{"pageNumber":"121","pageRowStart":"3000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70021204,"text":"70021204 - 1999 - Stable isotope, chemical, and mineral compositions of the Middle Proterozoic Lijiaying Mn deposit, Shaanxi Province, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:10:10","indexId":"70021204","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope, chemical, and mineral compositions of the Middle Proterozoic Lijiaying Mn deposit, Shaanxi Province, China","docAbstract":"The Lijiaying Mn deposit, located about 250 km southwest of Xian, is a high-quality ore characterized by low P and Fe contents and a mean Mn content of about 23%. The ore deposit occurs in shallow-water marine sedimentary rocks of probable Middle Proterozoic age. Carbonate minerals in the ore deposit include kutnahorite, calcite, Mn calcite, and Mg calcite. Carbon (−0.4 to −4.0‰) and oxygen (−3.7 to −12.9‰) isotopes show that, with a few exceptions, those carbonate minerals are not pristine low-temperature marine precipitates. All samples are depleted in rare earth elements (REEs) relative to shale and have negative Eu and positive Ce anomalies on chondrite-normalized plots. The Fe/Mn ratios of representative ore samples range from about 0.034 to <0.008 and P/Mn from 0.0023 to <0.001. Based on mineralogical data, the low ends of those ranges of ratios are probably close to ratios for the pure Mn minerals. Manganese contents have a strong positive correlation with Ce anomaly values and a moderate correlation with total REE contents. Compositional data indicate that kutnahorite is a metamorphic mineral and that most calcites formed as low-temperature marine carbonates that were subsequently metamorphosed. The braunite ore precursor mineral was probably a Mn oxyhydroxide, similar to those that formed on the deep ocean-floor during the Cenozoic. Because the Lijiaying precursor mineral formed in a shallow-water marine environment, the atmospheric oxygen content during the Middle Proterozoic may have been lower than it has been during the Cenozoic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ore Geology Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00014-1","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Yeh, H., Hein, J.R., Ye, J., and Fan, D., 1999, Stable isotope, chemical, and mineral compositions of the Middle Proterozoic Lijiaying Mn deposit, Shaanxi Province, China: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 55-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00014-1.","startPage":"55","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206444,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00014-1"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9681e4b08c986b31b556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yeh, Hsueh-Wen","contributorId":11786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeh","given":"Hsueh-Wen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":2828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ye, Jie","contributorId":10187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ye","given":"Jie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fan, Delian","contributorId":88515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"Delian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021197,"text":"70021197 - 1999 - Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T13:44:58","indexId":"70021197","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"We present major- and trace- element geochemical data for 27 amphibolites and six greenstones from three structural packages in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska: the Lake George assemblage (LG) of Devono-Mississippian augen gneiss, quartz-mica schist, quartzite, and amphibolite; the Taylor Mountain assemblage (TM) of mafic schist and gneiss, marble, quartzite, and metachert; and the Seventymile terrane of greenstone, serpentinized peridotite, and Mississippian to Late Triassic metasedimentary rocks. Most LG amphibolites have relatively high Nb, TiO2, Zr, and light rare earth element contents, indicative of an alkalic to tholeiitic, within-plate basalt origin. The within-plate affinities of the LG amphibolites suggest that their basaltic parent magmas developed in an extensional setting and support a correlation of these metamorphosed continental-margin rocks with less metamorphosed counterparts across the Tintina fault in the Selwyn Basin of the Canadian Cordillera. TM amphibolites have a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition, low normalized abundances of Nb and Ta relative to Th and La, and Ti/V values of <20, all indicative of a volcanic-arc origin. Limited results from Seventymile greenstones indicate a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition and intermediate to high Ti/V values (27-48), consistent with either a within-plate or an ocean-floor basalt origin. Y-La-Nb proportions in both TM and Seventymile metabasalts indicate the proximity of the arc and marginal basin to continental crust. The arc geochemistry of TM amphibolites is consistent with a model in which the TM assemblage includes arc rocks generated above a west-dipping subduction zone outboard of the North American continental margin in mid-Paleozoic through Triassic time. The ocean-floor or within-plate basalt geochemistry of the Seventymile greenstones supports the correlation of the Seventymile terrane with the Slide Mountain terrane in Canada and the hypothesis that these oceanic rocks originated in a basin between the continental margin and an arc to the west.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-077","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., and Cooper, K., 1999, Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 10, p. 1671-1695, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-077.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1671","endPage":"1695","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.248046875,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.248046875,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.248046875,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb681e4b08c986b326cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, K.M.","contributorId":91886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021185,"text":"70021185 - 1999 - Conservation endocrinology: A noninvasive tool to understand relationships between carnivore colonization and ecological carrying capacity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T12:20:56","indexId":"70021185","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation endocrinology: A noninvasive tool to understand relationships between carnivore colonization and ecological carrying capacity","docAbstract":"<p>Reproductive technology, especially the diagnosis of pregnancy by radioimmunoassay of fecal steroid metabolites, is an important component of captive propagation, but its role in our understanding of ecological interactions and in situ biological restoration has been more limited. Where large herbivores have been 'released' from predation by the extirpation of carnivores, controversy often exists about possible detrimental effects at the ecosystem level A related concern is that the reestablishment of large carnivores may decrease the availability of prey populations for human subsistence. We suggest that pregnancy assays can be a valuable tool to help distinguish between the roles of predation versus food-imposed limitations on population size and their effects on juvenile recruitment in wild species. We explored this issue through analyses of fecal progestagen concentration (FPC) levels to document pregnancy in moose (Alces alces) in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, a site where wolves (Canis lupus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) are recolonizing former habitats after an absence of more than 60 years. Pregnancy was clearly discernible (mean FPC for pregnant and nonpregnant females, respectively: 10.60 vs. 2.57 ??g/g; p &lt; 0.0001). Among the potential confounding variables that need to be considered if FPC is applied to ecological and demographic questions are whether baseline values are affected by handling, whether neonate survival has been assessed, and whether sampling efforts are directed at both pregnant and nonpregnant animals. With these issues accounted for, the local moose population experienced juvenile survival rates among the highest in North America. Pregnancy rates, however, dropped from 90% in 1966 to about 75% today, rendering them in the lowest fifteenth percentile among moose populations in North America. Our findings suggest that a relatively low frequency of juvenile moose is not the likely result of predation, and they illustrate how endocrinology can be applied to issues involving reproductive events within an ecological context. They also affirm that noninvasive and generally inexpensive endocrinological procedures will be applicable to understanding interactions between recolonizing predators and prey, an issue that will continue to arise because of global restoration efforts, and to the study of rare ungulates in remote systems where data on reproductive events are difficult to obtain.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Scientific","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98521.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Berger, J., Testa, J., Roffe, T., and Monfort, S., 1999, Conservation endocrinology: A noninvasive tool to understand relationships between carnivore colonization and ecological carrying capacity: Conservation Biology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 980-989, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98521.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"980","endPage":"989","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98521.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.92620849609375,\n              43.44893105587766\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.92620849609375,\n              43.79191518340848\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.62545776367186,\n              43.79191518340848\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.62545776367186,\n              43.44893105587766\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.92620849609375,\n              43.44893105587766\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9dbe4b0c8380cd4d807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, J.","contributorId":103010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Testa, J.W.","contributorId":11362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Testa","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roffe, T.","contributorId":91051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monfort, S.L.","contributorId":69319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monfort","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021183,"text":"70021183 - 1999 - Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021183","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe","docAbstract":"Rates of acidic deposition from the atmosphere ('acid rain') have decreased throughout the 1980s and 1990s across large portions of North America and Europe. Many recent studies have attributed observed reversals in surface-water acidification at national and regional scales to the declining deposition. To test whether emissions regulations have led to widespread recovery in surface-water chemistry, we analysed regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification (sulphate, nitrate and base-cation concentrations, and measured (Gran) alkalinity) for 205 lakes and streams in eight regions of North America and Europe. Dramatic differences in trend direction and strength for the two decades are apparent. In concordance with general temporal trends in acidic deposition, lake and stream sulphate concentrations decreased in all regions with the exception of Great Britain all but one of these regions exhibited stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In contrast, regional declines in lake and stream nitrate concentrations were rare and, when detected, were very small. Recovery in alkalinity, expected wherever strong regional declines in sulphate concentrations have occurred, was observed in all regions of Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region (of five) in North America. We attribute the lack of recovery in three regions (south/central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill mountains and midwestern North America) to strong regional declines in base-cation concentrations that exceed the decreases in sulphate concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/44114","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Stoddard, J., Jeffries, D., Lukewille, A., Clair, T., Dillon, P., Driscoll, C.T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J.S., Kellogg, J., Kemp, A., Mannlo, J., Monteith, D., Murdoch, P., Patrick, S., Rebsdorl, A., Skjelkvale, B., Stainton, M., Traaen, T., Van Dam, H., Webster, K., Wleting, J., and Wllander, A., 1999, Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe: Nature, v. 401, no. 6753, p. 575-578, https://doi.org/10.1038/44114.","startPage":"575","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206523,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/44114"},{"id":230097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"401","issue":"6753","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a592e4b0e8fec6cdbe76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoddard, J.L.","contributorId":75709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoddard","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeffries, D.S.","contributorId":19729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffries","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lukewille, A.","contributorId":19323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukewille","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clair, T.A.","contributorId":84529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clair","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dillon, P.J.","contributorId":90899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Forsius, M.","contributorId":29598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsius","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johannessen, M.","contributorId":38310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannessen","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kellogg, J.H.","contributorId":17789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kemp, A.","contributorId":97665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mannlo, J.","contributorId":28033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mannlo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Monteith, D.T.","contributorId":26101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteith","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Patrick, S.","contributorId":60400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Rebsdorl, A.","contributorId":15784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebsdorl","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Skjelkvale, B.L.","contributorId":107057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skjelkvale","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Stainton, M.P.","contributorId":23300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stainton","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Traaen, T.","contributorId":106669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traaen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Van Dam, H.","contributorId":101408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Dam","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Webster, K.E.","contributorId":63753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":388975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Wleting, J.","contributorId":63559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wleting","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Wllander, A.","contributorId":38311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wllander","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}}
,{"id":70021142,"text":"70021142 - 1999 - Chlorine-bearing amphiboles from the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Description and crystal chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021142","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-bearing amphiboles from the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Description and crystal chemistry","docAbstract":"Three chemically distinct populations of Cl-bearing amphibole have been recognized in association with contact Ni-Cu ore deposits in Footwall Breccia at the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario. The first population, defined as halogen-poor (<0.5 wt.% Cl) actinolite and magnesiohornblende, occurs predominantly as pale green grains and cores. These are generally overgrown by amphibole of the other two populations: a) Fe-rich, halogen-poor deep green rim of ferro-actinolite to ferrohornblende, and b) Fe-rich, Cl-rich (up to 4 wt.% Cl) ferrotschermakite to hastingsite to potassic-chlorohastingsite, which exhibits a characteristic deep blue-green pleochroism. Rare F-rich (up to 1.1 wt.% F) magnesiohornblende also is observed in the same environment. Major-element data for the Cl-rich amphiboles indicate linear, positive relationships for both Mg and K versus Cl, and a logarithmic, positive one for ([4])Al versus Cl. These data, along with selected X-ray maps, indicate that Cl is homogeneously distributed and likely structurally bound. Calculated Fe3+/Fe2+ values suggest crystallization under conditions of relatively low f(O2). At least two chemically distinct fluids seem to have been responsible for crystallization of the amphiboles. The first, which resulted in the crystallization of halogen-poor, pale green actinolite and magnesiohornblende, was likely relatively hot (???650??C) and contemporaneous with sulfide emplacement. This was followed by a lower-T (???350??C), Cl-rich fluid from which the Cl-rich amphiboles crystallized. This latter fluid may have been a modified product of the initial fluid or possibly a second discrete fluid. A subsequent F-rich fluid led to development of F-rich magnesiohornblende. The source of both Cl and F is not clear; whole-rock analyses of Footwall rocks of the Levack Gneiss Complex, however, reveal anomalous enrichments in both Cl (>700 ppm) and F (2500 ppm). These rocks thus may have been a significant contributor to the fluids.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"McCormick, K., and McDonald, A., 1999, Chlorine-bearing amphiboles from the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Description and crystal chemistry: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1385-1403.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1403","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cfe4b0c8380cd4c430","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, K.A.","contributorId":99327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, A.M.","contributorId":59578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008623,"text":"1008623 - 1999 - Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T17:53:46","indexId":"1008623","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity","docAbstract":"<p>Some theories and experimental studies suggest that areas of low plant species richness may be invaded more easily than areas of high plant species richness. We gathered nested-scale vegetation data on plant species richness, foliar cover, and frequency from 200 1-m<sup>2</sup> subplots (20 1000-m<sup>2</sup> modified-Whittaker plots) in the Colorado Rockies (USA), and 160 1-m<sup>2</sup> subplots (16 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots) in the Central Grasslands in Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Minnesota (USA) to test the generality of this paradigm.</p><p>At the 1-m<sup>2</sup> scale, the paradigm was supported in four prairie types in the Central Grasslands, where exotic species richness declined with increasing plant species richness and cover. At the 1-m<sup>2</sup> scale, five forest and meadow vegetation types in the Colorado Rockies contradicted the paradigm; exotic species richness increased with native-plant species richness and foliar cover. At the 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plot scale (among vegetation types), 83% of the variance in exotic species richness in the Central Grasslands was explained by the total percentage of nitrogen in the soil and the cover of native plant species. In the Colorado Rockies, 69% of the variance in exotic species richness in 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots was explained by the number of native plant species and the total percentage of soil carbon.</p><p>At landscape and biome scales, exotic species primarily invaded areas of high species richness in the four Central Grasslands sites and in the five Colorado Rockies vegetation types. For the nine vegetation types in both biomes, exotic species cover was positively correlated with mean foliar cover, mean soil percentage N, and the total number of exotic species. These patterns of invasibility depend on spatial scale, biome and vegetation type, spatial autocorrelation effects, availability of resources, and species-specific responses to grazing and other disturbances. We conclude that: (1) sites high in herbaceous foliar cover and soil fertility, and hot spots of plant diversity (and biodiversity), are invasible in many landscapes; and (2) this pattern may be more closely related to the degree resources are available in native plant communities, independent of species richness. Exotic plant invasions in rare habitats and distinctive plant communities pose a significant challenge to land managers and conservation biologists.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Binkley, D., Chong, G., Kalkhan, M.A., Schell, L.D., Bull, K., Otsuki, Y., Newman, G., Bashkin, M.A., and Son, Y., 1999, Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity: Ecological Monographs, v. 69, p. 25-46, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9382","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bull, K.A.","contributorId":60166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bull","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Newman, G.","contributorId":107657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bashkin, Michael A.","contributorId":93439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bashkin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Son, Y.","contributorId":47737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Son","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70021842,"text":"70021842 - 1999 - Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, U.S. and U.K.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T10:52:01","indexId":"70021842","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, U.S. and U.K.","docAbstract":"<p>We reviewed cases of raptor mortality resulting from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. We compiled records from the U.S., U.K. and Canada for the period 1985-95 (520 incidents) and surveyed the relevant literature to identify the main routes of exposure and those products that led to the greatest number of poisoning cases. A high proportion of cases in the U.K. resulted from abusive uses of pesticides (willful poisoning). The proportion was smaller in North America where problems with labeled uses of pesticides were as frequent as abuse cases. Poisoning resulting from labeled use was possible with a large number of granular pesticides and some seed treatments through secondary poisoning or through the ingestion of contaminated invertebrates, notably earthworms. With the more toxic products, residue levels in freshly-sprayed insects were high enough to cause mortality. The use of organophosphorus products as avicides and for the topical treatment of livestock appeared to be common routes of intoxication. The use of insecticides in dormant oils also gave rise to exposure that can be lethal or which can debilitate birds and increase their vulnerability. A few pesticides of high toxicity were responsible for the bulk of poisoning cases. Based on limited information, raptors appeared to be more sensitive than other bird species to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Some of the more significant risk factors that resulted in raptor poisonings were: insectivory and vermivory; opportunistic taking of debilitated prey; scavenging, especially if the gastrointestinal tracts are consumed; presence in agricultural areas; perceived status as pest species; and flocking or other gregarious behavior at some part of their life cycle. Lethal or sublethal poisoning should always be considered in the diagnosis of dead or debilitated raptors even when another diagnosis (e.g., electrocution, car or building strike) is apparent. Many cases of poisoning are not currently diagnosed as such and, even when diagnosed, the information is often not made available to regulatory authorities. The importance of pesticide intoxications relative to other sources of mortality is highly variable in time and place; on a regional level, the increased mortality of raptors resulting from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides can be significant, especially in the case of rare species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Mineau, P., Fletcher, M., Glaser, L., Thomas, N., Brassard, C., Wilson, L.K., Elliott, J.E., Lyon, L., Henny, C.J., Bollinger, T., and Porter, S., 1999, Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, U.S. and U.K.: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 33, no. 1, p. 1-37.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science 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P.","contributorId":86067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mineau","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, M.R.","contributorId":77317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glaser, L.C.","contributorId":49298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaser","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brassard, C.","contributorId":91650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brassard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, L. K.","contributorId":99511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lyon, L.A.","contributorId":33080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bollinger, T.","contributorId":11978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Porter, S.L.","contributorId":41171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":93890,"text":"93890 - 1999 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: American Bittern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T10:41:50","indexId":"93890","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: American Bittern","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (<i>Molothrus ater</i>) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the <a href=\"http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/index.htm#bibsearch\" target=\"_blank\">Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography</a> on the home page of this resource.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93890","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Zimmerman, A., and Euliss, B., 1999, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: American Bittern (Originally posted 1999; Revised 2002.), 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93890.","productDescription":"14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93890.PNG"},{"id":312396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93890/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 1999; Revised 2002.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondreal, Marriah L.","contributorId":73532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondreal","given":"Marriah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1014756,"text":"1014756 - 1999 - Responsiveness of gill Na+/K+-ATPase to cortisol is related to gill corticosteroid receptor concentrations in juvenile rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T14:25:37.332494","indexId":"1014756","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responsiveness of gill Na+/K+-ATPase to cortisol is related to gill corticosteroid receptor concentrations in juvenile rainbow trout","docAbstract":"<p><span>A positive relationship between receptor concentration and tissue responsiveness is an often-assumed and rarely tested principle in endocrinology. In salmonids, seasonal changes in levels of plasma cortisol and gill corticosteroid receptors (CRs) during the spring indicate a potential role for this hormone in the parr–smolt transformation. It is not known whether these seasonal changes result in alterations in gill responsiveness to cortisol. The relationship between CR concentration and tissue responsiveness was, therefore, examined in the gills of juvenile rainbow trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>). Gill CR concentration (</span><i>B</i><sub>max</sub><span>) and affinity (</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span>) were assessed using a radioligand binding assay with the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide. Gill responsiveness to cortisol was quantified by measuring&nbsp;</span><i>in vitro</i><span>&nbsp;Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>/K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity. Gill CR concentration was manipulated by stress or hormonal treatments. Repeated handling stresses resulted in a significant reduction in CR numbers. The decrease in CR&nbsp;</span><i>B</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;corresponded to a reduction in gill responsiveness to cortisol. Triiodothyronine, but not growth hormone, treatment was found to increase CR&nbsp;</span><i>B</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;significantly. The increase in CR numbers was correlated with a marked increase in gill responsiveness to cortisol. A significant positive linear relationship exists between the&nbsp;</span><i>in vitro</i><span>&nbsp;gill Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>/K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity response to cortisol and CR&nbsp;</span><i>B</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.614,&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&lt;0.001). We have demonstrated that binding sites for cortisol in the gills of rainbow trout have high affinity, high specificity and saturable binding and that the number of binding sites is correlated with the tissue response to cortisol.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Company of Biologists","doi":"10.1242/jeb.202.8.987","usgsCitation":"Shrimpton, J., and McCormick, S., 1999, Responsiveness of gill Na+/K+-ATPase to cortisol is related to gill corticosteroid receptor concentrations in juvenile rainbow trout: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 202, no. 8, p. 987-995, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.8.987.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"995","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6273fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shrimpton, J. M.","contributorId":10362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrimpton","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021046,"text":"70021046 - 1999 - Population changes in bats from central Arizona: 1972 and 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021046","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population changes in bats from central Arizona: 1972 and 1997","docAbstract":"Prompted by concern about declining bat populations in the southwestern United States, we surveyed for changes in populations between 1972 and 1997 at a study area in central Arizona. We duplicated earlier searches of ancient Indian dwellings and crevices in surrounding cliffs for diurnally roosting bats during the time of year when maternity colonies should have been present, and repeated mist-netting to capture bats in flight along the cliffs at night. Antrozous pallidus was gone. A maternity colony of Myotis velifer no longer existed. Tadarida brasiliensis was rare in 1997 compared to 1972; aggregations of Myotis yumanensis seen in 1972 were missing in 1997. Breeding Corynorhinus townsendii were found in 1997, but were unknown at this location in 1972. Small numbers of Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis californicus, and Pipistrellus hesperus occupied the site in both 1972 and 1997. Additionally, museum records show that most of the bats we documented at this site also were present in 1931. Surrounding habitat did not appear substantially different between 1972 and 1997, and a reconstruction of possible impacts from bat biologists did not suggest that researchers caused the local extinctions we document. The most obvious change over 25 years was a dramatic increase in recreational use of the area. We believe that disturbances associated with recreationists resulted in the observed population changes, primarily through roost abandonment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., and Vaughan, T., 1999, Population changes in bats from central Arizona: 1972 and 1997: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 44, no. 4, p. 495-500.","startPage":"495","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d2ee4b0c8380cd79dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaughan, T.A.","contributorId":64106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughan","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021001,"text":"70021001 - 1999 - Use of automated monitoring to assess behavioral toxicology in fish: Linking behavior and physiology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021001","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of automated monitoring to assess behavioral toxicology in fish: Linking behavior and physiology","docAbstract":"We measured locomotory behaviors (distance traveled, speed, tortuosity of path, and rate of change in direction) with computer-assisted analysis in 30 day posthatch rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to pesticides. We also examined cholinesterase inhibition as a potential endpoint linking physiology and behavior. Sublethal exposure to chemicals often causes changes in swimming behavior, reflecting alterations in sensory and motor systems. Swimming behavior also integrates functions of the nervous system. Rarely are the connections between physiology and behavior made. Although behavior is often suggested as a sensitive, early indicator of toxicity, behavioral toxicology has not been used to its full potential because conventional methods of behavioral assessment have relied on manual techniques, which are often time-consuming and difficult to quantify. This has severely limited the application and utility of behavioral procedures. Swimming behavior is particularly amenable to computerized assessment and automated monitoring. Locomotory responses are sensitive to toxicants and can be easily measured. We briefly discuss the use of behavior in toxicology and automated techniques used in behavioral toxicology. We also describe the system we used to determine locomotory behaviors of fish, and present data demonstrating the system's effectiveness in measuring alterations in response to chemical challenges. Lastly, we correlate behavioral and physiological endpoints.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1998 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment","conferenceDate":"20 April 1998 through 22 April 1998","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Conshohocken, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Brewer, S., DeLonay, A., Beauvais, S., Little, E.E., and Jones, S., 1999, Use of automated monitoring to assess behavioral toxicology in fish: Linking behavior and physiology, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1364, Atlanta, GA, USA, 20 April 1998 through 22 April 1998, p. 370-384.","startPage":"370","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1364","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbec0e4b08c986b32977b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewer, S.K.","contributorId":34284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeLonay, A. J. 0000-0002-3752-2799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":34246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beauvais, S.L.","contributorId":53752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauvais","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, S.B.","contributorId":27005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020968,"text":"70020968 - 1999 - Petrology and geochemistry of late-stage intrusions of the A-type, mid-Proterozoic Pikes Peak batholith (Central Colorado, USA): Implications for petrogenetic models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70020968","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and geochemistry of late-stage intrusions of the A-type, mid-Proterozoic Pikes Peak batholith (Central Colorado, USA): Implications for petrogenetic models","docAbstract":"The ~1.08 Ga anorogenic, A-type Pikes Peak batholith (Front Range, central Colorado) is dominated by coarse-grained, biotite ?? amphibole syenogranites and minor monzogranites, collectively referred to as Pikes Peak granite (PPG). The batholith is also host to numerous small, late-stage plutons that have been subdivided into two groups (e.g. Wobus, 1976. Studies in Colorado Field Geology, Colorado School of Mines Professional Contributions, Colorado): (1) a sodic series (SiO2= ~44-78 wt%; K/Na=0.32-1.36) composed of gabbro, diabase, syenite/quartz syenite and fayalite and sodic amphibole granite; and (2) a potassic series (SiO2= ~ 70-77 wt%; K/Na=0.95-2.05), composed of biotite granite and minor quartz monzonite. Differences in major and trace element and Nd isotopic characteristics for the two series indicate different petrogenetic histories. Potassic granites of the late-stage intrusions appear to represent crustal anatectic melts derived from tonalite sources, based on comparison of their major element compositions with experimental melt products. In addition, Nd isotopic characteristics of the potassic granites [??(Nd)(1.08 Ga) = -0.2 to -2.7] overlap with those for tonalites/granodiorites [ca 1.7 Ga Boulder Creek intrusions; ??(Nd)(1.08 Ga) = -2.4 to -3.6] exposed in the region. Some of the partial melts evolved by fractionation dominated by feldspar. The late-stage potassic granites share geochemical characteristics with most of the PPG, which is also interpreted to have an anatectic origin involving tonalitic crust. The origin of monzogranites associated with the PPG remains unclear, but mixing between granitic and mafic or intermediate magmas is a possibility. Syenites and granites of the sodic series cannot be explained as crustal melts, but are interpreted as fractionation products of mantle-derived mafic magmas with minor crustal input. High temperature and low oxygen fugacity estimates (e.g. Frost et al., 1988. American Mineralogist 73, 727-740) support a basalt fractionation origin, as do ??(Nd) values for sodic granitoids [??(Nd)(1.08 Ga) = +2.2 to -0.7], which are higher than ??(Nd) values for Colorado crust at 1.08 Ga (ca -1.0 to -4.0). Enrichments in incompatible elements (e.g. rare earth elements, Rb, Y) and depletions in compatible elements (e.g. Cr, Sr, Ba) in the sodic granitoids compared to coeval mafic rocks are also consistent with fractionation. Accessory mineral fractionation, release of fluorine-rich volatiles and/or removal of pegmatitic fluids could have modified abundances of Ce, Nb, Zr and Y in some sodic granitoid magmas. Gabbros and mafic dikes associated with the sodic granitoids have ??(Nd)(1.08 Ga) of -3.0 to +3.5, which are lower than depleted mantle at 1.08 Ga, and their trace element characteristics suggest derivation from mantle sources that were previously affected by subduction-related processes. However, it is difficult to characterize the mantle component in these magmas, because assimilation of crust during magma ascent could also result in their observed geochemical features. The Pikes Peak batholith is composed of at least two petrogenetically different granite types, both of which exhibit geochemical characteristics typical of A-type granites. Models proposed for the petrogenesis of the granitoids imply the existence of mafic rocks at depth and addition of juvenile material to the crust in central Colorado at ~ 1.1 Ga.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00049-2","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Noblett, J., Wobus, R.A., Unruh, D., Douglass, J., Beane, R., Davis, C., Goldman, S., Kay, G., Gustavson, B., Saltoun, B., and Stewart, J., 1999, Petrology and geochemistry of late-stage intrusions of the A-type, mid-Proterozoic Pikes Peak batholith (Central Colorado, USA): Implications for petrogenetic models: Precambrian Research, v. 98, no. 3-4, p. 271-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00049-2.","startPage":"271","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206451,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00049-2"},{"id":229803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a781ce4b0c8380cd78636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noblett, J.","contributorId":24515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noblett","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wobus, R. A.","contributorId":70745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wobus","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Unruh, D.","contributorId":89291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglass, J.","contributorId":51937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglass","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beane, R.","contributorId":18129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beane","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davis, C.","contributorId":94453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goldman, S.","contributorId":68481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kay, G.","contributorId":13394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gustavson, B.","contributorId":47112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustavson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Saltoun, B.","contributorId":46248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltoun","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stewart, J.","contributorId":17787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":1003904,"text":"1003904 - 1999 - Antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in snow geese in the western arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-21T11:10:50","indexId":"1003904","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in snow geese in the western arctic","docAbstract":"<p>To determine if lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) are a potential reservoir for the Pasteurella multocida bacterium that causes avian cholera, serum samples and/or pharyngeal swabs were collected from &gt; 3,400 adult geese breeding on Wrangel Island (Russia) and Banks Island (Canada) during 1993-1996. Pharyngeal swab sampling rarely (&gt; 0.1%) detected birds that were exposed to P. multocida in these populations. Geese with serum antibody levels indicating recent infection with P. multocida were found at both breeding colonies. Prevalence of seropositive birds was 3.5% at Wrangel Island, an area that has no recorded history of avian cholera epizootics. Prevalence of seropositive birds was 2.8% at Banks Island in 1994, but increased to 8.2% during 1995 and 1996 when an estimated 40,000-60,000 snow geese were infected. Approximately 50% of the infected birds died during the epizootic and a portion of the surviving birds may have become carriers of the disease. This pattern of prevalence indicated that enzootic levels of infection with P. multocida occurred at both breeding colonies. When no avian cholera epizootics occurred (Wrangel Island, Banks Island in 1994), female snow geese (4.7%) had higher antibody prevalence than males (2.0%).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.440","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M., Shadduck, D., Goldberg, D., Baranyuk, V., Sileo, L., and Price, J., 1999, Antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in snow geese in the western arctic: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 3, p. 440-449, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.440.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"449","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.440","text":"Publisher Index 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]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b2c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shadduck, D.J.","contributorId":74708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shadduck","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldberg, Diana R. 0000-0001-8540-8512","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-8512","contributorId":82252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Diana R.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":314601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baranyuk, V.","contributorId":85557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baranyuk","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Price, J.I.","contributorId":50852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021926,"text":"70021926 - 1999 - Subsurface gas offshore of northern California and its link to submarine geomorphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021926","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface gas offshore of northern California and its link to submarine geomorphology","docAbstract":"The northern California continental margin contains evidence of abundant subsurface gas and numerous seafloor features that suggest a causative link between gas expulsion and geomorphology. Analyses of seismic reflection, sidescan sonar, and high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data show that the occurrence of subbottom gas and the migration processes beneath the shelf differ from those beneath the slope. Subsurface gas, inferred from enhanced reflectors and other geophysical indicators, is spatially variable and related more to total depth and stratigraphy than to underlying structure, with the exception of one band of gas that follows the regional structural trend. Shallow depressions on the seafloor (pockmarks) are used to infer expulsion sites. The largest zone of acoustically impenetrable subsurface gas occurs between water depths of 100 m and 300 m, where expulsion features are rare. The upper slope (water depths 400-600 m) has a high concentration of pockmarks (diameter 10-20 m), in contrast to a near-absence of pockmarks at water depths shallower than 400 m. Of nearly 4000 pockmarks observed on sidescan sonar records, more than 95% are located in water depths deeper than 400 m. Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) on some seismic reflection profiles indicate the possible presence of gas hydrate. We find that gas and pore-fluid migration in the offshore Eel River Basin is: (1) correlated to surface morphology; (2) a contributor to seabed roughness; (3) a significant mode of sediment redistribution on the upper slope; and (4) potentially a factor in large slope failures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00123-6","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Yun, J., Orange, D., and Field, M., 1999, Subsurface gas offshore of northern California and its link to submarine geomorphology: Marine Geology, v. 154, no. 1-4, p. 357-368, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00123-6.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206320,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00123-6"},{"id":229418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d67e4b08c986b31d821","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yun, J.W.","contributorId":103932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yun","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orange, D.L.","contributorId":31814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021802,"text":"70021802 - 1999 - Tectonic and regional metamorphic implications of the discovery of Middle Ordovician conodonts in cover rocks east of the Green Mountain massif, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T03:28:49.366061","indexId":"70021802","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic and regional metamorphic implications of the discovery of Middle Ordovician conodonts in cover rocks east of the Green Mountain massif, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p><span>Middle Ordovician (late Arenigian - early Caradocian) conodonts were recovered from a dolostone lens in carbonaceous schist 30 m below the base of the Pinney Hollow Formation in the Eastern Cover sequence near West Bridgewater, Vermont. These are the first reported fossils from the metamorphic cover sequence rocks east of the Green Mountain, Berkshire, and Housatonic massifs of western New England. The conodonts are recrystallized, coated with graphitic matter, thermally altered to a color alteration index (CAI) of at least 5, and tectonically deformed. The faunule is nearly monospecific, consisting of abundant&nbsp;</span><i>Periodon aculeatus<span>&nbsp;</span></i><span>Hadding? and rare&nbsp;</span><i>Protopanderodus</i><span>. The preponderance of&nbsp;</span><i>Periodon<span>&nbsp;</span></i><span>and the absence of warm, shallow-water species characteristic of the North American Midcontinent Conodont Province suggest a slope or basin depositional setting. The conodont-bearing carbonaceous schist is traceable 3 km southeast to the Plymouth area, where it had been designated the uppermost member of the Plymouth Formation, previously regarded as Early Cambrian in age. The age and structural position of the carbonaceous schist above dolostones of the Plymouth Formation but below the Pinney Hollow Formation (upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian?) suggest that this unit may be correlative or time transgressive with the Ira Formation, which underlies the Taconic allochthons in the Vermont Valley. Such a correlation supports the concept of placing the western limit of the root zone of the Taconic allochthons beneath the Pinney Hollow Formation. An approximate absolute age assignment for the conodont-bearing rock is between 470 and 454 Ma. This suggests that dynamothermal metamorphism during the Taconian orogeny on the east flank of the Green Mountains was younger than early Caradocian, which is in accord with the middle Caradocian age of the Ira Formation west of the Green Mountain massif.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-009","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., Harris, A., and Walsh, G., 1999, Tectonic and regional metamorphic implications of the discovery of Middle Ordovician conodonts in cover rocks east of the Green Mountain massif, Vermont: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 3, p. 371-382, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-009.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"382","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Green Mountain Massif","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.27078354898968,\n              42.74121278979263\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.46389730468489,\n              42.72385391244967\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.4909060492644,\n              42.77343781422945\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.53479525920545,\n              42.810599709765626\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.55167572456786,\n              42.862588874493554\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5111626076986,\n              42.89722401655618\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.51453870077124,\n              42.95655331033336\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.4335124670336,\n              42.983726805246505\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.45714511854044,\n              43.04790733964663\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.47064949083018,\n              43.22282782139749\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.44701683932335,\n              43.326066342279944\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5111626076986,\n              43.529570189273386\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.83526754264925,\n              43.637174220458775\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.25390308362732,\n              43.529570189273386\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.2809118282068,\n              42.852689548715034\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.30116838664101,\n              42.81802941119153\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.27078354898968,\n              42.74121278979263\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba452e4b08c986b320256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, G. J. 0000-0003-4264-8836","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":47409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021742,"text":"70021742 - 1999 - Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T10:46:02","indexId":"70021742","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"<p><span>About half of the rocks at the Mars Pathfinder Ares Vallis landing site appear to be ventifacts, rocks abraded by windborne particles. Comparable resolution images taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera and the Viking landers show that ventifacts are more abundant at the Pathfinder site. The ventifacts occur in several forms, including rocks with faceted edges, finger‐like projections, elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and possible rills. The trends of elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and rills cluster at ∼280–330° clockwise from north and generally dip 10–30° away from their trend direction. These orientations are indicative of southeast to northwest winds and differ from the trend of wind tails at the landing site, the direction of local wind streaks, and predictions of the Global Circulation Model, all of which indicate northeast to southwest winds. The disparity between these data sets strongly suggests that local circulation patterns have changed since the abrasion of the ventifacted rocks. The greater number of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site compared to either of the Viking sites is most easily explained as being due to a larger supply of abrading particles, composed of either sand‐sized grains or indurated dust aggregates, and higher surface roughness, which should increase the momentum of saltating grains. The Pathfinder ventifacts may have formed shortly after the deposition of outflow channel sediments nearly 2 Gry ago, when a large local supply of abrading particles should have been abundant and atmospheric conditions may have been more conducive to rock abrasion from saltating grains. Based on how ventifacts form on Earth, the several ventifact forms seen at the Pathfinder site and their presence on some rocks but not on others are probably due to local airflow conditions, original rock shape, exposure duration, rock movement, and to a lesser extent, rock lithology. The abundance of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site, together with other evidence of weathering, indicates that unaltered rock surfaces are rare on Mars.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/98JE02550","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bridges, N., Greeley, R., Haldemann, A.F., Herkenhoff, K.E., Kraft, M., Parker, T.J., and Ward, A.W., 1999, Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8595-8615, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02550.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"8595","endPage":"8615","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02550","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc202e4b08c986b32a8a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, N.T.","contributorId":23673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haldemann, A. F. C.","contributorId":33437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haldemann","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kraft, M.","contributorId":72547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":93888,"text":"93888 - 1999 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Bobolink","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T10:41:13","indexId":"93888","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Bobolink","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the <a href=\"http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/index.htm#bibsearch\" target=\"_blank\">Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography</a> on the home page of this resource.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93888","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Zimmerman, A., and Euliss, B., 1999, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Bobolink (Originally posted 1999; Revised 2001), 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93888.","productDescription":"24 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93888.PNG"},{"id":312400,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93888/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 1999; Revised 2001","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondreal, Marriah L.","contributorId":73532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondreal","given":"Marriah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zimmerman, Amy L.","contributorId":69087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Amy L.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1000714,"text":"1000714 - 1999 - Distribution of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and nearby lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T16:58:54.938054","indexId":"1000714","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and nearby lands","docAbstract":"From 1993 to 1997, 60 species of Anisoptera (dragonflies) and Zygoptera (damselflies) were found in Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana, including Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, in contrast to 34 species that were recorded historically from this region.  We added 17 new species to Lake County's odonate records and 39 new species to the 5 previously recorded in Porter County.  Several regionally rare species were collected: Aeshna clepsydra, Enallagma cyathigerum, and Leucorrhina frigida.  Nine species listed in the historical records were missing from our collections: Hetaerina americana, Calopteryx aequabilis, Nehalennia irene, Arigomphus furcifer, Argia fumipennis violacea, Gomphus spicatus, Epitheca princeps, Libellula exusta, and Sympetrum semicinctum.  These nine species have either declined in the area or they may be found in other habitats after further study.  Because few odonate surveys were conducted in northwest Indiana in the past, a poor baseline exists for comparisons of temporal trends in odonate diversity.","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","usgsCitation":"Smolka, G.E., Stewart, P.M., and Swinford, T.O., 1999, Distribution of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and nearby lands: Natural Areas Journal, v. 19, no. 2, p. 132-141.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403929,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43911822"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.5390625,\n              41.290189955885644\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.77001953125,\n              41.290189955885644\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.77001953125,\n              41.76926321969369\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5390625,\n              41.76926321969369\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5390625,\n              41.290189955885644\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db6408bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smolka, George E.","contributorId":100321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smolka","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Paul M.","contributorId":63336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swinford, Thomas O.","contributorId":77089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinford","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021740,"text":"70021740 - 1999 - Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021740","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, ??-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, thhat constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y + ??REE): total Y + ??REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y + ??REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, ??-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, that constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y+???REE): total Y+???REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y+???REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Ruppert, L., and Eble, C., 1999, Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 141-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3"},{"id":229628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a446fe4b0c8380cd66ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021709,"text":"70021709 - 1999 - A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021709","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The geographic distribution of sightings and sign of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Oklahoma was investigated. Mail survey questionnaires were sent to natural resource professionals throughout Oklahoma to gather temporal and spatial information on sightings of mountain lions from 1985 to 1995. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to compare locations of sightings and sign in the state with ecoregions, deer harvest, human population densities, locations of licensed owners and breeders of mountain lions, and generalized topography. Sightings and sign of mountain lions occurred significantly more often in the Central Rolling Red Plains than elsewhere in the state. Sightings of mountain lions increased with total deer harvest statewide (R2=0.828, P<0.001). Numbers of sightings of mountain lions were correlated negatively with density of the human population (R2=0.885, P=0.017). Surveys are a valuable method to assess the status of rare wildlife species when other methods are not available and when those receiving the survey are qualified.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Pike, J., Shaw, J., Leslie, D., and Shaw, M., 1999, A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 4-11.","startPage":"4","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f9e4b0c8380cd46323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, J.R.","contributorId":48034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, J.H.","contributorId":87261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, M.G.","contributorId":103529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021667,"text":"70021667 - 1999 - Synchroneity of the K-T oceanic mass extinction and meteorite impact: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T14:47:17.130806","indexId":"70021667","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synchroneity of the K-T oceanic mass extinction and meteorite impact: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15578954\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>A 10-cm-thick layer of green spherules occurs precisely at the biostratigraphic boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene (K-T boundary) at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1049 (lat 30°08′N, long 76°06′W). The spherulitic layer contains abundant rock fragments (chalk, limestone, dolomite, chert, mica books, and schist) as well as shocked quartz, abundant large Cretaceous planktic foraminifera, and rounded clasts of clay as long as 4 mm interpreted as altered tektite glass probably derived from the Chicxulub impact structure. Most of the Cretaceous foraminifera present above the spherule layer are not survivors since small specimens are conspicuously rare compared to large individuals. Instead, the Cretaceous taxa in Paleocene sediments are thought to be reworked. The first Paleocene planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil species are recorded immediately above the spherule bed, the upper part of which contains an iridium anomaly. Hence, deposition of the impact ejecta exactly coincided with the biostratigraphic K-T boundary and demonstrates that the impact event was synchronous with the evolutionary turnover in the oceans. These results are consistent with a reanalysis of the biostratigraphy of the K-T boundary stratotype, which argues that shallow-marine K-T boundary sections are not biostratigraphically more complete than deep-sea K-T boundary sites.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0419:SOTKTO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Norris, R., Huber, B., and Self-Trail, J., 1999, Synchroneity of the K-T oceanic mass extinction and meteorite impact: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic: Geology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 419-422, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0419:SOTKTO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba33be4b08c986b31fc16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, R.D.","contributorId":45735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huber, B.T.","contributorId":68389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Self-Trail, J.","contributorId":29978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021616,"text":"70021616 - 1999 - Hypothesis of historical effects from selenium on endangered fish in the Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T14:34:42","indexId":"70021616","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1913,"text":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hypothesis of historical effects from selenium on endangered fish in the Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Anthropogenic selenium contamination of aquatic ecosystems was first associated with cooling reservoirs of coal-fired power plants in the late 1970s, and later with drainage water from agricultural irrigation activities in the 1980s. In the 1990s, selenium contamination has been raised as a concern in the recovery of currently endangered fish in the Colorado River system. Widespread contamination from seleniferous drain waters from agriculture has been documented in the upper and lower Colorado River basins. Historically, irrigation started in the upper Colorado River basin in the late 1880s. In the 1930s, selenium concentrations in various drains, tributaries, and major rivers in the upper and lower Colorado River basins were in the 100 s and 1000 s of µg/L. Native fish inhabiting large rivers such as the Colorado pikeminnow and razorback sucker were abundant before 1890, but became rare after 1910 to 1920, before the influence of mainstem reservoirs in the upper and lower Colorado River. A hypothesis is presented that selenium contamination of the tributaries and major rivers of the Colorado River basin in the 1890 to 1910 period caused the decline of the endangered fish and continues to inhibit their recovery.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10807039.1999.10518884","issn":"10807039","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., 1999, Hypothesis of historical effects from selenium on endangered fish in the Colorado River basin: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, v. 5, no. 6, p. 1153-1180, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.1999.10518884.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1180","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268080,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.1999.10518884"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37bfe4b0c8380cd6111a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021615,"text":"70021615 - 1999 - Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021615","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"A single stress, acidification with sulfuric acid, was applied to Little Rock Lake in a whole-ecosystem manipulation. We documented a wide range of responses to the acidification, including increases in the concentrations of various chemicals, shifts in microbial processes and a major increase in water clarity to UV-B radiation. Each of these changes could in itself be considered as a separate ecosystem stress that is distinct from the intended manipulation. Acidification in Little Rock Lake was accompanied by a number of substantial changes in the occurrence of organisms. A series of detailed investigations indicates that the mechanisms underlying these organismal changes are varied but cannot usually be tied to the direct effects of acidification. Overall, our results demonstrate how multiple stresses can arise from a single agent operating on an ecosystem and suggest that singly operating stresses may actually be quite rare.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Frost, T., Montz, P., Kratz, T., Badillo, T., Brezonik, P., Gonzalez, M., Rada, R., Watras, C., Webster, K., Wiener, J., Williamson, C., and Morris, D., 1999, Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, no. 3 II, p. 784-794.","startPage":"784","endPage":"794","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3 II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a607ee4b0c8380cd714d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frost, T.M.","contributorId":65794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montz, P.K.","contributorId":108052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montz","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratz, T.K.","contributorId":51684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratz","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Badillo, T.","contributorId":48128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Badillo","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brezonik, P.L.","contributorId":27001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezonik","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gonzalez, M.J.","contributorId":25890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Watras, C.J.","contributorId":13917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watras","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Webster, K.E.","contributorId":63753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Williamson, C.E.","contributorId":71122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Morris, D.P.","contributorId":35260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":93887,"text":"93887 - 1999 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Burrowing Owl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T10:30:02","indexId":"93887","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Burrowing Owl","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the <a href=\"http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/index.htm#bibsearch\" target=\"_blank\">Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography</a> on the home page of this resource.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93887","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Rabie, P.A., and Euliss, B., 1999, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Burrowing Owl (Revised 2002), 34 p., 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,{"id":70021597,"text":"70021597 - 1999 - Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T13:16:01.100293","indexId":"70021597","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet","docAbstract":"We present the first documentation of Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) vocalizations, based on recordings made in Glacier Bay, Alaska, in 1994. We identified two apparently related types of calls: groan and quack. The Kittlitz's Murrelet calls were markedly different from the most common calls of the congeneric Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), but shared characteristics with the Marbled Murrelet's less common 'groan' call. Phylogeny, breeding biology, and habitat characteristics may explain relationships between the congeneric vocalizations. More complete knowledge of the Kittlitz's Murrelet vocal repertoire is needed before vocalizations can be either used or discarded in the design of effective programs to monitor this rare and poorly-known species.","language":"English","publisher":"The Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1370003","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"van Pelt, T.I., Piatt, J.F., and Van Vliet, G.B., 1999, Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet: Condor, v. 101, no. 2, p. 395-398, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370003.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2b9e4b08c986b32ad05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Pelt, Thomas I.","contributorId":13392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vliet, Gus B.","contributorId":35086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Vliet","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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