Large areas of concentrated coal balls (permineralized peat) up to 4 m thick obstructed longwall mining in the Herrin Coal at the Old Ben No. 24 mine. The largest coal‐ball area mapped contained >1500 m3; several areas contained >400 m3 of coal balls. In‐mine mapping established that there were two types of roof (freshwater and marine), and that the coal balls were spatially correlated with the marine roof units. Regional studies and local data revealed that the younger, freshwater Energy Shale (mud) originally covered all of the peat deposited at the mine, but the mud was locally removed during a period of erosion.
The great majority of coal balls are found within the coal seam, where they were permineralized in situ by carbonates. Some coal balls are found exposed on the eroded coal surface and others are within the channel fill associated with the erosion, which predates any marine sedimentation. Thus, the mineralization of the coal balls was synchronous with the erosion of the Energy Shale mud.
Data from C‐and O‐isotope, geochemical, and mineralogical analyses of coal balls and associated materials were used to refine a depositional model of coal‐ball formation. The concentrated coal‐ball areas were created by the triggered degassing of CO2 from partially decomposed peat in the presence of cations from fresh waters; 13C/12C ratios in these coal balls average −23.9‰. 13C/12C ratios as low as −34‰ occurring in the most concentrated coal balls are consistent with CO2 produced by anaerobic oxidation of methane. Top‐of‐seam coal balls were formed later and show slight to strong marine influence; their 13C/12C ratios average −10.8‰.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/jgs.157.1.221","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"DeMaris, P., 2000, Formation and distribution of coal balls in the Herrin Coal (Pennsylvanian), Franklin County, Illinois Basin, USA: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 157, no. 1, p. 221-228, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.1.221.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.7056,38.1263],[-88.7071,38.0392],[-88.7046,37.9508],[-88.705,37.9078],[-88.7055,37.8643],[-88.8145,37.8631],[-88.9323,37.8624],[-89.0396,37.8637],[-89.1515,37.8645],[-89.1516,37.9516],[-89.1803,37.9516],[-89.1773,37.9539],[-89.1715,37.9571],[-89.1662,37.9571],[-89.1633,37.958],[-89.1627,37.9638],[-89.1609,37.9665],[-89.1574,37.9697],[-89.1562,37.972],[-89.155,37.9779],[-89.1527,37.9815],[-89.1509,37.9837],[-89.1486,37.9851],[-89.1474,37.9883],[-89.1468,37.9914],[-89.1462,37.9951],[-89.1456,37.9987],[-89.145,38.0037],[-89.145,38.0059],[-89.1455,38.0087],[-89.1461,38.0105],[-89.1438,38.0127],[-89.1426,38.0168],[-89.1402,38.0195],[-89.1402,38.0222],[-89.146,38.0304],[-89.1466,38.0331],[-89.1425,38.0359],[-89.1425,38.0386],[-89.1401,38.0417],[-89.1407,38.0444],[-89.143,38.0472],[-89.1413,38.0481],[-89.1383,38.0476],[-89.136,38.0481],[-89.1354,38.0499],[-89.1365,38.0549],[-89.1354,38.0571],[-89.133,38.0553],[-89.1313,38.0562],[-89.1284,38.0567],[-89.1283,38.0585],[-89.1272,38.0594],[-89.1231,38.0603],[-89.1242,38.063],[-89.1219,38.0643],[-89.1225,38.0653],[-89.1254,38.0662],[-89.1242,38.0684],[-89.1254,38.0707],[-89.123,38.0707],[-89.1218,38.0721],[-89.1224,38.0739],[-89.1236,38.0752],[-89.1247,38.0793],[-89.1247,38.0816],[-89.1229,38.0852],[-89.1212,38.0879],[-89.1217,38.0902],[-89.1217,38.0933],[-89.12,38.0952],[-89.1194,38.097],[-89.1223,38.0988],[-89.1264,38.0997],[-89.1305,38.1011],[-89.134,38.1025],[-89.1357,38.1034],[-89.1375,38.1034],[-89.1386,38.1038],[-89.1386,38.1052],[-89.138,38.1074],[-89.1369,38.1088],[-89.1345,38.1092],[-89.1328,38.1106],[-89.1322,38.112],[-89.1322,38.1147],[-89.1339,38.1192],[-89.1339,38.1219],[-89.1327,38.126],[-89.0414,38.1253],[-89.0133,38.1251],[-89.011,38.1251],[-88.946,38.1267],[-88.9314,38.1271],[-88.8156,38.1274],[-88.7056,38.1263]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Franklin\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","volume":"157","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1347e4b0c8380cd545b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMaris, P.J.","contributorId":56808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMaris","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022242,"text":"70022242 - 2000 - State geological surveys: Their growing national role in policy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:09:39","indexId":"70022242","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State geological surveys: Their growing national role in policy","docAbstract":"State geological surveys vary in organizational structure, but are political powers in the field of geology by virtue of their intimate knowledge of and involvement in legislative and political processes. Origins of state geological surveys lie in the recognition of society that settlement and prosperity depended on access to a variety of natural resources, resources that are most familiar to geologists. As the surveys adapt to modern societal pressures, making geology serve the public has become the new mission for many state geological surveys. Geologic mapping was the foundation of most early surveys, and the state surveys have brought mapping back into the public realm to meet today's challenges of growing population density, living environment desires, and resource access.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0894802X","usgsCitation":"Gerhard, L.C., 2000, State geological surveys: Their growing national role in policy: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 42-44.","startPage":"42","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96c8e4b08c986b31b6ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhard, L. C.","contributorId":30767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerhard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022240,"text":"70022240 - 2000 - Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022240","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer","docAbstract":"Fe(III) reduction in the Magothy aquifer of Long Island, NY, results in high dissolved-iron concentrations that degrade water quality. Geochemical modeling was used to constrain iron-related geochemical processes and redox zonation along a flow path. The observed increase in dissolved inorganic carbon is consistent with the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter coupled to the reduction of O2 and SO4/2- in the aerobic zone, and to the reduction of SO4/2- in the anaerobic zone; estimated rates of CO2 production through reduction of Fe(III) were relatively minor by comparison. The rates of CO2 production calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon mass transfer (2.55 x 10-4 to 48.6 x 10-4 mmol 1-1 yr-1) generally were comparable to the calculated rates of CO2 production by the combined reduction of O2, Fe(III) and SO4/2- (1.31 x 10-4 to 15 x 10-4 mmol 1-1 yr-1). The overall increase in SO4/2- concentrations along the flow path, together with the results of mass-balance calculations, and variations in ??34S values along the flow path indicate that SO4/2- loss through microbial reduction is exceeded by SO4/2- gain through diffusion from sediments and through the oxidation of FeS2. Geochemichal and microbial data on cores indicate that Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings on sediment grains in local, organic carbon- and SO4/2- -rich zones have localized SO4/2- -reducing zones in which the formation of iron disulfides been depleted by microbial reduction and resulted in decreases dissolved iron concentrations. These localized zones of SO4/2- reduction, which are important for assessing zones of low dissolved iron for water-supply development, could be overlooked by aquifer studies that rely only on groundwater data from well-water samples for geochemical modeling. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.Fe(III) reduction in the Magothy aquifer of Long Island, NY, results in high dissolved-iron concentrations that degrade water quality. Geochemical modeling was used to constrain iron-related geochemical processes and redox zonation along a flow path. The observed increase in dissolved inorganic carbon is consistent with the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter coupled to the reduction of O2 and SO42- in the aerobic zone, and to the reduction of SO42- in the anaerobic zone; estimated rates of CO2 production through reduction of Fe(III) were relatively minor by comparison. The rates of CO2 production calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon mass transfer (2.55??10-4 to 48.6??10-4mmol l-1yr-1) generally were comparable to the calculated rates of CO2 production by the combined reduction of O2, Fe(III) and SO42- (1.31??10-4 to 15??10-4mmol l-1yr-1). The overall increase in SO42- concentrations along the flow path, together with the results of mass-balance calculations, and variations in ??34S values along the flow path indicate that SO42- loss through microbial reduction is exceeded by SO42- gain through diffusion from sediments and through the oxidation of FeS2. Geochemical and microbial data on cores indicate that Fe(III) oxyhydroxide coatings on sediment grains in local, organic carbon- and SO42--rich zones have been depleted by microbial reduction and resulted in localized SO42--reducing zones in which the formation of iron disulfides decreases dissolved iron concentrations. These localized zones of SO42- reduction, which are important for assessing zones of low dissolved iron for water-supply development, could be overlooked by aquifer studies that rely only on groundwater data from well-water samples for geochemical modeling.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.J., Schoonen, M., and Candela, J., 2000, Geochemical modeling of iron, sulfur, oxygen and carbon in a coastal plain aquifer: Journal of Hydrology, v. 237, no. 3-4, p. 147-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1.","startPage":"147","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00296-1"},{"id":230368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1688e4b0c8380cd551a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoonen, M.A.A.","contributorId":82479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoonen","given":"M.A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Candela, J.L.","contributorId":6884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candela","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022238,"text":"70022238 - 2000 - Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Laboratory studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022238","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Laboratory studies","docAbstract":"The potential for biodegradation of highly reduced groundwater contaminants is greatest under aerobic conditions and least under CO2-reducing (methanogenic) conditions. Laboratory studies conducted using [1,2-14C] vinyl chloride (VC) indicate the same pattern applies to the anaerobic oxidation of relatively reduced chloroethylenes. Recent studies, showing that CH4 can be a significant product of microbial degradation of VC under methanogenic conditions, clarified mechanisms underlying anaerobic VC mineralization and emphasized the redox dependence of this process. A microcosm study conducted with stream bed sediments demonstrated rapid degradation of [1,2-14C] VC and simultaneous production of 14CO2 and 14CH4. The results of acetate mineralization studies indicated that these sediments contained active acetotrophic methanogens. VC degradation involved an initial transformation to acetate via oxidative acetogenesis followed by acetotrophic methanogenesis to yield CO2 and CH4 as final products. Based on these recent results, a conceptual model for anaerobic microbial degradation of VC to non-chlorinated products can be proposed.","largerWorkTitle":"ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts","conferenceTitle":"220th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"20 August 2000 through 24 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Wastington, DC","language":"English","issn":"00657727","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 2000, Redox conditions and the efficiency of chlorinated ethene biodegradation: Laboratory studies, in ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts, v. 40, no. 2, Wastington, DC, 20 August 2000 through 24 August 2000, p. 345-347.","startPage":"345","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3bfe4b0e8fec6cdb95d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022236,"text":"70022236 - 2000 - Addendum to `numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system'","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022236","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1939,"text":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Addendum to `numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system'","docAbstract":"Two numerical models to simulate an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system that is used for buried-object detection and environmental problems are presented. In the first model, the transmitting and receiving loop antennas accurately analyzed using the method of moments (MoM), and then conjugate gradient (CG) methods with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are utilized to investigate the scattering from buried conducting plates. In the second model, two magnetic dipoles are used to replace the transmitter and receiver. Both the theory and formulation are correct and the simulation results for the primary magnetic field and the reflected magnetic field are accurate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1109/74.848948","issn":"10459243","usgsCitation":"Cui, T., Chew, W., Aydiner, A., Wright, D., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2000, Addendum to `numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system': IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, v. 42, no. 3, p. 54-57, https://doi.org/10.1109/74.848948.","startPage":"54","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206591,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.848948"},{"id":230332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e7e4b0c8380cd47700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aydiner, A.A.","contributorId":76088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydiner","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022235,"text":"70022235 - 2000 - Lichens of Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, westernmost Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T16:39:07.604562","indexId":"70022235","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1087,"text":"Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lichens of Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, westernmost Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"One hundred eighty-two taxa of lichens including two lichen parasites are reported from Izembek National Wildlife Refuge on the tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Metasphaeria tartarina is new to North America; Scoliciosporum umbrinum is new to Alaska. Wide-ranging, arctic-alpine, and boreal species dominate the lichen flora; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. Epigeic lichen abundance is described along a lowland to alpine mesotopographic gradient selected to represent major landscape variation in the refuge. Of six major community types identified, three had significant lichen components.
","language":"English","publisher":"The American Bryological and Lichenological Society","doi":"10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0379:LOINWR]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00072745","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S., Talbot, S.L., Thomson, J.W., and Schofield, W., 2000, Lichens of Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, westernmost Alaska Peninsula: Bryologist, v. 103, no. 2, p. 379-389, https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0379:LOINWR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.1792449951172,\n 55.08426290737601\n ],\n [\n 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WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomson, John W.","contributorId":179139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13562,"text":"University of Wisconsin, Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schofield, Wilfred B.","contributorId":97827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Wilfred B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022231,"text":"70022231 - 2000 - Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:57:35.832482","indexId":"70022231","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","docAbstract":"In June 1912, the world's largest twentieth century eruption broke out through flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age near the base of Trident volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The 60 h ash-flow and Plinian eruptive sequence excavated and subsequently backfilled with ejecta a flaring funnel-shaped vent since called Novarupta. The vent is adjacent to a cluster of late Quaternary stratocones and domes that have released about 140 km3 of magma in the past 150 k.y. Although the 1912 vent is closest to the Trident group and is also close to Mageik and Griggs volcanoes, it was the summit of Mount Katmai, 10 km east of Novarupta, that collapsed during the eruption to form a 5.5 km3 caldera. Many earthquakes, including 14 in the range M 6−7, took place during and after the eruption, releasing 250 times more seismic energy than the 1991 caldera-forming eruption of the Philippine volcano, Pinatubo. The contrast in seismic behavior may reflect the absence of older caldera faults at Mount Katmai, lack of upward (subsidence opposing) magma flow owing to lateral magma withdrawal in 1912, and the horizontally stratified structure of the thick shale-rich Mesozoic basement. The Katmai caldera compensates for only 40% of the 13 km3 of 1912 magma erupted, which included 7–8 km3 of slightly zoned high-silica rhyolite and 4.5 km3 of crystal-rich dacite that grades continuously into 1 km3 of crystal-rich andesite. We have now mapped, sampled, and studied the products of all 20 components of the Katmai volcanic cluster. Pyroxene dacite and silicic andesite predominate at all of them, and olivine andesite is also common at Griggs, Katmai, and Trident volcanoes, but basalt and rhyodacite have erupted only at Mount Katmai. Rhyolite erupted only in 1912 and is otherwise absent among Quaternary products of the cluster. Pleistocene products of Mageik and Trident and all products of Griggs are compositionally distinguishable from those of 1912 at Novarupta. Holocene products of Mount Martin and Trident are closer in composition to the andesite-dacite array of 1912, but they reveal consistent differences. The affinity of the 1912 suite is closest with the array of products erupted by the Southwest Katmai cone, the edifice that had produced the only pre-1912 rhyodacite as well as the largest prehistoric Plinian eruption in the cluster. It is doubtful that any 1912 magma had been stored beneath Novarupta or Trident, and there is no evidence that more than one magma chamber erupted in 1912. Despite a compositional gap separating the aphyric rhyolite from the very crystal-rich andesite-dacite continuum, isotopic and chemical affinities linking all the 1912 ejecta and the continuity of all those ejecta in magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity suggest that the rhyolite originated principally by incremental upward expulsion of interstitial melt from subjacent andesite-dacite mush. A large reservoir of such hot crystal mush is required both as the residue of rhyolitic melt separation and as a proximate heat source to thermally sustain the nearly aphyric condition of the overlying rhyolite. A model is presented for a unitary zoned chamber beneath Mount Katmai.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2000, Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 10, p. 1594-1620, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1594","endPage":"1620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai volcanic cluster","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ],\n [\n -162.97119140625,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -159.58740234375,\n 54.635697306063854\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n -158.84033203125,\n 55.640398956687356\n ],\n [\n -158.203125,\n 56.04749958329888\n ],\n [\n -156.99462890624997,\n 56.49889156789072\n ],\n [\n -156.55517578125,\n 56.8249328650072\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 57.350237477396824\n ],\n [\n -152.86376953125,\n 58.57398108438837\n ],\n [\n -151.94091796875,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -152.11669921875,\n 59.153403092050375\n ],\n [\n -152.02880859375,\n 59.77852198502987\n ],\n [\n -151.3916015625,\n 60.511343283202464\n ],\n [\n -151.5234375,\n 60.76989094827323\n ],\n [\n -150.97412109375,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -154.70947265625,\n 61.30190220337445\n ],\n [\n -154.75341796875,\n 60.27251459483244\n ],\n [\n -154.84130859375,\n 59.366793908532124\n ],\n [\n -155.91796874999997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -156.24755859375,\n 58.33256713195789\n ],\n [\n -157.91748046875,\n 57.53941679447497\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 57.16007826737998\n ],\n [\n -159.14794921875,\n 56.8729956637964\n ],\n [\n -160.46630859375,\n 56.353077613860826\n ],\n [\n -160.64208984375,\n 56.108810038002154\n ],\n [\n -161.52099609375,\n 56.03522578369872\n ],\n [\n -162.24609375,\n 55.801280971180454\n ],\n [\n -162.70751953125,\n 55.441479359140686\n ],\n [\n -163.63037109375,\n 55.141209644495056\n ],\n [\n -164.64111328125,\n 54.95238569063361\n ],\n [\n -165.03662109375,\n 54.67383096593114\n ],\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a406ae4b0c8380cd64d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022230,"text":"70022230 - 2000 - Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022230","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA","docAbstract":"Two extensive plumes (combined area > 1000 km2) have been delineated within the Ogallala aquifer in the Southern High Plains, TX, USA. Salinity varies within the plumes spatially and increases with depth; Cl ranges from 50 to >500 mg 1-1. Variable-density flow modeling using SUTRA has identified three broad regions of upward cross-formational flow from the underlying evaporite units. The upward discharge within the modeled plume area is in the range of 10-4-10-5 m3 day-1, and the TDS concentrations are typically >3000 mg 1-1. Regions of increased salinity, identified within the Whitehorse Group (evaporite unit) underlying the Ogallala aquifer, are controlled by the structure and thickness variations relative to the recharge areas. Distinct flow paths, on the order of tens of km to >100 km in length, and varying flow velocities indicate that the salinization of the Ogallala aquifer has been a slow, ongoing process and may represent circulation of waters recharged during Pleistocene or earlier times. On-going pumping has had negligible impact on the salinity distribution in the Ogallala aquifer, although simulations indicate that the velocity distribution in the underlying units may have been affected to depths of 150 m after 30 years of pumping. Because the distribution of saline ground water in this region of the Ogallala aquifer is heterogeneous, careful areal and vertical characterization is warranted prior to any well-field development. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.Two extensive plumes (combined area >1000 km2) have been delineated within the Ogallala aquifer in the Southern High Plains, TX, USA. Salinity varies within the plumes spatially and increases with depth; Cl ranges from 50 to >500 mg l-1. Variable-density flow modeling using SUTRA has identified three broad regions of upward cross-formational flow from the underlying evaporite units. The upward discharge within the modeled plume area is in the range of 10-4-10-5 m3 day-1, and the TDS concentrations are typically >3000 mg l-1. Regions of increased salinity, identified within the Whitehorse Group (evaporite unit) underlying the Ogallala aquifer, are controlled by the structure and thickness variations relative to the recharge areas. Distinct flow paths, on the order of tens of km to >100 km in length, and varying flow velocities indicate that the salinization of the Ogallala aquifer has been a slow, ongoing process and may represent circulation of waters recharged during Pleistocene or earlier times. On-going pumping has had negligible impact on the salinity distribution in the Ogallala aquifer, although simulations indicate that the velocity distribution in the underlying units may have been affected to depths of 150 m after 30 years of pumping. Because the distribution of saline ground water in this region of the Ogallala aquifer is heterogeneous, careful areal and vertical characterization is warranted prior to any well-field development.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Mehta, S., Fryar, A., Brady, R., and Morin, R.H., 2000, Modeling regional salinization of the Ogallala aquifer, Southern High Plains, TX, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 238, no. 1-2, p. 44-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0.","startPage":"44","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206802,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00314-0"},{"id":230822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"238","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c22e4b0c8380cd6fa71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehta, S.","contributorId":74902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehta","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryar, A.E.","contributorId":59928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryar","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brady, R.M.","contributorId":70558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022227,"text":"70022227 - 2000 - Geoelectrical structure of the central zone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022227","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geoelectrical structure of the central zone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion)","docAbstract":"A study of the geoelectrical structure of the central part of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion, Indian Ocean) was made using direct current electrical (DC) and transient electromagnetic soundings (TEM). Piton de la Fournaise is a highly active oceanic basaltic shield and has been active for more than half a million years. Joint interpretation of the DC and TEM data allows us to obtain reliable 1D models of the resistivity distribution. The depth of investigation is of the order of 1.5 km but varies with the resistivity pattern encountered at each sounding. Two-dimensional resistivity cross sections were constructed by interpolation between the soundings of the 1D interpreted models. Conductors with resistivities less than 100 ohm-m are present at depth beneath all of the soundings and are located high in the volcanic edifice at elevations between 2000 and 1200 m. The deepest conductor has a resistivity less than 20 ohm-m for soundings located inside the Enclos and less than 60-100 ohm-m for soundings outside the Enclos. From the resistivity distributions, two zones are distinguished: (a) the central zone of the Enclos; and (b) the outer zone beyond the Enclos. Beneath the highly active summit area, the conductor rises to within a few hundred meters of the surface. This bulge coincides with a 2000-mV self-potential anomaly. Low-resistivity zones are inferred to show the presence of a hydrothermal system where alteration by steam and hot water has lowered the resistivity of the rocks. Farther from the summit, but inside the Enclos the depth to the conductive layers increases to approximately 1 km and is inferred to be a deepening of the hydrothermally altered zone. Outside of the Enclos, the nature of the deep, conductive layers is not established. The observed resistivities suggest the presence of hydrated minerals, which could be found in landslide breccias, in hydrothermally altered zones, or in thick pyroclastic layers. Such formations often create perched water tables. The known occurrence of large eastward-moving landslides in the evolution of Piton de la Fournaise strongly suggests that large volumes of breccias should exist in the interior of the volcano; however, extensive breccia deposits are not observed at the bottom of the deep valleys that incise the volcano to elevations lower than those determined for the top of the conductors. The presence of the center of Piton de la Fournaise beneath the Plaine des Sables area during earlier volcanic stages (ca. 0.5 to 0.150 Ma) may have resulted in broad hydrothermal alteration of this zone. However, this interpretation cannot account for the low resistivities in peripheral zones. It is not presently possible to discriminate between these general interpretations. In addition, the nature of the deep conductors may be different in each zone. Whatever the geologic nature of these conductive layers, their presence indicates a major change of lithology at depth, unexpected for a shield volcano such as Piton de la Fournaise.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004459900058","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Lenat, J., Fitterman, D., Jackson, D.B., and Labazuy, P., 2000, Geoelectrical structure of the central zone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion): Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 62, no. 2, p. 75-89, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004459900058.","startPage":"75","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004459900058"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1746e4b0c8380cd5546a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenat, J.-F.","contributorId":90172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenat","given":"J.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitterman, D.","contributorId":56104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, D. B.","contributorId":27057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Labazuy, P.","contributorId":97383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labazuy","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022226,"text":"70022226 - 2000 - Clast-fabric development in a shearing granular material: Implications for subglacial till and fault gouge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T11:10:48.026471","indexId":"70022226","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clast-fabric development in a shearing granular material: Implications for subglacial till and fault gouge","docAbstract":"Elongate clasts in subglacial till and in fault gouge align during shearing, but the relation between clast-fabric strength and cumulative shear strain for such materials is effectively unknown. This relation was explored in experiments with a large ring-shear device in which a till and a viscous putty that contained isolated clasts were sheared to high strains. As expected, rotation of clasts in the putty is closely approximated by the theory of G.B. Jeffrey, who derived the orbits of rigid ellipsoids in a slowly shearing fluid. Clast rotation in the till, however, is strikingly different. Rather than orbiting through the shear plane as predicted by Jeffery, most clasts rotate into the shear plane and remain there, resulting in strong fabrics regardless of the aspect ratios and initial orientations of clasts. This divergent behavior is likely due to slip of the till matrix along the surfaces of clasts, which is a natural expectation in a granular material but violates the no-slip condition of Jeffery's model. These results do not support the widespread belief that subglacial till deformation results in weak clast fabrics. Thus, many tills with weak fabrics thought to have been sheared subglacially to high strains, like many basal tills of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, may have been sheared only slightly with little effect on either ice-sheet dynamics or sediment transport. In addition, these results indicate that in simple shear the rotation of clasts in till and in fault gouge is best analyzed with the model of A. March, who treated inclusions as passive markers.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<683:CDIASG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hooyer, T., and Iverson, N., 2000, Clast-fabric development in a shearing granular material: Implications for subglacial till and fault gouge: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 5, p. 683-692, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<683:CDIASG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"692","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f633e4b0c8380cd4c5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooyer, T.S.","contributorId":83242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooyer","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, N.R.","contributorId":19682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022224,"text":"70022224 - 2000 - Reconnaissance survey of sulfonamide, sulfonylurea, and imidazolinone herbicides in surface streams and groundwater of the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:42:00.463874","indexId":"70022224","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reconnaissance survey of sulfonamide, sulfonylurea, and imidazolinone herbicides in surface streams and groundwater of the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"The study objective was to conduct a small scale synoptic survey of representative water resources draining agricultural land for occurrence of several herbicide residues. These new classes of herbicides are commonly applied pre-emergence or post-emergence in conservation tillage systems to control grasses and broadleaf weeds in cropped and noncropped areas. Both surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 44 midwestern locations during the summer of 1997, and analyzed for herbicide residues of 15 sulfonylurea and imidazolinone chemicals, and one sulfonamide. Each site was sampled between mid-June and late-October with several stream sites sampled twice. The method, developed jointly by the chemical manufacturer's and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, provides a 100 ng/L limit of quantitation in surface water for all analytes. Analytes were detected and identity confirmed in surface water at six sites and in ground water at two sites. The most frequently detected herbicides were imazaquin, imazethapyr, and nicosulfuron. For field studies in which the source of surface and ground water associated with the farming system on the agricultural landscape is known, the sensitivity of the method can be improved with only minor modifications in detection criteria.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agrochemical fate and movement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch017","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Steinheimer, T., Pfeiffer, R., Scoggin, K., and Battaglin, W., 2000, Reconnaissance survey of sulfonamide, sulfonylurea, and imidazolinone herbicides in surface streams and groundwater of the Midwestern United States, in Agrochemical fate and movement, v. 751, p. 248-271, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch017.","productDescription":"24 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W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022222,"text":"70022222 - 2000 - Dominance of an ~150-year cycle of sand-supply change in late Holocene dune-building along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T12:58:24","indexId":"70022222","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dominance of an ~150-year cycle of sand-supply change in late Holocene dune-building along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Outcrops of buried soils on lake-plains and glacial headlands along Lake Michigan's eastern shore suggest that periodic dune-building has occurred there after relatively long (≥100 yr) periods of low sand supply. We located, described, and radiocarbon dated 75 such buried soils that crop out in 32 coastal dune fields beside the lake. We assume that peaks in probability distributions of calibrated 14C ages obtained from wood, charcoal, and other organic matter from buried A horizons approximate the time of soil burial by dunes. Plotted against a late Holocene lake-level curve for Lake Michigan, these peaks are closely associated with many ∼150-yr lake highstands previously inferred from beach ridge studies. Intervening periods of lower lake levels and relative sand starvation apparently permitted forestation and soil development at the sites we studied. While late Holocene lake-level change led to development and preservation of prominent foredunes along the southern and southwestern shores of Lake Michigan, the modern dune landscape of the eastern shore is dominated by perched dunes formed during ∼150-yr lake highstands over the past 1500 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/qres.2000.2168","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Loope, W., and Arbogast, A., 2000, Dominance of an ~150-year cycle of sand-supply change in late Holocene dune-building along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan: Quaternary Research, v. 54, no. 3, p. 414-422, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2168.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"422","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2168"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03a5e4b0c8380cd505ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loope, W.L.","contributorId":22280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arbogast, A.F.","contributorId":38313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arbogast","given":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022221,"text":"70022221 - 2000 - Spatial variation in fish assemblages across a beaver-influenced successional landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T14:52:54","indexId":"70022221","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variation in fish assemblages across a beaver-influenced successional landscape","docAbstract":"Beavers are increasingly viewed as “ecological engineers,” having broad effects on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of north-temperate landscapes. We examine the influence of both local successional processes associated with beaver activity and regional geomorphic boundaries on spatial variation in fish assemblages along the Kabetogama Peninsula in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, USA. Fish abundance and species richness exhibited considerable variation among drainages along the peninsula. Geological barriers to fish dispersal at outlets of some drainages has reduced fish abundance and species richness. Fish abundance and species richness also varied within drainages among local environments associated with beaver pond succession. Fish abundance was higher in upland ponds than in lowland ponds, collapsed ponds, or streams, whereas species richness was highest in collapsed ponds and streams. Cluster analyses based on fish abundance at sites classified according to successional environment indicated that four species (northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos; brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans; finescale dace, P. neogaeus; and fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas), were predominant in all successional environments. Several less abundant species were added in collapsed ponds and streams, with smaller size classes of large lake species (e.g., black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus; smallmouth bass, Micropertus dolomieui; yellow perch, Perca flavescens; and burbot, Lota lota) being a component of these less abundant species. The addition of smaller size classes of large lake species indicates that dispersal of early life-history stages from Kabetogama Lake played a role in determining the species richness and composition of less abundant species in successional environments on the peninsula. Furthermore, collapsed-pond and stream environments closer to Kabetogama Lake had higher species richness than similar successional sites located farther from the lake. Cluster analyses based on fish abundance at sites classified according to drainage indicated that species composition among drainages was influenced both by the presence or absence of geological barriers to fish dispersal and the nonrandom distribution of collapsed ponds and streams. Based on these results, we present a hierarchical conceptual model suggesting how geomorphic boundaries and beaver pond succession interact to influence fish assemblage attributes. The presence of a productive and diverse fish assemblage in headwater streams of north-temperate areas requires the entire spatial and temporal mosaic of successional habitats associated with beaver activity, including those due to the creation and abandonment of beaver ponds. The ultimate impact of the local successional mosaic on fishes, however, will be strongly influenced by the regional geomorphic context in which the mosaic occurs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1371:SVIFAA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Schlosser, I., and Kallemeyn, L., 2000, Spatial variation in fish assemblages across a beaver-influenced successional landscape: Ecology, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1371-1382, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1371:SVIFAA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1371","endPage":"1382","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94b9e4b08c986b31ac10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlosser, I.J.","contributorId":23303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kallemeyn, L.W.","contributorId":44864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kallemeyn","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022220,"text":"70022220 - 2000 - Ruby and sapphire from Jegdalek, Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T17:53:19.460843","indexId":"70022220","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1735,"text":"Gems and Gemology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ruby and sapphire from Jegdalek, Afghanistan","docAbstract":"This study provides detailed mining and gemological information on the Jegdalek deposit, in east-central Afghanistan, which is hosted by elongate beds of corundum-bearing marble. Some facet-grade ruby has been recovered, but most of the material consists of semitransparent pink sapphire of cabochon or carving quality. The most common internal features are dense concentrations of healed and nonhealed fracture planes and lamellar twin planes. Color zoning is common, and calcite, apatite, zircon, mica, iron sulfide minerals, graphite, rutile, aluminum hydroxide, and other minerals are also present in some samples. Although the reserves appear to be large, future potential will depend on the establishment of a stable government and the introduction of modern mining and exploration techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"Gemological Institute of America","issn":"0016626X","usgsCitation":"Bowersox, G., Foord, E., Laurs, B., Shigley, J., and Smith, C., 2000, Ruby and sapphire from Jegdalek, Afghanistan: Gems and Gemology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 110-126.","startPage":"110","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407334,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology?_ga=2.60313581.1525086835.1664197873-1765646983.1664197873"},{"id":230635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Afghanistan","otherGeospatial":"Jegdalek deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 69.81863021850586,\n 34.4237617409504\n ],\n [\n 69.83579635620117,\n 34.4237617409504\n ],\n [\n 69.83579635620117,\n 34.43636318093373\n ],\n [\n 69.81863021850586,\n 34.43636318093373\n ],\n [\n 69.81863021850586,\n 34.4237617409504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaeb5e4b0c8380cd87198","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowersox, G.W.","contributorId":37498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowersox","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laurs, B.M.","contributorId":37086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurs","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shigley, J.E.","contributorId":57217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shigley","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, C.P.","contributorId":76494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022216,"text":"70022216 - 2000 - Tropical climate at the last glacial maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022216","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tropical climate at the last glacial maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling","docAbstract":"Model-derived equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) of former tropical glaciers support arguments, based on other paleoclimate data, for both the magnitude and spatial pattern of terrestrial cooling in the tropics at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Relative to the present, LGM ELAs were maintained by air temperatures that were 3.5??to 6.6 ??C lower and precipitation that ranged from 63% wetter in Hawaii to 25% drier on Mt. Kenya, Africa. Our results imply the need for a ~3 ??C cooling of LGM sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool. Sensitivity tests suggest that LGM ELAs could have persisted until 16,000 years before the present in the Peruvian Andes and on Papua, New Guinea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.290.5497.1747","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Clark, P., 2000, Tropical climate at the last glacial maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling: Science, v. 290, no. 5497, p. 1747-1750, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5497.1747.","startPage":"1747","endPage":"1750","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5497.1747"}],"volume":"290","issue":"5497","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb893e4b08c986b327933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, P.U.","contributorId":78449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"P.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022207,"text":"70022207 - 2000 - Forest clearing and regional landsliding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T21:53:23.897743","indexId":"70022207","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest clearing and regional landsliding","docAbstract":"The influence of forest clearing on landsliding is central to long-standing concern over the effects of timber harvesting on slope stability. Here we document a strong topographic control on shallow landsliding by combining unique ground-based landslide surveys in an intensively monitored study area with digital terrain modeling using high-resolution laser altimetry and a coarser resolution regional study of 3224 landslides. As predicted by our digital terrain–based model, landslides occur disproportionately in steep, convergent topography. In terrain predicted to be at low risk of slope failure, a random model performs equally well to our mechanism-based model. Our monitoring shows that storms with 24 hr rainfall recurrence intervals of less than 4 yr triggered landslides in the decade after forest clearing and that conventional monitoring programs can substantially underestimate the effects of forest clearing. Our regional analysis further substantiates that forest clearing dramatically accelerates shallow landsliding in steep terrain typical of the Pacific Northwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<311:FCARL>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, D.R., Schmidt, K., Greenberg, H.M., and Dietrich, W.E., 2000, Forest clearing and regional landsliding: Geology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 311-314, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<311:FCARL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"314","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Coos Bay","otherGeospatial":"Mettman Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.398193359375,\n 43.271206115959785\n ],\n [\n -124.05899047851561,\n 43.271206115959785\n ],\n [\n -124.05899047851561,\n 43.600284023536325\n ],\n [\n -124.398193359375,\n 43.600284023536325\n ],\n [\n -124.398193359375,\n 43.271206115959785\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a132ce4b0c8380cd5454b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, D. R.","contributorId":41582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Montgomery","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, K. M. 0000-0003-2365-8035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":59830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenberg, H. M.","contributorId":98067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietrich, W. E.","contributorId":47538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietrich","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022206,"text":"70022206 - 2000 - The use of earthquake rate changes as a stress meter at Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022206","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of earthquake rate changes as a stress meter at Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"Stress changes in the Earth's crust are generally estimated from model calculations that use near-surface deformation as an observational constraint. But the widespread correlation of changes of earthquake activity with stress has led to suggestions that stress changes might be calculated from earthquake occurrence rates obtained from seismicity catalogues. Although this possibility has considerable appeal, because seismicity data are routinely collected and have good spatial and temporal resolution, the method has not yet proven successful, owing to the nonlinearity of earthquake rate changes with respect to both stress and time. Here, however, we present two methods for inverting earthquake rate data to infer stress changes, using a formulation for the stress- and time-dependence of earthquake rates. Application of these methods at Kilauea volcano, in Hawaii, yields good agreement with independent estimates, indicating that earthquake rates can provide a practical remote-sensing stress meter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/35044054","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J., Cayol, V., and Okubo, P., 2000, The use of earthquake rate changes as a stress meter at Kilauea volcano: Nature, v. 408, no. 6811, p. 457-460, https://doi.org/10.1038/35044054.","startPage":"457","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206660,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35044054"},{"id":230485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"408","issue":"6811","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb167e4b08c986b32530d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, J.","contributorId":49953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayol, V.","contributorId":83302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayol","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022202,"text":"70022202 - 2000 - Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022202","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data","docAbstract":"Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (A(s)) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [ln(A(s)/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (As) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [In(As/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., and McCabe, G., 2000, Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 6, p. 987-1002, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479339,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::aid-hyp980>3.0.co;2-a","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206642,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"id":230446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f2e4b0c8380cd4f9e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022199,"text":"70022199 - 2000 - Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022199","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys","docAbstract":"Data on the volumes of oxygenates and other compounds in gasoline are available from several sources collectively referred as gasoline surveys. The gasoline surveys provide the most definitive knowledge of which oxygenate, if any, and what volumes of that oxygenate are being used in various areas of the country. This information is important in water-quality assessments for relating the detection of MTBE in water to patterns of usage of MTBE in gasoline. General information on three surveys that have been conducted by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, and the EPA was presented. The samples were tested for physical properties and constituents including octane number, specific gravity, and volumes of olefins, aromatics, benzene, alcohols, and various ether oxygenates. The data in each survey had its own utility based on the type of assessment that is undertaken. Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Using NAWQA data, the percent occurrence of MTBE in ground water in metropolitan areas that use substantial amounts of MTBE (> 5% by vol) was ??? 21%, compared to ??? 2% in areas that do not use substantial amounts of MTBE (< 5% by vol). When several other factors are considered in a logistic regression model including MTBE usage in RFG or OXY gasoline areas (??? 3% by vol) as a factor, a 4-6 fold increase in the detection frequency of MTBE in ground water was found when compared to areas that do not use MTBE or use it only for octane enhancement (< 3% by vol).","largerWorkTitle":"ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts","conferenceTitle":"220th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"20 August 2000 through 24 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Wastington, DC","language":"English","issn":"00657727","usgsCitation":"Moran, M., Clawges, R., and Zogorski, J., 2000, Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys, in ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts, v. 40, no. 2, Wastington, DC, 20 August 2000 through 24 August 2000, p. 209-213.","startPage":"209","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a385be4b0c8380cd6153c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clawges, R.M.","contributorId":24779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawges","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022185,"text":"70022185 - 2000 - Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:33:32.014754","indexId":"70022185","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution","docAbstract":"Post-Paleogene dextral slip of 8–9 km is demonstrated for the southeastern part of the Whittier fault zone in the eastern Los Angeles basin area of southern California. A linear axis of greatest thickness for the combined upper Paleocene and lower to lower-middle Eocene clastic formations intersects the fault zone and is offset by it to give the new measure. Fragmentary evidence hints that the Whittier structural zone may have exerted control on bathymetric-topographic relief and sedimentation even in latest Paleocene (ca. 54 Ma). A clear topographic influence was exerted by 20–17 Ma. Strike-slip and present deformational style is younger than ca. 8 Ma.
Our Paleogene isopach map extends as far west as long 117°58′W and is a foundation for companion zonal maps of predominant lithology and depositional environments. Integration of new palynological data with published biostratigraphic results and both new and published lithologic and sedimentological interpretations support the zonal maps. Reconstruction of marine-nonmarine facies and fragmented basin margins yields a model for the northeastern corner of a Paleogene coastal basin.
Palinspastic adjustment for the Neogene–Quaternary Whittier fault offset and a reasoned westerly extension of the northern edge of the basin model yield a reconstruction of Paleogene paleogeography-paleoceanography. Our reconstruction is based partly on the absence of both Paleocene and Eocene deposits beneath the unconformable base of the middle Miocene Topanga Group in a region nowhere less than 15 km wide between the Raymond–Sierra Madre–Cucamonga fault zone and the northern edge of the Paleocene basin. Thus, Paleogene strata of the Santa Monica Mountains could not have been offset from the northern extension of the Santa Ana Mountains by sinistral slip on those boundary faults. Structural rearrangements needed to accommodate the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges from the early Miocene starting position are thereby fixed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McCulloh, T.H., Beyer, L.A., and Enrico, R., 2000, Paleogene strata of the Eastern Los Angeles basin, California: Paleogeography and constraints on neogene structural evolution: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 8, p. 1155-1178, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1155:PSOTEL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ],\n [\n -117.1746826171875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -118.641357421875,\n 33.08693925905123\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73eae4b0c8380cd7730d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloh, T. H.","contributorId":106494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, L. A.","contributorId":63403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enrico, R.J.","contributorId":40372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enrico","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022184,"text":"70022184 - 2000 - Habitat conservation and creation: Invoking the flood-pulse concept to enhance fisheries in the lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022184","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Habitat conservation and creation: Invoking the flood-pulse concept to enhance fisheries in the lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"Analysis of four years of growth data failed to identify a single temperature or hydrologic variable that consistently accounted for variation in annual growth of catfishes (Ictaluridae). Instead, a composite variable that measured duration of floodplain inundation when water temperature exceeded minima for active feeding was directly related to growth. Results indicated that floodplain inundation have provided little direct energetic benefit to fishes when water temperatures were sub-optimal for active feeding, but floodplain resources were exploited when thermal conditions were sufficient for active feeding and growth. Thus, the flood-pulse concept applies to the lower Mississippi River (LMR) when modified to consider temperature. Managing the existing leveed floodplain to prolong inundation, increase water temperatures during spring flooding, and maintain connectivity of floodplain habitats with the main river channel should benefit fish production in the LMR.","largerWorkTitle":"Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii","language":"English","issn":"00323764","usgsCitation":"Schramm, H., Eggleton, M., and Mayo, R., 2000, Habitat conservation and creation: Invoking the flood-pulse concept to enhance fisheries in the lower Mississippi River, in Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, v. 47, no. 1, p. 45-62.","startPage":"45","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f05e4b0c8380cd5ca0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schramm, H.L. Jr.","contributorId":103823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schramm","given":"H.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleton, M.A.","contributorId":40370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleton","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayo, R.M.","contributorId":14972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022174,"text":"70022174 - 2000 - Landscape-based spatially explicit species index models for everglades restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T21:13:20.824443","indexId":"70022174","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape-based spatially explicit species index models for everglades restoration","docAbstract":"As part of the effort to restore the ∼10 000-km2 Everglades drainage in southern Florida, USA, we developed spatially explicit species index (SESI) models of a number of species and species groups. In this paper we describe the methodology and results of three such models: those for the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow and the Snail Kite, and the species group model of long-legged wading birds. SESI models are designed to produce relative comparisons of one management alternative to a base scenario or to another alternative. The model outputs do not provide an exact quantitative prediction of future biotic group responses, but rather, when applying the same input data and different hydrologic plans, the models provide the best available means to compare the relative response of the biotic groups. We compared four alternative hydrologic management scenarios to a base scenario (i.e., predicted conditions assuming that current water management practices continue). We ranked the results of the comparisons for each set of models. No one scenario was beneficial to all species; however, they provide a uniform assessment, based on the best available observational information, of relative species responses to alternative water-management plans. As such, these models were used extensively in the restoration planning.
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