Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (Morone americana) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's τ b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-β as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.00108447","usgsCitation":"Harms, C.A., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Densmore, C.L., Pieper, L.H., and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S., 2000, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 5, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Back River, Chesapeake Bay, Choptank River, Pocomoke River, Wicomico River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -78.277587890625,\n 36.55377524336089\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, Craig A.","contributorId":59759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieper, Laurence H.","contributorId":44876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieper","given":"Laurence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne","contributorId":18319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy-Stoskopf","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008268,"text":"1008268 - 2000 - Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:04:50","indexId":"1008268","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters","docAbstract":"We contrasted body condition, and age-specific reproduction and mortality between a growing population of sea otters (Enhydralutris) at Kodiak Island and a high-density near-equilibrium population at Amchitka Island, Alaska. We obtained data from marked individuals, population surveys, and collections of beach-cast carcasses. Mass:length ratios indicated that females (but not males) captured in 1992 at Amchitka were in poorer condition than those captured at Kodiak in 1986–1987. In 1993, the condition of females at Amchitka improved in apparent response to two factors: (1) an episodic influx of Pacific smooth lumpsuckers, Aptocyclus ventricocus, from the epi-pelagic zone, which otters consumed; and (2) an increase in the otters’ benthic invertebrate prey resulting from declining otter numbers. Reproductive rates varied with age (0.37 [CI=0.21 to 0.53] births female−1 yr−1 for 2–3-yr-olds, and 0.83 [CI=0.69 to 0.90] for females ≥4 yr old), and were similar at both areas. Weaning success (pups surviving to ≥120 d), in contrast, was almost 50% lower at Amchitka than at Kodiak and for females ≥4 yr of age was 0.52 (CI=0.38 to 0.66) vs 0.94 (CI=0.75 to 0.99), respectively. Sixty-two percent of the preweaning pup losses at Amchitka occurred within a month of parturition and 79% within two months. Postweaning survival was also low at Amchitka as only 18% of instrumented pups were known to be alive one year after mother-pup separation. Adult survival rates appeared similar at Amchitka and Kodiak. Factors affecting survival early in life thus are a primary demographic mechanism of population regulation in sea otters. By maintaining uniformly high reproductive rates over time and limiting investment in any particular reproductive event, sea otters can take advantage of unpredictable environmental changes favorable to pup survival. This strategy is consistent with predictions of “bet-hedging” life history models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900304.x","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Estes, J.A., Bodkin, J.L., and Siniff, D.B., 2000, Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters: Oikos, v. 90, no. 3, p. 457-468, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900304.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a54ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Siniff, Donald B.","contributorId":175050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siniff","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013083,"text":"1013083 - 2000 - Sea otters past and present perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T09:28:58","indexId":"1013083","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":690,"text":"Alaska Geographic","printIssn":"0361-1353","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otters past and present perspectives","docAbstract":"Sea otters have been an important resource for people living along the North Pacific coast for thousands of years. At least two aspects of the sea otters' natural history have linked them with humans: their pelt and their food habits. Sea otter pelts, arguably the finest in the animal kingdom, were fashioned into garments, particularly in northern latitudes, while the presence of sea otters influenced the availability of some marine invertebrates, like snails, clams and abalone, that provided food for coastal people. In addition, sea otters spurred a growing fur trade after Vitus Bering's explorations of the North Pacific in the early 1700s revealed their widespread abundance. This commercial harvest was instrumental in European exploration and settlement of the Pacific Rim and led to the near-extermination of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, in following centuries.
Largely because of their life history and their direct relations with coastal residents, sea otters are a comparatively well-understood marine mammal. During the past few decades, concern for sea otters has broadened to encompass an interest in global resource conservation and restoration, as well as community ecology. This more recent focus on sea otters now extends to humans far removed from marine environments.
Early sea otters evolved about 12 million years ago from Eurasian and African ancestors. They reached the North Pacific by way of two proposed migration paths, one along the Bering Land Bridge between northeastern Asia and northwestern North America and a second from the Atlantic Ocean that entered the Pacific through a channel in the central Americas. Modern sea otters occur only in the North Pacific and have occupied their current range for the past 1 million to 3 million years.
We present a comprehensive survey of genetic variation across the range of the narrowly distributed endemic Yosemite toad Bufo canorus, a declining amphibian restricted to the Sierra Nevada of California. Based on 322 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data, we found limited support for the monophyly of B. canorus and its closely related congener B. exsul to the exclusion of the widespread western toad B. boreas. However, B. exsul was always phylogenetically nested within B. canorus, suggesting that the latter may not be monophyletic. SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of 372 individual B. canorus from 28 localities in Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks revealed no shared haplotypes among these two regions and lead us to interpret these two parks as distinct management units for B. canorus. Within Yosemite, we found significant genetic substructure both at the level of major drainages and among breeding ponds. Kings Canyon samples show a different pattern, with substantial variation among breeding sites, but no substructure among drainages. Across the range of B. canorus as well as among Yosemite ponds, we found an isolation-by-distance pattern suggestive of a stepping stone model of migration. However, in Kings Canyon we found no hint of such a pattern, suggesting that movement patterns of toads may be quite different in these nearby parklands. Our data imply that management for B. canorus should focus at the individual pond level, and effective management may necessitate reintroductions if local extirpations occur. A brief review of other pond-breeding anurans suggests that highly structured populations are often the case, and thus that our results for B. canorus may be general for other species of frogs and toads.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00835.x","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, H., Fellers, G.M., Magee, A., and Voss, S.R., 2000, The genetics of amphibian decline: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the Yosemite toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data: Molecular Ecology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 245-257, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00835.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62c6aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, H. Bradley","contributorId":71051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"H. Bradley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magee, Allison","contributorId":175070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magee","given":"Allison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, S. Randal","contributorId":104334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023175,"text":"70023175 - 2000 - Distribution of surficial sediment in Long Island Sound and adjacent waters: Texture and total organic carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T14:18:11","indexId":"70023175","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of surficial sediment in Long Island Sound and adjacent waters: Texture and total organic carbon","docAbstract":"The surficial sediment distribution within Long Island Sound has been mapped and described using bottom samples, photography, and sidescan sonar, combined with information from the geologic literature. The distributions of sediment type and total organic carbon (TOC) reveal several broad trends that are largely related to the sea-floor geology, the bathymetry, and the effects of modern tidal- and wind-driven currents. Sediment types are most heterogeneous in bathymetrically complex and shallow nearshore areas; the heterogeneity diminishes and the texture fines with decreasing bottom-current energy. Lag deposits of gravel and gravelly sand dominate the surficial sediment texture in areas where bottom currents are the strongest (such as where tidal flow is constricted) and where glacial till crops out at the sea floor. Sand is the dominant sediment type in areas characterized by active sediment transport and in shallow areas affected by fine-grained winnowing. Silty sand and sand-silt-clay mark transitions within the basin from higher- to lower-energy environments, suggesting a diminished hydraulic ability to sort and transport sediment. Clayey silt and silty clay are the dominant sediment types accumulating in the central and western basins and in other areas characterized by long-term depositional environments. The amount of TOC in the sediments of Long Island Sound varies inversely with sediment grain size. Concentrations average more than 1.9% (dry weight) in clayey silt, but are less than 0.4% in sand. Generally, values for TOC increase both toward the west in the Sound and from the shallow margins to the deeper parts of the basin floor. Our data also suggest that TOC concentrations can vary seasonally.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Knebel, H., Mlodzinska, Z., Hastings, M., and Seekins, B.A., 2000, Distribution of surficial sediment in Long Island Sound and adjacent waters: Texture and total organic carbon: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 567-574.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"574","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.78692626953125,\n 40.79925662005228\n ],\n [\n -73.7237548828125,\n 40.85744791303121\n ],\n [\n -73.641357421875,\n 40.87614141141369\n ],\n [\n -73.56719970703125,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -73.42163085937499,\n 40.94256444133327\n ],\n [\n -73.35845947265625,\n 40.94256444133327\n ],\n [\n -73.2293701171875,\n 40.91973905106219\n ],\n [\n -73.13873291015625,\n 40.932190241465634\n ],\n [\n -73.1524658203125,\n 40.96123389519331\n ],\n [\n -73.08654785156249,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -72.99316406249999,\n 40.96538194577488\n ],\n [\n -72.75970458984375,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -72.54547119140625,\n 41.01928287604562\n ],\n [\n -72.421875,\n 41.09384217129622\n ],\n [\n -72.33673095703125,\n 41.135227480564936\n ],\n [\n -72.24884033203125,\n 41.1724519493126\n ],\n [\n -72.17742919921875,\n 41.19725651800892\n ],\n [\n -72.0208740234375,\n 41.269549502842565\n ],\n [\n -71.8450927734375,\n 41.32938883149378\n ],\n [\n -71.949462890625,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -72.037353515625,\n 41.33145127732965\n ],\n [\n -72.21313476562499,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -72.41363525390625,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -72.67181396484375,\n 41.263356094059326\n ],\n [\n -72.88055419921875,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -72.91351318359375,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -72.9437255859375,\n 41.269549502842565\n ],\n [\n -73.0096435546875,\n 41.209655278807034\n ],\n [\n -73.07281494140625,\n 41.20345619205131\n ],\n [\n -73.10577392578125,\n 41.16211393939692\n ],\n [\n -73.08929443359375,\n 41.147637985391874\n ],\n [\n -73.2073974609375,\n 41.147637985391874\n ],\n [\n -73.24859619140625,\n 41.12074559016745\n ],\n [\n -73.30902099609375,\n 41.12488359929119\n ],\n [\n -73.42163085937499,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -73.50677490234375,\n 41.03378713521864\n ],\n [\n -73.57818603515624,\n 41.01513821521511\n ],\n [\n -73.68255615234375,\n 40.96123389519331\n ],\n [\n -73.7677001953125,\n 40.91558813293605\n ],\n [\n -73.8226318359375,\n 40.85537053192494\n ],\n [\n -73.80889892578125,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -73.78692626953125,\n 40.79925662005228\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0304e4b0c8380cd502da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mlodzinska, Z.J.","contributorId":97136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mlodzinska","given":"Z.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hastings, M. E.","contributorId":72012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hastings","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seekins, B. A.","contributorId":32130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022737,"text":"70022737 - 2000 - Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:29:54","indexId":"70022737","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies","docAbstract":"The edifice of Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, has episodically collapsed leading to major debris flows. The largest debris flows are related to argillically altered rock which leave areas of the edifice prone to failure. The argillic alteration results from the neutralization of acidic magmatic gases that condense in a meteoric water hydrothermal system fed by the melting of a thick mantle of glacial ice. Two craters atop a 2000-year-old cone on the summit of the volcano contain the world's largest volcanic ice-cave system. In the spring of 1997 two active fumaroles (T=62°C) in the caves were sampled for stable isotopic, gas, and geochemical studies.
\nStable isotope data on fumarole condensates show significant excess deuterium with calculated δD and δ18O values (−234 and −33.2‰, respectively) for the vapor that are consistent with an origin as secondary steam from a shallow water table which has been heated by underlying magmatic–hydrothermal steam. Between 1982 and 1997, δD of the fumarole vapor may have decreased by 30‰.
\nThe compositions of fumarole gases vary in time and space but typically consist of air components slightly modified by their solubilities in water and additions of CO2 and CH4. The elevated CO2 contents δ13CCO2 = -11.8±0.7‰, with spikes of over 10,000 ppm, require the episodic addition of magmatic components into the underlying hydrothermal system. Although only traces of H2S were detected in the fumaroles, most notably in a sample which had an air δ13CCO2 signature (−8.8‰), incrustations around a dormant vent containing small amounts of acid sulfate minerals (natroalunite, minamiite, and woodhouseite) indicate higher H2S (or possibly SO2) concentrations in past fumarolic gases.
\nCondensate samples from fumaroles are very dilute, slightly acidic, and enriched in elements observed in the much higher temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens (K and Na up to the ppm level; metals such as Al, Pb, Zn Fe and Mn up to the ppb level and volatiles such as Cl, S, and F up to the ppb level).
\nThe data indicate that the hydrothermal system in the edifice at Mount Rainier consists of meteoric water reservoirs, which receive gas and steam from an underlying magmatic system. At present the magmatic system is largely flooded by the meteoric water system. However, magmatic components have episodically vented at the surface as witnessed by the mineralogy of incrustations around inactive vents and gas compositions in the active fumaroles. The composition of fumarole gases during magmatic degassing is distinct and, if sustained, could be lethal. The extent to which hydrothermal alteration is currently occurring at depth, and its possible influence on future edifice collapse, may be determined with the aid of on site analyses of fumarole gases and seismic monitoring in the ice caves.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., Rye, R.O., and Landis, G.P., 2000, Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies, v. 97, no. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8.","startPage":"457","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487441,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00180-8","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a140fe4b0c8380cd548b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014998,"text":"1014998 - 2000 - Modeling the distributions of species and communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T15:16:09.273268","indexId":"1014998","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1313,"text":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the distributions of species and communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00104-6","usgsCitation":"Wilds, S., Boetsch, J., Van Manen, F., Clark, J.D., and White, P., 2000, Modeling the distributions of species and communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, v. 27, no. 1-3, p. 389-392, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(00)00104-6.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"392","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.29971313476561,\n 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35.505400093441324\n ],\n [\n -83.27499389648438,\n 35.51769651784901\n ],\n [\n -83.27362060546875,\n 35.54004882795015\n ],\n [\n -83.29971313476561,\n 35.561277754384555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilds, S.","contributorId":98680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilds","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boetsch, J.R.","contributorId":20694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boetsch","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Manen, F.T.","contributorId":45241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Manen","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, J. D.","contributorId":85911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, P.S.","contributorId":53336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022302,"text":"70022302 - 2000 - Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022302","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications","docAbstract":"In this second of two papers, analytical step-response functions, developed in the companion paper for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to streamstage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems in the northeastern and central United States. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank hydraulic properties, recharge rates, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage. Analysis of the water-table aquifer adjacent to the Blackstone River in Massachusetts suggests that the very shallow depth of water table and associated thin unsaturated zone at the site cause the aquifer to behave like a confined aquifer (negligible specific yield). This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that the effective specific yield of an unconfined aquifer approaches zero when the capillary fringe, where sediment pores are saturated by tension, extends to land surface. Under this condition, the aquifer's response is determined by elastic storage only. Estimates of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, specific storage, and recharge for a water-table aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River in eastern Iowa, determined by the use of analytical methods, are in close agreement with those estimated by use of a more complex, multilayer numerical model of the aquifer. Streambank leakance of the semipervious streambank materials also was estimated for the site. The streambank-leakance parameter may be considered to be a general (or lumped) parameter that accounts not only for the resistance of flow at the river-aquifer boundary, but also for the effects of partial penetration of the river and other near-stream flow phenomena not included in the theoretical development of the step-response functions.Analytical step-response functions, developed for several cases of transient hydraulic interaction between a fully penetrating stream and a confined, leaky, or water-table aquifer, are used in the convolution integral to calculate aquifer heads, streambank seepage rates, and bank storage that occur in response to stream-stage fluctuations and basinwide recharge or evapotranspiration. Two computer programs developed on the basis of these step-response functions and the convolution integral are applied to the analysis of hydraulic interaction of two alluvial stream-aquifer systems. These applications demonstrate the utility of the analytical functions and computer programs for estimating aquifer and streambank seepage rates and bank storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., DeSimone, L., and Moench, A., 2000, Aquifer response to stream-stage and recharge variations. II. Convolution method and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 230, no. 3-4, p. 211-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1.","startPage":"211","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00176-1"},{"id":230789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed1fe4b0c8380cd49641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeSimone, L.A.","contributorId":79132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015072,"text":"1015072 - 2000 - Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T16:22:19","indexId":"1015072","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"We analyzed factors that contributed to the success of 100 translocations of bighorn sheep within six western states between 1923 and 1997. We categorized the populations as unsuccessful (i.e., extirpated or remnant, <29 animals), moderately successful (30–99 animals), and successful (100–350 animals) by the end of the study period in 1997. Thirty of the translocated populations were unsuccessful (n = 13 were extirpated and n = 17 were remnant), 29 were moderately successful, and 41 were successful (21 ± 1.3 [SE] years of information per translocation). Translocations were less successful when domestic sheep were located within 6 km of the known bighorn sheep use areas (logistic regression, p = 0.052). Grazing of cattle on the same range also negatively influenced success (p = 0.004). Use of indigenous versus previously translocated source stocks increased success (p = 0.084). The translocation was twice as likely to be successful when indigenous herds were used as sources (p = 0.043), but mixing genetic stocks (p = 0.381) or later additional augmentations did not influence success (p = 0.095). Annual migrations by newly established translocated populations increased success (p = 0.014). We recommend translocations of founder groups of bighorn sheep from indigenous sources into large patches of habitat that promote movements and migrations, and with no domestic sheep present in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Papouchis, C., and Symonds, K., 2000, Translocations as a tool for restoring populations of bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 6-13, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80061.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626d51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papouchis, C.M.","contributorId":36080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papouchis","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Symonds, K.K.","contributorId":18710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023155,"text":"70023155 - 2000 - Colorado River sediment transport: 1. Natural sediment supply limitation and the influence of Glen Canyon Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:42:46","indexId":"70023155","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colorado River sediment transport: 1. Natural sediment supply limitation and the influence of Glen Canyon Dam","docAbstract":"Analyses of flow, sediment‐transport, bed‐topographic, and sedimentologic data suggest that before the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons was annually supply‐limited with respect to fine sediment (i.e., sand and finer material). Furthermore, these analyses suggest that the predam river in Glen Canyon was not supply‐limited to the same degree and that the degree of annual supply limitation increased near the head of Marble Canyon. The predam Colorado River in Grand Canyon displays evidence of four effects of supply limitation: (1) seasonal hysteresis in sediment concentration, (2) seasonal hysteresis in sediment grain size coupled to the seasonal hysteresis in sediment concentration, (3) production of inversely graded flood deposits, and (4∥ development or modification of a lag between the time of a flood peak and the time of either maximum or minimum (depending on reach geometry) bed elevation. Analyses of sediment budgets provide additional support for the interpretation that the predam river was annually supply‐limited with respect to fine sediment, but it was not supply‐limited with respect to fine sediment during all seasons. In the average predam year, sand would accumulate and be stored in Marble Canyon and upper Grand Canyon for 9 months of the year (from July through March) when flows were dominantly below 200–300 m3/s; this stored sand was then eroded during April through June when flows were typically higher. After closure of Glen Canyon Dam, because of the large magnitudes of the uncertainties in the sediment budget, no season of substantial sand accumulation is evident. Because most flows in the postdam river exceed 200–300 m3/s, substantial sand accumulation in the postdam river is unlikely.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900285","usgsCitation":"Topping, D.J., Rubin, D.M., and Vierra, L.E., 2000, Colorado River sediment transport: 1. Natural sediment supply limitation and the influence of Glen Canyon Dam: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 515-542, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900285.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"542","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900285","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7c1e4b0c8380cd4ccb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vierra, L. E. Jr.","contributorId":66770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vierra","given":"L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013193,"text":"1013193 - 2000 - Predictability of Bristol Bay, Alaska, sockeye salmon returns one to four years in the future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T09:59:38","indexId":"1013193","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictability of Bristol Bay, Alaska, sockeye salmon returns one to four years in the future","docAbstract":"Historically, forecast error for returns of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka to Bristol Bay, Alaska, has been large. Using cross-validation forecast error as our criterion, we selected forecast models for each of the nine principal Bristol Bay drainages. Competing forecast models included stock-recruitment relationships, environmental variables, prior returns of siblings, or combinations of these predictors. For most stocks, we found prior returns of siblings to be the best single predictor of returns; however, forecast accuracy was low even when multiple predictors were considered. For a typical drainage, an 80% confidence interval ranged from one half to double the point forecast. These confidence intervals appeared to be appropriately wide.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0069:POBBAS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Adkison, M.D., and Peterson, R., 2000, Predictability of Bristol Bay, Alaska, sockeye salmon returns one to four years in the future: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 1, p. 69-80, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0069:POBBAS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bristol Bay","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adkison, Milo D.","contributorId":100791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adkison","given":"Milo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, R.M.","contributorId":73563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022724,"text":"70022724 - 2000 - Palaeohydrology, vegetation, and climate since the late Illinois Episode (~130 ka) in south-central Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022724","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Palaeohydrology, vegetation, and climate since the late Illinois Episode (~130 ka) in south-central Illinois","docAbstract":"Our interpretation of pollen and ostracode successions from four basins in south-central Illinois provides a new synthesis of palaeovegetation, palaeohydrology, and palaeoclimate for the period from the late Illinois Episode (about 130,000 years ago) to near the end of the Wisconsin Episode (about 25,000 years ago). Correlations of pollen biozones between Raymond, Pittsburg, and Bald Knob basins are the basis for identifying the late Illinois glacial, Sangamon interglacial, Wisconsin glacial, and Hudson interglacial episodes. Glacial episodes were identified primarily by the presence of Picea pollen and the ostracode Limnocythere friabilis, whereas interglacial episodes were identified by Quercus pollen and by the ostracodes Candona caudata and Heterocypris punctata. Within interglacial and glacial episodes, pollen and ostracode assemblages varied with changes in moisture balance. Local palaeohydrology was assessed primarily on the basis of environmental tolerance indices of ostracodes and the stable isotope (C,O) stratigraphy of ostracodal calcite. Regional moisture balance was assessed from multivariate analyses of the pollen successions. Three climatic regimes occurred during the Sangamon Episode. (1) One regime was characterised by precipitation exceeding evaporation that promoted basin overflow. This climate was inferred from the high percentages (generally >80%) of deciduous-forest pollen. Peaks in the abundance of Liquidambar and Fagus pollen indicate that winters may have been slightly warmer, and effective moisture slightly greater, than at present. (2) The second climatic regime was continental, similar to the present climate of Illinois in which precipitation is equal to or just less than evaporation. This climate is inferred from abundant Ambrosia pollen (40 to 60%) and abundant nektic (swimming) ostracode valves which suggest a shallow lake. These conditions probably developed in association with a 'heat-low' over the interior of North America during marine oxygen isotope stages 5e and 5c. Associated with the transition between the first two climates are fossils of the subtropical ostracode Heterocypris punctata and the giant tortoise Geochelone crassiscutata that suggest short periods in winter when polar low-pressure systems did not extend into Illinois as they do today. (3) The third climatic regime occurred during the transition from the Sangamon interglacial episode to the Wisconsin glacial episode. A severely continental climate is indicated by the heat-tolerant ostracode Pelocypris tuberculatum, variable ??18O values of ostracode valves, and high environmental tolerance index values for the ostracode assemblages. The weedy Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae families grew on exposed mudflats. The tree pollen associated with this type of climate included low percentages of Picea and Liquidambar, an assemblage that has no modem analogue. We suggest that this transitional climatic regime was associated with the large-scale changes in the climate system during marine oxygen isotope stage 4.","largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00094-2","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Curry, B.B., and Baker, R.G., 2000, Palaeohydrology, vegetation, and climate since the late Illinois Episode (~130 ka) in south-central Illinois, in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 59-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00094-2.","startPage":"59","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00094-2"},{"id":233416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73a5e4b0c8380cd77179","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, R. G.","contributorId":96326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023154,"text":"70023154 - 2000 - Modeling sand bank formation around tidal headlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T10:41:54","indexId":"70023154","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3160,"text":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling sand bank formation around tidal headlands","docAbstract":"Sandbanks are often found in the vicinity of coastal headlands around which tidal flows are strong enough to generate significant tidally-forced residual eddies, typically with scales of 2-10 km. One popular hypothesis is that these sandbanks are generated by a 'tidal stirring' mechanism in which the inward-directed pressure gradient associated with these residual eddies produces an inward-directed movement of sand near the seabed. This hypothesis predicts asymmetric sandbank formation when planetary vorticity is significant compared to the relative vorticity of the residual eddies. This mechanism is tested with a numerical sediment transport model, using idealized symmetrical coastline geometry and tidal forcing that represents conditions similar to regions where these tidal headland sandbanks are known to occur. For both suspended and bedload simulations, we find that nearly symmetric sandbanks form, and that the sediment transport patterns that are responsible for building and maintaining the banks are due more the patterns of shear stress and sediment flux that occur over the course of the tidal cycle rather than to the characteristics of the tidally-averaged residual fields. We also find that sediment supply can be an important factor in controlling the nature of the resulting sandbanks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Estuarine Coastal Modeling","conferenceDate":"3 November 1999 through 5 November 1999","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and Harris, C.K., 2000, Modeling sand bank formation around tidal headlands: Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, p. 209-222.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c26e4b0c8380cd6fa96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Courtney K.","contributorId":19620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Courtney","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6708,"text":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015026,"text":"1015026 - 2000 - The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T10:28:21","indexId":"1015026","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space","docAbstract":"We examine the relationships between abundance of grassland nesting songbirds observed in the Boulder Open Space, CO, USA and parameters that described landscape and habitat characteristics, in order to provide information for Boulder Open Space planners and managers. Data sets included bird abundance and plant species composition, collected during three breeding seasons (1994–1996), and landscape composition and configuration measures from a satellite image-derived land-cover map. We used regression quantiles to estimate the limitations imposed on bird abundance by urban encroachment and decreasing areas of grassland cover-types on the landscape, and habitat characteristics within 200 m diameter sample plots. After accounting for the effect of landscape grassland composition on four species (Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)), change in abundance with proportion of urban area in the landscape was consistent with the pattern expected for limiting factors that were the active constraint at some times and places. Area of preferred grassland cover-types on the landscape was important for all species, and this remained the case when habitat variables were included in combined landscape–habitat models, with one exception (Western Meadowlark). Analysis of habitat variables enabled identification of important features at the local scale (e.g. shale plant communities in Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) habitat) that were indistinguishable using landscape data alone. Consideration of changes in the landscape due to urbanization and loss of grassland habitat are crucial for open space planning, and habitat features associated with localized and clumped bird species distributions provide important additional information. Widening the management focus to include areas that are not part of the open space system will facilitate a more complete understanding of potential limiting factor processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X","usgsCitation":"Haire, S., Bock, C., Cade, B., and Bennett, B., 2000, The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 65-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haire, S.","contributorId":81849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bock, C.E.","contributorId":75485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, B.C.","contributorId":44116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015057,"text":"1015057 - 2000 - Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:37:52","indexId":"1015057","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher concentrations of D.O. were measured in open water mesocosms containing submerged pondweeds. Invertebrate taxa richness was positively related to D.O. concentrations that were, in turn, related to vegetation communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related to the type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type. Wetlands designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.M., Roline, R., Thullen, J., Sartoris, J., and Boutwell, J., 2000, Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 406-415, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c5e4b07f02db53fb1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":81853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roline, R.A.","contributorId":62965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roline","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thullen, J.S.","contributorId":16361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thullen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sartoris, J.J.","contributorId":84310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartoris","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boutwell, J.E.","contributorId":52533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boutwell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022422,"text":"70022422 - 2000 - Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022422","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life","docAbstract":"We have considered a wide array of scenarios for Europa's chemical evolution in an attempt to explain the presence of ice and hydrated materials on its surface and to understand the physical and chemical nature of any ocean that may lie below. We postulate that, following formation of the jovian system, the europan evolutionary sequence has as its major links: (a) initial carbonaceous chondrite rock, (b) global primordial aqueous differentiation and formation of an impure primordial hydrous crust, (c) brine evolution and intracrustal differentiation, (d) degassing of Europa's mantle and gas venting, (e) hydrothermal processes, and (f) chemical surface alteration. Our models were developed in the context of constraints provided by Galileo imaging, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and gravity and magnetometer data. Low-temperature aqueous differentiation from a carbonaceous CI or CM chondrite precursor, without further chemical processing, would result in a crust/ocean enriched in magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate, consistent with Galileo spectroscopy. Within the bounds of this simple model, a wide range of possible layered structures may result; the final state depends on the details of intracrustal differentiation. Devolatilization of the rocky mantle and hydrothermal brine reactions could have produced very different ocean/crust compositions, e.g., an ocean/crust of sodium carbonate or sulfuric acid, or a crust containing abundant clathrate hydrates. Realistic chemical-physical evolution scenarios differ greatly in detailed predictions, but they generally call for a highly impure and chemically layered crust. Some of these models could lead also to lateral chemical heterogeneities by diapiric upwellings and/or cryovolcanism. We describe some plausible geological consequences of the physical-chemical structures predicted from these scenarios. These predicted consequences and observed aspects of Europa's geology may serve as a basis for further analys is and discrimination among several alternative scenarios. Most chemical pathways could support viable ecosystems based on analogy with the metabolic and physiological versatility of terrestrial microorganisms. ?? 2000 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.2000.6471","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Kargel, J., Kaye, J., Head, J.W., Marion, G., Sassen, R., Crowley, J., Ballesteros, O., Grant, S., and Hogenboom, D., 2000, Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life: Icarus, v. 148, no. 1, p. 226-265, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6471.","startPage":"226","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206585,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6471"},{"id":230304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcee4b0c8380cd528ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaye, J.Z.","contributorId":7865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"J.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marion, G.M.","contributorId":44691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sassen, R.","contributorId":91652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sassen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ballesteros, O.P.","contributorId":49551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballesteros","given":"O.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Grant, S.A.","contributorId":32323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hogenboom, D.L.","contributorId":57234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogenboom","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1015054,"text":"1015054 - 2000 - Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:28:08","indexId":"1015054","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America","docAbstract":"Data from long-term ecosystem monitoring and research stations in North America and results of simulations made with interpretive models indicate that changes in climate (precipitation and temperature) can have a significant effect on the quality of surface waters. Changes in water quality during storms, snowmelt, and periods of elevated air temperature or drought can cause conditions that exceed thresholds of ecosystem tolerance and, thus, lead to water-quality degradation. If warming and changes in available moisture occur, water-quality changes will likely first occur during episodes of climate-induced stress, and in ecosystems where the factors controlling water quality are sensitive to climate variability. Continued climate stress would increase the frequency with which ecosystem thresholds are exceeded and thus lead to chronic water-quality changes. Management strategies in a warmer climate will therefore be needed that are based on local ecological thresholds rather than annual median condition. Changes in land use alter biological, physical, and chemical processes in watersheds and thus significantly alter the quality of adjacent surface waters; these direct human-caused changes complicate the interpretation of water-quality changes resulting from changes in climate, and can be both mitigated and exacerbated by climate change. A rigorous strategy for integrated, long-term monitoring of the ecological and human factors that control water quality is necessary to differentiate between actual and perceived climate effects, and to track the effectiveness of our environmental policies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x","usgsCitation":"Murdoch, P., Baron, J., and Miller, T.L., 2000, Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 347-366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. L.","contributorId":54557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022934,"text":"70022934 - 2000 - Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:36:00","indexId":"70022934","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites","docAbstract":"On December 3, 1999, the Mars Polar Lander and Mars Microprobes will land on the planet's south polar layered deposits near (76°S, 195°W) and conduct the first in situ studies of the planet's polar regions. The scientific goals of these missions address several poorly understood and globally significant issues, such as polar meteorology, the composition and volatile content of the layered deposits, the erosional state and mass balance of their surface, their possible relationship to climate cycles, and the nature of bright and dark aeolian material. Derived thermal inertias of the southern layered deposits are very low (50-100 J m-2 s-1/2 K-1), suggesting that the surface down to a depth of a few centimeters is generally fine grained or porous and free of an appreciable amount of rock or ice. The landing site region is smoother than typical cratered terrain on ∼1 km pixel-1 Viking Orbiter images but contains low-relief texture on ∼5 to 100 m pixel-1 Mariner 9 and Mars Global Surveyor images. The surface of the southern deposits is older than that of the northern deposits and appears to be modified by aeolian erosion or ablation of ground ice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001108","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Vasavada, A., Williams, J., Paige, D.A., Herkenhoff, K.E., Bridges, N.T., Greeley, R., Murray, B.C., Bass, D.S., and McBride, K.S., 2000, Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 105, no. E3, p. 6961-6969, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001108.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6961","endPage":"6969","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999je001108","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"105","issue":"E3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fb9e4b08c986b31e7cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vasavada, Ashwin R.","contributorId":84125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vasavada","given":"Ashwin R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Jean-Pierre","contributorId":90507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paige, David A.","contributorId":107891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paige","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bridges, Nathan T.","contributorId":45005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murray, Bruce C.","contributorId":61992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bass, Deborah S.","contributorId":36718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McBride, Karen S.","contributorId":9817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70022930,"text":"70022930 - 2000 - Late-Quaternary recharge determined from chloride in shallow groundwater in the central Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022930","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-Quaternary recharge determined from chloride in shallow groundwater in the central Great Plains","docAbstract":"An extensive suite of isotopic and geochemical tracers in groundwater has been used to provide hydrologic assessments of the hierarchy of flow systems in aquifers underlying the central Great Plains (southeastern Colorado and western Kansas) of the United States and to determine the late Pleistocene and Holocene paleotemperature and paleorecharge record. Hydrogeologic and geochemical tracer data permit classification of the samples into late Holocene, late Pleistocene-early Holocene, and much older Pleistocene groups. Paleorecharge rates calculated from the Cl concentration in the samples show that recharge rates were at least twice the late Holocene rate during late Pleistocene-early Holocene time, which is consistent with their relative depletion in 16O and D. Noble gas (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) temperature calculations confirm that these older samples represent a recharge environment approximately 5??C cooler than late Holocene values. These results are consistent with the global climate models that show a trend toward a warmer, more arid climate during the Holocene. (C) 2000 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2113","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Macfarlane, P.A., Clark, J., Davisson, M., Hudson, G., and Whittemore, D.O., 2000, Late-Quaternary recharge determined from chloride in shallow groundwater in the central Great Plains: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 2, p. 167-174, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2113.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479190,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b48q3wf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2113"},{"id":233898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4566e4b0c8380cd672ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, J.F.","contributorId":24124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davisson, M.L.","contributorId":62277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudson, G.B.","contributorId":28768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008262,"text":"1008262 - 2000 - Testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay estuary of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:40:15","indexId":"1008262","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay estuary of California","docAbstract":"Aquatic hazing devices recently have been developed as a possible means of deterring waterbirds from oil spills, thereby reducing casualties. However, the effectiveness of these devices has not been examined with rigorous statistical tests. We conducted a study in the San Francisco Bay estuary to develop a design for testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in open water. Transects marked with poles at 100-m inter- vals up to 800 m from the hazing device were established at two sites separated by three km in the north bay. Alter- nating two-day test and control periods were conducted at each site. Observers in over-water blinds counted the number, species and behavior (swimming, diving, or preening) of birds on transects each day. Aerial surveys of birds within four km of the device were conducted at the beginning of each test. For both aerial and ground surveys, a three-way mixed model analysis of variance test was used to examine trial, distance from the device, and treatment (device on or off) fixed effects, and site as a random effect on numbers of Greater and Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis and A. marila), Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata), and all other waterbirds. We could not detect a significant deter- rent effect of the hazing device in either aerial surveys of all ducks or scaup (all ducks, F,283 = 1.1; Scaup, F28,230 = 0.9, all n.s.; 3-factor ANOVA), or ground surveys for all ducks or scaup (all ducks, F28,23 = 1.0; scaup, F2s,230 = 0.9, all n.s.; 3-factor ANOVA). There was a significant trial-by-treatment interaction for Surf Scoters (F4,9 = 5.4, P = 0.02; 3-factor ANOVA), but Surf Scoter numbers fluctuated greatly among trials so the effect of the device on this species was not clear. Birds did not alter their behavior when the device was active. In general, although aquatic hazing devices have potential to reduce waterbird mortality in oil spills, the tested device was not effective as a deterrent for waterfowl in experimental trials on the estuary. Received 27 September 1999, accepted 3January 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","usgsCitation":"Whisson, D.A., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2000, Testing the effectiveness of an aquatic hazing device on waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay estuary of California: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 1, p. 56-63.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whisson, Desley A.","contributorId":23496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whisson","given":"Desley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010279,"text":"70010279 - 2000 - Use of isotopically labeled fertilizer to trace nitrogen fertilizer contributions to surface, soil, and ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:21","indexId":"70010279","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2257,"text":"Journal of Environmental Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of isotopically labeled fertilizer to trace nitrogen fertilizer contributions to surface, soil, and ground water","docAbstract":"The fate and transport of a single N fertilizer application through plants, soil, runoff, and the unsaturated and saturated zones was determined for four years at a field site under continuous corn (Zea mays L.) management. Claypan soils, which underlie the site, were hypothesized to restrict the movement of agrichemicals from the soil surface to ground water. However, N fertilizer moved rapidly through preferential flow paths in the soil and into the underlying glacial till aquifer. Most N transport occurred during the fall and winter when crops were not available to use excess N. Forty months after application, 33 percent of the fertilizer had been removed by grain harvests, 30 percent had been transpired to the atmosphere, and 33 percent had migrated to ground water. Although runoff volumes were 50 percent greater than infiltration, less than 2 percent of the fertilizer was lost to runoff. Small measured denitrification rates and large measured dissolved oxygen concentrations in ground water favor the long-term stability of NO3-1 in ground water. Successive fertilizer applications, in areas that lack the ability to moderate N concentrations through consumptive N reactions, risk the potential of N-saturated ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10583912","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D., Blevins, D.W., and Silva, S.R., 2000, Use of isotopically labeled fertilizer to trace nitrogen fertilizer contributions to surface, soil, and ground water: Journal of Environmental Hydrology, v. 8.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf32e4b08c986b3299f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkison, D.H.","contributorId":39800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blevins, D. W.","contributorId":75940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022154,"text":"70022154 - 2000 - Overview of Pacific Island carbonate beach systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022154","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of Pacific Island carbonate beach systems","docAbstract":"Beach systems in Pacific Islands are Holocene deposits of reef-dervied and terrigenous sediment. Thus, geologic setting is important in determining the success at which beach systems are established. Generally, older islands exhibit better beach system development. Although modern beach systems are composed of Holocene sediment, development of suitable accommodation space requires more geologic time.","largerWorkTitle":"Carbonate Beaches 2000","conferenceTitle":"Carbonate Beaches 2000","conferenceDate":"5 December 2000 through 8 December 2000","conferenceLocation":"Key Largo, FL","language":"English","isbn":"0784406405","usgsCitation":"Richmond, B.M., 2000, Overview of Pacific Island carbonate beach systems, in Carbonate Beaches 2000, Key Largo, FL, 5 December 2000 through 8 December 2000, p. 218-228.","startPage":"218","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a71e5e4b0c8380cd76808","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Magoon O TRobbins L LEwing LMagoon O TRobbins L LEwing L","contributorId":128363,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Magoon O TRobbins L LEwing LMagoon O TRobbins L LEwing L","id":536478,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, B. M.","contributorId":67902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008283,"text":"1008283 - 2000 - Preliminary observations of the behavior of male, flat-tailed horned lizards before and after an off-highway vehicle race in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-22T19:09:11.822012","indexId":"1008283","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary observations of the behavior of male, flat-tailed horned lizards before and after an off-highway vehicle race in California","docAbstract":"Animal movements are influenced by many factors, including he need for food and other resources necessary for survival; searching for mates or nest and brood sites; and response to stress, including escape from predators and environmental extremes. Although it is often difficult to determine the exact cause for particular movements by animals, movement, nonetheless, reflects an organism's response to its immediate and changing environment.
The flat-tailed horned lizard, Phrynosoma mcallii, is found in extreme southern California, southwestern Arizona, and northwestern Mexico. It was proposed for listing as a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act, but the proposal was withdrawn (USFWS3 1997). A variety of threats were identified in the listing proposal, including habitat destruction and direct mortality due to off-highway vehicle (OHV) activity. Large areas of habitat occupied by flat-tailed horned lizards are negatively impacted by OHV activity (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). In addition to direct impacts, OHV activity may modify the behavior and possibly, habitat use of this species (Wone and Beauchamp 1995, Beauchamp et al. 1998). In the paper we compare the rates of movement, activity areas, and mean vectors of movement of 3 radio-tagged, male, flat-tailed horned lizards before and after an OHV race.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Nicolai, N., and Lovich, J.E., 2000, Preliminary observations of the behavior of male, flat-tailed horned lizards before and after an off-highway vehicle race in California: California Fish and Game, v. 86, no. 3, p. 208-212.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6605a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicolai, N.C.","contributorId":94638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolai","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014984,"text":"1014984 - 2000 - Experimental infectious pancreatic necrosis infections: propagative or point-source epidemic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:38:44.026071","indexId":"1014984","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3117,"text":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental infectious pancreatic necrosis infections: propagative or point-source epidemic?","docAbstract":"Experimentally initiated epidemics of infectious pancreatic necrosis in rainbow-trout fry were analyzed using a modification of the standard mathematical model for a simple propagative epidemic. Contrary to expectations, the value of the transmission parameter (β) was inversely related to initial density of susceptible hosts. This anomaly can be explained if we assume that the experimental epidemics were point-source rather than propagative epidemics. The implications of this conclusion for modeling experimental and natural epidemics are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00176-8","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., Bebak, J., and McAllister, P.E., 2000, Experimental infectious pancreatic necrosis infections: propagative or point-source epidemic?: Preventive Veterinary Medicine, v. 47, no. 4, p. 221-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00176-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00176-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f922b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, G.","contributorId":52918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bebak, J.","contributorId":31704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bebak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}