd68739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Aaron H.","contributorId":46971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022786,"text":"70022786 - 2000 - On rate-state and Coulomb failure models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:46:45","indexId":"70022786","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On rate-state and Coulomb failure models","docAbstract":"We examine the predictions of Coulomb failure stress and rate-state frictional models. We study the change in failure time (clock advance) Δt due to stress step perturbations (i.e., coseismic static stress increases) added to \"background\" stressing at a constant rate (i.e., tectonic loading) at time t0. The predictability of Δt implies a predictable change in seismicity rate r(t)/r0, testable using earthquake catalogs, where r0 is the constant rate resulting from tectonic stressing. Models of r(t)/r0, consistent with general properties of aftershock sequences, must predict an Omori law seismicity decay rate, a sequence duration that is less than a few percent of the mainshock cycle time and a return directly to the background rate. A Coulomb model requires that a fault remains locked during loading, that failure occur instantaneously, and that Δt is independent of t0. These characteristics imply an instantaneous infinite seismicity rate increase of zero duration. Numerical calculations of r(t)/r0 for different state evolution laws show that aftershocks occur on faults extremely close to failure at the mainshock origin time, that these faults must be \"Coulomb-like,\" and that the slip evolution law can be precluded. Real aftershock population characteristics also may constrain rate-state constitutive parameters; a may be lower than laboratory values, the stiffness may be high, and/or normal stress may be lower than lithostatic. We also compare Coulomb and rate-state models theoretically. Rate-state model fault behavior becomes more Coulomb-like as constitutive parameter a decreases relative to parameter b. This is because the slip initially decelerates, representing an initial healing of fault contacts. The deceleration is more pronounced for smaller a, more closely simulating a locked fault. Even when the rate-state Δt has Coulomb characteristics, its magnitude may differ by some constant dependent on b. In this case, a rate-state model behaves like a modified Coulomb failure model in which the failure stress threshold is lowered due to weakening, increasing the clock advance. The deviation from a non-Coulomb response also depends on the loading rate, elastic stiffness, initial conditions, and assumptions about how state evolves.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900438","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Beeler, N., and Blanpied, M., 2000, On rate-state and Coulomb failure models: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B4, p. 7857-7871, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900438.","startPage":"7857","endPage":"7871","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278568,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900438"},{"id":233889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6da7e4b0c8380cd75258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeler, N.","contributorId":69753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanpied, M.","contributorId":58430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022760,"text":"70022760 - 2000 - Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022760","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat","docAbstract":"Waterbirds have died of lead poisoning from ingesting lead fishing sinkers in the United States and Europe. Estimating abundance and distribution of sinkers in the environment will help researchers to understand the potential effects of lead poisoning from sinker ingestion. We used a metal detector to test how environmental conditions and sinker characteristics affected detection of sinkers. Odds of detecting a lead sinker depended on the interaction of sinker mass and depth where it was buried (P=0.002). The odds of detecting a sinker increased with mass and decreased with depth buried. Lead split-shot sinkers were less detectable than tin, brass, and stainless steel sinkers. Detecting lead sinkers was not influenced by sinker shape, substrate type, or whether we searched underwater or on land. We developed a model to determine the proportion of sinkers detected when this detector is used to search for sinkers, so sinker abundance can be estimated. The log odds (Logit) of detecting a lead sinker with mass M g buried D cm below the surface was Logit Y= -1.63 + 4.20 M - 0.45 D - 0.27 MD + 0.0002 D2. The probability of detecting a lead sinker was e(Logit Y)/(1 + e(Logit Y)). At the surface, 90% of sinkers with mass 0.9 g will be detected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Duerr, A., and DeStefano, S., 2000, Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 4, p. 952-958.","startPage":"952","endPage":"958","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc027e4b08c986b329f6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duerr, A.E.","contributorId":33666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duerr","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeStefano, S.","contributorId":84309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022596,"text":"70022596 - 2000 - Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:48:46","indexId":"70022596","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area","docAbstract":"Seismic travel times from the northern California earthquake catalogue and from the 1991 Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment (BASIX) refraction survey were used to obtain a three-dimensional model of the seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area. Nonlinear tomography was used to simultaneously invert for both velocity and hypocenters. The new hypocenter inversion algorithm uses finite difference travel times and is an extension of an existing velocity tomography algorithm. Numerous inversions were performed with different parameters to test the reliability of the resulting velocity model. Most hypocenters were relocated <2 km from their catalogue locations. Large lateral velocity variations at shallow (<4 km) depth correlate with known surface geology, including low-velocity Cenozoic sedimentary basins, high-velocity Cenozoic volcanic rocks, and outcrop patterns of the major Mesozoic geologic terranes. Salinian arc rocks have higher velocities than the Franciscan melange, which in turn are faster than Great Valley Sequence forearc rocks. The thickess of low-velocity sediment is defined, including >12 km under the Sacramento River Delta, 6 km beneath Livermore Valley, 5 km beneath the Santa Clara Valley, and 4 km beneath eastern San Pablo Bay. The Great Valley Sequence east of San Francisco Bay is 4-6 km thick. A relatively high velocity body exists in the upper 10 km beneath the Sonoma volcanic field, but no evidence for a large intrusion or magma chamber exists in the crust under The Geysers or the Clear Lake volcanic center. Lateral velocity contrasts indicate that the major strike-slip faults extend subvertically beneath their surface locations through most of the crust. Strong lateral velocity contrasts of 0.3-0.6 km/s are observed across the San Andreas Fault in the middle crust and across the Hayward, Rogers Creek, Calaveras, and Greenville Faults at shallow depth. Weaker velocity contrasts (0.1-0.3 km/s) exist across the San Andreas, Hayward, and Rogers Creek Faults at all other depths. Low spatial resolution evidence in the lower crust suggests that the top of high-velocity mafic rocks gets deeper from west to east and may be offset under the major faults. The data suggest that the major strike-slip faults extend subvertically through the middle and perhaps the lower crust and juxtapose differing lithology due to accumulated strike-slip motion. The extent and physical properties of the major geologic units as constrained by the model should be used to improve studies of seismicity, strong ground motion, and regional stress.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900083","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hole, J., Brocher, T., Klemperer, S., Parsons, T., Benz, H., and Furlong, K., 2000, Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B6, p. 13859-13874, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900083.","startPage":"13859","endPage":"13874","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900083","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":278569,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900083"},{"id":230621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb345e4b08c986b325cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Furlong, K.P.","contributorId":35490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022636,"text":"70022636 - 2000 - Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022636","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of feeding ration on the routine swimming speed of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and their responsiveness to simulated-predator attacks. Striped bass were reared in low (7 prey ?? L-1), medium (354 prey ?? L-1), or high (740 prey ?? L-1) prey treatments from age 4 to 14 days posthatch. Larvae reared in the low-prey treatment had slower routine swimming speeds and shorter reactive distances and were less responsive to simulated-predator attacks. These differences were most pronounced after age 10 and appeared to be an effect of deteriorating larval condition rather than an effect of size. Simulation models were constructed for two potential fish predators, Alosa aestivalis and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, to examine how variation in growth rate, swimming speed, and responsiveness to predator attacks might influence mortality rate. Our simulations predicted that cohort mortality rate would decrease with increasing larval growth rates, even though faster routine swimming speed and growth rate increased encounter rates with predators. The influence of larval growth rate and responsiveness on mortality rate varied between the two predators, but cohorts experiencing no growth always had the greatest mortality rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chick, J., and Van Den Avyle, M., 2000, Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 1, p. 106-115.","startPage":"106","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06ebe4b0c8380cd514a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chick, J.H.","contributorId":93004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chick","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Den Avyle, M.J.","contributorId":32117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Avyle","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022644,"text":"70022644 - 2000 - Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022644","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages have been measured on nine mafic volcanic rocks younger than 1 myr from the Snake River Plain (Idaho), Mount Adams (Washington), and Crater Lake (Oregon). The K-Ar ages were calculated from Ar measurements made by isotope dilution and K2O measurements by flame photometry. The 40Ar/39Ar ages are incremental-heating experiments using a low-blank resistance-heated furnace. The results indicate that high-quality ages can be measured on young, mafic volcanic rocks using either the K-Ar or the 40Ar/39Ar technique. The precision of an 40Ar/39Ar plateau age generally is better than the precision of a K-Ar age because the plateau age is calculated by pooling the ages of several gas increments. The precision of a plateau age generally is better than the precision of an isotope correlation (isochron) age for the same sample. For one sample the intercept of the isochron yielded an 40Ar/36Ar value significantly different from the atmospheric value of 295.5. Recalculation of increment ages using the isochron intercept for the composition of nonradiogenic Ar in the sample resulted in much better agreement of ages for this sample. The results of this study also indicate that, given suitable material and modern equipment, precise K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages can be measured on volcanic rocks as young as the latest Pleistocene, and perhaps even the Holocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2122","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., 2000, Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 3, p. 294-301, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2122.","startPage":"294","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208240,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2122"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f856e4b0c8380cd4d030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022593,"text":"70022593 - 2000 - High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022593","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"After a magnitude 7.2 earthquake in 1975 and before the start of the ongoing eruption in 1983, deformation of Kilauea volcano was the most rapid ever recorded. Three-dimensional numerical modeling shows that this deformation is consistent with the dilation of a dike within Kilauea's rift zones coupled with creep over a narrow area of a low-angle fault beneath the south flank. Magma supply is estimated to be 0.18 cubic kilometers per year, twice that of previous estimates. The 1983 eruption may be a direct consequence of the high rates of magma storage within the rift zone that followed the 1975 earthquake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.288.5475.2343","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Cayol, V., Dieterich, J.H., Okamura, A., and Mikijus, A., 2000, High magma storage rates before the 1983 eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii: Science, v. 288, no. 5475, p. 2343-2346, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5475.2343.","startPage":"2343","endPage":"2346","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487392,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-03049436","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206684,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5475.2343"},{"id":230549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"288","issue":"5475","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30c0e4b0c8380cd5d8f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayol, V.","contributorId":83302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayol","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okamura, A.T.","contributorId":70400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okamura","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022623,"text":"70022623 - 2000 - A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:27:11","indexId":"70022623","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","docAbstract":"A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that systematically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that symmetrically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 2000, A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 510-521, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"521","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3d6e4b0c8380cd4624d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014981,"text":"1014981 - 2000 - Bias survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:20","indexId":"1014981","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"00-021/AE","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Burnham, K., Kahn, D., He, X., Goshorn, C., Hattala, K., and Kahnle, A., 2000, Bias survival estimates from tag-recovery models where catch-and-release is common, with an example from Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 5, p. 886-897.","productDescription":"p. 886-897","startPage":"886","endPage":"897","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ad71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahn, D.M.","contributorId":11558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahn","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"He, X.","contributorId":85540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goshorn, C.J.","contributorId":36503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goshorn","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hattala, K.A.","contributorId":88690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattala","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kahnle, A.W.","contributorId":44496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahnle","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185094,"text":"70185094 - 2000 - Response of geese to aircraft disturbances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T15:26:43","indexId":"70185094","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5319,"text":"Terra Borealis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Response of geese to aircraft disturbances","docAbstract":"Low-flying aircraft can affect behavior, physiology, and distribution of wildlife (Manci et al., 1988), and over time, may impact a population by reducing survival and reproductive performance. Thus, it is important to identify the particular aspects of overflights that affect animals so that management strategies can be developed to minimize adverse effects.
Waterfowl are particularly sensitive to low-flying aircraft (Manci et al., 1988) and respond at all stages of their annual cycle, including breeding (Gollop et al., 1974a; Laing, 1991), molting (Derksen et al., 1979; Mosbech and Glahder, 1991), migration (Jones and Jones, 1966; Belanger and Bedard, 1989), and wintering (Owens, 1977; Kramer et al., 1979; Henry, 1980). Waterfowl response can be quite variable both within and among species (Fleming et al., 1996). For example, response can vary with age, sex, and body condition of individual, habitat type and quality, and previous exposure to aircraft (Dahlgren and Korshgen, 1992). However, the most important factors influencing a response are aircraft type (Davis and Wiseley, 1974; Jensen, 1990), noise (Mosbech and Glahder, 1991; Temple, 1993), and proximity to the birds, as measured in altitude and lateral distance (Derksen et al., 1979; Belanger and Bedard, 1989; Ward et al., 1994). Wildlife managers can reduce impacts on a population by controlling or modifying these factors.
In an experimental study conducted at Izembek Lagoon in southwestern Alaska in 1985-1988 (Ward and Stehn, 1989), we conducted planned aircraft overflights with control of aircraft type, noise, altitude, and lateral distance to flocks (hereafter called lateral distance) to measure behavioral response of fall-staging Pacific brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) and Canada geese (B. canadensis taverneri) to fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. These data were then used to develop predictive models of the relationship between aircraft type, noise, altitude, and lateral distance and the response of geese (Ward et al., 1989). We also developed a simulation model incorporating energy intake and daily energy costs to assess the long-term consequences of repeated overflights on the ability of brant to obtain sufficient energy reserves necessary for fall migration and over winter survival (Ward and Stehn, 1989).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of noise on wildlife conference (Terra Borealis no. 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Effects of noise on wildlife conference","conferenceDate":"August 22-23, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"Institute for Environmental Monitoring and Research","publisherLocation":"Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada","issn":"14810336","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., and Derksen, D.V., 2000, Response of geese to aircraft disturbances, in Effects of noise on wildlife conference (Terra Borealis no. 2), v. 2, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada, August 22-23, 2000, p. 52-55.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula, Izembek Lagoon","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, Robert A.","contributorId":83986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182186,"text":"70182186 - 2000 - Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:12:48","indexId":"70182186","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","docAbstract":"Metapopulation theory has proven useful for understanding the population structure and dynamics of many species of conservation concern. The metapopulation concept has been applied almost exclusively to nonmigratory species, however, for which subpopulation demographic independence—a requirement for a classically defined metapopulation - is explicitly related to geographic distribution and dispersal probabilities. Defining the degree of demographic independence among subpopulations of migratory animals, and thus the applicability of metapopulation theory as a conceptual framework for understanding population dynamics, is much more difficult. Unlike nonmigratory species, subpopulations of migratory animals cannot be defined as synonymous with geographic areas. Groups of migratory birds that are geographically separate at one part of the annual cycle may occur together at others, but co-occurrence in time and space does not preclude the demographic independence of subpopulations. I suggest that metapopulation theory can be applied to migratory species but that understanding the degree of subpopulation independence may require information about both spatial distribution throughout the annual cycle and behavioral mechanisms that may lead to subpopulation demographic independence. The key for applying metapopulation theory to migratory animals lies in identifying demographically independent subpopulations, even as they move during the annual cycle and potentially co-occur with other subpopulations. Using examples of migratory bird species, I demonstrate that spatial and temporal modes of subpopulation independence can interact with behavioral mechanisms to create demographically independent subpopulations, including cases in which subpopulations are not spatially distinct in some parts of the annual cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., 2000, Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds: Conservation Biology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 366-372, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e32e4b0ce4410e7d612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001729,"text":"1001729 - 2000 - Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:48:24","indexId":"1001729","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"It is necessary periodically to identify research priorities so that future research will be directed toward the most pertinent issues in waterfowl ecology and management. To that end, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center convened a quorum of experts on the ecology of breeding waterfowl, the Waterfowl Working Group, to 1) develop a mission statement, 2) identify waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains, and 3) determine the frequency for re-identifying research needs. Research needs (nonprioritized) identified by the group and described in detail herein included: 1) determine effects of landscape factors on demographics and recruitment of ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region; 2) develop, improve, or update estimates of important parameters used in existing models for management and planning; 3) evaluate waterfowl management activities at broad, regional scales; 4) direct studies at waterfowl species of concern; and 5) evaluate applicability of the bird-conservation-area concept to waterfowl. The Waterfowl Working Group will reconsider research priorities at 2-year intervals.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Cox, R.R., Johnson, D.H., Johnson, M.A., Kirby, R., Nelson, J., and Reynolds, R., 2000, Waterfowl research priorities in the northern Great Plains: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 28, no. 3, p. 558-564.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"564","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cde4b07f02db5d9343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, M. A.","contributorId":87088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, R.E.","contributorId":75871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, J.W.","contributorId":9995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reynolds, R. E.","contributorId":25098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1015330,"text":"1015330 - 2000 - Estimating cumulative effects of clearcutting on stream temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:42:13","indexId":"1015330","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3303,"text":"Rivers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating cumulative effects of clearcutting on stream temperatures","docAbstract":"The Stream Segment Temperature Model was used to estimate cumulative effects of large-scale timber harvest on stream temperature. Literature values were used to create parameters for the model for two hypothetical situations, one forested and the other extensively clearcut. Results compared favorably with field studies of extensive forest canopy removal. The model provided insight into the cumulative effects of clearcutting. Change in stream shading was, as expected, the most influential factor governing increases in maximum daily water temperature, accounting for 40% of the total increase. Altered stream width was found to be more influential than changes to air temperature. Although the net effect from clearcutting was a 4oC warming, increased wind and reduced humidity tended to cool the stream. Temperature increases due to clearcutting persisted 10 km downstream into an unimpacted forest segment of the hypothetical stream, but those increases were moderated by cooler equilibrium conditions downstream. The model revealed that it is a complex set of factors, not single factors such as shade or air temperature, that governs stream temperature dynamics.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J., 2000, Estimating cumulative effects of clearcutting on stream temperatures: Rivers, v. 7, no. 4, p. 284-297.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J.M.","contributorId":54530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015966,"text":"1015966 - 2000 - Application of a modified harness design for attachment of radio transmitters to shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T09:45:04","indexId":"1015966","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a modified harness design for attachment of radio transmitters to shorebirds","docAbstract":"Radio transmitter attachment methodology is important to the design of radio telemetry studies. In 1998, we attached 5 transmitters to a captive population of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) and 7 transmitters to wild Killdeer (Charadriusv ociferus) using a modified version of the Rappole and Tipton (1991) figure-8 leg-loop harness. Captive birds fitted with harnesses did not exhibit quantifiable differences in behavior relative to control birds. Based on initial success in using the leg-loop harnesses, we used harnesses to attach transmitters in the wild to 30 Killdeer and 49 Dunlin (Calidris alpina) during the winters of 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. This was part of a study on movements of wintering shorebirds in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA. Wild birds showed no adverse effects of the harnesses.Thus, the described harness is a practical method for attachment of transmitters to shorebirds. Advantages of this harness method include a reduction in handling time at capture, elimination of the need to clip feathers for attachment, and increased transmitter retention time.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Sanzenbacher, P.M., Haig, S.M., and Oring, L.W., 2000, Application of a modified harness design for attachment of radio transmitters to shorebirds: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 91, p. 16-20.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340434,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/121573"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.46435546875,\n 43.92163712834673\n ],\n [\n -122.4041748046875,\n 43.92163712834673\n ],\n [\n -122.4041748046875,\n 45.867062714815475\n ],\n [\n -123.46435546875,\n 45.867062714815475\n ],\n [\n -123.46435546875,\n 43.92163712834673\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzenbacher, Peter M.","contributorId":90260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanzenbacher","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13016,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oring, Lewis W.","contributorId":16757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015345,"text":"1015345 - 2000 - Controls on nitrogen flux in alpine/subalpine watersheds of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:58:37","indexId":"1015345","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on nitrogen flux in alpine/subalpine watersheds of Colorado","docAbstract":"High‐altitude watersheds in the Front Range of Colorado show symptoms of advanced stages of nitrogen excess, despite having less nitrogen in atmospheric deposition than other regions where watersheds retain nitrogen. In two alpine/subalpine subbasins of the Loch Vale watershed, atmospheric deposition of NO3− plus NH4+ was 3.2–5.5 kg N ha−1, and watershed export was 1.8–3.9 kg N ha−1 for water years 1992–1997. Annual N export increased in years with greater input of N, but most of the additional N was retained in the watershed, indicating that parts of the ecosystem are nitrogen‐limited. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations were greatest in subsurface water of talus landscapes, where mineralization and nitrification augment high rates of atmospheric deposition of N. Tundra landscapes had moderately high DIN concentrations, whereas forest and wetland landscapes had low concentrations, indicating little export of nitrogen from these landscapes. Between the two subbasins the catchment of Icy Brook had greater retention of nitrogen than that of Andrews Creek because of landscape and hydrologic characteristics that favor greater N assimilation in both the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These results suggest that export of N from alpine/subalpine watersheds is caused by a combination of direct flushing of N from atmospheric deposition and release of N from ecosystem biogeochemical processes (N cycling). Sensitivity of alpine ecosystems in the western United States to atmospheric deposition of N is a function of landscape heterogeneity, hydrologic flow paths, and climatic extremes that limit primary productivity and microbial activity, which, in turn, control retention and release of nitrogen. Conceptual and mechanistic models of N excess that have been developed for forested ecosystems need to be modified in order to predict the response of alpine ecosystems to future changes in climate and atmospheric deposition of N.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900283","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Baron, J., Tonnessen, K.A., Brooks, P.D., and Schuster, P.F., 2000, Controls on nitrogen flux in alpine/subalpine watersheds of Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 37-47, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900283.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"47","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900283","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6866aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":322957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tonnessen, Kathy A.","contributorId":9588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Paul D.","contributorId":139471,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12566,"text":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, Unviersity of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015323,"text":"1015323 - 2000 - Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:56:02","indexId":"1015323","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed","docAbstract":"We model the spatial distribution of snow across a mountain basin using an approach that combines binary decision tree and geostatistical techniques. In April 1997 and 1998, intensive snow surveys were conducted in the 6.9‐km2 Loch Vale watershed (LVWS), Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Binary decision trees were used to model the large‐scale variations in snow depth, while the small‐scale variations were modeled through kriging interpolation methods. Binary decision trees related depth to the physically based independent variables of net solar radiation, elevation, slope, and vegetation cover type. These decision tree models explained 54–65% of the observed variance in the depth measurements. The tree‐based modeled depths were then subtracted from the measured depths, and the resulting residuals were spatially distributed across LVWS through kriging techniques. The kriged estimates of the residuals were added to the tree‐based modeled depths to produce a combined depth model. The combined depth estimates explained 60–85% of the variance in the measured depths. Snow densities were mapped across LVWS using regression analysis. Snow‐covered area was determined from high‐resolution aerial photographs. Combining the modeled depths and densities with a snow cover map produced estimates of the spatial distribution of snow water equivalence (SWE). This modeling approach offers improvement over previous methods of estimating SWE distribution in mountain basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900251","usgsCitation":"Balk, B., and Elder, K., 2000, Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 13-26, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900251.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900251","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balk, Benjamin","contributorId":168435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balk","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, Kelly","contributorId":174398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elder","given":"Kelly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5121,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1221 South Main Street, Moscow, ID 83843","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015347,"text":"1015347 - 2000 - Effect of elevation on distribution of female bats in the Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:54:46","indexId":"1015347","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of elevation on distribution of female bats in the Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Presumably, reproductive female bats are more constrained by thermoregulatory and energy needs than are males and nonreproductive females. Constraints imposed on reproductive females may limit their geographic distribution relative to other bats. Such constraints likely increase with latitude and elevation. Males of 11 bat species that inhabit the Black Hills were captured more frequently than females, and reproductive females typically were encountered at low-elevational sites. To investigate the relationship between female distribution and elevation, we fitted a logistic regression model to evaluate the probability of reproductive-female capture as a function of elevation. Mist-net data from 1,197 captures of 7 species revealed that 75% of all captures were males. We found a significant inverse relationship between elevation and relative abundance of reproductive females. Relative abundance of reproductive females decreased as elevation increased. Reproductive females may be constrained from roosting and foraging in high-elevational habitats that impose thermoregulatory costs and decrease foraging efficiency. Failure to account for sex differences in distributional patterns along elevational gradients may significantly bias estimates of population size.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0719:EOEODO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cryan, P., Bogan, M., and Altenbach, J., 2000, Effect of elevation on distribution of female bats in the Black Hills, South Dakota: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 3, p. 719-725, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0719:EOEODO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"725","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488744,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0719:eoeodo>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625718","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cryan, P.M.","contributorId":82635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bogan, M.A.","contributorId":17939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Altenbach, J.S.","contributorId":63356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altenbach","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178135,"text":"70178135 - 2000 - Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-03T13:02:41","indexId":"70178135","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán","publisherLocation":"Mérida, Mexico","usgsCitation":"Woodin, M., Skoruppa, M., and Hickman, G., 2000, Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA, chap. of Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management, p. 24-27.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc5e4b09688d6e91001","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Comlin, F. A.","contributorId":176636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Comlin","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652931,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrera, J. A.","contributorId":176637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrera","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652932,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramirez-Ramirez, Javier","contributorId":112724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramirez-Ramirez","given":"Javier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652933,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Woodin, M.C.","contributorId":97307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodin","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skoruppa, M.K.","contributorId":39189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skoruppa","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, G.C.","contributorId":15823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022435,"text":"70022435 - 2000 - Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:23:10","indexId":"70022435","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well","docAbstract":"Hydrologists often attempt to estimate formation properties from aquifer tests for which only the hydraulic responses in a pumped well are available. Borehole storage, turbulent head losses, and borehole skin, however, can mask the hydraulic behavior of the formation inferred from the water level in the pumped well. Also, in highly permeable formations or in formations at significant depth below land surface, where there is a long column of water in the well casing, oscillatory water levels may arise during the onset of pumping to further mask formation responses in the pumped well. Usually borehole phenomena are confined to the early stages of pumping or recovery, and late-time hydraulic data can be used to estimate formation properties. In many instances, however, early-time hydraulic data provide valuable information about the formation, especially if there are interferences in the late-time data. A mathematical model and its Laplace transform solution that account for inertial influences and turbulent head losses during pumping is developed for the coupled response between the pumped borehole and the formation. The formation is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, of infinite areal extent, and uniform thickness, with leakage from an overlying aquifer, and the screened or open interval of the pumped well is assumed to fully penetrate the pumped aquifer. Other mathematical models of aquifer flow can also be coupled with the equations describing turbulent head losses and the inertial effects on the water column in the pumped well. The mathematical model developed in this paper is sufficiently general to consider both underdamped conditions for which oscillations arise, and overdamped conditions for which there are no oscillations. Through numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution, type curves from the mathematical model are developed to estimate formation properties through comparison with the measured hydraulic response in the pumped well. The mathematical model is applied to estimate formation properties from a singlewell test conducted near Waialua, Oahu, Hawaii. At this site, both the drawdown and recovery showed oscillatory water levels in the pumped well, and a step-drawdown test showed that approximately 86% of the drawdown is attributed to turbulent head losses. Analyses at this site using late-time drawdown data were confounded by the noise present in the measured water levels due primarily to nearby irrigation wells and ocean tides. By analyzing the early-time oscillatory recovery data at the Waialua site, upper and lower bounds were placed on the transmissivity, T, storage coefficient, S, and the leakance of the confining unit, K′/B′. The upper and lower bounds on T differ by a factor of 2. Upper and lower bounds on S and K′/B′ are much larger, because drawdown stabilized relatively quickly after the onset of pumping.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A., and Oki, D., 2000, Estimating formation properties from early-time oscillatory water levels in a pumped well: Journal of Hydrology, v. 236, no. 1-2, p. 91-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00283-3"},{"id":230499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b1de4b0c8380cd52599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oki, D.S.","contributorId":75184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022438,"text":"70022438 - 2000 - Studies of volcanoes of Alaska by satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T15:16:52.196758","indexId":"70022438","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Studies of volcanoes of Alaska by satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has provided a new imaging geodesy technique to measure the deformation of volcanoes at tens-of-meter horizontal resolution with centimeter to subcentimeter vertical precision. The two-dimensional surface deformation data enables the construction of detailed numerical models allowing the study of magmatic and tectonic processes beneath volcanoes. This paper summarizes our recent: InSAR studies over the Alaska-Aleutian volcanoes, which include New Trident, Okmok, Akutan, Augustine, Shishaldin, and Westdahl volcanoes. The first InSAR surface deformation over the Alaska volcanoes was applied to New Trident. Preliminary InSAR study suggested that New Trident volcano experienced several centimeters inflation from 1993 to 1995. Using the InSAR technique, we studied the 1997 eruption of Okmok. We have measured ???1.4 m deflation during the eruption, ???20 cm pre-eruptive inflation during 1992 to 1995, and >10 cm post-eruptive inflation within a year after the eruption, and modeled the deformations using Mogi sources. We imaged the ground surface deformation associated with the 1996 seismic crisis over Akutan volcano. Although seismic swarm did not result in an eruption, we found that the western part of the volcano uplifted ???60 cm while the eastern part of the island subsided. The majority of the complex deformation field at the Akutan volcano was modeled by dike intrusion and Mogi inflation sources. Our InSAR results also indicate that the pyroclastic flows from last the last eruption have been undergoing contraction/subsidence at a rate of about 3 cm per year since 1992. InSAR measured no surface deformation before and during the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin and suggested the eruption may be a type of open system. Finally, we applied satellite radar interferometry to Westdahl volcano which erupted 1991 and has been quiet since. We discovered this volcano had inflated about 15 cm from 1993 to 1998. In summary, satellite radar interferometry can not only be used to study a volcanic eruption, but also to detect aseismic deformation at quiescent volcanoes preceding a seismic swarm; it is a useful technique to study volcanic eruptions as well as to guide scientists to better focus their monitoring efforts.","conferenceTitle":"ERS-Envisat Symposium 'Looking Down to Earth in the New Millennium'","conferenceDate":"Oct 16-20 2000","conferenceLocation":"Gothenburg, Sweden","language":"English","publisher":"Europan space Agency","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wicks, C., Dzurisin, D., Thatcher, W., and Power, J., 2000, Studies of volcanoes of Alaska by satellite radar interferometry, ERS-Envisat Symposium 'Looking Down to Earth in the New Millennium', v. 461, Gothenburg, Sweden, Oct 16-20 2000, p. 81-90.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 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Jr.","contributorId":87681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.","contributorId":48699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022886,"text":"70022886 - 2000 - Gravitational stability of three-dimensional stratovolcano edifices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-06T06:41:56","indexId":"70022886","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravitational stability of three-dimensional stratovolcano edifices","docAbstract":"Catastrophic flank collapses have occurred at many stratovolcanoes worldwide. We present a three-dimensional (3-D) slope stability analysis for assessing and quantifying both the locations of minimum edifice stability and the expected volumes of potential failure. Our approach can search the materials underlying a topographic surface, represented as a digital elevation model (DEM), and determine the relative stability of all parts of the edifice. Our 3-D extension of Bishop's [1955] simplified limit-equilibrium analysis incorporates spherical failure surfaces, variable material properties, pore fluid pressures, and earthquake shaking. Although a variety of processes can trigger collapse, we focus here on gravitationally induced instability. Even homogeneous rock properties strongly influence the depth and volume of the least stable potential failure. For large failures in complex topography, patterns of potential instability do not mimic local ground surface slope alone. The May 18, 1980, catastrophic failure of the north flank of Mount St. Helens provides the best documented case history to test our method. Using the undeformed edifice topography of Mount St. Helens in an analysis of dry, static slope stability with homogeneous materials, as might be conducted in a precollapse hazard analysis, our method identified the northwest flank as the least stable region, although the north flank stability was within 5% of the minimum. Using estimates of the conditions that existed 2 days prior to collapse, including deformed topography with a north flank bulge and combined pore pressure and earthquake shaking effects, we obtained good estimates of the actual failure location and volume. Our method can provide estimates of initial failure volume and location to aid in assessing downslope or downstream hazards.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900310","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., Christian, S., and Brien, D., 2000, Gravitational stability of three-dimensional stratovolcano edifices: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B3, p. 6043-6056, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900310.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"6043","endPage":"6056","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900310","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51678466796874,\n 46.10942153064161\n ],\n [\n -121.84661865234374,\n 46.10942153064161\n ],\n [\n -121.84661865234374,\n 46.481373492133756\n ],\n [\n -122.51678466796874,\n 46.481373492133756\n ],\n [\n -122.51678466796874,\n 46.10942153064161\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29f3e4b0c8380cd5ad9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, S.B.","contributorId":106676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brien, D.L.","contributorId":43027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016032,"text":"1016032 - 2000 - Monitoring air quality in mountains: Designing an effective network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:21:56.131843","indexId":"1016032","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring air quality in mountains: Designing an effective network","docAbstract":"A quantitatively robust yet parsimonious air-quality monitoring network in mountainous regions requires special attention to relevant spatial and temporal scales of measurement and inference. The design of monitoring networks should focus on the objectives required by public agencies, namely: 1) determine if some threshold has been exceeded (e.g., for regulatory purposes), and 2) identify spatial patterns and temporal trends (e.g., to protect natural resources). A short-term, multi-scale assessment to quantify spatial variability in air quality is a valuable asset in designing a network, in conjunction with an evaluation of existing data and simulation-model output. A recent assessment in Washington state (USA) quantified spatial variability in tropospheric ozone distribution ranging from a single watershed to the western third of the state. Spatial and temporal coherence in ozone exposure modified by predictable elevational relationships (∼ 1.3 ppbv ozone per 100 m elevation gain) extends from urban areas to the crest of the Cascade Range. This suggests that a sparse network of permanent analyzers is sufficient at all spatial scales, with the option of periodic intensive measurements to validate network design. It is imperative that agencies cooperate in the design of monitoring networks in mountainous regions to optimize data collection and financial efficiencies.
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\"}}]}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022436,"text":"70022436 - 2000 - The dependence of permeability on effective stress for an injection test in the Higashi-Hachimantai Geothermal Field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022436","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dependence of permeability on effective stress for an injection test in the Higashi-Hachimantai Geothermal Field","docAbstract":"A simple inverse-power relation for the influence of effective stress on permeability is used to explain the flow behavior during an injection test at the Higashi-Hachimantai geothermal field, Japan. The new analytical expression successfully models data from the experiment involving high-pressure injection and monitoring at an observation well.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL008394","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2000, The dependence of permeability on effective stress for an injection test in the Higashi-Hachimantai Geothermal Field: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 5, p. 589-592, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008394.","startPage":"589","endPage":"592","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479233,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl008394","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206681,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008394"},{"id":230536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa8de4b08c986b32289c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, M.","contributorId":46632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}