{"pageNumber":"1209","pageRowStart":"30200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70022714,"text":"70022714 - 2000 - Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:46:41","indexId":"70022714","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons displays evidence of annual supply limitation with respect to sand both prior to [</span><i>Topping et al</i><span>, this issue] and after the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963. Systematic changes in bed elevation and systematic coupled changes in suspended‐sand concentration and grain size result from this supply limitation. During floods, sand supply limitation either causes or modifies a lag between the time of maximum discharge and the time of either maximum or minimum (depending on reach geometry) bed elevation. If, at a cross section where the bed aggrades with increasing flow, the maximum bed elevation is observed to lead the peak or the receding limb of a flood, then this observed response of the bed is due to sand supply limitation. Sand supply limitation also leads to the systematic evolution of sand grain size (both on the bed and in suspension) in the Colorado River. Sand input during a tributary flood travels down the Colorado River as an elongating sediment wave, with the finest sizes (because of their lower settling velocities) traveling the fastest. As the fine front of a sediment wave arrives at a given location, the bed fines and suspended‐sand concentrations increase in response to the enhanced upstream supply of finer sand. Then, as the front of the sediment wave passes that location, the bed is winnowed and suspended‐sand concentrations decrease in response to the depletion of the upstream supply of finer sand. The grain‐size effects of depletion of the upstream sand supply are most obvious during periods of higher dam releases (e.g., the 1996 flood experiment and the 1997 test flow). Because of substantial changes in the grain‐size distribution of the bed, stable relationships between the discharge of water and sand‐transport rates (i.e., stable sand rating curves) are precluded. Sand budgets in a supply‐limited river like the Colorado River can only be constructed through inclusion of the physical processes that couple changes in bed‐sediment grain size to changes in sand‐transport rates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900286","usgsCitation":"Topping, D.J., Rubin, D.M., Nelson, J.M., Kinzel, P.J., and Corson, I.C., 2000, Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 543-570, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900286.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"570","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900286","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7c1e4b0c8380cd4ccb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kinzel, Paul J. III 0000-0002-6076-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-9730","contributorId":100586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzel","given":"Paul","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Corson, Ingrid C.","contributorId":124571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corson","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1000897,"text":"1000897 - 2000 - A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-28T13:41:59","indexId":"1000897","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models","docAbstract":"A new approach was used to evaluate the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>).  Lake trout in laboratory tanks were fed alewife (<i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i>) and rainbow smelt (<i>Osmerus mordax</i>), prey typical of lake trout in Lake Michigan.  Food consumption and growth by lake trout during the experiment were measured.  Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations of the alewife and rainbow smelt, as well as of the lake trout at the beginning and end of the experiment, were determined.  From these data, we calculated that lake trout retained 81% of the PCBs contained within their food.  In an earlier study, application of the Wisconsin lake trout bioenergetics model to growth and diet data for lake trout in Lake Michigan, in conjunction with PCB data for lake trout and prey fish from Lake Michigan, yielded an estimate of PCB assimilation efficiency from food of 81%.  This close agreement in the estimates of efficiency with which lake trout retain PCBs from their food indicated that the bioenergetics model was furnishing accurate predictions of food consumption by lake trout in Lake Michigan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1025","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., O’Connor, D.V., and Nortrup, D.A., 2000, A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 5, p. 1025-1032, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1025.","productDescription":"p. 1025-1032","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1032","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266625,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-57-5-1025"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abe6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Daniel V.","contributorId":73950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nortrup, David A.","contributorId":34882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nortrup","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000882,"text":"1000882 - 2000 - FITPOP, a heuristic simulation model of population dynamics and genetics with special reference to fisheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:17:41","indexId":"1000882","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"FITPOP, a heuristic simulation model of population dynamics and genetics with special reference to fisheries","docAbstract":"<p>Although, perceiving genetic differences and their effects on fish population dynamics is difficult, simulation models offer a means to explore and illustrate these effects. I partitioned the intrinsic rate of increase parameter of a simple logistic-competition model into three components, allowing specification of effects of relative differences in fitness and mortality, as well as finite rate of increase. This model was placed into an interactive, stochastic environment to allow easy manipulation of model parameters (FITPOP). Simulation results illustrated the effects of subtle differences in genetic and population parameters on total population size, overall fitness, and sensitivity of the system to variability. Several consequences of mixing genetically distinct populations were illustrated. For example, behaviors such as depression of population size after initial introgression and extirpation of native stocks due to continuous stocking of genetically inferior fish were reproduced. It also was shown that carrying capacity relative to the amount of stocking had an important influence on population dynamics. Uncertainty associated with parameter estimates reduced confidence in model projections. The FITPOP model provided a simple tool to explore population dynamics, which may assist in formulating management strategies and identifying research needs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00205-7","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., 2000, FITPOP, a heuristic simulation model of population dynamics and genetics with special reference to fisheries: Ecological Modelling, v. 127, no. 1, p. 81-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00205-7.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa43b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr.","contributorId":56992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022893,"text":"70022893 - 2000 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022893","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1998","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 204 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1998. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., Bufe, C., and Zirbes, M., 2000, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1998: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 118, no. 3-4, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208216,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4"}],"volume":"118","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d41e4b0c8380cd7026f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbes, M.D.","contributorId":27620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbes","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022771,"text":"70022771 - 2000 - A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T16:26:35.337864","indexId":"70022771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","docAbstract":"Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation-runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation-runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically downscaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Wilby, R., and Leavesley, G., 2000, A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Nevada, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, Carson River, Cle Elum River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.874755859375,\n              37.21064411993447\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85690307617188,\n              37.200253129999126\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.83355712890625,\n              37.210097261395795\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85415649414062,\n              37.2456348218214\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84591674804688,\n              37.290442925478196\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80677795410156,\n              37.40725549559874\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84934997558594,\n              37.40998258803303\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.90290832519531,\n              37.27241360211579\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.874755859375,\n              37.21064411993447\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              47.455951443369926\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.05560302734376,\n              47.16170753357782\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.99517822265625,\n              47.2549998709802\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              47.3704545156932\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25885009765625,\n              47.42622912485741\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74224853515625,\n              47.48565697095909\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              47.455951443369926\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62738037109375,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62738037109375,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e359e4b0c8380cd45faf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022530,"text":"70022530 - 2000 - Adsorption and fractionation of a muck fulvic acid on kaolinite and goethite at pH 3.7,6, and 8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T17:58:56.0452","indexId":"70022530","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption and fractionation of a muck fulvic acid on kaolinite and goethite at pH 3.7,6, and 8","docAbstract":"<p>Molecular weight (MW) of humic materials is a key factor controlling proton and metal binding and organic pollutant partitioning. Several studies have suggested preferential<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>of higher MW, more aromatic moieties to mineral surfaces; quantification of such processes is fundamental to development of predictive models. We used high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) to quantify MW changes upon<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>of a muck fulvic acid (MFA) extracted from a peat deposit to kaolinite and goethite, at pH 3.7, 6, and 8 at 22 °C, I = 0.01 (NaCl), 24-h reaction time. MFA<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>affinity was greater for goethite than for kaolinite. At concentrations less than the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>maximum (A<sub>max</sub>) for both adsorbents, the weight-average MW (M<sub>w</sub>) of MFA remaining in solution decreased by as much as several hundred Daltons relative to control samples, indicating preferential<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>of the higher MW components. At concentrations more than A<sub>max</sub>, M<sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of MFA in solution did not change appreciably. Although total<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>decreased significantly as pH increased, fractionation as measured by change in M<sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>remained similar, perhaps indicating greater selectivity for higher MW components at higher pH.</p><p>Absorptivities at λ = 280 nm normalized to mg C L<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(ε) suggested preferential<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>of more aromatic moieties to kaolinite. ε could not be used for goethite-reacted samples because high Fe concentrations in the aqueous phase brought about by goethite dissolution interfered with the spectroscopic analysis. Preliminary kinetic experiments suggested that smaller molecules adsorbed first and were replaced by larger molecules whose<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ej-keyword\" data-value=\"adsorption\">adsorption</span><span>&nbsp;</span>was thermodynamically favored.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wolters Kluwer","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K., Maurice, P., Aiken, G., Cabaniss, S., Chin, Y., and Pullin, M., 2000, Adsorption and fractionation of a muck fulvic acid on kaolinite and goethite at pH 3.7,6, and 8: Soil Science, v. 165, no. 7, p. 545-559.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"559","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405086,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Abstract/2000/07000/ADSORPTION_AND_FRACTIONATION_OF_A_MUCK_FULVIC_ACID.3.aspx"}],"volume":"165","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fbe4b0c8380cd4777b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Namjesnik-Dejanovic, K.","contributorId":30389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Namjesnik-Dejanovic","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurice, P.A.","contributorId":48336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurice","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cabaniss, S.","contributorId":88906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabaniss","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chin, Y.-P.","contributorId":84911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pullin, M.J.","contributorId":93235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullin","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022547,"text":"70022547 - 2000 - Classification methods for monitoring Arctic sea ice using OKEAN passive/active two-channel microwave data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T16:00:41","indexId":"70022547","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification methods for monitoring Arctic sea ice using OKEAN passive/active two-channel microwave data","docAbstract":"This paper presents methods for classifying Arctic sea ice using both passive and active (2-channel) microwave imagery acquired by the Russian OKEAN 01 polar-orbiting satellite series. Methods and results are compared to sea ice classifications derived from nearly coincident Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image data of the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas. The Russian OKEAN 01 satellite data were collected over weekly intervals during October 1995 through December 1997. Methods are presented for calibrating, georeferencing and classifying the raw active radar and passive microwave OKEAN 01 data, and for correcting the OKEAN 01 microwave radiometer calibration wedge based on concurrent 37 GHz horizontal polarization SSM/I brightness temperature data. Sea ice type and ice concentration algorithms utilized OKEAN's two-channel radar and passive microwave data in a linear mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar backscatter, together with a priori knowledge about the scattering parameters and natural emissivities of basic sea ice types. OKEAN 01 data and algorithms tended to classify lower concentrations of young or first-year sea ice when concentrations were less than 60%, and to produce higher concentrations of multi-year sea ice when concentrations were greater than 40%, when compared to estimates produced from SSM/I data. Overall, total sea ice concentration maps derived independently from OKEAN 01, SSM/I, and AVHRR satellite imagery were all highly correlated, with uniform biases, and mean differences in total ice concentration of less than four percent (sd<15%).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00107-3","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G.I., and Douglas, D.C., 2000, Classification methods for monitoring Arctic sea ice using OKEAN passive/active two-channel microwave data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 73, no. 3, p. 307-322, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00107-3.","startPage":"307","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206669,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00107-3"},{"id":230506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f617e4b0c8380cd4c5b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, Gennady I.","contributorId":71471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belchansky","given":"Gennady","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022548,"text":"70022548 - 2000 - Habitat and landscape correlates of presence, density, and species richness of birds wintering in forest fragments in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-09T16:29:08.548372","indexId":"70022548","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat and landscape correlates of presence, density, and species richness of birds wintering in forest fragments in Ohio","docAbstract":"We investigated the distribution of wintering woodland bird species in 47 very small, isolated, woodland fragments (0.54-6.01 ha) within an agricultural landscape in north-central Ohio. Our objectives were to determine correlations between temporal, habitat, and landscape variables and avian presence, density, and species richness within the smallest woodlots occupied by such species. Our results suggest that even common species are sensitive to variation in habitat, landscape, and season. Woodlot area explained the most variation in presence, density, and species richness. Shrub cover was also an important predictor variable for presence of the smallest resident birds. Shrub cover might function as both a refuge from predators and as a windbreak, reducing thermal costs in a flat, open landscape. Landscape factors related to isolation and connectedness were also correlated with species presence and density. The species composition of the community changed through the winter, as did the density of individual species, suggesting that the winter season may play an important role in determining the distributions of bird populations across woodlots. The models presented here for Ohio birds in this specific landscape may have biological inference for other species in similar landscapes.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0388:HALCOP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Doherty, P.F., and Grubb, T.C., 2000, Habitat and landscape correlates of presence, density, and species richness of birds wintering in forest fragments in Ohio: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 112, no. 3, p. 388-394, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0388:HALCOP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"388","endPage":"394","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0388:halcop]2.0.co;2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Crawford County, Delaware County, Marion County, Morrow County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.8292,40.9967],[-82.8049,40.9968],[-82.7964,40.9963],[-82.73,40.996],[-82.7245,40.996],[-82.7245,40.982],[-82.7244,40.9647],[-82.7247,40.8749],[-82.7273,40.7112],[-82.6272,40.7095],[-82.6272,40.6873],[-82.6259,40.6664],[-82.6386,40.6664],[-82.6447,40.6664],[-82.6447,40.6632],[-82.6447,40.66],[-82.6447,40.6373],[-82.6247,40.6374],[-82.6252,40.6247],[-82.624,40.5866],[-82.6239,40.568],[-82.6239,40.5671],[-82.6233,40.5503],[-82.6433,40.5503],[-82.6432,40.5222],[-82.6341,40.5231],[-82.6329,40.5217],[-82.6465,40.3448],[-82.6899,40.347],[-82.6953,40.347],[-82.711,40.3479],[-82.7448,40.3497],[-82.7494,40.2916],[-82.7506,40.2771],[-82.754,40.2272],[-82.7621,40.1256],[-82.9383,40.1338],[-83.0677,40.1382],[-83.17,40.1427],[-83.1721,40.2438],[-83.248,40.2448],[-83.2481,40.3676],[-83.2501,40.3821],[-83.2483,40.4438],[-83.2484,40.5069],[-83.4188,40.5053],[-83.4148,40.5153],[-83.4169,40.5443],[-83.4177,40.5561],[-83.4185,40.5692],[-83.4201,40.6001],[-83.4203,40.6146],[-83.42,40.6436],[-83.42,40.6872],[-83.3812,40.6874],[-83.3133,40.6874],[-83.3048,40.687],[-83.305,40.702],[-83.2983,40.702],[-83.2468,40.7028],[-83.2262,40.7025],[-83.1928,40.7022],[-83.1686,40.7023],[-83.1619,40.7024],[-83.1595,40.7024],[-83.111,40.7031],[-83.1121,40.9721],[-83.1129,40.9934],[-83.0739,40.9936],[-83.0587,40.9941],[-83.0551,40.9941],[-83.035,40.9938],[-82.9187,40.9937],[-82.9011,40.9938],[-82.8603,40.9935],[-82.8536,40.9939],[-82.853,40.9971],[-82.842,40.9967],[-82.8347,40.9972],[-82.8292,40.9967]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Crawford\",\"state\":\"OH\"}}]}","volume":"112","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2ef2e4b0c8380cd5c969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doherty, Paul F. Jr.","contributorId":37636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubb, Thomas C. Jr.","contributorId":73774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022745,"text":"70022745 - 2000 - Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:04:17","indexId":"70022745","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>The &lsquo;Alala (<i>Corvus hawaiiensis</i>) is the most endangered corvid in the world, and intensive efforts are being made to reintroduce it to its former native range in Hawaii. We diagnosed <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in five free-ranging &lsquo;Alala. One &lsquo;Alala, recaptured from the wild because it was underweight and depressed, was treated with diclazuril (10 mg/kg) orally for 10 days. Antibodies were measured before and after treatment by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using whole <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites fixed in formalin and mercaptoethanol. The MAT titer decreased four-fold from an initial titer of 1:1,600 with remarkable improvement in physical condition. Lesions of toxoplasmosis also were seen in two partially scavenged carcasses and in a third fresh intact carcass. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> was confirmed immunohistochemically by using anti-<i>T. gondii</i> specific serum. The organism was also cultured by bioassay in mice from tissues of one of these birds and the brain of a fifth &lsquo;Alala that did not exhibit lesions. The life cycle of the parasite was experimentally completed in cats. This is the first record of toxoplasmosis in &lsquo;Alala, and the parasite appears to pose a significant threat and management challenge to reintroduction programs for &lsquo;Alala in Hawaii.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Massey, J.G., Rideout, B.A., Gardiner, C.H., Ledig, D.B., Kwok, O.C., and Dubey, J., 2000, Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","text":"Publisher Index 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 \"}}]}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f02e4b0c8380cd53703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massey, J. Gregory","contributorId":101054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rideout, Bruce A.","contributorId":90912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rideout","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardiner, Chris H.","contributorId":74920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardiner","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ledig, David B.","contributorId":27645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ledig","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kwok, O. C. H.","contributorId":83891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kwok","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dubey, J. P.","contributorId":80609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dubey","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022666,"text":"70022666 - 2000 - Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:37:21.477271","indexId":"70022666","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id15\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id16\"><p>We use two different methods to estimate the total amount of continental crust that was extracted by the end of the Archean and the Proterozoic. The first method uses the sum of the seismic thickness of the crust, the eroded thickness of the crust, and the trapped melt within the lithospheric root to estimate the total crustal volume. This summation method yields an average equivalent thickness of Archean crust of 49±6&nbsp;km and an average equivalent thickness of Proterozoic crust of 48± 9&nbsp;km. Between 7 and 9% of this crust never reached the surface, but remained within the continental root as congealed, iron-rich komatiitic melt. The second method uses experimental models of melting, mantle xenolith compositions, and corrected lithospheric thickness to estimate the amount of crust extracted through time. This melt column method reveals that the average equivalent thickness of Archean crust was 65±6&nbsp;km, and the average equivalent thickness of Early Proterozoic crust was 60±7&nbsp;km. It is likely that some of this crust remained trapped within the lithospheric root. The discrepancy between the two estimates is attributed to uncertainties in estimates of the amount of trapped, congealed melt, overall crustal erosion, and crustal recycling. Overall, we find that between 29 and 45% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Archean, most likely by 2.7&nbsp;Ga. Between 51 and 79% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Early Proterozoic, most likely by 1.8–2.0&nbsp;Ga. Our results are most consistent with geochemical models that call upon moderate amounts of recycling of early extracted continental crust coupled with continuing crustal growth (e.g. McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. Journal of Geology, 90, 347–361; Veizer, J., Jansen, S.L., 1985. Basement and sedimentary recycling — 2: time dimension to global tectonics. Journal of Geology 93(6), 625–643). Trapped, congealed, iron-rich melt within the lithospheric root may represent some of the iron that is ‘missing’ from the lower crust. The lower crust within Archean cratons may also have an unexpectedly low iron content because it was extracted from more primitive, undepleted mantle.</p></div></div></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Abbott, D., Sparks, D., Herzberg, C., Mooney, W.D., Nikishin, A., and Zhang, Y., 2000, Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer: Tectonophysics, v. 322, no. 1-2, p. 163-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"322","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91d7e4b0c8380cd804c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, D.","contributorId":96031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, D.","contributorId":68076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzberg, C.","contributorId":61990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzberg","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nikishin, A.","contributorId":98507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikishin","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022472,"text":"70022472 - 2000 - Ore-fluid evolution at the Getchell Carlin-type gold deposit, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T16:56:52.711292","indexId":"70022472","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1593,"text":"European Journal of Mineralogy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ore-fluid evolution at the Getchell Carlin-type gold deposit, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Minerals and fluid-inclusion populations were examined using petrography, microthermometry, quadrupole mass-spectrometer gas analyses and stable-isotope studies to characterize fluids responsible for gold mineralization at the Getchell Carlin-type gold deposit. The gold-ore assemblage at Getchell is superimposed on quartz-pyrite vein mineralization associated with a Late-Cretaceous granodiorite stock that intruded Lower-Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The ore assemblage, of mid-Tertiary age, consists of disseminated arsenian pyrite that contains submicrometer gold, jasperoid quartz, and later fluorite and orpiment that fill fractures and vugs. Late ore-stage realgar and calcite enclose ore-stage minerals.</p><p>Pre-ore quartz trapped fluids with a wide range of salinities (1 to 21 wt.% NaCl equivalent), gas compositions (H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>4</sub>), and temperatures (120 to &gt; 360°C). Oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope ratios indicate that pre-ore fluids likely had a magmatic source, and were associated with intrusion of the granodiorite stock and related dikes.</p><p>Ore-stage jasperoid contains moderate salinity, aqueous fluid inclusions trapped at 180 to 220°C. Ore fluids contain minor CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and trace H<sub>2</sub>S that allowed the fluid to react with limestone host rocks and transport gold, respectively. Aqueous inclusions in fluorite indicate that fluid temperatures declined to ∼ 175°C by the end of ore-stage mineralization. As the hydrothermal system collapsed, fluid temperatures declined to 155 to 115°C and realgar and calcite precipitated.</p><p>Inclusion fluids in ore-stage minerals have high δD<sub>H2O</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>H2O</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that indicate that the fluid had a deep source, and had a metamorphic or magmatic origin, or both. Late ore-stage fluids extend to lower δ<sub>H2O</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values, and have a wider range of δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>H2O</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values suggesting dilution by variably exchanged meteoric waters.</p><p>Results show that deeply sourced ore fluids rose along the Getchell fault system, where they dissolved carbonate wall rocks and deposited gold-enriched pyrite and jasperoid quartz. Gold and pyrite precipitated together as H<sub>2</sub>S in the ore fluids reacted with iron in the host rocks. As ore fluids mixed with local aquifer fluids, ore fluids became cooler and more dilute. Cooling caused precipitation of ore-stage fluorite and orpiment, and late ore-stage realgar. Phase separation and/or neutralization of the ore fluid during the waning stages of the hydrothermal ore system led to deposition of late ore-stage calcite.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"E. Schweizerbart'sche Verldghuchhandlung","doi":"10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0195","usgsCitation":"Cline, J.S., and Hofstra, A.H., 2000, Ore-fluid evolution at the Getchell Carlin-type gold deposit, Nevada, USA: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 12, no. 1, p. 195-212, https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0195.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410942,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eurjmin/article/12/1/195/61682/Ore-fluid-evolution-at-the-Getchell-Carlin-type"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Getchell","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.70339965820312,\n              40.681679458715635\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.75582885742188,\n              40.681679458715635\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.75582885742188,\n              41.33970040774419\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.70339965820312,\n              41.33970040774419\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.70339965820312,\n              40.681679458715635\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f71e4b0c8380cd75acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cline, Jean S.","contributorId":83628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, Albert H. 0000-0002-2450-1593 ahofstra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":1302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"Albert","email":"ahofstra@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022580,"text":"70022580 - 2000 - Biodegradation of disinfection byproducts as a potential removal process during aquifer storage recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:10:10","indexId":"70022580","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodegradation of disinfection byproducts as a potential removal process during aquifer storage recovery","docAbstract":"The biodegradation potential of two drinking water disinfection byproducts was investigated using aquifer materials obtained from approximately 100 and 200 meters below land surface in an aerobic aquifer system undergoing aquifer storage recovery of treated surface water. No significant biodegradation of a model trihalomethane compound, chloroform, was observed in aquifer microcosms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In contrast, between 16 and 27 percent mineralization of a radiolabeled model haloacetic acid compound, chloroacetic acid, was observed. These results indicate that although the potential for biodegradation of chloroacetic acid exists in deep aquifer systems, chloroform entrained within these aquifers or formed in situ will tend to persist. These results have important implications for water managers planning to meet anticipated lowered permissible levels of tri-halomethanes in drinking water.The biodegradation potential of two drinking water disinfection byproducts was investigated using aquifer materials obtained from approximately 100 and 200 meters below land surface in an aerobic aquifer system undergoing aquifer storage recovery of treated surface water. No significant biodegradation of a model trihalomethane compound, chloroform, was observed in aquifer microcosms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In contrast, between 16 and 27 percent mineralization of a radiolabeled model haloacetic acid compound, chloroacetic acid, was observed. These results indicate that although the potential for biodegradation of chloroacetic acid exists in deep aquifer systems, chloroform entrained within these aquifers or formed in situ will tend to persist. These results have important implications for water managers planning to meet anticipated lowered permissible levels of trihalomethanes in drinking water.Aquifer-storage-recovery injection water often contains disinfection byproducts. Results are presented from a study in which two model disinfection byproducts, chloroform and chloroacetic acid, were used to examine biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms. The recharge system studied was near Las Vegas, NV, where the aquifers are recharged artificially during the winter months. Microcosms were constructed using aquifer material recovered from two layers. Results showed that no significant biodegradation of chloroform occurred under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, but chloroacetic acid was biodegraded under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04312.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Bradley, P., and Thomas, J.M., 2000, Biodegradation of disinfection byproducts as a potential removal process during aquifer storage recovery: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 4, p. 861-867, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04312.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"867","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f147e4b0c8380cd4ab58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022501,"text":"70022501 - 2000 - Integrating borehole logs and aquifer tests in aquifer characterization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:35:53","indexId":"70022501","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating borehole logs and aquifer tests in aquifer characterization","docAbstract":"Integration of lithologic logs, geophysical logs, and hydraulic tests is critical in characterizing heterogeneous aquifers. Typically only a limited number of aquifer tests can be performed, and these need to be designed to provide hydraulic properties for the principle aquifers in the system. This study describes the integration of logs and aquifer tests in the development of a hydrostratigraphic model for the surficial aquifer system in and around Big Cypress National Preserve in eastern Collier County, Florida. Borehole flowmeter tests provide qualitative permeability profiles in most of 26 boreholes drilled in the Study area. Flow logs indicate the depth of transmissive units, which are correlated across the study area. Comparison to published studies in adjacent areas indicates that the main limestone aquifer of the 000000Tamiami Formation in the study area corresponds with the gray limestone aquifer in western Dade County and the water table and lower Tamiami Aquifer in western Collier County. Four strategically located, multiwell aquifer tests are used to quantify the qualitative permeability profiles provided by the flowmeter log analysis. The hydrostratigraphic model based on these results defines the main aquifer in the central part of the study area as unconfined to semiconfined with a transmissivity as high as 30,000 m2/day. The aquifer decreases in transmissivity to less than 10,000 m2/day in some parts of western Collier County, and becomes confined to the east and northeast of the study area, where transmissivity decreases to below 5000 m2/day.Integration of lithologic logs, geophysical logs, and hydraulic tests is critical in characterizing heterogeneous aquifers. Typically only a limited number of aquifer tests can be performed, and these need to be designed to provide hydraulic properties for the principle aquifers in the system. This study describes the integration of logs and aquifer tests in the development of a hydrostratigraphic model for the surficial aquifer system in and around Big Cypress National Preserve in eastern Collier County, Florida. Borehole flowmeter tests provide qualitative permeability profiles in most of 26 boreholes drilled in the study area. Flow logs indicate the depth of transmissive units, which are correlated across the study area. Comparison to published studies in adjacent areas indicates that the main limestone aquifer of the Tamiami Formation in the study area corresponds with the gray limestone aquifer in western Dade County and the water table and lower Tamiami Aquifer in western Collier County. Four strategically located, multiwell aquifer tests are used to quantify the qualitative permeability profiles provided by the flowmeter log analysis. The hydrostratigraphic model based on these results defines the main aquifer in the central part of the study area as unconfined to semiconfined with a transmissivity as high as 30,000 m2/day. The aquifer decreases in transmissivity to less than 10,000 m2/day in some parts of western Collier County, and becomes confined to the east and northeast of the study area, where transmissivity decreases to below 5000 m2/day.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02707.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Reese, R., 2000, Integrating borehole logs and aquifer tests in aquifer characterization: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 5, p. 713-725, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb02707.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"725","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c76e4b0c8380cd62d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reese, R.S.","contributorId":17644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022661,"text":"70022661 - 2000 - Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T15:40:22.325043","indexId":"70022661","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia","docAbstract":"<p>Orogenic gold deposits are a widespread coherent group of epigenetic ore deposits that are sited in accretionary or collisional orogens. They formed over a large crustal-depth range from deep-seated low-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O–CO<sub>2</sub>±CH<sub>4</sub>±N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ore fluids and with Au transported as thio-complexes. Regional structures provide the main control on deposit distribution. In many terranes, first-order faults or shear zones appear to have controlled regional fluid flow, with greatest ore-fluid fluxes in, and adjacent to, lower-order faults, shear zones and/or large folds. Highly competent and/or chemically reactive rocks are the most common hosts to the larger deposits. Focusing of supralithostatic ore fluids into dilatant zones appears to occur late during the evolutionary history of the host terranes, normally within D<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or D<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in a D<sub>1</sub>–D<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>deformation sequence. Reactivation of suitably oriented pre-existing structures during a change in far-field stress orientation is a factor common to many deposits, and repeated reactivation may account for multiple mineralization episodes in some larger deposits. Absolute robust ages of mineralization support their late-kinematic timing, and, in general, suggest that deposits formed diachronously towards the end of the 100 to 200 m.y. long evolutionary history of hosting orogens. For example, in the Yilgarn Block, a region specifically emphasised in this study, orogenic gold deposits formed in the time interval between 40 and 90 m.y., with most about 60 to 70 m.y., after the youngest widespread basic-ultrabasic volcanism and towards the end of felsic magmatism. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits is pivotal to geologically-based exploration methodologies. This is because the present structural geometries of: (i) the deposits, (ii) the hosting goldfields, and (iii) the enclosing terranes are all essentially similar to those during gold mineralization, at least in their relative position to each other. Thus, interpretation of geological maps and cross-sections and three-dimensional models can be used to accurately simulate the physical conditions that existed at the time of ore deposition. It is particularly significant that the deposits are commonly related to repetitive and predictable geometries, such as structural heterogeneities within or adjacent to first-order structures, around rigid granitoid bodies, or in specific “locked-up” fold-thrust structures. Importantly, the two giant greenstone-hosted goldfields, Kalgoorlie and Timmins, show a remarkably similar geometry at the regional scale. Computer-based stress mapping and GIS-based prospectivity mapping are two computer-based quantitative methodologies that can utilize and take advantage of the late timing aspect of this deposit type to provide important geological aids in exploration, both in broad regions and more localized goldfields. Both require an accurate and consistent solid geology map, stress mapping requires knowledge of the far-field stresses during mineralization, and the empirical prospectivity mapping requires data from a significant number of known deposits in the terrane. The Kalgoorlie Terrane, in the Yilgarn Block, meets these criteria, and illustrates the potential of these methodologies in the exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Low minimum stress anomalies, interpreted to represent dilational zones during gold-related deformation, coincide well with the positions of known goldfields rather than individual gold deposits in the terrane, and there are additional as-yet unexplained anomalies. The prospectivity analysis confirms that predictable and repetitive factors controlling the siting of deposits are: (i) proximity to, and orientation and curvature of, granitoid-greenstone contacts, (ii) proximity to segments of crustal faults which strike in a preferred direction, (iii) proximity to specific lithological contacts which have similar preferred strike, (iv) proximity to anticlinal structures, and (v) the presence of preferred reactive host rocks (e.g., dolerite). The prospectivity map defines a series of anomalous areas, which broadly conform to those of the stress map (&gt;78% correspondence). The most prospective category on this map covers less than 0.3% of the greenstone belts and yet hosts 16% of the known deposits, which have produced&gt;80% of known gold. Thus, it discriminates in favour of the larger economically more-attractive deposits in the terrane. The successful application of stress mapping and prospectivity mapping to geology-based exploration for orogenic gold deposits indicates that more quantitative analysis of geological map data is a profitable line of research. The computer-based nature of these methodologies is ideal for the production of an ultimate, integrated, deposit target map, which can be compared to other, more conventional, targeting parameters such as geophysical and geochemical anomalies. Such an integrated strategy appears the way forward in the increasingly difficult task of cost-effective global exploration for orogenic gold deposits in poorly exposed terranes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-1368(00)00002-0","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., Knox-Robinson, C.M., Ojala, J., Gardoll, S., Yun, G., and Holyland, P., 2000, Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 1-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(00)00002-0.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","state":"Western Australia","otherGeospatial":"Kalgoorlie Terrane, Yilgarn Block","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              115.77392578125,\n              -34.63320791137958\n            ],\n            [\n              116.47705078125,\n              -35.406960932702\n            ],\n            [\n              118.32275390624999,\n              -35.24561909420681\n            ],\n            [\n              120.03662109374999,\n              -34.19817309627724\n            ],\n            [\n              124.01367187499999,\n              -34.107256396631186\n            ],\n            [\n              124.3212890625,\n              -33.321348526698806\n            ],\n            [\n              126.03515625,\n              -32.58384932565661\n            ],\n            [\n              128.32031249999997,\n              -32.19420867287537\n            ],\n            [\n              128.21044921874997,\n              -25.045792240303435\n            ],\n            [\n              116.103515625,\n              -25.20494115356912\n            ],\n            [\n              115.77392578125,\n              -34.63320791137958\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4569e4b0c8380cd672cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knox-Robinson, C. M.","contributorId":8348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox-Robinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ojala, J.","contributorId":102755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojala","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardoll, S.","contributorId":94820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardoll","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yun, G.Y.","contributorId":38434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yun","given":"G.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holyland, P.","contributorId":77428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holyland","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022760,"text":"70022760 - 2000 - Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022760","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat","docAbstract":"Waterbirds have died of lead poisoning from ingesting lead fishing sinkers in the United States and Europe. Estimating abundance and distribution of sinkers in the environment will help researchers to understand the potential effects of lead poisoning from sinker ingestion. We used a metal detector to test how environmental conditions and sinker characteristics affected detection of sinkers. Odds of detecting a lead sinker depended on the interaction of sinker mass and depth where it was buried (P=0.002). The odds of detecting a sinker increased with mass and decreased with depth buried. Lead split-shot sinkers were less detectable than tin, brass, and stainless steel sinkers. Detecting lead sinkers was not influenced by sinker shape, substrate type, or whether we searched underwater or on land. We developed a model to determine the proportion of sinkers detected when this detector is used to search for sinkers, so sinker abundance can be estimated. The log odds (Logit) of detecting a lead sinker with mass M g buried D cm below the surface was Logit Y= -1.63 + 4.20 M - 0.45 D - 0.27 MD + 0.0002 D2. The probability of detecting a lead sinker was e(Logit Y)/(1 + e(Logit Y)). At the surface, 90% of sinkers with mass 0.9 g will be detected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Duerr, A., and DeStefano, S., 2000, Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 4, p. 952-958.","startPage":"952","endPage":"958","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc027e4b08c986b329f6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duerr, A.E.","contributorId":33666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duerr","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeStefano, S.","contributorId":84309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022622,"text":"70022622 - 2000 - The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:54:27","indexId":"70022622","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada","docAbstract":"The fate of disinfection byproducts during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is evaluated for aquifers in Southern Nevada. Rapid declines of haloacetic acid (HAA) concentrations during ASR, with associated little change in Cl concentration, indicate that HAAs decline primarily by in situ microbial oxidation. Dilution is only a minor contributor to HAA concentration declines during ASR. Trihalomethane (THM) concentrations generally increased during storage of artificial recharge (AR) water and then declined during recovery. The decline of THM concentrations during recovery was primarily from dilution of current season AR water with residual AR water remaining in the aquifer from previous ASR seasons and native ground water. In more recent ASR seasons, for wells with the longest history of ASR, brominated THMs declined during storage and recovery by processes in addition to dilution. These conclusions about THMs are indicated by THM/Cl values and supported by a comparison of measured and model predicted THM concentrations. Geochemical mixing models were constructed using major-ion chemistry of the three end-member waters to calculate predicted THM concentrations. The decline in brominated THM concentrations in addition to that from dilution may result from biotransformation processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00252.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., McKay, W., Colec, E., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 2000, The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 605-614, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00252.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Las Vegas","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf9e4b08c986b3231b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKay, W.A.","contributorId":63561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colec, E.","contributorId":101410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colec","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022623,"text":"70022623 - 2000 - A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:27:11","indexId":"70022623","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","docAbstract":"A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that systematically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that symmetrically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 2000, A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 510-521, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"521","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3d6e4b0c8380cd4624d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022636,"text":"70022636 - 2000 - Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022636","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of feeding ration on the routine swimming speed of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and their responsiveness to simulated-predator attacks. Striped bass were reared in low (7 prey ?? L-1), medium (354 prey ?? L-1), or high (740 prey ?? L-1) prey treatments from age 4 to 14 days posthatch. Larvae reared in the low-prey treatment had slower routine swimming speeds and shorter reactive distances and were less responsive to simulated-predator attacks. These differences were most pronounced after age 10 and appeared to be an effect of deteriorating larval condition rather than an effect of size. Simulation models were constructed for two potential fish predators, Alosa aestivalis and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, to examine how variation in growth rate, swimming speed, and responsiveness to predator attacks might influence mortality rate. Our simulations predicted that cohort mortality rate would decrease with increasing larval growth rates, even though faster routine swimming speed and growth rate increased encounter rates with predators. The influence of larval growth rate and responsiveness on mortality rate varied between the two predators, but cohorts experiencing no growth always had the greatest mortality rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chick, J., and Van Den Avyle, M., 2000, Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 1, p. 106-115.","startPage":"106","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06ebe4b0c8380cd514a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chick, J.H.","contributorId":93004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chick","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Den Avyle, M.J.","contributorId":32117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Avyle","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022583,"text":"70022583 - 2000 - Origin of rainwater acidity near the Los Azufres geothermal field, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70022583","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of rainwater acidity near the Los Azufres geothermal field, Mexico","docAbstract":"The chemical and isotopic compositions of rainwater were monitored at Los Azufres geothermal field (88 MWe) and its surroundings during May - September 1995, which is the rainy season. Samples were collected from eight sites: three within the field, three in its surroundings and two sufficiently far from the field such that they have no geothermal input. The concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and NO3- were measured in about 350 samples and found to be generally <5 ppm. Chloride concentrations remained constant with time, but sulfate and nitrate concentrations decreased, which suggests a nearby industrial source for the sulfate and nitrate. A mixing model for Cl-, SO42- and ??34S also suggests an industrial source for the rainwater sulfur. The determination of pH was found to be necessary, but is not sufficient to characterize rainwater acidity. The Gran titration method was used to determine alkalinity with respect to equivalence point of H2CO3(*). Values of alkalinity were found to range from 10-4 to 10-6 eq/L, and were negative only for some samples from Vivero and Guadalajara. Thus, SO42- and NO3- are in general not in acidic form (i.e. balanced by Na+, Ca2+, etc. rather than H+). Sulfate ??34S values were about -1.5??? in Los Azufres and its surroundings, and in Morelia, but differed from the value of -0.2??? for Guadalajara. The ??34S values for H2S from the Los Azufres geothermal wells are in the range -3.4 to 0.0???. The ??34S ranges for the natural and anthropogenic sources for environmental sulfur overlap, making it difficult to differentiate between the contribution of different sources. However, a similarity of values of ??34S at Los Azufres and Morelia (85 km distant) suggest a regional source of sulfate that is not associated with geothermal emissions from Los Azufres. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of CNR.The chemical compositions of rainwater were analyzed at Los Azufres geothermal field in Spain from May-September 1995. The concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and NO3- were measured and found to be generally <5 ppm. Chloride concentrations remained constant with time, but sulfate and nitrate concentrations decreased, suggesting a nearby industrial source. A mixing model for Cl-, SO42-, and ??34S also suggested an industrial source for the rainwater sulfur.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6505(00)00024-9","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Verma, M., Quijano, J., Johnson, C., Gerardo, J., and Arellano, V., 2000, Origin of rainwater acidity near the Los Azufres geothermal field, Mexico: Geothermics, v. 29, no. 4-5, p. 593-608, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(00)00024-9.","startPage":"593","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206619,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(00)00024-9"},{"id":230395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70f0e4b0c8380cd76356","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verma, M.P.","contributorId":62080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verma","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quijano, J.L.","contributorId":86641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quijano","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Chad","contributorId":88678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerardo, J.Y.","contributorId":77800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerardo","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arellano, V.","contributorId":15069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arellano","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022584,"text":"70022584 - 2000 - Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T13:39:51.526375","indexId":"70022584","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.","docAbstract":"During the past decade, paleoseismic studies done by many researchers in the coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest have shown that regional downdropping and subsequent tsunami inundation occurred in response to a major earthquake along the Cascadia subduction zone. This earthquake occurred almost certainly in 1700 A.D., and is believed by many to have been of M 8.5-9 or perhaps larger. In order to characterize the severity of ground motions from this earthquake, we report on a field search and analysis of seismically induced liquefaction features. The search was conducted chiefly along the banks of islands in the lowermost Columbia River of Oregon and Washington and in stream banks along smaller rivers throughout southwestern Washington. To a lesser extent, the investigation included rivers in central Oregon. Numerous small- to moderate-sized liquefaction features from the earthquake of 1700 A.D. were found in some regions, but there was a notable lack of liquefaction features in others. The regional distribution of liquefaction features is evaluated as a function of geologic and geotechnical factors in different field settings near the coast. Our use of widely different field settings, each in which we independently assess the strength of shaking and arrive at the same conclusion, enhances the credibility of our interpretations. Our regional inventory of liquefaction features and preliminary geotechnical analysis of liquefaction potential provide substantial evidence for only moderate levels of ground shaking in coastal Washington and Oregon during the subduction earthquake of 1700 A.D. Additionally, it appears that a similar conclusion can be reached for an earlier subduction earthquake that occurred within the past 1100 years, which also has been characterized by others as being M 8 or greater. On the basis of more limited data for older events collected in our regional study, it appears that seismic shaking has been no stronger throughout Holocene time. Our interpreted levels of shaking are considerably lower than current estimates in the technical literature that use theoretical and statistical models to predict ground motions of subduction earthquakes in the Cascadia region. Because of the influence of estimated ground motions from Cascadia subduction-zone earthquakes on seismic hazard evaluations, more paleoliquefaction and geotechnical field studies are needed to definitively bracket the strength of shaking. With further work, it should be possible to extend the record of seismic shaking through much of Holocene time in large portions of Washington and Oregon.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119980179","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., and Dickenson, S., 2000, Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from Late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 876-896, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119980179.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"876","endPage":"896","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.51354980468749,\n              43.624147145668076\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0089111328125,\n              43.624147145668076\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0089111328125,\n              47.34626718205302\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.51354980468749,\n              47.34626718205302\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.51354980468749,\n              43.624147145668076\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47efe4b0c8380cd67abf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickenson, S.E.","contributorId":75566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickenson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022536,"text":"70022536 - 2000 - Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:03:34","indexId":"70022536","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation","docAbstract":"Determining whether nesting attempts are successful can be difficult. Yet, current protocols for estimating nesting success do not address how uncertain nest fates should be handled. We examined the problem of nest-fate uncertainty as it relates to Mayfield estimation of nesting success and in analyses of factors that influence success. We used data from Minnesota to illustrate the potential effect of uncertain fate; 40% of Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus; n = 127) nests and 30% of Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus; n = 144) nests had uncertain fates. How this uncertainty is incorporated into Mayfield estimates of success varied widely among researchers. In a survey of researchers who use the Mayfield method, 9 of 22 respondents (of 40 contacted) excluded nests with uncertain fate. Excluding uncertain fates is counter to how Mayfield first described his estimator and can result in severe downward bias. The remaining respondents (59%) included nests with uncertain fate but varied in how they terminated the exposure period. We developed a simulation model that calculated Mayfield estimates using different approaches and compared them with a known rate of nesting success. Magnitude of bias in Mayfield estimates varied considerably in our simulations. The approach with the least bias terminated exposure with the last observed active date for nests with uncertain fate, and with the midpoint between last observed active and first observed inactive dates for nests with known fate. In addition, information necessary to interpret and compare Mayfield estimates often is not reported. These values, including variance estimates and the period lengths used to estimate survival rates, should be reported with Mayfield estimates. Finally, nest fate is commonly used as a categorical variable in studies of factors affecting nesting success. In this approach, however, nests with uncertain fate must be excluded. An alternative approach is Cox regression, which incorporates nests with uncertain fate.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:UNFISS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Manolis, J., Andersen, D., and Cuthbert, F., 2000, Uncertain nest fates in songbird studies and variation in Mayfield estimation: The Auk, v. 117, no. 3, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:UNFISS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0615:unfiss]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc13e4b08c986b328a03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manolis, J.C.","contributorId":7133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manolis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D. E.","contributorId":27816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cuthbert, F.J.","contributorId":45272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuthbert","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022693,"text":"70022693 - 2000 - Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T10:44:28","indexId":"70022693","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties","docAbstract":"The stability conditions of submarine gas hydrates (methane clathrates) are largely dictated by pressure, temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity. However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of the host sediments also affect the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions, and growth forms of clathrates. Our model presumes that gas hydrate behaves in a way analogous to ice in the pores of a freezing soil, where capillary forces influence the energy balance. Hydrate growth is inhibited within fine-grained sediments because of the excess internal phase pressure of small crystals with high surface curvature that coexist with liquid water in small pores. Therefore, the base of gas hydrate stability in a sequence of fine sediments is predicted by our model to occur at a lower temperature, and so nearer to the seabed than would be calculated from bulk thermodynamic equilibrium. The growth forms commonly observed in hydrate samples recovered from marine sediments (nodules, sheets, and lenses in muds; cements in sand and ash layers) can be explained by a requirement to minimize the excess of mechanical and surface energy in the system.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Clennell, M.B., Henry, P., Hovland, M., Booth, J., Winters, W., and Thomas, M., 2000, Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties, <i>in</i> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 887-896.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1355e4b0c8380cd5460c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clennell, M. B.","contributorId":95221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clennell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, P.","contributorId":91599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hovland, M.","contributorId":51487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovland","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Booth, J.S.","contributorId":13619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thomas, M.","contributorId":71343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022699,"text":"70022699 - 2000 - Reservoir characterization of marine and permafrost associated gas hydrate accumulations with downhole well logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022699","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reservoir characterization of marine and permafrost associated gas hydrate accumulations with downhole well logs","docAbstract":"Gas volumes that may be attributed to a gas hydrate accumulation depend on a number of reservoir parameters, one of which, gas-hydrate saturation, can be assessed with data obtained from downhole well-logging devices. This study demonstrates that electrical resistivity and acoustic transit-time downhole log data can be used to quantify the amount of gas hydrate in a sedimentary section. Two unique forms of the Archie relation (standard and quick look relations) have been used in this study to calculate water saturations (S(w)) [gas-hydrate saturation (S(h)) is equal to (1.0 - S(w))] from the electrical resistivity log data in four gas hydrate accumulations. These accumulations are located on (1) the Blake Ridge along the Southeastern continental margin of the United States, (2) the Cascadia continental margin off the pacific coast of Canada, (3) the North Slope of Alaska, and (4) the Mackenzie River Delta of Canada. Compressional wave acoustic log data have also been used in conjunction with the Timur, modified Wood, and the Lee weighted average acoustic equations to calculate gas-hydrate saturations in all four areas assessed.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., and Lee, M.W., 2000, Reservoir characterization of marine and permafrost associated gas hydrate accumulations with downhole well logs, <i>in</i> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 51-64.","startPage":"51","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa950e4b0c8380cd85d32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022644,"text":"70022644 - 2000 - Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022644","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages have been measured on nine mafic volcanic rocks younger than 1 myr from the Snake River Plain (Idaho), Mount Adams (Washington), and Crater Lake (Oregon). The K-Ar ages were calculated from Ar measurements made by isotope dilution and K2O measurements by flame photometry. The 40Ar/39Ar ages are incremental-heating experiments using a low-blank resistance-heated furnace. The results indicate that high-quality ages can be measured on young, mafic volcanic rocks using either the K-Ar or the 40Ar/39Ar technique. The precision of an 40Ar/39Ar plateau age generally is better than the precision of a K-Ar age because the plateau age is calculated by pooling the ages of several gas increments. The precision of a plateau age generally is better than the precision of an isotope correlation (isochron) age for the same sample. For one sample the intercept of the isochron yielded an 40Ar/36Ar value significantly different from the atmospheric value of 295.5. Recalculation of increment ages using the isochron intercept for the composition of nonradiogenic Ar in the sample resulted in much better agreement of ages for this sample. The results of this study also indicate that, given suitable material and modern equipment, precise K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages can be measured on volcanic rocks as young as the latest Pleistocene, and perhaps even the Holocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2122","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., 2000, Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 3, p. 294-301, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2122.","startPage":"294","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208240,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2122"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f856e4b0c8380cd4d030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022660,"text":"70022660 - 2000 - Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T14:13:57.336079","indexId":"70022660","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>Sediment transport and deposition along a stream in an agricultural basin (65 km<sup>2</sup>) in northern Missouri, USA were quantified as part of a long-term study to evaluate effects of silvicultural practices on the hydrology, sediment, vegetation, and wildlife characteristics of remaining forested riparian systems. Median cumulative sediment deposition, measured using feldspar clay pads, increased from August 1995 to August 1998 at a rate of about 1 cm/yr. Median deposition amounts from single floods ranged from 0.03 cm to 0.64 cm. Floodplain and riparian maintenance flows corresponded to monitored floods with calculated recurrence intervals as low as &lt;2 years. Simple linear regression models, using flood event suspendedsediment load or streamflow characteristics, explained up to 82 percent of variability in median event sediment deposition on the floodplain clay pads. There was little apparent correlation between cumulative shortterm deposition and site elevation, distance from channel, longitudinal distance, or fluvial landform type. This may be due to upstream channelization, floodplain complexity, short duration of events, or sedimentload characteristics of low-recurrence interval floods (&lt;2 to 5 years) sampled in this study. Dendrogeomorphic measurements indicated a substantial increase in the mean rate of deposition on the Long Branch Creek floodplain from about 1950 through 1980. Eighty-nine percent of the clay pad monitoring sites and all dendrogeomorphic monitoring sites experienced net positive deposition emphasizing the role of this riparian area as a net sediment storage site.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0219:SLAAIA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., and Roell, M.J., 2000, Sediment loads and accumulation in a small riparian wetland system in northern Missouri: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 219-231, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0219:SLAAIA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"231","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Macon County","otherGeospatial":"Atlanta Conservation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.50428199768066,\n              39.85500387809296\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.48042106628418,\n              39.85500387809296\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.48042106628418,\n              39.88787487783849\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.50428199768066,\n              39.88787487783849\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.50428199768066,\n              39.85500387809296\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b898fe4b08c986b316e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roell, Michael J.","contributorId":82897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roell","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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