The recent commercial availability of in-situ optical sensors, together with new techniques for data collection and analysis, provides the opportunity to monitor a wide range of water-quality constituents over time scales during which environmental conditions actually change. Traditional approaches for data collection (daily to monthly discrete samples) are often limited by high sample collection, processing, and analytical costs, difficult site access, and logistical challenges, particularly for long-term sampling at a large number of sites. Optical sensors that continuously measure constituents in the environment by absorbance or fluorescence properties (Figure 1) have had a long history of use in oceanography for measuring highly resolved concentrations and fluxes of organic matter, nutrients, and algal material. However, much of the work using commercially-available optical sensors in rivers and streams has taken place in only the last few years. Figure 1. [NOT SHOWN] Optical sensor technology is now sufficiently developed to warrant broader application for research and monitoring in coastal and freshwater systems, and the United States Geological Survey (a U.S. science agency) is now using these sensors in a variety of research and monitoring programs to better understand water quality in-situ and in real-time. Examples are numerous and range from the applications of nitrate sensors for calculating loads to estuaries susceptible to hypoxia (Pellerin et al., 2014) to the use of fluorometers to estimate methymercury fluxes (Bergamaschi et al., 2011) and disinfection byproduct formation (Carpenter et al., 2013). Transmitting these data in real-time provides information that can be used for early trend detection, help identify monitoring gaps critical for water management, and provide science-based decision support across a range of issues related to water quality, freshwater ecosystems, and human health. Despite the value of these sensors, collecting data that meet high-quality standards requires investment in and adherence to tested and established methods and protocols for sensor operation and data management (Pellerin et al., 2013). For example, optical sensor measurements can be strongly influenced by a variety of matrix effects, including water temperature, inner filtering from highly colored water, and scattering of light by suspended particles (Downing et al., 2012). Characterizing and correcting sensors for these effects – as well as the continued development of common methodologies and protocols for sensor use – will be critical to ensuring comparable measurements across sites and over time. In addition, collaborative efforts such as the Nutrient Sensor Challenge (www.nutrients-challenge.org) will continue to accelerate the development, production and use of affordable, reliable and accurate sensors for a range of environments. REFERENCES Bergamaschi .B.A., Fleck J.A., Downing B.D., Boss E., Pellerin B.A., Ganju N.K., Schoellhamer D.H., Byington A.A., Heim W.A., Stephenson M., Fujii R. (2011), Methyl mercury dynamics in a tidal wetland quantified using in situ optical measurements. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(4): 1355-1371. Carpenter K.D., Kraus T.E.C., Goldman J.H., Saraceno J., Downing B.D., Bergamaschi B.A., McGhee G., Triplett T. (2013), Sources and Characteristics of Organic Matter in the Clackamas River, Oregon, Related to the Formation of Disinfection By-products in Treated Drinking Water: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5001, 78 p. Downing .B.D., Pellerin B.A., Bergamaschi B.A., Saraceno J., Kraus T.E.K. (2012), Seeing the light: The effects of particles, temperature and inner filtering on in situ CDOM fluorescence in rivers and streams. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 10: 767-775. Pellerin B.A., Bergamaschi B.A., Downing B.D., Saraceno J., Garrett J.D., Olsen L.D. (2013), Optical Techniques for the Determination of Nitrate in En
","conferenceTitle":"The SMART water grid International conference","conferenceDate":"October 27-28, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Incheon, South Korea","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pellerin, B., 2015, Applications of optical sensors for high-frequency water-quality monitoring and research, The SMART water grid International conference, Incheon, South Korea, October 27-28, 2015, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068720","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307561,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.swgic.org/sub/information/schedule.htm"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5643233ce4b0aafbcd017fcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pellerin, Brian A. 0000-0003-3712-7884 bpeller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-7884","contributorId":147077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Brian","email":"bpeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159974,"text":"70159974 - 2015 - Large-scale range collapse of Hawaiian forest birds under climate change and the need 21st century conservation options","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:44:27","indexId":"70159974","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale range collapse of Hawaiian forest birds under climate change and the need 21st century conservation options","docAbstract":"Hawaiian forest birds serve as an ideal group to explore the extent of climate change impacts on at-risk species. Avian malaria constrains many remaining Hawaiian forest bird species to high elevations where temperatures are too cool for malaria's life cycle and its principal mosquito vector. The impact of climate change on Hawaiian forest birds has been a recent focus of Hawaiian conservation biology, and has centered on the links between climate and avian malaria. To elucidate the differential impacts of projected climate shifts on species with known varying niches, disease resistance and tolerance, we use a comprehensive database of species sightings, regional climate projections and ensemble distribution models to project distribution shifts for all Hawaiian forest bird species. We illustrate that, under a likely scenario of continued disease-driven distribution limitation, all 10 species with highly reliable models (mostly narrow-ranged, single-island endemics) are expected to lose >50% of their range by 2100. Of those, three are expected to lose all range and three others are expected to lose >90% of their range. Projected range loss was smaller for several of the more widespread species; however improved data and models are necessary to refine future projections. Like other at-risk species, Hawaiian forest birds have specific habitat requirements that limit the possibility of range expansion for most species, as projected expansion is frequently in areas where forest habitat is presently not available (such as recent lava flows). Given the large projected range losses for all species, protecting high elevation forest alone is not an adequate long-term strategy for many species under climate change. We describe the types of additional conservation actions practitioners will likely need to consider, while providing results to help with such considerations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0140389","usgsCitation":"Fortini, L.B., Vorsino, A.E., Amidon, F.A., Paxton, E., and Jacobi, J.D., 2015, Large-scale range collapse of Hawaiian forest birds under climate change and the need 21st century conservation options: PLoS ONE, v. 10, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140389.","productDescription":"HTML document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069585","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140389","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F79S1P2W","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Datasets and scripts for Hawaiian Forest Bird SDM analysis by Fortini et al 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A.","contributorId":107200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amidon","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paxton, Eben H. 0000-0001-5578-7689 epaxton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-7689","contributorId":438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"Eben H.","email":"epaxton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jacobi, James D. 0000-0003-2313-7862 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bomass with spatial variability of soil field capacity","docAbstract":"Spatial variability in field soil properties is a challenge for system modelers who use single representative values, such as means, for model inputs, rather than their distributions. In this study, the root zone water quality model (RZWQM2) was first calibrated for 4 yr of maize (Zea mays L.) data at six irrigation levels in northern Colorado and then used to study spatial variability of soil field capacity (FC) estimated in 96 plots on maize yield and biomass. The best results were obtained when the crop parameters were fitted along with FCs, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 354 kg ha–1 for yield and 1202 kg ha–1 for biomass. When running the model using each of the 96 sets of field-estimated FC values, instead of calibrating FCs, the average simulated yield and biomass from the 96 runs were close to measured values with a RMSE of 376 kg ha–1 for yield and 1504 kg ha–1 for biomass. When an average of the 96 FC values for each soil layer was used, simulated yield and biomass were also acceptable with a RMSE of 438 kg ha–1 for yield and 1627 kg ha–1 for biomass. Therefore, when there are large numbers of FC measurements, an average value might be sufficient for model inputs. However, when the ranges of FC measurements were known for each soil layer, a sampled distribution of FCs using the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) might be used for model inputs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/agronj2015.0206","usgsCitation":"Ma, L., Ahuja, L., Trout, T., Nolan, B.T., and Malone, R.W., 2015, Simulating maize yield and bomass with spatial variability of soil field capacity: Agronomy Journal, v. 108, no. 1, p. 171-184, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0206.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060069","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e492ae4b0e7a44bc41a6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, Liwang","contributorId":6751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Liwang","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ahuja, Lajpat","contributorId":100275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahuja","given":"Lajpat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trout, Thomas","contributorId":95785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trout","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nolan, Bernard T. 0000-0002-6945-9659 btnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-9659","contributorId":2190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Bernard","email":"btnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malone, Robert W.","contributorId":10347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malone","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70158608,"text":"ds964 - 2015 - Public-supply water use in Kansas, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-24T10:29:28","indexId":"ds964","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"964","title":"Public-supply water use in Kansas, 2013","docAbstract":"This report, prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Agriculture’s Division of Water Resources, presents derivative statistics of water used by Kansas public-supply systems in 2013. The published statistics from the previous 4 years (2009–12) are also shown with the 2013 statistics and are used to calculate a 5-year average. An overall Kansas average and regional averages also are calculated and presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds964","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Agriculture’s Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Lanning-Rush, J.L., and Eslick, P.J., 2015, Public-supply water use in Kansas, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data\nSeries 964, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds964.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 46 p.; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-067633","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0964/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310299,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0964/downloads/appendix2-non_primary_mun.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"33.8 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4821 Quail Crest Place
Lawrence, KS 66049
http://ks.water.usgs.gov
The Mariana Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami) is a highly endangered taxon, with fewer than 300 individuals estimated to occur in the wild. The subspecies is believed to have undergone population declines attributable to loss of wetland habitats on its native islands in the Mariana Islands. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (control region and ND2 genes) and nuclear microsatellite loci in Mariana Common Moorhens from Guam and Saipan, the two most distal islands inhabited by the subspecies. Our analyses revealed similar nuclear genetic diversity and effective population size estimates on Saipan and Guam. Birds from Guam and Saipan were genetically differentiated (microsatellites: FST = 0.152; control region: FST = 0.736; ND2: FST= 0.390); however, assignment tests revealed the presence of first-generation dispersers from Guam onto Saipan (1 of 27 sampled birds) and from Saipan onto Guam (2 of 28 sampled birds), suggesting the capability for long-distance interpopulation movements within the subspecies. The observed dispersal rate was consistent with long-term estimates of effective numbers of migrants per generation between islands, indicating that movement between islands has been an ongoing process in this system. Despite known population declines, bottleneck tests revealed no signature of historical bottleneck events, suggesting that the magnitude of past population declines may have been comparatively small relative to the severity of declines that can be detected using genetic data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/CONDOR-15-42.1","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.P., Mullins, T.D., Haig, S.M., Takano, L.L., and Garcia, K., 2015, Genetic structure, diversity, and interisland dispersal in the endangered Mariana Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami): The Condor, v. 117, no. 4, p. 660-669, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-15-42.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"660","endPage":"669","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064457","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-15-42.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9F6FFRD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Mariana common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami) blood and tissue sample collection data, 2000-2001"},{"id":310672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guam, Saipan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 145.80711364746094,\n 15.294782590260944\n ],\n [\n 145.70823669433594,\n 15.221914134418109\n ],\n [\n 145.67733764648438,\n 15.117204423332618\n ],\n [\n 145.74600219726562,\n 15.084720636278325\n ],\n [\n 145.80299377441406,\n 15.166252139299058\n ],\n [\n 145.83938598632812,\n 15.275574270229807\n ],\n [\n 145.80711364746094,\n 15.294782590260944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 144.84855651855466,\n 13.664002223865454\n ],\n [\n 144.788818359375,\n 13.523178603049868\n ],\n [\n 144.6954345703125,\n 13.481115555981754\n ],\n [\n 144.60548400878906,\n 13.452401604399896\n ],\n [\n 144.64393615722656,\n 13.400975000901058\n ],\n [\n 144.6233367919922,\n 13.341520159660119\n ],\n [\n 144.65904235839844,\n 13.257991471072014\n ],\n [\n 144.72564697265625,\n 13.239945499286312\n ],\n [\n 144.78057861328125,\n 13.294079395677374\n ],\n [\n 144.7949981689453,\n 13.40631853735722\n ],\n [\n 144.93301391601562,\n 13.518505297457194\n ],\n [\n 144.9721527099609,\n 13.610619236277133\n ],\n [\n 144.84855651855466,\n 13.664002223865454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563092bae4b093cee78203ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Mark P. 0000-0003-1045-1772 mpmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-1772","contributorId":1967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark","email":"mpmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullins, Thomas D. 0000-0001-8948-9604 tom_mullins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-9604","contributorId":3615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Thomas","email":"tom_mullins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takano, Leilani L.","contributorId":149450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takano","given":"Leilani","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garcia, Karla","contributorId":149451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Karla","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159385,"text":"70159385 - 2015 - Photosynthetic and growth response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) mature trees and seedlings to calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen additions in the Catskill Mountains, NY, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T11:52:47","indexId":"70159385","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photosynthetic and growth response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) mature trees and seedlings to calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen additions in the Catskill Mountains, NY, USA","docAbstract":"Decline of sugar maple in North American forests has been attributed to changes in soil calcium (Ca) and nitrogen (N) by acidic precipitation. Although N is an essential and usually a limiting factor in forests, atmospheric N deposition may cause N-saturation leading to loss of soil Ca. Such changes can affect carbon gain and growth of sugar maple trees and seedlings. We applied a 22 factorial arrangement of N and dolomitic limestone containing Ca and Magnesium (Mg) to 12 forest plots in the Catskill Mountain region of NY, USA. To quantify the short-term effects, we measured photosynthetic-light responses of sugar maple mature trees and seedlings two or three times during two summers. We estimated maximum net photosynthesis (An-max) and its related light intensity (PAR at An-max), apparent quantum efficiency (Aqe), and light compensation point (LCP). To quantify the long-term effects, we measured basal area of living mature trees before and 4 and 8 years after treatment applications. Soil and foliar chemistry variables were also measured. Dolomitic limestone increased Ca, Mg, and pH in the soil Oe horizon. Mg was increased in the B horizon when comparing the plots receiving N with those receiving CaMg. In mature trees, foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were higher in the CaMg and N+CaMg plots than in the reference or N plots; foliar Ca concentration was higher in the N+CaMg plots compared with the CaMg plots, foliar Mg was higher in the CaMg plots than the N+CaMg plots; An-max was maximized due to N+CaMg treatment; Aqe decreased by N addition; and PAR at An-max increased by N or CaMg treatments alone, but the increase was maximized by their combination. No treatment effect was detected on basal areas of living mature trees four or eight years after treatment applications. In seedlings, An-max was increased by N+CaMg addition. The reference plots had an open herbaceous layer, but the plots receiving N had a dense monoculture of common woodfern in the forest floor, which can impede seedling survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0136148","usgsCitation":"Momen, B., Behling, S.J., Lawrence, G.B., and Sullivan, J., 2015, Photosynthetic and growth response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) mature trees and seedlings to calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen additions in the Catskill Mountains, NY, USA: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 8, e0136148: 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136148.","productDescription":"e0136148: 14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063530","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136148","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310671,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Catskill Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n \n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.28190112113953,\n 41.588349439776536\n ],\n [\n -74.28190112113953,\n 41.59220106153868\n ],\n [\n -74.276043176651,\n 41.59220106153868\n ],\n [\n -74.276043176651,\n 41.588349439776536\n ],\n [\n -74.28190112113953,\n 41.588349439776536\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563092bce4b093cee78203ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Momen, Bahram","contributorId":149419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Momen","given":"Bahram","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17728,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology Dept, University of MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behling, Shawna J","contributorId":149420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behling","given":"Shawna","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":17729,"text":"Plant Science & Landscape Architecture Dept, University of MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, Joseph H","contributorId":149421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Joseph H","affiliations":[{"id":17730,"text":"Plant Science & Landscape Architesture Dept, University of MD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159386,"text":"70159386 - 2015 - Regional growth decline of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and its potential causes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T11:40:41","indexId":"70159386","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional growth decline of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and its potential causes","docAbstract":"Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) has experienced poor vigor, regeneration failure, and elevated mortality across much of its range, but there has been relatively little attention to its growth rates. Based on a well-replicated dendrochronological network of range-centered populations in the Adirondack Mountains (USA), which encompassed a wide gradient of soil fertility, we observed that the majority of sugar maple trees exhibited negative growth trends in the last several decades, regardless of age, diameter, or soil fertility. Such growth patterns were unexpected, given recent warming and increased moisture availability, as well as reduced acidic deposition, which should have favored growth. Mean basal area increment was greater on base-rich soils, but these stands also experienced sharp reductions in growth. Growth sensitivity of sugar maple to temperature and precipitation was non-stationary during the last century, with overall weaker relationships than expected. Given the favorable competitive status and age structure of the Adirondack sugar maple populations sampled, evidence of widespread growth reductions raises concern over this ecologically and economically important tree. Further study will be needed to establish whether growth declines of sugar maple are occurring more widely across its range.
A series of 10 digital flood-inundation maps were developed for a 3.3-mile reach of the North River in Colrain, Charlemont, and Shelburne, Massachusetts, by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The coverage of the maps extends from the confluence of the East and West Branch North Rivers to the Deerfield River. Peak-flow estimates at the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities were computed for the reach from updated flood-frequency analyses. These peak flows were routed through a one-dimensional step-backwater hydraulic model to obtain the corresponding peak water-surface elevations and to place the tropical storm Irene flood of August 28, 2011, into historical context. The hydraulic model was calibrated by using the current [2015] stage-discharge relation at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage North River at Shattuckville, MA (station number 01169000), and from documented high-water marks from the tropical storm Irene flood, which had a peak flow with approximately a 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability.
\nA hydraulic model was used to compute water-surface profiles for 10 flood stages referenced to the streamgage and ranging from 6.6 feet (ft; 464.5 ft North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [which is approximately bankfull]) to 18.3 ft (476.2 ft North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [which is the stage of the 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability peak flow and exceeds the maximum recorded water level at the streamgage and the National Weather Service major flood stage of 13.0 ft]. The mapped stages of 6.6 to 18.3 ft were selected to match the stages of flows for bankfull; the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities; and an incremental stage of 17.0 ft. The simulated water-surface profiles were combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) data with a 0.5-ft vertical accuracy to create a set of flood-inundation maps.
\nThe availability of the flood-inundation maps, combined with information regarding near-real-time stage from the U.S. Geological Survey North River at Shattuckville, MA streamgage can provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, and postflood recovery efforts. The flood-inundation maps are nonregulatory, but provide Federal, State, and local agencies and the public with estimates of the potential extent of flooding during selected peak-flow events. Introduction
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Bent, G.C., Lombard, P.J., and Dudley, R.W., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for the North River in Colrain, Charlemont, and Shelburne, Massachusetts, from the confluence of the East and West Branch North Rivers to the Deerfield River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5108, 16 p., appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155108.","productDescription":"Report: v, 15 p.; Appendixes: 1-2; Application site; Metadata; Spacial data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061968","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310349,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/sir20155108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5108"},{"id":310384,"rank":6,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/attachments/sir20155108_flood-inundation-gis.zip","text":"Flood Inundation - GIS","size":"4.64 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5108"},{"id":310385,"rank":7,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/attachments/sir20155108_flood-inundation-gis-metadata.xml","text":"Flood Inundation - GIS Metadata (xml)","size":"12.5 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5108"},{"id":310386,"rank":8,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://wimcloud.usgs.gov/apps/FIM/FloodInundationMapper.html","text":"Flood Inundation Mapper","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":310383,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/attachments/sir20155108_appendix2-shapefiles.zip","text":"Appendix 2 - Shapefiles","size":"31 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5108"},{"id":310382,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/attachments/sir20155108_appendix2-metadata.xml","text":"Appendix 2 - Metadata (xml)","size":"11.8 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5108"},{"id":310350,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/attachments/sir20155108_app1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"13.4 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5108"},{"id":310629,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5108/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Colrain, Charlemont, Shelburne, Shattuckville","otherGeospatial":"North River, Deerfield River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.0810546875,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -72.421875,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -72.421875,\n 42.70665956351041\n ],\n [\n -73.0810546875,\n 42.70665956351041\n ],\n [\n -73.0810546875,\n 42.285437007491545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov/
Coral reefs rival rainforest in biodiversity, but are declining in part because of disease. Tissue loss lesions, a manifestation of disease, are present in dominant Pocillopora along the Pacific coast of Mexico. We characterized tissue loss in 7 species of Pocillopora from 9 locations (44 sites) spanning southern to northern Mexico. Corals were identified to species, and tissue loss lesions were photographed and classified as those explainable by predation and those that were unexplained. A focal predation study was done concurrently at 3 locations to confirm origin of explained lesions. Of 1054 cases of tissue loss in 7 species of corals, 84% were associated with predation (fish, snails, or seastar) and the remainder were unexplained. Types of tissue loss were not related to coral density; however there was significant geographic heterogeneity in type of lesion; one site in particular (Cabo Pulmo) had the highest prevalence of predator-induced tissue loss (mainly pufferfish predation). Crown-of-thorns starfish, pufferfish, and snails were the most common predators and preferred P. verrucosa, P. meandrina, and P. capitata, respectively. Of the 9 locations, 4 had unexplained tissue loss with prevalence ranging from 1 to 3% with no species predilection. Unexplained tissue loss was similar to white syndrome (WS) in morphology, indicating additional study is necessary to clarify the cause(s) of the lesions and the potential impacts to dominant corals along the Pacific coast of Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao02914","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez-Villalobos, J.C., Work, T.M., Calderon-Aguilera, L.E., Reyes-Bonilla, H., and Hernandez, L., 2015, Explained and unexplained tissue loss in corals from the Tropical Eastern Pacific: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 116, p. 121-131, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02914.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066893","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02914","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","volume":"116","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563092b9e4b093cee78203c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez-Villalobos, Jenny Carolina","contributorId":149443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Villalobos","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"Carolina","affiliations":[{"id":17735,"text":"CICESE, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calderon-Aguilera, Luis Eduardo","contributorId":149444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calderon-Aguilera","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"Eduardo","affiliations":[{"id":17735,"text":"CICESE, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reyes-Bonilla, Hector","contributorId":149445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reyes-Bonilla","given":"Hector","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12968,"text":"Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hernandez, Luis","contributorId":149446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hernandez","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12968,"text":"Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159398,"text":"70159398 - 2015 - Rapid maturation of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving in Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-16T17:49:42","indexId":"70159398","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid maturation of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving in Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","docAbstract":"Physiological constraints dictate animals’ ability to exploit habitats. For marine mammals, it is important to quantify physiological limits that influence diving and their ability to alter foraging behaviors. We characterized age-specific dive limits of walruses by measuring anaerobic (acid-buffering capacity) and aerobic (myoglobin content) capacities of the muscles that power hind (longissimus dorsi) and fore (supraspinatus) flipper propulsion. Mean buffering capacities were similar across muscles and age classes (a fetus, five neonatal calves, a 3 month old and 20 adults), ranging from 41.31 to 54.14 slykes and 42.00 to 46.93 slykes in the longissimus and supraspinatus, respectively. Mean myoglobin in the fetus and neonatal calves fell within a narrow range (longissimus: 0.92–1.68 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass; supraspinatus: 0.88–1.64 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass). By 3 months post-partum, myoglobin in the longissimus increased by 79%, but levels in the supraspinatus remained unaltered. From 3 months post-partum to adulthood, myoglobin increased by an additional 26% in the longissimus and increased by 126% in the supraspinatus; myoglobin remained greater in the longissimus compared with the supraspinatus. Walruses are unique among marine mammals because they are born with a mature muscle acid-buffering capacity and attain mature myoglobin content early in life. Despite rapid physiological development, small body size limits the diving capacity of immature walruses and extreme sexual dimorphism reduces the diving capacity of adult females compared with adult males. Thus, free-ranging immature walruses likely exhibit the shortest foraging dives while adult males are capable of the longest foraging dives.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Company of Biologists","doi":"10.1242/jeb.125757","usgsCitation":"Norem, S.R., Jay, C.V., Burns, J.M., and Fischbach, A.S., 2015, Rapid maturation of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving in Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 218, p. 3319-3329, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.125757.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3319","endPage":"3329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064440","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"218","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563092bce4b093cee78203d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norem, Shawn R.","contributorId":149449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norem","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, Jennifer M.","contributorId":98569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burns","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156241,"text":"cir1415 - 2015 - The National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center and Department of the Interior Climate Science Centers annual report for 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T11:21:03","indexId":"cir1415","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1415","title":"The National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center and Department of the Interior Climate Science Centers annual report for 2014","docAbstract":"The National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center (NCCWSC) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) Climate Science Centers (CSCs) had another exciting year in 2014. The NCCWSC moved toward focusing their science funding on several high priority areas and, along with the CSCs, gained new agency partners; contributed to various workshops, meetings, publications, student activities, and Tribal/indigenous activities; increased outreach; and more.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1415","usgsCitation":"Varela Minder, Elda, and Padgett, Holly A. 2015, The National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center and Department of the Interior Climate Science Centers annual report for 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1415, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1415.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064590","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310576,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1415/circ1415.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIR 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U.S. Geological Survey
MS 516 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
https://nccwsc.usgs.gov/
Collecting physical bedload measurements is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor that rarely captures the spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport. Technological advances can improve monitoring of sediment transport by filling in temporal gaps between physical sampling periods. We have developed a low-cost hydrophone recording system designed to record the sediment-generated noise (SGN) resulting from collisions of coarse particles (generally larger than 4 mm) in gravel-bedded rivers. The sound level of the signal recorded by the hydrophone is assumed to be proportional to the magnitude of bedload transport as long as the acoustic frequency of the SGN is known, the grain-size distribution of the bedload is assumed constant, and the frequency band of the ambient noise is known and can be excluded from the analysis. Each system has two hydrophone heads and samples at half-hour intervals. Ten systems were deployed on the San Joaquin River, California, and its tributaries for ten months during water year 2014, and two systems were deployed during a flood event on the Gunnison River, Colorado in 2014. A mobile hydrophone system was also tested at both locations to collect longitudinal profiles of SGN. Physical samples of bedload were not collected in this study. In lieu of physical measurements, several audio recordings from each site were aurally reviewed to confirm the presence or absence of SGN, and hydraulic data were compared to historical measurements of bedload transport or transport capacity estimates to verify if hydraulic conditions during the study would likely produce bedload transport. At one site on the San Joaquin River, the threshold of movement was estimated to have occurred around 30 m 3 /s based on SGN data. During the Gunnison River flood event, continuous data showed clockwise hysteresis, indicating that bedload transport was generally less at any given streamflow discharge during the recession limb of the hydrograph. Spatial variability in transport was also detected in the longitudinal profiles audibly and using signal processing algorithms. These experiments demonstrate the ability of hydrophone technology to capture the temporal and spatial variability of sediment transport, which may be missed when samples are collected using conventional methods.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd Joint Federal Interagency Conference","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Marineau, M.D., Minear, J., and Wright, S., 2015, Using hydrophones as a surrogate monitoring technique to detect temporal and spatial variability in bedload transport, 3rd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Reno, NV, April 19-23, 2015, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-060794","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Gunnison River, San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.083333,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -120.083333,\n 36.683333\n ],\n [\n -119.683333,\n 36.683333\n ],\n [\n -119.683333,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -120.083333,\n 37.1\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.458333,\n 38.925\n ],\n [\n -108.25,\n 38.925\n ],\n [\n -108.25,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -108.458333,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -108.458333,\n 38.925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366daae4b0f6c2d0d7d62e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marineau, Mathieu D. 0000-0002-6568-0743 mmarineau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-0743","contributorId":4954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marineau","given":"Mathieu","email":"mmarineau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minear, J. Toby","contributorId":9938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J. Toby","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159382,"text":"cir1414 - 2015 - Biodiversity and Habitat Markets—Policy, Economic, and Ecological implications of Market-Based Conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-31T16:09:18","indexId":"cir1414","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-26T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","title":"Biodiversity and Habitat Markets—Policy, Economic, and Ecological implications of Market-Based Conservation","docAbstract":"This report is a primer on market-like and market-based mechanisms designed to conserve biodiversity and habitat. The types of markets and market-based approaches that were implemented or are emerging to benefit biodiversity and habitat in the United States are examined. The central approaches considered in this report include payments for ecosystem services, conservation banks, habitat exchanges, and eco-labels. Based on literature reviews and input from experts and practitioners, the report characterizes each market-based approach including policy context and structure; the theoretical basis for applying market-based approaches; the ecological effectiveness of practices and tools for measuring performance; and the future outlook for biodiversity and habitat markets. This report draws from previous research and serves as a summary of pertinent information associated with biodiversity and habitat markets while providing references to materials that go into greater detail on specific topics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1414","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Environmental Markets","usgsCitation":"Pindilli, Emily, and Casey, Frank, 2015, Biodiversity and habitat markets—Policy, economic, and ecological implications\nof market-based conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1414, 60 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1414.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065059","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310628,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1414/circ1414.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1414"},{"id":310627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1414/coverthb2.jpg"}],"contact":"Science and Decisions Center
U.S. Geological Survey
413 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://www.usgs.gov/sdc/
This map and cross sections are redrafted modified versions of the Geological map of the Kundelan ore deposit area, scale 1:10,000 (graphical supplement no. 18) and the Geological map of the Kundelan deposits, scale 1:2,000 (graphical supplement no. 3) both contained in an unpublished Soviet report by Litvinenko and others (1971) (report no. 0540). The unpublished Soviet report was prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Royal Government of Afghanistan in Kabul during 1971. This redrafted map and cross sections illustrate the geology of the main Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit, located within the Kundelan copper and gold area of interest (AOI), Zabul Province, Afghanistan. Areas of interest (AOIs) of non-fuel mineral resources within Afghanistan were first described and defined by Peters and others (2007) and later by the work of Peters and others (2011a). The location of the main Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit (area of this map) and the Kundelan copper and gold AOI is shown on the index map provided on this map sheet.
\nThe estimated resources of the Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit are 21,400 metric tons (t) of copper, 1.6 t of gold, and 133.4 t of molybdenum at an average grade of 1.21 weight percent (wt. %) copper (ranging from 0.66 to 4.03 wt. % copper); 0.9 grams per metric ton (g/t) gold (ranging from 0.3 to 3.1 g/t gold); 0.14 wt. % molybdenum; and as much as 10 g/t silver and 0.03 wt. % bismuth (Peters and others, 2011b).
\nSmall past production of gold and base metals is also reported by Douvgal and others (1971) from many prospects within the Kundelan copper and gold AOI. Outside the skarn areas, argillic hydrothermal alteration is present (Abdullah and others, 1977). Most copper and gold prospects in the Kundelan copper and gold AOI are reported to contain commercial-grade ores of copper and (or) gold, and many prospect areas have potential for these commodities to be discovered in commercial volumes. Future initial mine exploration and later development in many of the prospects, and specifically in the Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit, could result in near-term small- to medium-sized gold mining operations (Peters and others, 2011b).
\nThe redrafted map and cross sections reproduce the topology of rock units, contacts, faults, and so forth, of the original Soviet map and cross sections, and they include modifications based on our examination of these documents and our observations made during a brief field visit in August of 2010. We have attempted to translate the original Russian terminology and rock classifications into modern English geologic usage as literally as possible without changing any genetic or process-oriented implications in the original descriptions. We also use the age designations from the original Soviet maps, except for the phase I and II intrusive igneous rocks. Phase I and II igneous rocks are reassigned an Early Cretaceous age (from lower Paleogene) based on a uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon SHRIMP analysis from quartz diorite, which yielded an age of 104±1 Ma (mega-annum). The information provided in the description of map units is from both the source report by Litvinenko and others (1971) and the original 1:10,000 scale map (graphical supplement no. 18), also from Litvinenko and others (1971). Because of the poor quality of the original map, some map features could not be identified and some features may be misinterpreted. The rock unit colors used on the redrafted maps and cross sections differ from the colors shown on the original Soviet version. Colors were selected according to the color and pattern scheme of the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) at http://www.ccgm.org.
\nElevations on the cross sections are derived from the original Soviet topography and may not match the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) topography used on the redrafted map of this report. Most hydrography derived from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) has not been included on our redrafted version of the map because of a poor fit with alluvial deposits from the unmodified original Soviet map (graphical supplement no. 18; Litvinenko and others, 1971).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151198","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Afghan Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense","usgsCitation":"Tucker, R.D., Peters, S.G., Stettner, W.R., Masonic, L.M., and Moran, T.W., comps., 2015, Geologic map of Kundelan ore deposits and prospects, Zabul Province, Afghanistan; Modified from the 1971 original map compilations of K.I. Litvinenko and others: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1198, 1 sheet, scale 1:10,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151198.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059646","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1198/ofr20151198.pdf","text":"Report","size":"75.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1198"},{"id":310463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1198/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Afghanistan","state":"Zabul Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 66.884765625,\n 31.59725256170666\n ],\n [\n 69.3896484375,\n 31.59725256170666\n ],\n [\n 69.3896484375,\n 33.32134852669881\n ],\n [\n 66.884765625,\n 33.32134852669881\n ],\n [\n 66.884765625,\n 31.59725256170666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Office of International Programs
U.S. Geological Survey
917 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://international.usgs.gov/index.htm
We report chemical data for selected shallow wells and coastal springs that were sampled in 2014 to determine whether geothermal power production in the Puna area over the past two decades has affected the characteristics of regional groundwater. The samples were analyzed for major and minor chemical species, trace metals of environmental concern, stable isotopes of water, and two organic compounds (pentane and isopropanol) that are injected into the deep geothermal reservoir at the power plant. Isopropanol was not detected in any of the groundwaters; confirmed detection of pentane was restricted to one monitoring well near the power plant at a low concentration not indicative of source. Thus, neither organic compound linked geothermal operations to groundwater contamination, though chemical stability and transport velocity questions exist for both tracers. Based on our chemical analysis of geothermal fluid at the power plant and on many similar results from commercially analyzed samples, we could not show that geothermal constituents in the groundwaters we sampled came from the commercially developed reservoir. Our data are consistent with a long-held view that heat moves by conduction from the geothermal reservoir into shallow groundwaters through a zone of low permeability rock that blocks passage of geothermal water. The data do not rule out all impacts of geothermal production on groundwater. Removal of heat during production, for example, may be responsible for minor changes that have occurred in some groundwater over time, such as the decline in temperature of one monitoring well near the power plant. Such indirect impacts are much harder to assess, but point out the need for an ongoing groundwater monitoring program that should include the coastal springs down-gradient from the power plant.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155139","usgsCitation":"Evans, W., Bergfeld, D., Sutton, A., Lee, R., and Lorenson, T., 2015, Groundwater chemistry in the vicinity of the Puna Geothermal Venture Power Plant, Hawai‘i, after two decades of production: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5139, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155139.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2014-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-068405","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5139/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310659,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5139/sir20155139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5139"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.98310089111328,\n 19.34289288466279\n ],\n [\n -154.99408721923828,\n 19.51255069063782\n ],\n [\n -154.918212890625,\n 19.581463883128308\n ],\n [\n -154.8028564453125,\n 19.52484721904625\n ],\n [\n -154.81761932373047,\n 19.47533181665073\n ],\n [\n -154.98310089111328,\n 19.34289288466279\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"NRP staff, National Research Program
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http://water.usgs.gov/nrp
Coastal communities are uniquely vulnerable to sea-level rise (SLR) and severe storms such as hurricanes. These events enhance the dispersion and concentration of natural and anthropogenic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms that could adversely affect the health and resilience of coastal communities and ecosystems in coming years. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a strategy to define baseline and post-event sediment-bound environmental health (EH) stressors (hereafter referred to as the Sediment-Bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response [SCoRR] strategy). A tiered, multimetric approach will be used to (1) identify and map contaminant sources and potential exposure pathways for human and ecological receptors, (2) define the baseline mixtures of EH stressors present in sediments and correlations of relevance, (3) document post-event changes in EH stressors present in sediments, and (4) establish and apply metrics to quantify changes in coastal resilience associated with sediment-bound contaminants. Integration of this information provides a means to improve assessment of the baseline status of a complex system and the significance of changes in contaminant hazards due to storm-induced (episodic) and SLR (incremental) disturbances. This report describes the purpose and design of the SCoRR strategy and the methods used to construct a decision support tool to identify candidate sampling stations vulnerable to contaminants that may be mobilized by coastal storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151188A","collaboration":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.J., Jones, D.K., Focazio, M.J., Aquino, K.C., Carbo, C.L., Kaufhold, E.E., Zinecker, E.K., Benzel, W.M., Fisher, S.C., Griffin, D.W., Iwanowicz, L.R., Loftin, K.A. and Schill, W.B., 2015, Strategy to evaluate persistent contaminant hazards resulting from sea-level rise and storm-derived disturbances—Study design and methodology for station prioritization: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1188A, 20 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151188A.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 20 p.; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066315","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438671,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7F47MBM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Matrix inhibition PCR and Microtox 81.9% screening assay analytical results for samples collected for the Sediment-Bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response Strategy pilot study, northeastern United States, 2015"},{"id":312421,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151188B","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1188B","linkHelpText":"Standard Operating Procedures for Collection of Soil and Sediment Samples for the Sediment-bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) Strategy Pilot Study"},{"id":310598,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1188/A/ofr2015-1188a_appendixa-ntasdatabase.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"223 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1188 A","linkHelpText":"National Target Analyte Strategy (NTAS) Constituent 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Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
http://www.usgs.gov/envirohealth/
A series of maps that describe the distribution and texture of sea-floor sediments and physiographic zones of Massachusetts State waters from Nahant to Salisbury, Massachusetts, including western Massachusetts Bay, have been produced by using high-resolution geophysical data (interferometric and multibeam swath bathymetry, lidar bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection profiles), sediment samples, and bottom photographs. These interpretations are intended to aid statewide efforts to inventory and manage coastal and marine resources, link with existing data interpretations, and provide information for research focused on coastal evolution and environmental change. Marine geologic mapping of the inner continental shelf of Massachusetts is a statewide cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management","usgsCitation":"Pendleton, E.A., Barnhardt, W.A., Baldwin, W.E., Foster, D.S., Schwab, W.C., Andrews, B.D., and Ackerman, S.D., 2015, Sea-floor texture and physiographic zones of the inner continental shelf from Salisbury to Nahant, Massachusetts, including the Merrimack Embayment and Western Massachusetts Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1153, 36 p., 1 appendix, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151153.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.; HTML Documet","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057824","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309391,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1153/index.html","text":"Report HTML","description":"OFR 2015-1153"},{"id":308684,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1153/ofr20151153.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1153"},{"id":308683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1153/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Nahant, Salisbury","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay, Merrimack Embayment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.95794677734374,\n 42.407234661551875\n ],\n [\n -70.95794677734374,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -70.56106567382812,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -70.56106567382812,\n 42.407234661551875\n ],\n [\n -70.95794677734374,\n 42.407234661551875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 0254
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/
Chambers Lake is a manmade reservoir on Birch Run, a tributary to West Branch Brandywine Creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The lake was created in 1994 after the completion of Multi-Purpose Dam PA-436F (Hibernia Dam), which was built under the Watershed Protection & Flood Control Prevention Act (U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1991). Hibernia dam is 1,700 feet upstream from the confluence of Birch Run with West Branch Brandywine Creek. The primary objectives for Hibernia Dam were to provide (1) flood control, (2) a supplemental source of water supply for the greater City of Coatesville public water system, and (3) recreational opportunities. The drainage basin of Chambers Lake encompasses approximately 4.5 square miles, and the lake covers a surface area of about 95 acres at normal pool, which is at an elevation of 579.2 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) [580.0 feet above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29)]. The crest of the auxiliary spillway of the dam is 586.6 feet above NAVD 88. The elevation of the auxiliary spillway is important to this investigation because this elevation defines the flood storage capacity of Chambers Lake. Water levels exceeding this elevation are routed through the auxiliary spillway and flow through adjoining woodland to Birch Run.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Chester County Water Resources Authority (CCWRA) and the County of Chester, surveyed the bathymetry and selected above-water features of Chambers Lake in September 2014. The purpose of the survey was to develop an accurate representation of the surface of the bottom of Chambers Lake and to determine the stage area and reservoir-storage capacity relation as of September 2014. CCWRA is responsible for operation of the dam and water-supply reservoir. Since construction, CCWRA has used a stage–storage capacity relation developed from the original survey conducted in the 1990s to estimate the volume of water available for water supply and the available flood storage. The bathymetric mapping effort was initiated due to interest in potential changes in current (2014) storage capacity when compared to the stage–storage capacity relation developed during design. The generated bathymetric surface may serve as a baseline to which temporal changes in storage capacity, owing to sedimentation and other factors, can be compared. In addition, these data will improve the overall accuracy of the stage–storage capacity table that CCWRA uses for reservoir and flood management operations.
\nThis report describes the methods used to create a bathymetric map of Chambers Lake for the computation of reservoir storage capacity as of September 2014. The product is a bathymetric map and a table showing the storage capacity of the reservoir at 2-foot increments from minimum usable elevation up to full capacity at the crest of the auxiliary spillway.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3346","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Gyves, M.C., 2015, Bathymetry and capacity of Chambers Lake, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3346, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3346.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 38 x 36 inches ; Spatial Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-062894","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3346/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310604,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3346/sim3346_spatial_data.zip","text":"Spatial Data","size":"13.1 MB","description":"SIM 3346"},{"id":310603,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3346/sim3346.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3346"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"Chambers Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.86523056030273,\n 40.02781160777367\n ],\n [\n -75.86523056030273,\n 40.03622367578228\n ],\n [\n -75.84815025329588,\n 40.03622367578228\n ],\n [\n -75.84815025329588,\n 40.02781160777367\n ],\n [\n -75.86523056030273,\n 40.02781160777367\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
http://pa.water.usgs.gov/
Sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the United States currently occur on only about one-half of their historical land area because of changes in land use, urban growth, and degradation of land, including invasions of non-native plants. The existence of many animal species depends on the existence of sagebrush steppe habitat. The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a landscape-dependent bird that requires intact habitat and combinations of sagebrush and perennial grasses to exist. In addition, other sagebrush-obligate animals also have similar requirements and restoration of landscapes for greater sage-grouse also will benefit these animals. Once sagebrush lands are degraded, they may require restoration actions to make those lands viable habitat for supporting sagebrushobligate animals. This restoration handbook is the first in a three-part series on restoration of sagebrush ecosystems. In Part 1, we discuss concepts surrounding landscape and restoration ecology of sagebrush ecosystems and greater sage-grouse that habitat managers and restoration practitioners need to know to make informed decisions regarding where and how to restore specific areas. We will describe the plant dynamics of sagebrush steppe ecosystems and their responses to major disturbances, fire, and defoliation. We will introduce the concepts of ecosystem resilience to disturbances and resistance to invasions of annual grasses within sagebrush steppe. An introduction to soils and ecological site information will provide insights into the specific plants that can be restored in a location. Soil temperature and moisture regimes are described as a tool for determining resilience and resistance and the potential for various restoration actions. Greater sage-grouse are considered landscape birds that require large areas of intact sagebrush steppe; therefore, we describe concepts of landscape ecology that aid our decisions regarding habitat restoration. We provide a brief overview of restoration techniques for sage-grouse habitat restoration. We conclude with a description of the critical nature of monitoring for adaptive management of sagebrush steppe restoration at landscape- and project-specific levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1416","isbn":"9781411339682","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Joint Fire Science Program and National Interagency Fire Center, Bureau of Land Management, Great Northern Landscape Conservation, and Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","usgsCitation":"Pyke, D.A., Chambers, J.C., Pellant, M., Knick, S.T., Miller, R,F., Beck, J.L., Doescher, P.S., Schupp, E.W., Roundy,\nB.A., Brunson, M., and McIver, J.D., 2015, Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems with emphasis on\ngreater sage-grouse habitat—Part 1. Concepts for understanding and applying restoration: U.S. Geological Survey\nCircular 1416, 44 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1416.","productDescription":"vii, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061315","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337388,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1426","text":"Circular 1426 –","linkHelpText":"Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems with emphasis on greater sage-grouse habitat—Part 3. Site level restoration decisions"},{"id":310607,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1416/cir1416.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1416 PDF"},{"id":310606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1416/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":337387,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1418","text":"Circular 1418 –","linkHelpText":"Restoration handbook for sagebrush steppe ecosystems with emphasis on greater sage-grouse habitat—Part 2. Landscape level restoration decisions"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau, Columbia Basin, Great Basin, Silver Sagebrush, Snake River Plain, Wyoming Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.720703125,\n 49.55372551347579\n ],\n [\n -104.32617187499999,\n 47.98992166741417\n ],\n [\n -104.19433593749999,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -103.798828125,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -103.623046875,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -103.9306640625,\n 43.992814500489914\n ],\n [\n -104.4580078125,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 36.87962060502676\n ],\n [\n -106.6552734375,\n 36.31512514748051\n ],\n [\n -108.67675781249999,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -110.5224609375,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -113.203125,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -115.26855468749999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -119.61914062499999,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 47.78363463526376\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -118.6083984375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -115.04882812499999,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 46.22545288226939\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -112.587890625,\n 49.35375571830993\n ],\n [\n -110.7861328125,\n 49.724479188713005\n ],\n [\n -109.51171875,\n 49.75287993415023\n ],\n [\n -108.720703125,\n 49.55372551347579\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
777 NW 9th St., Suite 400
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
http://fresc.usgs.gov
Slow slip events (SSEs) are observed worldwide and often coincide with tectonic tremor. Notable examples of SSEs lacking observed tectonic tremor, however, occur beneath Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, the Boso Peninsula, Japan, near San Juan Bautista on the San Andreas Fault, California, and recently in Central Ecuador. These SSEs are similar to other worldwide SSEs in many ways (e.g., size or duration), but lack the concurrent tectonic tremor observed elsewhere; instead, they trigger swarms of regular earthquakes. We investigate the physical conditions that may distinguish these non-tremor-genic SSEs from those associated with tectonic tremor, including slip velocity, pressure, temperature, fluids, and fault asperities, although we cannot eliminate the possibility that tectonic tremor may be obscured in highly attenuating regions. Slip velocities of SSEs at Kīlauea Volcano (∼10−6 m/s) and Boso Peninsula (∼10−7 m/s) are among the fastest SSEs worldwide. Kīlauea Volcano, the Boso Peninsula, and Central Ecuador are also among the shallowest SSEs worldwide, and thus have lower confining pressures and cooler temperatures in their respective slow slip zones. Fluids also likely contribute to tremor generation, and no corresponding zone of high vp/vs has been noted at Kīlauea or Boso. We suggest that the relatively faster slip velocities at Kīlauea Volcano and the Boso Peninsula result from specific physical conditions that may also be responsible for triggering swarms of regular earthquakes adjacent to the slow slip, while different conditions produce slower SSE velocities elsewhere and trigger tectonic tremor.
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(SDM) are used to help understand what drives the distribution of various plant and animal species. These models are typically high dimensional scalar functions, where the dimensions of the domain correspond to predictor variables of the model algorithm. Understanding and exploring the differences between models help ecologists understand areas where their data or understanding of the system is incomplete and will help guide further investigation in these regions. These differences can also indicate an important source of model to model uncertainty. However, it is cumbersome and often impractical to perform this analysis using existing tools, which allows for manual exploration of the models usually as 1-dimensional curves. In this paper, we propose a topology-based framework to help ecologists explore the differences in various SDMs directly in the high dimensional domain. In order to accomplish this, we introduce the concept of maximum topology matching that computes a locality-aware correspondence between similar extrema of two scalar functions. The matching is then used to compute the similarity between two functions. We also design a visualization interface that allows ecologists to explore SDMs using their topological features and to study the differences between pairs of models found using maximum topological matching. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework through several use cases using different data sets and report the feedback obtained from ecologists.
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Combined analysis of the spatial distribution of earthquakes and regional moment tensor focal mechanisms indicate reactivation of a subsurface unnamed and unmapped left-lateral strike-slip fault. Coulomb failure stress change calculations using the relocated seismicity and slip distribution determined from regional moment tensors, allow for the possibility that the Wilzetta-Whitetail fault zone south of Cushing, Oklahoma, could produce a large, damaging earthquake comparable to the 2011 Prague event. Resultant very strong shaking levels (MMI VII) in the epicentral region present the possibility of this potential earthquake causing moderate to heavy damage to national strategic infrastructure and local communities.
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They provide sand for beaches through the natural process of erosion, support tourism and recreational industries, and provide essential habitat for fisheries. The continuing global degradation of coral reef ecosystems is well documented. There is a need for focused, coordinated science to understand the complex physical and biological processes and interactions that are impacting the condition of coral reefs and their ability to respond to a changing environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153073","usgsCitation":"Kuffner, I.B., Yates, K.K., Zawada, D.G., Richey, J.N., Kellogg, C.A., and Toth, L.T., 2015, USGS research on Atlantic coral reef ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3073, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153073.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069803","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3073/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310584,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153074","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3074 (Spanish)","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3073"},{"id":310569,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3073/fs20153073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3073"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 24.73685348477069\n ],\n [\n -82.2381591796875,\n 24.569606275190566\n ],\n [\n -81.83441162109374,\n 24.44464923209822\n ],\n [\n -80.78247070312499,\n 24.711905448466087\n ],\n [\n -80.35125732421875,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -80.06011962890625,\n 25.485430526043555\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 25.51765742999406\n ],\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
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600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
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Los arrecifes de coral son estructuras sólidas, biomineralizadas que protegen comunidades costeras actuando como barreras protectoras de peligros tales como los huracanes y los tsunamis. Estos proveen arena a las playas a través de procesos naturales de erosión, fomentan la industria del turismo, las actividades recreacionales y proveen hábitats pesqueros esenciales. La conti-nua degradación mundial de ecosistemas de arrecifes de coral está bien documentada. Existe la necesidad de enfoque y organización de la ciencia para entender los procesos complejos físicos y biológicos e interacciones que están afectando el estado de los arrecifes coralinos y su capacidad para responder a un entorno cambiante.
","language":"Spanish","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153074","usgsCitation":"Kuffner, I.B., Yates, K.K., Zawada, D.G., Richey, J.N., Kellogg, C.A., Toth, L.T., and Torres-Garcia, L., 2015, Investigación del USGS sobre el ecosistema de arrecifes de coral en el Atlántico: Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos Hoja de Información 2015-3074, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153074.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069804","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310582,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153073","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3073 (English)","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3074"},{"id":310581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310568,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3074/fs20153074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3074"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 24.73685348477069\n ],\n [\n -82.2381591796875,\n 24.569606275190566\n ],\n [\n -81.83441162109374,\n 24.44464923209822\n ],\n [\n -80.78247070312499,\n 24.711905448466087\n ],\n [\n -80.35125732421875,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -80.06011962890625,\n 25.485430526043555\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 25.51765742999406\n ],\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
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http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Studies of active fault zones have flourished with the availability of high-resolution topographic data, particularly where airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) and structure from motion (SfM) data sets provide a means to remotely analyze submeter-scale fault geomorphology. To determine surface offset at a point along a strike-slip earthquake rupture, geomorphic features (e.g., stream channels) are measured days to centuries after the event. Analysis of these and cumulatively offset features produces offset distributions for successive earthquakes that are used to understand earthquake rupture behavior. As researchers expand studies to more varied terrain types, climates, and vegetation regimes, there is an increasing need to standardize and uniformly validate measurements of tectonically displaced geomorphic features. A recently compiled catalog of nearly 5000 earthquake offsets across a range of measurement and reporting styles provides insight into quality rating and uncertainty trends from which we formulate best-practice and reporting recommendations for remote studies. In addition, a series of public and beginner-level studies validate the remote methodology for a number of tools and emphasize considerations to enhance measurement accuracy and precision for beginners and professionals. Our investigation revealed that (1) standardizing remote measurement methods and reporting quality rating schemes is essential for the utility and repeatability of fault-offset measurements; (2) measurement discrepancies often involve misinterpretation of the offset geomorphic feature and are a function of the investigator’s experience; (3) comparison of measurements made by a single investigator in different climatic regions reveals systematic differences in measurement uncertainties attributable to variation in feature preservation; (4) measuring more components of a displaced geomorphic landform produces more consistently repeatable estimates of offset; and (5) inadequate understanding of pre-event morphology and post-event modifications represents a greater epistemic limitation than the aleatoric limitations of the measurement process.
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