{"pageNumber":"1211","pageRowStart":"30250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":1000955,"text":"1000955 - 2000 - Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:02:12","indexId":"1000955","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","docAbstract":"

The restoration and rehabilitation of the native fish communities is a long-term goal for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Superior, the ongoing restoration of the native lake trout populations is now regarded as one of the major success stories in fisheries management. However, populations of the deepwater morphotype (siscowet lake trout) have increased much more substantially than those of the nearshore morphotype (lean lake trout), and the ecosystem now contains an assemblage of exotic species such as sea lamprey, rainbow smelt, and Pacific salmon (chinook, coho, and steelhead). Those species play an important role in defining the constraints and opportunities for ecosystem management. We combined an equilibrium mass balance model (Ecopath) with a dynamic food web model (Ecosim) to evaluate the ecological consequences of future alternative management strategies and the interaction of two different sets of life history characteristics for fishes at the top of the food web. Relatively rapid turnover rates occur among the exotic forage fish, rainbow smelt, and its primary predators, exotic Pacific salmonids. Slower turnover rates occur among the native lake trout and burbot and their primary prey—lake herring, smelt, deepwater cisco, and sculpins. The abundance of forage fish is a key constraint for all salmonids in Lake Superior. Smelt and Mysis play a prominent role in sustaining the current trophic structure. Competition between the native lake trout and the exotic salmonids is asymmetric. Reductions in the salmon population yield only a modest benefit for the stocks of lake trout, whereas increased fishing of lake trout produces substantial potential increases in the yields of Pacific salmon to recreational fisheries. The deepwater or siscowet morphotype of lake trout has become very abundant. Although it plays a major role in the structure of the food web it offers little potential for the restoration of a valuable commercial or recreational fishery. Even if a combination of strong management actions is implemented, the populations of lean (nearshore) lake trout cannot be restored to pre-fishery and pre-lamprey levels. Thus, management strategy must accept the ecological constraints due in part to the presence of exotics and choose alternatives that sustain public interest in the resources while continuing the gradual progress toward restoration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000048","usgsCitation":"Kitchell, J.F., Cox, S.P., Harvey, C.J., Johnson, T.B., Mason, D.M., Schoen, K.K., Aydin, K., Bronte, C., Ebener, M., Hansen, M., Hoff, M., Schram, S., Schreiner, D., and Walters, C.J., 2000, Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 6, p. 545-560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000048.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"560","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitchell, James F.","contributorId":18324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Sean P.","contributorId":73970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Chris J.","contributorId":42931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Timothy B.","contributorId":49753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mason, Doran M.","contributorId":75114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Doran","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoen, Kurt K.","contributorId":103634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aydin, Kerim","contributorId":81460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydin","given":"Kerim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bronte, Charles","contributorId":83073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ebener, Mark","contributorId":97060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebener","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hansen, Michael","contributorId":80231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hoff, Michael","contributorId":80232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schram, Steve","contributorId":69519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Schreiner, Don","contributorId":20702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Walters, Carl J.","contributorId":25122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70022649,"text":"70022649 - 2000 - Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:19:43","indexId":"70022649","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns","title":"Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns","docAbstract":"

We use age distributions of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead on beaches of western Prince William Sound, Alaska, between 1976 and 1998 in conjunction with time-varying demographic models to test for lingering effects from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Our results show that sea otters in this area had decreased survival rates in the years following the spill and that the effects of the spill on annual survival increased rather than dissipated for older animals. Otters born after the 1989 spill were affected less than those alive in March 1989, but do show continuing negative effects through 1998. Population-wide effects of the spill appear to have slowly dissipated through time, due largely to the loss of cohorts alive during the spill. Our results demonstrate that the difficult-to-detect long-term impacts of environmental disasters may still be highly significant and can be rigorously analyzed by using a combination of population data, modeling techniques, and statistical analyses.

","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.120163397","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Doak, D.F., Ballachey, B.E., Johnson, A.H., and Bodkin, J.L., 2000, Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 97, no. 12, p. 6562-6567, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120163397.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6562","endPage":"6567","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18659","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4996e4b0c8380cd68739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Aaron H.","contributorId":46971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022708,"text":"70022708 - 2000 - Effects of neck bands on survival of greater snow geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T17:41:21.264967","indexId":"70022708","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of neck bands on survival of greater snow geese","docAbstract":"

Neck bands are a widely used marker in goose research. However, few studies have investigated a possible negative effect of this marker on survival. We tested the effect of neck bands on the survival of adult female greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) by marking birds with either a neck band and a metal leg band or a leg band only on Bylot Island (Nunavut, formerly included in the Northwest Territories, Canada) from 1990 to 1996. Annual survival was estimated using leg-band recoveries in fall and winter and using neck-band sightings in spring and fall. Recapture rates were estimated using summer recaptures. Using recovery data, the selected model yielded a survival similar for the neck-banded and leg-banded only birds (S = 0.845 ± 0.070 vs. S = 0.811 ± 0.107). The hypothesis of equality of survival between the 2 groups was easily accepted under most constraints imposed on survival or recovery rates. However, failure to account for a different direct recovery rate for neck-banded birds would lead us to incorrectly conclude a possible negative effect of neck bands on survival. Using sighting data, mean annual survival of neck-banded birds was independently estimated at 0.833 ± 0.057, a value very similar to that estimated with band-recovery analysis. Raw recapture rates during summer were significantly lower for neck-banded birds compared to those marked with leg bands only (4.6% vs. 12.1%), but in this analysis, survival, site fidelity, reproductive status, and recapture rates were confounded. We conclude that neck bands did not affect survival of greater snow geese, but could possibly affect other demographic traits such as breeding propensity and emigration.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803252","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Menu, S., Hestbeck, J., Gauthier, G., and Reed, A., 2000, Effects of neck bands on survival of greater snow geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 544-552, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803252.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Nunavut","otherGeospatial":"Bylot Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.2333984375,\n 72.72169505480636\n ],\n [\n -78.7060546875,\n 72.81282762019855\n ],\n [\n -78.25561523437499,\n 72.87440191350684\n ],\n [\n -77.62939453125,\n 72.88087095711504\n ],\n [\n -77.28881835937499,\n 72.83877976585195\n ],\n [\n -76.739501953125,\n 72.81607371878991\n ],\n [\n -76.431884765625,\n 72.79008827319015\n ],\n [\n -76.014404296875,\n 72.85174158184834\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 72.95509477674771\n ],\n [\n -76.22314453125,\n 72.97762259146452\n ],\n [\n -76.212158203125,\n 73.11856573110694\n ],\n [\n -76.541748046875,\n 73.15999076546103\n ],\n [\n -76.519775390625,\n 73.22986989876281\n ],\n [\n -76.673583984375,\n 73.29630993228643\n ],\n [\n -76.651611328125,\n 73.34361046416859\n ],\n [\n -76.893310546875,\n 73.34675920148595\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 73.37507182158406\n ],\n [\n -76.959228515625,\n 73.41588526207096\n ],\n [\n -77.091064453125,\n 73.45972929087081\n ],\n [\n -77.156982421875,\n 73.53151426537268\n ],\n [\n -77.442626953125,\n 73.57506106401792\n ],\n [\n -77.904052734375,\n 73.63707658172395\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 73.68652496162296\n ],\n [\n -78.98071289062499,\n 73.68652496162296\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 73.65872816203942\n ],\n [\n -79.46411132812499,\n 73.6618189691138\n ],\n [\n -79.639892578125,\n 73.69578033575056\n ],\n [\n -80.035400390625,\n 73.7542791793749\n ],\n [\n -80.101318359375,\n 73.7235158170473\n ],\n [\n -80.343017578125,\n 73.78191782637379\n ],\n [\n -80.694580078125,\n 73.78191782637379\n ],\n [\n -81.046142578125,\n 73.74813103640459\n ],\n [\n -80.826416015625,\n 73.68343870123088\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 73.63088529243596\n ],\n [\n -80.936279296875,\n 73.56263056011376\n ],\n [\n -80.870361328125,\n 73.51281700523171\n ],\n [\n -80.958251953125,\n 73.47536055062047\n ],\n [\n -80.958251953125,\n 73.39392090909537\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 73.31524578498036\n ],\n [\n -80.782470703125,\n 73.26153996329717\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 73.2171855831481\n ],\n [\n -80.233154296875,\n 73.22986989876281\n ],\n [\n -80.211181640625,\n 73.18543401519665\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 73.15043991163012\n ],\n [\n -80.18920898437499,\n 73.12175578175787\n ],\n [\n -80.277099609375,\n 73.04182867723631\n ],\n [\n -80.079345703125,\n 72.85821892839493\n ],\n [\n -79.903564453125,\n 72.81282762019855\n ],\n [\n -79.639892578125,\n 72.74452202433503\n ],\n [\n -79.2333984375,\n 72.72169505480636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0768e4b0c8380cd516a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menu, S.","contributorId":35917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hestbeck, J.B.","contributorId":107802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gauthier, G.","contributorId":66384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauthier","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, A.","contributorId":99251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022703,"text":"70022703 - 2000 - Parent brine of the castile evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T11:49:28","indexId":"70022703","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parent brine of the castile evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico","docAbstract":"

The Upper Permian (lower Ochoan) Castile Formation is a major evaporite sequence (∼10,000 km3) of calcite, anhydrite, and halite in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Traditionally the Castile brine has been considered to have been derived from seawater. This tradition has recently been challenged by two versions of the closed-basin drawdown model. They call for deposition from a mixed brine, in part marine and in large part nonmarine. They propose drawdown of as much as 500 m to form a major sink for ground water issuing from the surrounding Capitan reef complex. A large fraction of the solute in the brine body is inferred to have been recycled from older Permian evaporites on the surrounding shelf.

\n
\n

Strontium-isotope analyses show no evidence that meteoric ground water was contributed to the Castile brine. From a stratigraphic, geographic, and lithologic array of 65 samples of anhydrite, gypsum, and calcite, 59 have an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.706923 (Δsw of -225.0), a ratio that is the same as that of strontium in early Ochoan ocean water. If considerable (>15%) influx of meteoric water had occurred, enough continental strontium would have been introduced to have resulted in higher ratios.

\n
\n

Low bromide values (20-40 ppm) in Castile halite, which have been used to argue for meteoric influx and for recycled salt, probably resulted from diagenesis. During shallow burial by halite, centimeter-size, bottom-grown crystals of gypsum were altered to nodular anhydrite. The rising water of dehydration caused the halite to recrystallize. During the recrystallization, some bromide was expelled.

\n
\n

Despite the large volume of water that evaporated annually from its surface (∼52 km3/yr, assuming an evaporation rate of 2 m/yr), the Castile brine body never completely desiccated. The surrounding shelf was flat, hot, and generally dry. It probably could not have supplied a significant volume of meteoric spring water to the basin over tens of thousands of years. More likely, during the entire history of the evaporite sequence, influx was dominantly marine. Marine ground water flowed through the Capitan Formation into the evaporite basin along its southern and possibly western margin probably with a rate of flow that was usually fast enough to prevent major drawdown of the brine surface.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/2DC40935-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D","issn":"10731318","usgsCitation":"Kirkland, D.W., Denison, R.E., and Dean, W.E., 2000, Parent brine of the castile evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 3, p. 749-761, https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC40935-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D.","startPage":"749","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278526,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/2DC40935-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D"}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7507e4b0c8380cd77958","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirkland, Douglas W.","contributorId":10067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkland","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denison, Rodger E.","contributorId":42994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denison","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022738,"text":"70022738 - 2000 - Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022738","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range","docAbstract":"To describe the composition and pattern of unmanaged forestland in Oregon's central Coast Range, we analyzed forest conditions from a random sample of 18 prelogging (1949 and earlier) landscapes. We also compared the amount and variability of old forest (conifer-dominated stands > 53 cm dbh) in the prelogging landscapes with that in the current landscapes. Sixty-three percent of the prelogging landscape comprised old forest, approximately 21% of which also had a significant (> 20% cover) hardwood component. The proportions of forest types across the 18 prelogging landscapes varied greatly for both early seral stages (cv = 81194) and hardwoods (cv = 127) and moderately for old forest (cv = 39). With increasing distance from streams, the amount of hardwoods and nonforest decreased, whereas the amount of seedling/sapling/pole and young conifers increased. The amount of old forest was significantly greater (p < 0.002) in prelogging forests than in current landscapes. Old-forest patterns also differed significantly (p < 0.015) between prelogging and current landscapes; patch density, coefficient of variation of patch size, edge density, and fragmentation were greater in current landscapes and mean patch size, largest patch size, and core habitat were greater in prelogging forests. Generally, old-forest landscape pattern variables showed a greater range in prelogging landscapes than in current landscapes. Management strategies designed to increase the amount of old forest and the range in landscape patterns would result in a landscape more closely resembling that found prior to intensive logging. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Ripple, W.J., Hershey, K., and Anthony, R., 2000, Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range: Biological Conservation, v. 93, no. 1, p. 127-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8.","startPage":"127","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00034-8"},{"id":233675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3190e4b0c8380cd5e016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ripple, W. J.","contributorId":36333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hershey, K.T.","contributorId":44709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershey","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022619,"text":"70022619 - 2000 - The crustal thickness of Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T15:46:49.987342","indexId":"70022619","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crustal thickness of Australia","docAbstract":"

We investigate the crustal structure of the Australian continent using the temporary broadband stations of the Skippy and Kimba projects and permanent broadband stations. We isolate near-receiver information, in the form of crustal P-to-S conversions, using the receiver function technique. Stacked receiver functions are inverted for S velocity structure using a Genetic Algorithm approach to Receiver Function Inversion (GARFI). From the resulting velocity models we are able to determine the Moho depth and to classify the width of the crust-mantle transition for 65 broadband stations. Using these results and 51 independent estimates of crustal thickness from refraction and reflection profiles, we present a new, improved, map of Moho depth for the Australian continent. The thinnest crust (25 km) occurs in the Archean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia; the thickest crust (61 km) occurs in Proterozoic central Australia. The average crustal thickness is 38.8 km (standard deviation 6.2 km). Interpolation error estimates are made using kriging and fall into the range 2.5–7.0 km. We find generally good agreement between the depth to the seismologically defined Moho and xenolith-derived estimates of crustal thickness beneath northeastern Australia. However, beneath the Lachlan Fold Belt the estimates are not in agreement, and it is possible that the two techniques are mapping differing parts of a broad Moho transition zone. The Archean cratons of Western Australia appear to have remained largely stable since cratonization, reflected in only slight variation of Moho depth. The largely Proterozoic center of Australia shows relatively thicker crust overall as well as major Moho offsets. We see evidence of the margin of the contact between the Precambrian craton and the Tasman Orogen, referred to as the Tasman Line.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900317","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clitheroe, G., Gudmundsson, O., and Kennett, B., 2000, The crustal thickness of Australia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B6, p. 13697-13713, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900317.","productDescription":"17 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G.","contributorId":72553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clitheroe","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gudmundsson, O.","contributorId":7867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gudmundsson","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennett, B.L.N.","contributorId":98066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennett","given":"B.L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022661,"text":"70022661 - 2000 - Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T15:40:22.325043","indexId":"70022661","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia","docAbstract":"

Orogenic gold deposits are a widespread coherent group of epigenetic ore deposits that are sited in accretionary or collisional orogens. They formed over a large crustal-depth range from deep-seated low-salinity H2O–CO2±CH4±N2 ore fluids and with Au transported as thio-complexes. Regional structures provide the main control on deposit distribution. In many terranes, first-order faults or shear zones appear to have controlled regional fluid flow, with greatest ore-fluid fluxes in, and adjacent to, lower-order faults, shear zones and/or large folds. Highly competent and/or chemically reactive rocks are the most common hosts to the larger deposits. Focusing of supralithostatic ore fluids into dilatant zones appears to occur late during the evolutionary history of the host terranes, normally within D3 or D4 in a D1–D4 deformation sequence. Reactivation of suitably oriented pre-existing structures during a change in far-field stress orientation is a factor common to many deposits, and repeated reactivation may account for multiple mineralization episodes in some larger deposits. Absolute robust ages of mineralization support their late-kinematic timing, and, in general, suggest that deposits formed diachronously towards the end of the 100 to 200 m.y. long evolutionary history of hosting orogens. For example, in the Yilgarn Block, a region specifically emphasised in this study, orogenic gold deposits formed in the time interval between 40 and 90 m.y., with most about 60 to 70 m.y., after the youngest widespread basic-ultrabasic volcanism and towards the end of felsic magmatism. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits is pivotal to geologically-based exploration methodologies. This is because the present structural geometries of: (i) the deposits, (ii) the hosting goldfields, and (iii) the enclosing terranes are all essentially similar to those during gold mineralization, at least in their relative position to each other. Thus, interpretation of geological maps and cross-sections and three-dimensional models can be used to accurately simulate the physical conditions that existed at the time of ore deposition. It is particularly significant that the deposits are commonly related to repetitive and predictable geometries, such as structural heterogeneities within or adjacent to first-order structures, around rigid granitoid bodies, or in specific “locked-up” fold-thrust structures. Importantly, the two giant greenstone-hosted goldfields, Kalgoorlie and Timmins, show a remarkably similar geometry at the regional scale. Computer-based stress mapping and GIS-based prospectivity mapping are two computer-based quantitative methodologies that can utilize and take advantage of the late timing aspect of this deposit type to provide important geological aids in exploration, both in broad regions and more localized goldfields. Both require an accurate and consistent solid geology map, stress mapping requires knowledge of the far-field stresses during mineralization, and the empirical prospectivity mapping requires data from a significant number of known deposits in the terrane. The Kalgoorlie Terrane, in the Yilgarn Block, meets these criteria, and illustrates the potential of these methodologies in the exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Low minimum stress anomalies, interpreted to represent dilational zones during gold-related deformation, coincide well with the positions of known goldfields rather than individual gold deposits in the terrane, and there are additional as-yet unexplained anomalies. The prospectivity analysis confirms that predictable and repetitive factors controlling the siting of deposits are: (i) proximity to, and orientation and curvature of, granitoid-greenstone contacts, (ii) proximity to segments of crustal faults which strike in a preferred direction, (iii) proximity to specific lithological contacts which have similar preferred strike, (iv) proximity to anticlinal structures, and (v) the presence of preferred reactive host rocks (e.g., dolerite). The prospectivity map defines a series of anomalous areas, which broadly conform to those of the stress map (>78% correspondence). The most prospective category on this map covers less than 0.3% of the greenstone belts and yet hosts 16% of the known deposits, which have produced>80% of known gold. Thus, it discriminates in favour of the larger economically more-attractive deposits in the terrane. The successful application of stress mapping and prospectivity mapping to geology-based exploration for orogenic gold deposits indicates that more quantitative analysis of geological map data is a profitable line of research. The computer-based nature of these methodologies is ideal for the production of an ultimate, integrated, deposit target map, which can be compared to other, more conventional, targeting parameters such as geophysical and geochemical anomalies. Such an integrated strategy appears the way forward in the increasingly difficult task of cost-effective global exploration for orogenic gold deposits in poorly exposed terranes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-1368(00)00002-0","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., Knox-Robinson, C.M., Ojala, J., Gardoll, S., Yun, G., and Holyland, P., 2000, Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 1-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(00)00002-0.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","state":"Western Australia","otherGeospatial":"Kalgoorlie Terrane, Yilgarn Block","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 115.77392578125,\n -34.63320791137958\n ],\n [\n 116.47705078125,\n -35.406960932702\n ],\n [\n 118.32275390624999,\n -35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n 120.03662109374999,\n -34.19817309627724\n ],\n [\n 124.01367187499999,\n -34.107256396631186\n ],\n [\n 124.3212890625,\n -33.321348526698806\n ],\n [\n 126.03515625,\n -32.58384932565661\n ],\n [\n 128.32031249999997,\n -32.19420867287537\n ],\n [\n 128.21044921874997,\n -25.045792240303435\n ],\n [\n 116.103515625,\n -25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n 115.77392578125,\n -34.63320791137958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4569e4b0c8380cd672cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knox-Robinson, C. M.","contributorId":8348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox-Robinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ojala, J.","contributorId":102755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojala","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardoll, S.","contributorId":94820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardoll","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yun, G.Y.","contributorId":38434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yun","given":"G.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holyland, P.","contributorId":77428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holyland","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022427,"text":"70022427 - 2000 - Evapotranspiration from a bulrush-dominated wetland in the Klamath Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:43:42.844436","indexId":"70022427","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration from a bulrush-dominated wetland in the Klamath Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"

Growing-season evapotranspiration and surface energy and water balances were investigated for an extensive, bulrush-dominated wetland in the Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge of south-central Oregon, a semi-arid region with competing demands for scarce water resources. Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured by eddy covariance for 1.2 to 1.9 days during each of four site visits during late-May to mid-October 1997. Mean daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio ranged from 148 to 178 W m−2 and from 0.38 to 0.51, respectively, during late May, mid-July, and late August site visits. By mid-October, when the plant canopy had senesced, daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio averaged 46 W m−2 and 2.8, respectively. An hourly Penman-Monteith (PM) model that was fitted to the surface-flux data provided values for the surface resistance to water-vapor diffusion that ranged from 78 s m−1 during late August to 206 s m−1 during mid-October. Similarly, a Priestley-Taylor (PT) model provided values for the PT multiplier (a) that ranged from 0.96 during late August to 0.37 during mid-October. The PM and PT models predicted evapotranspiration totals of 560 and 480 mm, respectively, for May 28 to October 12, 1997.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05728.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Bidlake, W.R., 2000, Evapotranspiration from a bulrush-dominated wetland in the Klamath Basin, Oregon: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1309-1320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05728.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1309","endPage":"1320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05728.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 42.71170507522795\n ],\n [\n -122.06977844238281,\n 42.71069600569497\n ],\n [\n -122.0855712890625,\n 42.66830027189085\n ],\n [\n -122.09449768066405,\n 42.613243626050405\n ],\n [\n -122.08969116210938,\n 42.54650430603752\n ],\n [\n -122.08831787109375,\n 42.48222557002593\n ],\n [\n -122.07321166992188,\n 42.45892719924497\n ],\n [\n -122.06016540527344,\n 42.46044692255491\n ],\n [\n -122.05123901367186,\n 42.487795634680005\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 42.49387150323448\n ],\n [\n -122.00798034667969,\n 42.487289285659095\n ],\n [\n -122.00111389160155,\n 42.49336520339777\n ],\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.53689200787315\n ],\n [\n -121.98051452636719,\n 42.53082032025189\n ],\n [\n -121.97021484374999,\n 42.55712670332118\n ],\n [\n -121.97708129882812,\n 42.56825298997905\n ],\n [\n -121.96609497070312,\n 42.58190526622942\n ],\n [\n -121.93107604980469,\n 42.580388494236956\n ],\n [\n -121.92970275878906,\n 42.630927675654135\n ],\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 42.71170507522795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d1ae4b0c8380cd52e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bidlake, W. R.","contributorId":28953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidlake","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022668,"text":"70022668 - 2000 - Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T15:39:08.710125","indexId":"70022668","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998","docAbstract":"

Information on Merapi eruptive activity is scattered and much is remotely located. A concise and well-documented summary of this activity has been long needed to assist researchers and hazard-mitigation efforts, and the aim of this paper is to synthesize information from the mid-1700s to the present. A descriptive chronology is given, with an abbreviated chronology in a table that summarizes events by year, assigns preliminary Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ratings and Hartmann classifications, and provides key references. The history of volcano monitoring is also outlined. The study reveals that a major difference in eruption style exists between the twentieth and nineteenth centuries, although the periodicity between larger events seems about the same. During the twentieth century, activity has comprised mainly the effusive growth of viscous lava domes and lava tongues, with occasional gravitational collapses of parts of oversteepened domes to produce the nue??es ardentes - commonly defined as \"Merapi-type\". In the 1800s, however, explosive eruptions of relatively large size occurred (to VEI 4), and some associated \"fountain-collapse\" nue??es ardentes were larger and farther reaching than any produced in the twentieth century. These events may also be regarded as typical eruptions for Merapi. The nineteenth century activity is consistent with the long-term pattern of one relatively large event every one or two centuries, based on the long-term eruptive record deduced by others from volcanic stratigraphy. It is uncertain whether or not a \"recurrence-time\" model continues to apply to Merapi, but if so, Merapi could soon be due for another large event and its occurrence with only modest (or inadequately appreciated) precursors could lead to a disaster unprecedented in Merapi's history because the area around the volcano is now much more densely populated.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Voight, B., Constantine, E., Siswowidjoyo, S., and Torley, R., 2000, Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 69-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7.","productDescription":"70 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"138","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Java, Merapi Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 110.42324066162108,\n -7.592919536598735\n ],\n [\n 110.43800354003906,\n -7.599385424645164\n ],\n [\n 110.4850387573242,\n -7.577264878665082\n ],\n [\n 110.49293518066405,\n -7.553781825248017\n ],\n [\n 110.49190521240234,\n -7.539487167568601\n ],\n [\n 110.48709869384766,\n -7.514980942395872\n ],\n [\n 110.46203613281249,\n -7.501365775065815\n ],\n [\n 110.41053771972656,\n -7.498302303676608\n ],\n [\n 110.39268493652344,\n -7.520426889868663\n ],\n [\n 110.3916549682617,\n -7.536083608037703\n ],\n [\n 110.42324066162108,\n -7.592919536598735\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a318ce4b0c8380cd5dffb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantine, E.K.","contributorId":94176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantine","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siswowidjoyo, S.","contributorId":29278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siswowidjoyo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torley, R.","contributorId":37106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022714,"text":"70022714 - 2000 - Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:46:41","indexId":"70022714","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation","docAbstract":"

The Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons displays evidence of annual supply limitation with respect to sand both prior to [Topping et al, this issue] and after the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963. Systematic changes in bed elevation and systematic coupled changes in suspended‐sand concentration and grain size result from this supply limitation. During floods, sand supply limitation either causes or modifies a lag between the time of maximum discharge and the time of either maximum or minimum (depending on reach geometry) bed elevation. If, at a cross section where the bed aggrades with increasing flow, the maximum bed elevation is observed to lead the peak or the receding limb of a flood, then this observed response of the bed is due to sand supply limitation. Sand supply limitation also leads to the systematic evolution of sand grain size (both on the bed and in suspension) in the Colorado River. Sand input during a tributary flood travels down the Colorado River as an elongating sediment wave, with the finest sizes (because of their lower settling velocities) traveling the fastest. As the fine front of a sediment wave arrives at a given location, the bed fines and suspended‐sand concentrations increase in response to the enhanced upstream supply of finer sand. Then, as the front of the sediment wave passes that location, the bed is winnowed and suspended‐sand concentrations decrease in response to the depletion of the upstream supply of finer sand. The grain‐size effects of depletion of the upstream sand supply are most obvious during periods of higher dam releases (e.g., the 1996 flood experiment and the 1997 test flow). Because of substantial changes in the grain‐size distribution of the bed, stable relationships between the discharge of water and sand‐transport rates (i.e., stable sand rating curves) are precluded. Sand budgets in a supply‐limited river like the Colorado River can only be constructed through inclusion of the physical processes that couple changes in bed‐sediment grain size to changes in sand‐transport rates.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900286","usgsCitation":"Topping, D.J., Rubin, D.M., Nelson, J.M., Kinzel, P.J., and Corson, I.C., 2000, Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 543-570, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900286.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"570","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900286","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7c1e4b0c8380cd4ccb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kinzel, Paul J. III 0000-0002-6076-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-9730","contributorId":100586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzel","given":"Paul","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Corson, Ingrid C.","contributorId":124571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corson","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022826,"text":"70022826 - 2000 - Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T17:57:21.382456","indexId":"70022826","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion","docAbstract":"

A simple one-dimensional model is developed to quantitatively predict the change in elevation, over a period of decades, for vertically accreting floodplains. This unsteady model approximates the monotonic growth of a floodplain as an incremental but constant increase of net sediment deposition per flood for those floods of a partial duration series that exceed a threshold discharge corresponding to the elevation of the floodplain. Sediment deposition from each flood increases the elevation of the floodplain and consequently the magnitude of the threshold discharge resulting in a decrease in the number of floods and growth rate of the floodplain.

Floodplain growth curves predicted by this model are compared to empirical growth curves based on dendrochronology and to direct field measurements at five floodplain sites. The model was used to predict the value of net sediment deposition per flood which best fits (in a least squares sense) the empirical and field measurements; these values fall within the range of independent estimates of the net sediment deposition per flood based on empirical equations. These empirical equations permit the application of the model to estimate of floodplain growth for other floodplains throughout the world which do not have detailed data of sediment deposition during individual floods.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200002)25:2<115::AID-ESP46>3.0.CO;2-Z","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Troutman, B., 2000, Quantitative model of the growth of floodplains by vertical accretion: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 2, p. 115-133, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200002)25:2<115::AID-ESP46>3.0.CO;2-Z.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"133","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9226e4b0c8380cd806ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022829,"text":"70022829 - 2000 - Multiple large earthquakes in the past 1500 years on a fault in metropolitan Manila, the Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:53:19.35454","indexId":"70022829","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple large earthquakes in the past 1500 years on a fault in metropolitan Manila, the Philippines","docAbstract":"

The first 14C-based paleoseismic study of an active fault in the Philippines shows that a right-lateral fault on the northeast edge of metropolitan Manila poses a greater seismic hazard than previously thought. Faulted hillslope colluvium, stream-channel alluvium, and debris-flow deposits exposed in trenches across the northern part of the west Marikina Valley fault record two or three surface-faulting events. Three eroded, clay-rich soil B horizons suggest thousands of years between surface faulting events, whereas 14C ages on detrital charcoal constrain the entire stratigraphic sequence to the past 1300–1700 years. We rely on the 14C ages to infer faulting recurrence of hundreds rather than thousands of years. Minimal soil development and modern 14C ages from colluvium overlying a faulted debris-flow deposit in a nearby stream exposure point to a historic age for a probable third or fourth (most recent) faulting event.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119990002","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Nelson, A., Personius, S., Rimando, R., Punongbayan, R., Tungol, N., Mirabueno, H., and Rasdas, A., 2000, Multiple large earthquakes in the past 1500 years on a fault in metropolitan Manila, the Philippines: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 1, p. 73-85, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990002.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"85","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235772","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","city":"Manila","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 120.498046875,\n 14.187174718895449\n ],\n [\n 121.2286376953125,\n 14.187174718895449\n ],\n [\n 121.2286376953125,\n 14.897013355599636\n ],\n [\n 120.498046875,\n 14.897013355599636\n ],\n [\n 120.498046875,\n 14.187174718895449\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a606ee4b0c8380cd71457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, A.R. 0000-0001-7117-7098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":55078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rimando, R.E.","contributorId":67695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rimando","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Punongbayan, R.S.","contributorId":89698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punongbayan","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tungol, N.","contributorId":33494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tungol","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mirabueno, H.","contributorId":67258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirabueno","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rasdas, A.","contributorId":9038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasdas","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023136,"text":"70023136 - 2000 - Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium: Model comparison and column simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:21:43","indexId":"70023136","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium: Model comparison and column simulation","docAbstract":"A comparative assessment of two reactive-transport models, PHREEQC and HYDROGEOCHEM (HGC), was done to determine the suitability of each for simulating the movement of acidic contamination in alluvium. For simulations that accounted for aqueous complexation, precipitation and dissolution, the breakthrough and rinseout curves generated by each model were similar. The differences in simulated equilibrium concentrations between models were minor and were related to (1) different units in model output, (2) different activity coefficients, and (3) ionic-strength calculations. When adsorption processes were added to the models, the rinseout pH simulated by PHREEQC using the diffuse double-layer adsorption model rose to a pH of 6 after pore volume 15, about 1 pore volume later than the pH simulated by HGC using the constant-capacitance model. In PHREEQC simulation of a laboratory column experiment, the inability of the model to match measured outflow concentrations of selected constituents was related to the evident lack of local geochemical equilibrium in the column. The difference in timing and size of measured and simulated breakthrough of selected constituents indicated that the redox and adsorption reactions in the column occurred slowly when compared with the modeled reactions. MINTEQA2 and PHREEQC simulations of the column experiment indicated that the number of surface sites that took part in adsorption reactions was less than that estimated from the measured concentration of Fe hydroxide in the alluvium.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., Bassett, R., and Glynn, P.D., 2000, Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium: Model comparison and column simulation: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 1, p. 35-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208109,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9"},{"id":233556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958be4b0c8380cd81aae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassett, R.L.","contributorId":13233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022715,"text":"70022715 - 2000 - Guidelines for model calibration and application to flow simulation in the Death Valley regional groundwater system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70022715","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Guidelines for model calibration and application to flow simulation in the Death Valley regional groundwater system","docAbstract":"Fourteen guidelines are described which are intended to produce calibrated groundwater models likely to represent the associated real systems more accurately than typically used methods. The 14 guidelines are discussed in the context of the calibration of a regional groundwater flow model of the Death Valley region in the southwestern United States. This groundwater flow system contains two sites of national significance from which the subsurface transport of contaminants could be or is of concern: Yucca Mountain, which is the potential site of the United States high-level nuclear-waste disposal; and the Nevada Test Site, which contains a number of underground nuclear-testing locations. This application of the guidelines demonstrates how they may be used for model calibration and evaluation, and also to direct further model development and data collection.Fourteen guidelines are described which are intended to produce calibrated groundwater models likely to represent the associated real systems more accurately than typically used methods. The 14 guidelines are discussed in the context of the calibration of a regional groundwater flow model of the Death Valley region in the southwestern United States. This groundwater flow system contains two sites of national significance from which the subsurface transport of contaminants could be or is of concern: Yucca Mountain, which is the potential site of the United States high-level nuclear-waste disposal; and the Nevada Test Site, which contains a number of underground nuclear-testing locations. This application of the guidelines demonstrates how they may be used for model calibration and evaluation, and also to direct further model development and data collection.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","conferenceTitle":"ModelCARE'99 Conference","conferenceDate":"20 September 1999 through 23 September 1999","conferenceLocation":"Zurich, Switz","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., D’Agnese, F.A., and Faunt, C., 2000, Guidelines for model calibration and application to flow simulation in the Death Valley regional groundwater system, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 265, Zurich, Switz, 20 September 1999 through 23 September 1999, p. 195-204.","startPage":"195","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"265","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e45e4b0c8380cd5c3f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022644,"text":"70022644 - 2000 - Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022644","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages have been measured on nine mafic volcanic rocks younger than 1 myr from the Snake River Plain (Idaho), Mount Adams (Washington), and Crater Lake (Oregon). The K-Ar ages were calculated from Ar measurements made by isotope dilution and K2O measurements by flame photometry. The 40Ar/39Ar ages are incremental-heating experiments using a low-blank resistance-heated furnace. The results indicate that high-quality ages can be measured on young, mafic volcanic rocks using either the K-Ar or the 40Ar/39Ar technique. The precision of an 40Ar/39Ar plateau age generally is better than the precision of a K-Ar age because the plateau age is calculated by pooling the ages of several gas increments. The precision of a plateau age generally is better than the precision of an isotope correlation (isochron) age for the same sample. For one sample the intercept of the isochron yielded an 40Ar/36Ar value significantly different from the atmospheric value of 295.5. Recalculation of increment ages using the isochron intercept for the composition of nonradiogenic Ar in the sample resulted in much better agreement of ages for this sample. The results of this study also indicate that, given suitable material and modern equipment, precise K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages can be measured on volcanic rocks as young as the latest Pleistocene, and perhaps even the Holocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2122","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., 2000, Comparison of conventional K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 3, p. 294-301, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2122.","startPage":"294","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208240,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2122"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f856e4b0c8380cd4d030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022786,"text":"70022786 - 2000 - On rate-state and Coulomb failure models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:46:45","indexId":"70022786","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On rate-state and Coulomb failure models","docAbstract":"We examine the predictions of Coulomb failure stress and rate-state frictional models. We study the change in failure time (clock advance) Δt due to stress step perturbations (i.e., coseismic static stress increases) added to \"background\" stressing at a constant rate (i.e., tectonic loading) at time t0. The predictability of Δt implies a predictable change in seismicity rate r(t)/r0, testable using earthquake catalogs, where r0 is the constant rate resulting from tectonic stressing. Models of r(t)/r0, consistent with general properties of aftershock sequences, must predict an Omori law seismicity decay rate, a sequence duration that is less than a few percent of the mainshock cycle time and a return directly to the background rate. A Coulomb model requires that a fault remains locked during loading, that failure occur instantaneously, and that Δt is independent of t0. These characteristics imply an instantaneous infinite seismicity rate increase of zero duration. Numerical calculations of r(t)/r0 for different state evolution laws show that aftershocks occur on faults extremely close to failure at the mainshock origin time, that these faults must be \"Coulomb-like,\" and that the slip evolution law can be precluded. Real aftershock population characteristics also may constrain rate-state constitutive parameters; a may be lower than laboratory values, the stiffness may be high, and/or normal stress may be lower than lithostatic. We also compare Coulomb and rate-state models theoretically. Rate-state model fault behavior becomes more Coulomb-like as constitutive parameter a decreases relative to parameter b. This is because the slip initially decelerates, representing an initial healing of fault contacts. The deceleration is more pronounced for smaller a, more closely simulating a locked fault. Even when the rate-state Δt has Coulomb characteristics, its magnitude may differ by some constant dependent on b. In this case, a rate-state model behaves like a modified Coulomb failure model in which the failure stress threshold is lowered due to weakening, increasing the clock advance. The deviation from a non-Coulomb response also depends on the loading rate, elastic stiffness, initial conditions, and assumptions about how state evolves.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900438","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Beeler, N., and Blanpied, M., 2000, On rate-state and Coulomb failure models: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B4, p. 7857-7871, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900438.","startPage":"7857","endPage":"7871","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278568,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900438"},{"id":233889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6da7e4b0c8380cd75258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeler, N.","contributorId":69753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanpied, M.","contributorId":58430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022636,"text":"70022636 - 2000 - Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022636","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of feeding ration on the routine swimming speed of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and their responsiveness to simulated-predator attacks. Striped bass were reared in low (7 prey ?? L-1), medium (354 prey ?? L-1), or high (740 prey ?? L-1) prey treatments from age 4 to 14 days posthatch. Larvae reared in the low-prey treatment had slower routine swimming speeds and shorter reactive distances and were less responsive to simulated-predator attacks. These differences were most pronounced after age 10 and appeared to be an effect of deteriorating larval condition rather than an effect of size. Simulation models were constructed for two potential fish predators, Alosa aestivalis and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, to examine how variation in growth rate, swimming speed, and responsiveness to predator attacks might influence mortality rate. Our simulations predicted that cohort mortality rate would decrease with increasing larval growth rates, even though faster routine swimming speed and growth rate increased encounter rates with predators. The influence of larval growth rate and responsiveness on mortality rate varied between the two predators, but cohorts experiencing no growth always had the greatest mortality rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chick, J., and Van Den Avyle, M., 2000, Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 1, p. 106-115.","startPage":"106","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06ebe4b0c8380cd514a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chick, J.H.","contributorId":93004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chick","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Den Avyle, M.J.","contributorId":32117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Avyle","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022666,"text":"70022666 - 2000 - Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:37:21.477271","indexId":"70022666","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","docAbstract":"

We use two different methods to estimate the total amount of continental crust that was extracted by the end of the Archean and the Proterozoic. The first method uses the sum of the seismic thickness of the crust, the eroded thickness of the crust, and the trapped melt within the lithospheric root to estimate the total crustal volume. This summation method yields an average equivalent thickness of Archean crust of 49±6 km and an average equivalent thickness of Proterozoic crust of 48± 9 km. Between 7 and 9% of this crust never reached the surface, but remained within the continental root as congealed, iron-rich komatiitic melt. The second method uses experimental models of melting, mantle xenolith compositions, and corrected lithospheric thickness to estimate the amount of crust extracted through time. This melt column method reveals that the average equivalent thickness of Archean crust was 65±6 km, and the average equivalent thickness of Early Proterozoic crust was 60±7 km. It is likely that some of this crust remained trapped within the lithospheric root. The discrepancy between the two estimates is attributed to uncertainties in estimates of the amount of trapped, congealed melt, overall crustal erosion, and crustal recycling. Overall, we find that between 29 and 45% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Archean, most likely by 2.7 Ga. Between 51 and 79% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Early Proterozoic, most likely by 1.8–2.0 Ga. Our results are most consistent with geochemical models that call upon moderate amounts of recycling of early extracted continental crust coupled with continuing crustal growth (e.g. McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. Journal of Geology, 90, 347–361; Veizer, J., Jansen, S.L., 1985. Basement and sedimentary recycling — 2: time dimension to global tectonics. Journal of Geology 93(6), 625–643). Trapped, congealed, iron-rich melt within the lithospheric root may represent some of the iron that is ‘missing’ from the lower crust. The lower crust within Archean cratons may also have an unexpectedly low iron content because it was extracted from more primitive, undepleted mantle.

","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Abbott, D., Sparks, D., Herzberg, C., Mooney, W.D., Nikishin, A., and Zhang, Y., 2000, Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer: Tectonophysics, v. 322, no. 1-2, p. 163-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"322","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91d7e4b0c8380cd804c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, D.","contributorId":96031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, D.","contributorId":68076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzberg, C.","contributorId":61990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzberg","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nikishin, A.","contributorId":98507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikishin","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022400,"text":"70022400 - 2000 - Terrain analysis of the racetrack basin and the sliding rocks of Death Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022400","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrain analysis of the racetrack basin and the sliding rocks of Death Valley","docAbstract":"The Racetrack Playa's unusual surface features known as sliding rocks have been the subject of an ongoing debate and several mapping projects for half a century, although the causative mechanism remains unresolved. Clasts ranging in volume from large pebbles to medium boulders have, unwitnessed, maneuvered around the nearly flat dry lake over considerable distances. The controversy has persisted partly because eyewitness accounts of the phenomenon continue to be lacking, and the earlier mapping missions were limited in method and geographic range. In July 1996, we generated the first complete map of all observed sliding rock trails by submeter differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) mapping technology. The resulting map shows 162 sliding rocks and associated trails to an accuracy of approximately 30 cm. Although anemometer data are not available in the Racetrack wilderness, wind is clearly a catalyst for sliding rock activity; an inferred wind rose was constructed from DGPS trail segment data. When the entire trail network is examined in plan, some patterns emerge, although other (perhaps expected relations) remain elusive: terrain analysis of the surrounding topography demonstrates that the length and morphology of trails are more closely related to where rocks rested at the onset of motion than to any physical attribute of the rocks themselves. Follow-up surveys in May 1998, May 1999, August 1999, and November 1999 revealed little modification of the July, 1996 sliding rock configuration. Only four rocks were repositioned during the El Nino winter of 1997-1998, suggesting that activity may not be restricted to winter storms. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00042-8","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Messina, P., and Stoffer, P., 2000, Terrain analysis of the racetrack basin and the sliding rocks of Death Valley: Geomorphology, v. 35, no. 3-4, p. 253-265, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00042-8.","startPage":"253","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206711,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00042-8"},{"id":230610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba550e4b08c986b320979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messina, P.","contributorId":37518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messina","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoffer, P.","contributorId":55527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffer","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022893,"text":"70022893 - 2000 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022893","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1998","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 204 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1998. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., Bufe, C., and Zirbes, M., 2000, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1998: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 118, no. 3-4, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208216,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00145-4"}],"volume":"118","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d41e4b0c8380cd7026f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbes, M.D.","contributorId":27620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbes","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022345,"text":"70022345 - 2000 - Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T16:44:13.36227","indexId":"70022345","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill","docAbstract":"

The endangered Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is an excavating, insectivorous Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the high elevation rain forests of east Maui, Hawaii. From March 1994 to June 1997, we studied various aspects of their breeding ecology. We color-banded 18 individuals, located and monitored 9 active nests, and took behavioral data during 440 hrs of nest observation. Both members of a pair maintained a year-round, all-purpose territory that included nest sites and food resources. Maui Parrotbill were monogamous within and between years; we found no evidence of polyandry, polygyny, or helpers at the nest. Nests were cup-shaped, composed mainly of lichen interlaced with small twigs, and positioned in the outer canopy forks of mature ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) trees. Modal clutch size was one. Females performed most nest construction and all incubation and brooding; males provisioned females and assisted in feeding nestlings after their fourth day. Fledglings depended on parental care for 5–8 months, during which their bill strength increased and foraging skills improved. We calculated the overall nest success rate by the Mayfield Method as 0.42 for the 1995/1996 and 1996/1997 breeding seasons combined. Nest failure and fledgling disappearance coincided with events of high rainfall. Their breeding ecology most closely resembled the Akiapolaau (Hemignathus munroi), another excavating, insectivorous Hawaiian honeycreeper found on Hawaii Island. As with the Akiapolaau, the threat of extinction is persistent and results from both the constraints of inherent life history traits and artificial ecological changes. We advocate the protection and expansion of habitable forest areas and an ongoing program to monitor and mitigate the effects of invasive species.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0482:REOTMP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Simon, J.C., Pratt, T.K., Berlin, K.E., and Kowalsky, J.R., 2000, Reproductive ecology of the Maui Parrotbill: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 112, no. 4, p. 482-490, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0482:REOTMP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"482","endPage":"490","costCenters":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/242775","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Hanawi Stream, Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.10130310058594,\n 20.825442642791966\n ],\n [\n -156.10216140747067,\n 20.823757946401663\n ],\n [\n -156.1032772064209,\n 20.82351727395072\n ],\n [\n -156.10370635986328,\n 20.821110528294398\n ],\n [\n -156.1032772064209,\n 20.81942578345917\n ],\n [\n -156.10422134399414,\n 20.817741019786485\n ],\n [\n -156.10413551330564,\n 20.816377149683827\n ],\n [\n -156.1061096191406,\n 20.81461212299309\n ],\n [\n -156.1069679260254,\n 20.811884313814232\n ],\n [\n -156.1094570159912,\n 20.81027969711984\n ],\n [\n -156.10962867736816,\n 20.809477382367565\n ],\n [\n -156.10885620117188,\n 20.809156455271086\n ],\n [\n -156.1084270477295,\n 20.809798308780863\n ],\n [\n -156.1061954498291,\n 20.809798308780863\n ],\n [\n -156.1050796508789,\n 20.81035992836021\n ],\n [\n -156.10456466674805,\n 20.810039003142496\n ],\n [\n -156.1036205291748,\n 20.81019946583675\n ],\n [\n -156.1018180847168,\n 20.80891575950039\n ],\n [\n -156.0984706878662,\n 20.808354134541034\n ],\n [\n -156.09649658203125,\n 20.80723087834594\n ],\n [\n -156.09538078308105,\n 20.80763204223342\n ],\n [\n -156.0944366455078,\n 20.8056262121225\n ],\n [\n -156.09289169311523,\n 20.8056262121225\n ],\n [\n -156.09272003173828,\n 20.80723087834594\n ],\n [\n -156.09229087829587,\n 20.807952972574878\n ],\n [\n -156.09091758728027,\n 20.808273902233193\n ],\n [\n -156.0896301269531,\n 20.808995991466652\n ],\n [\n -156.08774185180664,\n 20.81148316124195\n ],\n [\n -156.086368560791,\n 20.815414410415034\n ],\n [\n -156.08508110046384,\n 20.816457377678617\n ],\n [\n -156.084566116333,\n 20.81878397094785\n ],\n [\n -156.08379364013672,\n 20.81990714104862\n ],\n [\n -156.08327865600586,\n 20.821591880501483\n ],\n [\n -156.0820770263672,\n 20.822474355553574\n ],\n [\n -156.08284950256348,\n 20.825121749694063\n ],\n [\n -156.0842227935791,\n 20.826966875671385\n ],\n [\n -156.08396530151367,\n 20.827929541121552\n ],\n [\n -156.08508110046384,\n 20.82841087153927\n ],\n [\n -156.08808517456055,\n 20.829213085483662\n ],\n [\n -156.09143257141113,\n 20.827769097307158\n ],\n [\n -156.09229087829587,\n 20.82897242174903\n ],\n [\n -156.09580993652344,\n 20.828089984765047\n ],\n [\n -156.09512329101562,\n 20.82624487254594\n ],\n [\n -156.09692573547363,\n 20.826084426936962\n ],\n [\n -156.09752655029294,\n 20.825603089084584\n ],\n [\n -156.10130310058594,\n 20.825442642791966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8cce4b0c8380cd85aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, John C.","contributorId":71673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, Thane K. tkpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":5495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thane","email":"tkpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlin, Kim E.","contributorId":70522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kowalsky, James R.","contributorId":54707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalsky","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022607,"text":"70022607 - 2000 - Sequential dome-collapse nuées ardentes analyzed from broadband seismic data, Merapi Volcano, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T08:50:44","indexId":"70022607","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequential dome-collapse nuées ardentes analyzed from broadband seismic data, Merapi Volcano, Indonesia","docAbstract":"

During the sequential dome collapse of Merapi Volcano on 22 November 1994, a broadband seismic station on the western slope was the only operational seismic equipment that provided continuous on-scale recording of the event. According to visual and seismic observations, the collapse activity lasted about 10 h. We divide the activity into two phases: (I) a period with fluctuating but generally increasing seismic activity associated with 24 moderate to large dome-collapse nuées ardentes, lasting about 40 min and culminating with the largest event at 10:54 (all times reported as local time); and (II) activity from 11:42 until 20:00 described by scattered clusters of individual rockfalls and 20 nuées ardentes.

\n

The broadband data were evaluated using the assumption that avalanches with the same source areas and descent paths exhibit a linear relation between source volume and recorded seismic-amplitude envelope area. A result of the analysis is the determination of the volume of selected individual events. From the field surveys, the total volume of the collapsed dome lava is 2.6 Mm3. Discounting the volumetric influence of rockfalls, the average size of the 44 nuées ardentes is therefore about 60,000 m3. The largest collapse event at 10:54 is estimated to involve 260,000 m3, based on an analysis of the seismicity. The remaining 23 phase I events averaged 60,000 m3, with the total volume of all phase I events accounting for 63% of the unstable dome. The 20 phase II events comprised 37% of the total volume and averaged 47,000 m3. The methods described here can be put to practical use in real-time monitoring situations. Broadband data were essential in this study primarily because of the wide dynamic range.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00145-1","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Brodscholl, A., Kirbani, S., and Voight, B., 2000, Sequential dome-collapse nuées ardentes analyzed from broadband seismic data, Merapi Volcano, Indonesia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 363-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00145-1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"369","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d50e4b08c986b31833b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brodscholl, A.","contributorId":42387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodscholl","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirbani, S.B.","contributorId":22936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirbani","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022461,"text":"70022461 - 2000 - Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70022461","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","docAbstract":"1 The role of undisturbed tropical land ecosystems in the global carbon budget is not well understood. It has been suggested that inter-annual climate variability can affect the capacity of these ecosystems to store carbon in the short term. In this paper, we use a transient version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to estimate annual carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems during the period 1980-94, and to understand the underlying causes of the year-to-year variations in net carbon storage for this region. 2 We estimate that the total carbon storage in the undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin in 1980 was 127.6 Pg C, with about 94.3 Pg C in vegetation and 33.3 Pg C in the reactive pool of soil organic carbon. About 83% of the total carbon storage occurred in tropical evergreen forests. Based on our model's results, we estimate that, over the past 15 years, the total carbon storage has increased by 3.1 Pg C (+ 2%), with a 1.9-Pg C (+2%) increase in vegetation carbon and a 1.2-Pg C (+4%) increase in reactive soil organic carbon. The modelled results indicate that the largest relative changes in net carbon storage have occurred in tropical deciduous forests, but that the largest absolute changes in net carbon storage have occurred in the moist and wet forests of the Basin. 3 Our results show that the strength of interannual variations in net carbon storage of undisturbed ecosystems in the Amazon Basin varies from a carbon source of 0.2 Pg C/year to a carbon sink of 0.7 Pg C/year. Precipitation, especially the amount received during the drier months, appears to be a major controller of annual net carbon storage in the Amazon Basin. Our analysis indicates further that changes in precipitation combine with changes in temperature to affect net carbon storage through influencing soil moisture and nutrient availability. 4 On average, our results suggest that the undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems accumulated 0.2 Pg C/year as a result of climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 over the study period. This amount is large enough to have compensated for most of the carbon losses associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon during the same period. 5 Comparisons with empirical data indicate that climate variability and CO2 fertilization explain most of the variation in net carbon storage for the undisturbed ecosystems. Our analyses suggest that assessment of the regional carbon budget in the tropics should be made over at least one cycle of El Nino-Southern Oscillation because of inter-annual climate variability. Our analyses also suggest that proper scaling of the site-specific and sub-annual measurements of carbon fluxes to produce Basin-wide flux estimates must take into account seasonal and spatial variations in net carbon storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Tian, H., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D., McGuire, A., Helfrich, J., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C., 2000, Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 9, no. 4, p. 315-335, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x.","startPage":"315","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479334,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206599,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65be4b0c8380cd4c6fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, H.","contributorId":43524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helfrich, J. Iii","contributorId":74535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfrich","given":"J.","suffix":"Iii","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, B. III","contributorId":96845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C. J.","contributorId":104232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":30555,"text":"wri014007 - 2000 - Simulations of flooding on Tchoutacabouffa River at State Highways 15 and 67 at D'Iberville, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T18:31:55.160531","indexId":"wri014007","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4007","title":"Simulations of flooding on Tchoutacabouffa River at State Highways 15 and 67 at D'Iberville, Mississippi","docAbstract":"

A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water model was used to simulate the effects of the proposed State Highways 15 and 67 relocation on water-surface elevations and flow distributions for the 100-year flood on the Tchoutacabouffa River at D'Iberville, Mississippi. The Mississippi Department of Transportation plans to relocate State Highways 15 and 67 by removing a portion of the existing four-lane highway and constructing a four-lane facility upstream of the existing alignment. The proposed alignment is located on the northern floodplain and will tie into the existing highway about 1,000 feet north of the dual State Highways 15 and 67 bridges. The proposed alignment will intercept flows that cross the existing highway during large floods. Seven scenarios were simulated for the 100-year flood, including four proposed alternative configurations for drainage structures. The model grid was developed by using surveyed floodplain cross sections and channel bathymetry data obtained by using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, in combination with a global positioning system. The model was calibrated and verified by using surveyed flood profiles through the study reach and flood discharge measurements obtained at the State Highways 15 and 67 crossing. Model parameters were adjusted so that the computed water-surface profiles agreed closely with the surveyed flood profiles. Computed water-surface differentials across the proposed alignment near the northern edge of the floodplain for the four alternatives proposed by the Mississippi Department of Transportation ranged from 1.4 to 2.6 feet. Much lower differentials were computed in the vicinity of the main-channel bridge. The computed water-surface elevation at McCully Drive, upstream of the proposed alignment, was 17.3 feet for existing conditions. Computed water-surface elevations at McCully Drive for the proposed alternatives ranged from 17.3 to 17.8 feet.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Winters, K.E., 2000, Simulations of flooding on Tchoutacabouffa River at State Highways 15 and 67 at D'Iberville, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4007, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014007.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":400107,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34904.htm"},{"id":401772,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","city":"D'Iberville","otherGeospatial":"Tchoutacabouffa River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.92419815063477,\n 30.454149023624225\n ],\n [\n -88.89003753662108,\n 30.454149023624225\n ],\n [\n -88.89003753662108,\n 30.476491157902103\n ],\n [\n -88.92419815063477,\n 30.476491157902103\n ],\n [\n -88.92419815063477,\n 30.454149023624225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winters, Karl E. kwinters@usgs.gov","contributorId":3554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"Karl","email":"kwinters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022443,"text":"70022443 - 2000 - Information technology developments within the national biological information infrastructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T10:18:02","indexId":"70022443","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2703,"text":"Mathematics and Computers in Modern Science - Acoustics and Music, Biology and Chemistry, Business and Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Information technology developments within the national biological information infrastructure","docAbstract":"Looking out an office window or exploring a community park, one can easily see the tremendous challenges that biological information presents the computer science community. Biological information varies in format and content depending whether or not it is information pertaining to a particular species (i.e. Brown Tree Snake), or a specific ecosystem, which often includes multiple species, land use characteristics, and geospatially referenced information. The complexity and uniqueness of each individual species or ecosystem do not easily lend themselves to today's computer science tools and applications. To address the challenges that the biological enterprise presents the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) (http://www.nbii.gov) was established in 1993. The NBII is designed to address these issues on a National scale within the United States, and through international partnerships abroad. This paper discusses current computer science efforts within the National Biological Information Infrastructure Program and future computer science research endeavors that are needed to address the ever-growing issues related to our Nation's biological concerns.","language":"English","publisher":"World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society","isbn":"9608052238","usgsCitation":"Cotter, G., and Frame, M., 2000, Information technology developments within the national biological information infrastructure: Mathematics and Computers in Modern Science - Acoustics and Music, Biology and Chemistry, Business and Economics, p. 206-211.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bb9e4b0c8380cd627ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, Gladys","contributorId":206945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cotter","given":"Gladys","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frame, Mike 0000-0001-9995-2172 mike_frame@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9995-2172","contributorId":4541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frame","given":"Mike","email":"mike_frame@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}