A modification of previously published solutions regarding the spatial variation of hydraulic heads is discussed whereby the semivariogram of increments of head residuals (termed head residual increments HRIs) are related to the variance and integral scale of the transmissivity field. A first‐order solution is developed for the case of a transmissivity field which is isotropic and whose second‐order behavior can be characterized by an exponential covariance structure. The estimates of the variance σY2 and the integral scale λ of the log transmissivity field are then obtained via fitting a theoretical semivariogram for the HRI to its sample semivariogram. This approach is applied to head data sampled from a series of two‐dimensional, simulated aquifers with isotropic, exponential covariance structures and varying degrees of heterogeneity (σY2 = 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0). The results show that this method provided reliable estimates for both λ and σY2 in aquifers with the value of σY2 up to 2.0, but the errors in those estimates were higher for σY2 equal to 5.0. It is also demonstrated through numerical experiments and theoretical arguments that the head residual increments will provide a sample semivariogram with a lower variance than will the use of the head residuals without calculation of increments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900015","usgsCitation":"Zheng, L., and Silliman, S.E., 2000, Estimating the variance and integral scale of the transmissivity field using head residual increments: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 5, p. 1353-1358, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1358","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b65e4b0c8380cd526da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zheng, Li","contributorId":200272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silliman, Stephen E.","contributorId":72130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silliman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022102,"text":"70022102 - 2000 - Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T05:40:55","indexId":"70022102","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models","docAbstract":"Land disposal of sewage effluent resulted in contamination of a sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) with zinc (Zn). The distribution of Zn was controlled by pH‐dependent adsorption; the Zn extended 15 m into the 30‐m‐thick sewage plume within approximately 100 m of the source but only 2–4 m into the plume between 100 and 400 m downgradient. A two‐dimensional vertical cross section model coupling groundwater flow with solute transport and equilibrium adsorption is used to simulate the influence of pH on Zn transport. Adsorption is described using semiempirical surface complexation models (SCM) by writing chemical reactions between dissolved Zn and mineral surface sites. SCM parameters were determined in independent laboratory experiments. A 59‐year simulation with a one‐site SCM describes the influence of pH on Zn transport well, with greater mobility at the low pH values near the upper sewage plume boundary than at the higher pH values deeper in the sewage‐contaminated zone. Simulation with a two‐site SCM describes both the sharpness and approximate location of the leading edge of the Zn‐contaminated region. Temporal variations in pH of incoming groundwater can result in large increases in Zn concentration and mobility. The influence of spatial and temporal variability in pH on adsorption and transport of Zn was accomplished much more easily with the semiempirical SCM approach than could be achieved with distribution coefficients or adsorption isotherms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900244","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Abrams, R., Davis, J., Coston, J., and LeBlanc, D., 2000, Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 12, p. 3411-3425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900244.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3411","endPage":"3425","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c49e4b0c8380cd6fb83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, R.H.","contributorId":48325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022101,"text":"70022101 - 2000 - Younger Dryas interval and outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T14:14:56.876178","indexId":"70022101","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Younger Dryas interval and outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet","docAbstract":"A boxmodel of the Great Lakes is used to estimate meltwater flow into the North Atlantic between 8000 and 14,000 calendar years B.P. Controls on the model include the oxygen isotopic composition of meltwaters and lake waters as measured in the shells of ostracodes. Outflow rates are highest when oxygen isotopic values of the lake waters are most negative, denoting a maximum glacial meltwater component. Flow rates reach maximum values before the onset of the Younger Dryas and after it ends. These maxima appear to be correlative with the major meltwater pulses MWP 1A and 1B. Although the resumption of North Atlantic Deep Water formation may be tied to the reduction in ice sheet melting, neither the onset nor the end of the Younger Dryas, as recorded in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2) records, appear tied to maxima in meltwater outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999PA000437","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Walker, J., Rea, D.K., Lewis, C., Shane, L., and Smith, A.J., 2000, Younger Dryas interval and outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet: Paleoceanography, v. 15, no. 1, p. 4-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000437.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999pa000437","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -76.4813232421875,\n 44.319918120477425\n ],\n [\n -77.113037109375,\n 44.01652134387754\n ],\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -79.2938232421875,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -79.9090576171875,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -79.2718505859375,\n 43.153101551466385\n ],\n [\n -78.6236572265625,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -76.871337890625,\n 43.22519255488632\n ],\n [\n -76.102294921875,\n 43.56845179881218\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.870849609375,\n 42.75104599038353\n ],\n [\n -78.8763427734375,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 42.88803956056295\n ],\n [\n -80.2386474609375,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 42.61374895431491\n ],\n [\n -81.2933349609375,\n 42.69051116998238\n ],\n [\n -82.1722412109375,\n 42.24071874922666\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -82.803955078125,\n 42.05337156043361\n ],\n [\n -82.99621582031249,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -83.22143554687499,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -83.5345458984375,\n 41.693424216151314\n ],\n [\n -83.353271484375,\n 41.623655390686395\n ],\n [\n -83.111572265625,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -83.0401611328125,\n 41.43860847395721\n ],\n [\n -82.913818359375,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 41.430371882652814\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 41.36444153054222\n ],\n [\n -81.9964599609375,\n 41.47977575214487\n ],\n [\n -81.650390625,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 41.734429390721\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 42.20817645934742\n ],\n [\n -78.9312744140625,\n 42.63799988907408\n ],\n [\n -78.870849609375,\n 42.75104599038353\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -80.870361328125,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -80.760498046875,\n 44.66083904265621\n ],\n [\n -80.1123046875,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -79.94750976562499,\n 44.41024041296011\n ],\n [\n -79.903564453125,\n 44.77013681219717\n ],\n [\n -79.69482421875,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 44.91813929958515\n ],\n [\n -80.67260742187499,\n 45.96642454131025\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 46.17983040759436\n ],\n [\n -84.00146484374999,\n 46.38483322349276\n ],\n [\n -84.26513671875,\n 46.27863122156088\n ],\n [\n -84.100341796875,\n 46.03510927947334\n ],\n [\n -84.803466796875,\n 46.09609080214316\n ],\n [\n -84.715576171875,\n 45.729191061299915\n ],\n [\n -84.26513671875,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -83.682861328125,\n 45.31352900692258\n ],\n [\n -83.441162109375,\n 45.1742925240767\n ],\n [\n -83.46313476562499,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -83.309326171875,\n 44.80132682904856\n ],\n [\n -83.441162109375,\n 44.32384807250689\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -83.671875,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -83.880615234375,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -84.00146484374999,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -83.660888671875,\n 43.56447158721811\n ],\n [\n -83.22143554687499,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -82.913818359375,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -82.781982421875,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -82.540283203125,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -82.408447265625,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 43.46886761482925\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 44.040218713142146\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 44.268804788566165\n ],\n [\n -81.221923828125,\n 44.62175409623324\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 45.182036837015886\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 41.623655390686395\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -86.15478515625,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -86.46240234375,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -85.97900390625,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -85.62744140625,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -85.517578125,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 45.259422036351694\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -85.10009765625,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -84.79248046875,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -85.49560546875,\n 46.14939437647686\n ],\n [\n -86.24267578125,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -86.50634765625,\n 45.81348649679973\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 45.81348649679973\n ],\n [\n -87.0556640625,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -88.08837890625,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n -87.12158203125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -88.00048828124999,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -87.82470703125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 41.623655390686395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.22119140625,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -84.39697265625,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 46.9052455464292\n ],\n [\n -84.70458984375,\n 47.025206001585396\n ],\n [\n -84.52880859375,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -84.88037109375,\n 47.62097541515849\n ],\n [\n -84.79248046875,\n 48.004625021133904\n ],\n [\n -85.8251953125,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 48.879167148960214\n ],\n [\n -88.79150390625,\n 48.531157010976706\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 47.76886840424207\n ],\n [\n -92.21923828124999,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -90.72509765625,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -89.18701171875,\n 46.830133640447386\n ],\n [\n -88.65966796875,\n 47.12995075666307\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 47.41322033016902\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 47.204642388766935\n ],\n [\n -88.52783203125,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -88.4619140625,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -87.34130859375,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -87.0556640625,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -86.81396484375,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -85.6494140625,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 46.7549166192819\n ],\n [\n -85.10009765625,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -84.79248046875,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -84.22119140625,\n 46.5739667965278\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd250e4b08c986b32f749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, T.C. Jr.","contributorId":83692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, J.C.G.","contributorId":35499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"J.C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, C.F.M.","contributorId":39971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"C.F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shane, L.C.K.","contributorId":45482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shane","given":"L.C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, A. J.","contributorId":67040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70142608,"text":"70142608 - 2000 - Characteristic length scale of input data in distributed models: implications for modeling grain size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:08:54","indexId":"70142608","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristic length scale of input data in distributed models: implications for modeling grain size","docAbstract":"The appropriate spatial scale for a distributed energy balance model was investigated by: (a) determining the scale of variability associated with the remotely sensed and GIS-generated model input data; and (b) examining the effects of input data spatial aggregation on model response. The semi-variogram and the characteristic length calculated from the spatial autocorrelation were used to determine the scale of variability of the remotely sensed and GIS-generated model input data. The data were collected from two hillsides at Upper Sheep Creek, a sub-basin of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, in southwest Idaho. The data were analyzed in terms of the semivariance and the integral of the autocorrelation. The minimum characteristic length associated with the variability of the data used in the analysis was 15 m. Simulated and observed radiometric surface temperature fields at different spatial resolutions were compared. The correlation between agreement simulated and observed fields sharply declined after a 10×10 m2 modeling grid size. A modeling grid size of about 10×10 m2 was deemed to be the best compromise to achieve: (a) reduction of computation time and the size of the support data; and (b) a reproduction of the observed radiometric surface temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00176-6","usgsCitation":"Artan, G.A., Neale, C.M., and Tarboton, D., 2000, Characteristic length scale of input data in distributed models: implications for modeling grain size: Journal of Hydrology, v. 227, no. 1-4, p. 128-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00176-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Upper Sheep Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.63041687011719,\n 42.45791402988027\n ],\n [\n -115.63041687011719,\n 42.50931167929992\n ],\n [\n -115.57857513427734,\n 42.50931167929992\n ],\n [\n -115.57857513427734,\n 42.45791402988027\n ],\n [\n -115.63041687011719,\n 42.45791402988027\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"227","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec42be4b02419550debab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neale, C. M. U.","contributorId":26523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neale","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. U.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tarboton, D. G.","contributorId":139602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tarboton","given":"D. G.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022848,"text":"70022848 - 2000 - Condition bias of hunter-shot ring-necked ducks exposed to lead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T17:25:11.945746","indexId":"70022848","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Condition bias of hunter-shot ring-necked ducks exposed to lead","docAbstract":"We evaluated the condition bias hypothesis for ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris) exposed to lead by testing the null hypothesis that ducks shot by hunters do not differ in physiological condition from those collected randomly from the same location. After adjusting for structural body size and log(e) concentration of blood lead, we found that overall body condition differed significantly between collection types and age classes, and marginally between sexes. Ingesta-free body mass of ring-necked ducks sampled randomly averaged 8.8% greater than those shot over decoys, and 99% of this difference was accounted for by lipid reserves. Ingesta, ash, and protein did not differ between collection types; however, after-hatching-year (AHY) birds had 5.1% more ash and 4.8% more protein than did hatching-year (HY) birds. The only sex difference was that males had 4.1% more protein than did females. Ingesta-free body mass, lipids, and protein were negatively related to concentration of blood lead. Collection type-by-concentration of blood lead and age-by-sex-by-concentration of blood lead interactions were not significant. To the extent that lead pellets persist as a cause of disease or mortality, waterfowl biologists should account for lead exposure as a possible source of condition bias when estimating population parameters and modeling survival of ring-necked ducks and other waterfowl species prone to ingest lead. These findings further underscore the problem that ingested lead shotgun pellets pose for waterfowl.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803256","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"McCracken, K.G., Afton, A., and Peters, M., 2000, Condition bias of hunter-shot ring-necked ducks exposed to lead: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 584-590, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803256.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"590","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Catahoula Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.13478088378906,\n 31.450046312022394\n ],\n [\n -92.1200180053711,\n 31.467617887007613\n ],\n [\n -92.11761474609374,\n 31.48020882071693\n ],\n [\n -92.11246490478516,\n 31.486942810833508\n ],\n [\n -92.11212158203125,\n 31.49191979634118\n ],\n [\n -92.1042251586914,\n 31.496603776074124\n ],\n [\n -92.09976196289062,\n 31.5030438651282\n ],\n [\n -92.08671569824217,\n 31.509190809039325\n ],\n [\n -92.08602905273436,\n 31.51182508982725\n ],\n [\n -92.05101013183594,\n 31.52499537991324\n ],\n [\n -92.04002380371094,\n 31.534067166324203\n ],\n [\n -92.05066680908203,\n 31.540797277080273\n ],\n [\n -92.05066680908203,\n 31.546941737084783\n ],\n [\n -92.03659057617188,\n 31.567420348693773\n ],\n [\n -92.0438003540039,\n 31.575903027812327\n ],\n [\n -92.0541000366211,\n 31.580875273985466\n ],\n [\n -92.07023620605467,\n 31.574440551990754\n ],\n [\n -92.08671569824217,\n 31.571515531519776\n ],\n [\n -92.09220886230469,\n 31.5656652152831\n ],\n [\n -92.098388671875,\n 31.560984698031774\n ],\n [\n -92.1035385131836,\n 31.553378356555264\n ],\n [\n -92.11830139160156,\n 31.553085792574972\n ],\n [\n -92.12963104248047,\n 31.5413824811742\n ],\n [\n -92.13855743408203,\n 31.527629215135427\n ],\n [\n -92.13924407958984,\n 31.522654130699152\n ],\n [\n -92.14370727539062,\n 31.514459296362887\n ],\n [\n -92.14988708496094,\n 31.519727486663452\n ],\n [\n -92.16190338134766,\n 31.514459296362887\n ],\n [\n -92.16190338134766,\n 31.501872972840022\n ],\n [\n -92.15950012207031,\n 31.493383565208834\n ],\n [\n -92.16808319091797,\n 31.49074876475237\n ],\n [\n -92.1756362915039,\n 31.491041524024112\n ],\n [\n -92.18250274658203,\n 31.486942810833508\n ],\n [\n -92.18421936035156,\n 31.47962323345364\n ],\n [\n -92.17975616455077,\n 31.47230308346773\n ],\n [\n -92.19280242919922,\n 31.466446551252865\n ],\n [\n -92.20001220703125,\n 31.47962323345364\n ],\n [\n -92.20310211181639,\n 31.478452047933082\n ],\n [\n -92.20584869384766,\n 31.47083898476439\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 31.460882506287035\n ],\n [\n -92.21168518066406,\n 31.459125370764387\n ],\n [\n -92.21443176269531,\n 31.450046312022394\n ],\n [\n -92.20172882080078,\n 31.447703186268427\n ],\n [\n -92.17357635498047,\n 31.445067099748265\n ],\n [\n -92.16636657714844,\n 31.45297513680279\n ],\n [\n -92.16396331787108,\n 31.456782472114313\n ],\n [\n -92.13478088378906,\n 31.450046312022394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b2e4b0c8380cd4d72f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCracken, K. G.","contributorId":7431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCracken","given":"K.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, M.S.","contributorId":16620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181812,"text":"70181812 - 2000 - Paradigm shifts in theory and methods: regression quantile analysis enables new insights for ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:54:40","indexId":"70181812","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Paradigm shifts in theory and methods: regression quantile analysis enables new insights for ecology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GISEM4): Problems, Prospect and Research Needs for Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GISEM4)","conferenceDate":"September 2-8, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Banff, Alberta","language":"English","publisher":"University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Bock, C., and Cade, B.S., 2000, Paradigm shifts in theory and methods: regression quantile analysis enables new insights for ecology, in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GISEM4): Problems, Prospect and Research Needs for Research, Banff, Alberta, September 2-8, 2000, p. 1-10.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42539e4b0c825128ad46c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bock, C.E.","contributorId":75485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182186,"text":"70182186 - 2000 - Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:12:48","indexId":"70182186","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","docAbstract":"Metapopulation theory has proven useful for understanding the population structure and dynamics of many species of conservation concern. The metapopulation concept has been applied almost exclusively to nonmigratory species, however, for which subpopulation demographic independence—a requirement for a classically defined metapopulation - is explicitly related to geographic distribution and dispersal probabilities. Defining the degree of demographic independence among subpopulations of migratory animals, and thus the applicability of metapopulation theory as a conceptual framework for understanding population dynamics, is much more difficult. Unlike nonmigratory species, subpopulations of migratory animals cannot be defined as synonymous with geographic areas. Groups of migratory birds that are geographically separate at one part of the annual cycle may occur together at others, but co-occurrence in time and space does not preclude the demographic independence of subpopulations. I suggest that metapopulation theory can be applied to migratory species but that understanding the degree of subpopulation independence may require information about both spatial distribution throughout the annual cycle and behavioral mechanisms that may lead to subpopulation demographic independence. The key for applying metapopulation theory to migratory animals lies in identifying demographically independent subpopulations, even as they move during the annual cycle and potentially co-occur with other subpopulations. Using examples of migratory bird species, I demonstrate that spatial and temporal modes of subpopulation independence can interact with behavioral mechanisms to create demographically independent subpopulations, including cases in which subpopulations are not spatially distinct in some parts of the annual cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., 2000, Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds: Conservation Biology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 366-372, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e32e4b0ce4410e7d612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":669927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022452,"text":"70022452 - 2000 - Testing a multi-tiered stress-gradient model for risk assessment using sediment constituents from coral reef environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022452","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Testing a multi-tiered stress-gradient model for risk assessment using sediment constituents from coral reef environments","docAbstract":"Coral reefs are threatened worldwide by stresses ranging from local to global in extent. One of the major challenges in studies of reef decline is understanding how to distinguish between changes resulting from natural, anthropogenic, local, and global environmental perturbations. As such, a conceptual risk-assessment model is developed that includes tiers for natural stresses, global/regional stresses, and local anthropogenic stresses.","largerWorkTitle":"Carbonate Beaches 2000","conferenceTitle":"Carbonate Beaches 2000","conferenceDate":"5 December 2000 through 8 December 2000","conferenceLocation":"Key Largo, FL","language":"English","isbn":"0784406405","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., and Hallock, P., 2000, Testing a multi-tiered stress-gradient model for risk assessment using sediment constituents from coral reef environments, in Carbonate Beaches 2000, Key Largo, FL, 5 December 2000 through 8 December 2000, p. 202-203.","startPage":"202","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b8e4b08c986b320c1b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Magoon O TRobbins L LEwing LMagoon O TRobbins L LEwing L","contributorId":128363,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Magoon O TRobbins L LEwing LMagoon O TRobbins L LEwing L","id":536481,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallock, P.","contributorId":91263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallock","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186627,"text":"70186627 - 2000 - The Tintina Gold Belt - A global perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-03T22:25:49","indexId":"70186627","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Tintina Gold Belt - A global perspective","docAbstract":"The so-called Tintina Gold Belt extends for more than 1000 km along the length of the northern North American Cordillera. Middle to Late Cretaceous Au deposits within the belt have various similar characteristics, among which are a spatial and temporal association with magmatism; Bi-W-Te signatures in deposits hosted by granitod stocks and As-Sb signatures where hosted by sedimentary rocks and dyke systems; and δ180 values consistently > 12 per mil for Au-bearing quartz. Nevertheless significant differences in structural styles, levels of deposit emplacement, ore-fluid chemistry, and Au grades suggest that the characteristics represent a broad range of deposit types. Many of these are best classified as orogenic Au deposits in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, as epithermal and porphyry-style Au deposits in the Kuskokwim region, and as Au-bearing, granite-related veins and stockworks, replacements, and skarns, as well as associated polymetallic lodes, in central Yukon. The diverse types of Au deposits and associated plutons of the Tintina Gold Belt collectively define a 45-m.y.-long period of arc magmatism that migrated northwesterly, for about 1000 km, across the active collisional margin of Cretaceous northwestern North America. The initiation of fluid flow and plutonism in Albian time seems to correlate with the onset of oblique subduction and dextral strike-slip on the Denali-Farewell, Tintina-Kaltag, and related fault systems. Initial Au-vein formation and subduction-related magmatism at about 115-110 Ma (e.g., including the Goodpaster and Fortymile districts), within the seaward side of the Yukon-Tanana terrane, correlate with the arrival of the Wrangellia superterrane off the continental margin. Dextral translation of the allochthonous Wrangellia block was associated with the migration of the thermal pulse to the northwest at about 95-90 Ma. Orogenic (or so called mesotherrnal) and granitoid-related Au deposits formed across the width of the Yukon-Tanana terrane (e.g., Fort Knox, True North, Ryan Lode, Kantishna district) and inland into the passive-margin rocks of the Selwyn basin ( e.g., Scheelite Dome, Brewery Creek, Dublin Gulch), respectively. By 70 Ma, the arc had migrated to the vicinity of present-day southwestern Alaska, where it was associated with the formation of additional orogenic Au deposits (e.g., Willow Creek district) and, within still-preserved shallow crustal levels, epithermal Au systems (e.g., Donlin Creek). The Au-bearing deposits of the Tintina Gold Belt are typical of those found in most well-preserved, moderate- to high-temperature Phanerozoic collisional orogens. Around the circum-Pacific region, these would include large areas of Mesozoic tectonism along the Cordilleran orogen, throughout the Russian Far East, and along the margins of the North China craton. Favorable terrain for such Au belts of Paleozoic age worldwide include the active Gondwana margins (e.g., Tasman orogenic system, northern Africa, Telfer district), and the northern margins ( e.g., Caledonian Kazakhstania, Uralian orogen, Baikal orogen, Tian Shan orogenic system) and western margins ( e.g., southern European massifs) to the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Gold lodes in all of the Phanerozoic belts are dominated by orogenic Au-deposit types; other deposit types are concentrated where relatively shallow levels to the orogens are locally preserved. A significant percentage of the lode-gold resource in many areas was lost to placer accumulation that began forming approximately 100 m.y. after hypogene ore formation, except where continent-continent collision \"cratonized\" highly mineralized terranes in central Asia.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Tintina Gold Belt: Concepts, exploration, and discoveries: Special volume 2","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Columbia and Yukon Chamber of Mines","publisherLocation":"Vancouver, BC","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R.J., Hart, C.J., Miller, M.L., Miller, L.D., Farmer, G.L., and Groves, D.I., 2000, The Tintina Gold Belt - A global perspective, chap. of The Tintina Gold Belt: Concepts, exploration, and discoveries: Special volume 2, p. 5-34.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"British Columbia and Yukon Chamber of Mines Cordilleran Roundup, January 2000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75404e4b09da6799c0c76","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tucker, Terry L.","contributorId":190631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tucker","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690091,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Moira T.","contributorId":11795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Moira","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690092,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Craig J. R.","contributorId":36811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hart","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Lance D.","contributorId":30287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farmer, G. Lang","contributorId":15075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Groves, David I.","contributorId":34194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groves","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":30489,"text":"wri004080 - 2000 - Estimating magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for rural, unregulated, streams in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri004080","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4080","title":"Estimating magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for rural, unregulated, streams in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Multiple and simple least-squares regression models for the log10-transformed 100-year discharge with independent variables describing the basin characteristics (log10-transformed and untransformed) for 267 streamflow-gaging stations were evaluated, and the regression residuals were plotted as areal distributions that defined three regions of the State, designated East, North, and South. Exploratory data analysis procedures identified 31 gaging stations at which discharges are different than would be expected for West Virginia. Regional equations for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year peak discharges were determined by generalized least-squares regression using data from 236 gaging stations. Log10-transformed drainage area was the most significant independent variable for all regions.Equations developed in this study are applicable only to rural, unregulated, streams within the boundaries of West Virginia. The accuracy of estimating equations is quantified by measuring the average prediction error (from 27.7 to 44.7 percent) and equivalent years of record (from 1.6 to 20.0 years).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004080","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., Atkins, J.T., and Tasker, G.D., 2000, Estimating magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for rural, unregulated, streams in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4080, iv, 93 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004080.","productDescription":"iv, 93 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2412,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, John T. jtatkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"John","email":"jtatkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30780,"text":"cir1197 - 2000 - The materials flow of mercury in the economies of the United States and the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T14:01:33","indexId":"cir1197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1197","title":"The materials flow of mercury in the economies of the United States and the world","docAbstract":"Although natural sources of mercury exist in the environment,\r\nmeasured data and modeling results indicate that the\r\namount of mercury released into the biosphere has increased\r\nsince the beginning of the industrial age. Mercury is naturally\r\ndistributed in the air, water, and soil in minute amounts, and can\r\nbe mobile within and between these media. Because of these\r\nproperties and the subsequent impacts on human health, mercury\r\nwas selected for an initial materials flow study, focusing on the\r\nUnited States in 1990.\r\nThis study was initiated to provide a current domestic and\r\ninternational analysis. As part of an increased emphasis on materials\r\nflow, this report researched changes and identified the associated\r\ntrends in mercury flows; it also updates statistics through\r\n1996. In addition to domestic flows, the report includes an international\r\nsection, because all primary mercury-producing mines\r\nare currently foreign, 86 percent of the mercury cell sector of the\r\nworldwide chlor-alkali industry is outside the United States, there\r\nis a large international mercury trade (1,395 t\r\n1\r\nin 1996), and environmental\r\nregulations are not uniform or similarly enforced from\r\ncountry to country.\r\nEnvironmental concerns have brought about numerous regulations\r\nthat have dramatically decreased both the use and the\r\nproduction of mercury since the late 1980?s. Our study indicates\r\nthat this trend is likely to continue into the future, as the world\r\neliminates the large mercury inventories that have been stockpiled\r\nto support prior industrial processes and products.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1197","usgsCitation":"Sznopek, J.L., and Goonan, T.G., 2000, The materials flow of mercury in the economies of the United States and the world: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1197, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1197.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2603,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2000/c1197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sznopek, John L.","contributorId":23936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sznopek","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goonan, Thomas G. goonan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goonan","given":"Thomas","email":"goonan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30757,"text":"fs00300 - 2000 - Global ice-core research: Understanding and applying environmental records of the past","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-25T19:27:32","indexId":"fs00300","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"003-00","title":"Global ice-core research: Understanding and applying environmental records of the past","docAbstract":"One way to study Earth’s past environmental conditions is to look at ice cores recovered from glaciers. Every year a layer of snow accumulates on glaciers, like a page in a history book, and eventually turns to ice. Like reading the pages of a history book, analyzing the layers in a glacial ice core for specific chemical and physical components is a way of “reading” the environmental changes of the past. Information from ice cores collected from Greenland and Antarctica already has provided important historical clues toward a better understanding of modern global environmental changes (Dansgaard and Oeschger, 1989; Lorius and others, 1989).\nEnvironmental changes are of major concern at low- or mid-latitude regions of our Earth simply because this is where 80 to 90 percent of the world’s human population live. Ice cores collected from isolated polar regions are, at best, proxy indicators of low- and mid-latitude environmental changes. Because polar icecore research is limiting in this sense, ice cores from low- and mid-latitude glaciers are being used to study past environmental changes in order to better understand and predict future environmental changes that may affect the populated regions of the world.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs00300","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L.D., Green, J.R., and Naftz, D.L., 2000, Global ice-core research: Understanding and applying environmental records of the past: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 003-00, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00300.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59482,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kyrgyzstan;Nepal;Peru;United States","state":"Idaho;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier;Wind River Mountain Range;Inilchek Glacier;Tien Shan Mountains;Nangpai Gosum Glacier;Himalayan Mountains;Quelccaya Ice Cap;Andes Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L. DeWayne","contributorId":72828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"DeWayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, Jaromy R.","contributorId":57498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Jaromy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27807,"text":"wri004172 - 2000 - Simulation of the recharge area for Frederick Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T13:23:32","indexId":"wri004172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4172","title":"Simulation of the recharge area for Frederick Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Pheasant Branch watershed in Dane County is expected to undergo development. There are concerns that this development will adversely affect water resources, including Frederick Springs, a large spring complex in the watershed. The spring's recharge area was delineated using a telescopic mesh refinement (TMR) model constructed from an existing regional-scale ground-water flow model, and further refined by adding nearby surface-water features, a refined recharge array based on a surface-water model, and increasing the vertical leakage between the deep aquifers. This TMR model was formally optimized using the parameter estimation code UCODE. The results of optimization demonstrated that the best fit to measured heads and fluxes was obtained by using a horizontal hydraulic conductivity two times that of the original regional model for layer 2 and 80 percent smaller for layer 3. This range of parameter values was formally considered using a stochastic Monte Carlo approach.
\nTwo-hundred model runs used uniformly distributed, randomly sampled, horizontal hydraulic conductivity values within the range given by the TMR optimized values and the previously constructed regional model. A probability distribution of particles captured by the spring, or a probabilistic capture zone' was calculated from the realistic Monte Carlo results (136 runs of 200). In addition to portions of the local surface watershed, the capture zone encompassed distant areas in the North Fork of the Pheasant Branch watershed and areas entirely outside of the Pheasant Branch - demonstrating that the ground-watershed and surface watershed do not coincide.
\nAnalysis of samples from the springs and a nearby municipal well identified large contrasts in chemistry, even for springs within 50 feet of one another. The differences were stable over time, were present in both ion and isotope analyses, and showed a distinct gradation from high nitrate, high calcium, Ordovician-carbonate dominated water in western spring vents to low nitrate, lower calcium, Cambrian-sandstone influenced water in eastern spring vents. The difference in chemistry was attributed to distinctive bedrock geology as demonstrated by overlaying the 50 percent probability capture zone over a bedrock geology map for the area. This finding gives additional confidence to the capture zone calculated by the ground-water flow model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004172","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Middleton, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., and Steuer, J.J., 2000, Simulation of the recharge area for Frederick Springs, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4172, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004172.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4172/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56639,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4172/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2149,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-00-4172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Frederick Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.59796905517578,\n 43.021466606767234\n ],\n [\n -89.59796905517578,\n 43.14984543526719\n ],\n [\n -89.48501586914062,\n 43.14984543526719\n ],\n [\n -89.48501586914062,\n 43.021466606767234\n ],\n [\n -89.59796905517578,\n 43.021466606767234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1fdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45062,"text":"wri004226 - 2000 - Ground-water flow and contributing areas to public-supply wells in Kingsford and Iron Mountain, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T11:39:03","indexId":"wri004226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4226","title":"Ground-water flow and contributing areas to public-supply wells in Kingsford and Iron Mountain, Michigan","docAbstract":"The cities of Kingsford and Iron Mountain are in the southwestern part of Dickinson County in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Residents and businesses in these cites rely primarily on ground water from aquifers in glacial deposits. Glacial deposits generally consist of an upper terrace sand-and-gravel unit and a lower outwash sand-and-gravel unit, separated by lacustrine silt and clay and eolian silt layers. These units are not regionally continuous, and are absent in some areas. Glacial deposits overlie Precambrian bedrock units that are generally impermeable. Precambrian bedrock consists of metasedimentary (Michigamme Slate, Vulcan Iron Formation, and Randville Dolomite) and metavolcanic (Badwater Greenstone and Quinnesec Formation) rocks. Where glacial deposits are too thin to compose an aquifer usable for public or residential water supply, Precambrian bedrock is relied upon for water supply. Typically a few hundred feet of bedrock must be open to a wellbore to provide adequate water for domestic users. Ground-water flow in the glacial deposits is primarily toward the Menominee River and follows the direction of the regional topographic slope and the bedrock surface. To protect the quality of ground water, Kingsford and Iron Mountain are developing Wellhead Protection Plans to delineate areas that contribute water to public-supply wells. Because of the complexity of hydrogeology in this area and historical land-use practices, a steady-state ground-water-flow model was prepared to represent the ground-water-flow system and to delineate contributing areas to public-supply wells. Results of steady-state simulations indicate close agreement between simulated and observed water levels and between water flowing into and out of the model area. The 10-year contributing areas for Kingsford's public-supply wells encompass about 0.11 square miles and consist of elongated areas to the east of the well fields. The 10-year contributing areas for Iron Mountain's public-supply wells encompass about 0.09 square miles and consist of elongate areas to the east of the well field. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri004226","usgsCitation":"Luukkonen, C.L., and Westjohn, D.B., 2000, Ground-water flow and contributing areas to public-supply wells in Kingsford and Iron Mountain, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4226, HMTL Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004226.","productDescription":"HMTL Document","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3916,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004226","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Iron Mountain, Kingsford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.14125061035155,\n 45.75602615586017\n ],\n [\n -88.14125061035155,\n 45.87734153309365\n ],\n [\n -87.94075012207031,\n 45.87734153309365\n ],\n [\n -87.94075012207031,\n 45.75602615586017\n ],\n [\n -88.14125061035155,\n 45.75602615586017\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47322,"text":"ofr98479 - 2000 - Geologic map of the Republic of Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T10:46:47","indexId":"ofr98479","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-479","title":"Geologic map of the Republic of Armenia","docAbstract":"This map is a product that resulted from a project by the U.S. Agency for International Development (Participating Agency Service Agreement No. CCN-0002-P-ID-3097-00) to conduct an evaluation of coal and other fossil fuels in the Republic of Armenia. The original map has been translated to English from Russian (Marlen Satian, Academy of Sciences, Armenian Institute of Geological Sciences, written commun., 1994), digitized, and slightly modified in some areas. The original format has been modified to follow the U.S. Geological Survey's format. The map projection is not known. Latitude and longitude tics are approximately located.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98479","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Armenian Ministry of Environment and Interior Resources","usgsCitation":"Maldonado, F., and Castellanos, E.S., 2000, Geologic map of the Republic of Armenia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-479, 1 Plate: 35.97 x 22.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98479.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.97 x 22.70 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0479/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84266,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0479/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"600000","country":"Armenia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maldonado, Florian fmaldona@usgs.gov","contributorId":805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"Florian","email":"fmaldona@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":235056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castellanos, Esther S.","contributorId":87608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castellanos","given":"Esther","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29691,"text":"wri994269 - 2000 - Ground-water quality in the Appalachian Plateaus, Kanawha River basin, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri994269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4269","title":"Ground-water quality in the Appalachian Plateaus, Kanawha River basin, West Virginia","docAbstract":"Water samples collected from 30 privately-owned and small public-supply wells in the Appalachian Plateaus of the Kanawha River Basin were analyzed for a wide range of constituents, including bacteria, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, radon, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of most constituents from samples analyzed did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards.\r\n\r\nConstituents that exceeded drinking-water standards in at least one sample were total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), iron, manganese, and sulfate. Total coliform bacteria were present in samples from five sites, and E. coli were present at only one site. USEPA secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) were exceeded for three constituents -- sulfate exceeded the SMCL of 250 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in samples from 2 of 30 wells; iron exceeded the SMCL of 300 ?g/L (micrograms per liter) in samples from 12 of the wells, and manganese exceeded the SMCL of 50 ?g/L in samples from 17 of the wells sampled.\r\n\r\nNone of the samples contained concentrations of nutrients that exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for these constituents. The maximum concentration of nitrate detected was only 4.1 mg/L, which is below the MCL of 10 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate in precipitation and shallow ground water are similar, potentially indicating that precipitation may be a source of nitrate in shallow ground water in the study area.\r\n\r\nRadon concentrations exceeded the recently proposed maximum contaminant level of 300 pCi/L at 50 percent of the sites sampled. The median concentration of radon was only 290 pCi/L. Radon-222 is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic, radioactive decay product of uranium. Concentrations, however, did not exceed the alternate maximum contaminant level (AMCL) for radon of 4,000 pCi/L in any of the 30 samples.\r\n\r\nArsenic concentrations exceeded the proposed MCL of 5?g/L at 4 of the 30 sites. No samples exceeded the current MCL of 50 ?g/L. \r\n\r\nNeither pesticides nor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were prevalent in the study area, and the concentrations of the compounds that were detected did not exceed any USEPA MCLs. Pesticides were detected in only two of the 30 wells sampled, but four pesticides -- atrazine, carbofuran, DCPA, and deethylatrazine -- were detected in one well; molinate was detected in the other well. All of the pesticides detected were at estimated concentrations of only 0.002 ?g/L. Of the VOCs detected, trihalomethane compounds (THMs), which can result from chlorination of a well, were the most common. THMs were detected in 13 of the 30 wells sampled. Gasoline by-products, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX compounds) were detected in 10 of the 30 wells sampled. The maximum concentration of any of the VOCs detected in this study, however, was only 1.040 ?g/L, for the THM dichlorofluoromethane.\r\n\r\nWater samples from 25 of the wells were analyzed for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to estimate the apparent age of ground water. The analyses indicated that age of water ranged from 10 to greater than 57 years, and that the age of ground water could be correlated with the topographic setting of the wells sampled. Thus the apparent age of water in wells on hilltops was youngest (median of 13 years) and that of water in wells in valleys was oldest (median of 42 years). Water from wells on hillsides was intermediate in age (median of 29 years). These data can be used to define contributing areas to wells, corroborate or revise conceptual ground-water flow models, estimate contaminant travel times from spills to other sources such as nearby domestic or public supply wells, and to manage point and nonpoint source activities that may affect critical aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994269","usgsCitation":"Sheets, C.J., and Kozar, M.D., 2000, Ground-water quality in the Appalachian Plateaus, Kanawha River basin, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4269, v, 25 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994269.","productDescription":"v, 25 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2445,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4269/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheets, Charlynn J.","contributorId":43392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"Charlynn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kozar, Mark D. 0000-0001-7755-7657 mdkozar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-7657","contributorId":1963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"Mark","email":"mdkozar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29575,"text":"wri004179 - 2000 - Surface-water quality, Oneida Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin, 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T13:17:08","indexId":"wri004179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4179","title":"Surface-water quality, Oneida Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin, 1997-98","docAbstract":"Streamwater samples were collected at 19 sites in the vicinity of the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin Reservation. Samples were collected during 5 sampling periods in 1997-98. Field measurements were made and samples were analyzed for nutrients, suspended sediment, major ions, and pesticides.
\nPhysical characteristics and human activity influence surface-water quality in the study area. Predominant land use in a drainage basin, specifically agricultural land use, appears to be a strong influence on surface-water quality. Other important influences on surface-water quality in the Oneida Reservation area include point-source contamination, size of the drainage basin, presence of clayey surficial deposits, and the timing and flow conditions during sampling.
\nConcentrations of total phosphorus and of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen often exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's). Concentrations of nutrients were highest at sites with greater than 80 percent agricultural land use in the drainage basin.
\nSodium and manganese were the major ions that most often exceeded USEPA water-quality criteria. The highest concentrations of sodium and chloride were detected at three sites in basins containing greater than 10 percent urban land and at two of ten sites in basins containing greater than 80 percent agricultural land.
\nConcentrations of the pesticides atrazine, cyanazine, and diazinon exceeded MCL's at several sites. Elevated concentrations of agricultural pesticides were detected primarily at sites in basins containing greater than 80 percent agricultural land, in comparison to pesticide concentrations at sites in basins containing lesser amounts of agricultural land. Diazinon concentrations were higher at sites in basins containing more than 10 percent urban land compared to basins with little to no urban land.
\nStream habitat at three sites was rated \"good\" on the basis of the semiquantitative Great Lakes Environment Assessment procedure. On the basis of the semiquantitative procedure, habitat at three other sites was impaired, likely because of agricultural influences and tendencies towards low flow in the summer.
\nAssessments of benthic community health based on benthic invertebrates showed that the communities were \"very good\" at one site, \"good\" at three sites, \"fair\" at one site, and \"fairly poor\" at one site. Mean tolerance values yielded similar assessments of the invertebrate communities. Taxa richness for pollution-sensitive insect orders indicates that water-quality is best at Thornberry Creek. Water-quality at Trout Creek and Lancaster Brook also rated fairly high. Shannon-Wiener diversity values indicate that the invertebrate communities at Dutchman Creek, and perhaps at Duck and Oneida Creeks, are under environmental stress.
\nAssessments of the benthic algal community provided relative results as did invertebrate community assessments. Shannon-Wiener diversity values for diatoms indicate that algal communities are under minor stress in four of five streams sampled and under moderate stress in Dutchman Creek. A pollution index based on the percentages of diatoms that are pollution sensitive and pollution tolerant revealed that pollution at Dutchman Creek likely is moderate; pollution at the other four sampled creeks is either minor or nonexistent in terms of effects on the diatom community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, M.A., Scudder, B.C., and Richards, K.D., 2000, Surface-water quality, Oneida Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin, 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4179, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004179.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58403,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2392,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-00-4179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Ashwaubenon Creek, Duck Creek, Dutchman Creek, Oneida Indian Reservation, Suamico River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.2696533203125,\n 44.674512553303565\n ],\n [\n -88.63494873046875,\n 44.34349388385857\n ],\n [\n -88.18450927734375,\n 44.16447445668458\n ],\n [\n -87.98126220703125,\n 44.38669150215206\n ],\n [\n -87.945556640625,\n 44.47495104782301\n ],\n [\n -88.2696533203125,\n 44.674512553303565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a5a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Morgan A.","contributorId":64295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Morgan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scudder, Barbara C.","contributorId":100319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, Kevin D. krichard@usgs.gov","contributorId":280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Kevin","email":"krichard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29395,"text":"wri004258 - 2000 - One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:33:09","indexId":"wri004258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4258","title":"One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois","docAbstract":"As part of the Chicagoland Underflow Plan/Tunnel and Reservoir Plan, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District, plans to build McCook Reservoir.a flood-control reservoir to store combined stormwater and raw sewage (combined sewage). To prevent the combined sewage in the reservoir from becoming anoxic and producing hydrogen sulfide gas, a coarse-bubble aeration system will be designed and installed on the basis of results from CUP 0-D, a zero-dimensional model, and MAC3D, a three-dimensional model. Two inherent assumptions in the application of MAC3D are that density stratification in the simulated water body is minimal or not present and that surface heat transfers are unimportant and, therefore, may be neglected. To test these assumptions, the previously tested, one-dimensional Dynamic Lake Model (DLM) was used to simulate changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen in the reservoir after a 1-in-100-year event. Results from model simulations indicate that the assumptions made in MAC3D application are valid as long as the aeration system, with an air-flow rate of 1.2 cubic meters per second or more, is operated while the combined sewage is stored in the reservoir. Results also indicate that the high biochemical oxygen demand of the combined sewage will quickly consume the dissolved oxygen stored in the reservoir and the dissolved oxygen transferred through the surface of the reservoir; therefore, oxygen must be supplied by either the rising bubbles of the aeration system (a process not incorporated in DLM) or some other technique to prevent anoxia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., 2000, One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4258, v, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004258.","productDescription":"v, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58247,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4258/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4258/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2441,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-00-4258/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illlinois","county":"Cook County","otherGeospatial":"McCook Resevoir","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.1992,42.1555],[-88.1218,42.1561],[-88.0042,42.1557],[-88.0042,42.157],[-87.886,42.1552],[-87.7659,42.155],[-87.7572,42.1548],[-87.753,42.1502],[-87.7447,42.137],[-87.7399,42.1319],[-87.7393,42.1296],[-87.7351,42.125],[-87.7302,42.1218],[-87.729,42.1213],[-87.7272,42.1194],[-87.7261,42.1153],[-87.72,42.1089],[-87.7079,42.0983],[-87.6976,42.0909],[-87.6916,42.0863],[-87.6885,42.0835],[-87.6861,42.0812],[-87.685,42.0784],[-87.6807,42.0766],[-87.6771,42.0729],[-87.6747,42.0692],[-87.6742,42.066],[-87.6729,42.0651],[-87.6731,42.0587],[-87.6704,42.0446],[-87.6674,42.0428],[-87.6681,42.0396],[-87.6669,42.0359],[-87.6657,42.0336],[-87.6646,42.0295],[-87.6617,42.0213],[-87.6589,42.0122],[-87.6577,42.0095],[-87.6535,42.0049],[-87.6523,42.0021],[-87.6506,41.9994],[-87.6494,41.9962],[-87.6509,41.9871],[-87.6498,41.9826],[-87.6467,41.9807],[-87.6449,41.9789],[-87.6443,41.9779],[-87.6419,41.9765],[-87.6419,41.9756],[-87.642,41.972],[-87.6396,41.9692],[-87.6378,41.9669],[-87.6354,41.9651],[-87.6317,41.9646],[-87.6287,41.9636],[-87.6275,41.9622],[-87.6288,41.9604],[-87.6331,41.9587],[-87.6362,41.9592],[-87.6369,41.9578],[-87.6351,41.9533],[-87.6316,41.9473],[-87.6298,41.945],[-87.6292,41.9432],[-87.6293,41.9396],[-87.6281,41.9373],[-87.6263,41.9359],[-87.627,41.9323],[-87.6258,41.9309],[-87.6253,41.9282],[-87.6254,41.9245],[-87.6231,41.9186],[-87.6207,41.9145],[-87.6195,41.9135],[-87.6177,41.914],[-87.6164,41.913],[-87.6183,41.9117],[-87.6209,41.9099],[-87.6215,41.9077],[-87.621,41.9058],[-87.6204,41.9036],[-87.6186,41.9031],[-87.6161,41.9017],[-87.6149,41.9007],[-87.6131,41.8994],[-87.6108,41.8957],[-87.6096,41.8943],[-87.5985,41.8932],[-87.5973,41.8928],[-87.5973,41.8919],[-87.5985,41.8914],[-87.6066,41.8915],[-87.6084,41.8907],[-87.6103,41.8889],[-87.6097,41.8875],[-87.611,41.8848],[-87.6124,41.8821],[-87.6131,41.878],[-87.6127,41.8698],[-87.6109,41.8689],[-87.609,41.8675],[-87.6041,41.8674],[-87.6029,41.8674],[-87.603,41.8629],[-87.6038,41.8579],[-87.6038,41.8561],[-87.6063,41.8552],[-87.6088,41.8539],[-87.6059,41.8457],[-87.6031,41.8384],[-87.5995,41.832],[-87.5954,41.826],[-87.5894,41.8177],[-87.5841,41.8117],[-87.5811,41.8081],[-87.5793,41.8053],[-87.5782,41.8021],[-87.5764,41.7998],[-87.5758,41.7989],[-87.574,41.7984],[-87.5734,41.798],[-87.5728,41.797],[-87.574,41.7962],[-87.5765,41.7944],[-87.576,41.7921],[-87.5748,41.7898],[-87.5742,41.7884],[-87.5743,41.7871],[-87.5743,41.7857],[-87.5737,41.7848],[-87.5719,41.7839],[-87.5694,41.7834],[-87.5676,41.7824],[-87.5689,41.7815],[-87.5713,41.7816],[-87.5732,41.7812],[-87.5745,41.7803],[-87.5745,41.7794],[-87.5739,41.778],[-87.5727,41.7775],[-87.5714,41.7779],[-87.5677,41.7788],[-87.5665,41.7774],[-87.5659,41.7765],[-87.5611,41.7719],[-87.5606,41.7705],[-87.56,41.7691],[-87.5594,41.7687],[-87.5576,41.7668],[-87.5576,41.765],[-87.5528,41.7604],[-87.5504,41.7599],[-87.5479,41.7594],[-87.5461,41.7594],[-87.5449,41.7598],[-87.5412,41.7593],[-87.54,41.7584],[-87.5394,41.7566],[-87.5407,41.7552],[-87.5407,41.7534],[-87.5395,41.7525],[-87.5377,41.7525],[-87.5359,41.7511],[-87.5334,41.7497],[-87.531,41.7483],[-87.5298,41.7469],[-87.5283,41.736],[-87.5277,41.7337],[-87.5272,41.73],[-87.5257,41.7182],[-87.524,41.7135],[-87.5239,41.6941],[-87.5255,41.5516],[-87.5265,41.4712],[-87.5565,41.4712],[-87.6706,41.4715],[-87.7888,41.4723],[-87.7891,41.4855],[-87.7894,41.5],[-87.7922,41.5377],[-87.7923,41.5595],[-87.9071,41.5578],[-87.9106,41.6445],[-88.0299,41.6428],[-88.0308,41.6868],[-88.0013,41.6874],[-87.9883,41.6877],[-87.9674,41.6879],[-87.9482,41.694],[-87.9438,41.7017],[-87.9139,41.7172],[-87.9142,41.7318],[-87.9178,41.8185],[-87.9188,41.9076],[-87.9175,41.9938],[-88.0342,41.9925],[-88.1473,41.9883],[-88.2634,41.9876],[-88.2632,42.0675],[-88.2632,42.0685],[-88.2379,42.0682],[-88.2382,42.155],[-88.1992,42.1555]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cook\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db69197f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22157,"text":"ofr00414 - 2000 - Semi-quantitative determination of the modes of occurrence of elements in coal: Results from an international round robin project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T13:31:06","indexId":"ofr00414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-414","title":"Semi-quantitative determination of the modes of occurrence of elements in coal: Results from an international round robin project","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00414","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Willett, J.C., Finkelman, R.B., Mroczkowski, S.J., Palmer, C., and Kolker, A., 2000, Semi-quantitative determination of the modes of occurrence of elements in coal: Results from an international round robin project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-414, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00414.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0414/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0414/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willett, Jason C. 0000-0002-7598-3174 jwillett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-3174","contributorId":3516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"Jason","email":"jwillett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mroczkowski, Stanley J. 0000-0001-8026-6025 smroczko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6025","contributorId":2628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"Stanley","email":"smroczko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palmer, Curtis A.","contributorId":46967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Curtis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5294,"text":"fs04600 - 2000 - US GeoData Available Through the Internet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:05","indexId":"fs04600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"046-00","title":"US GeoData Available Through the Internet","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) offers certain US GeoData data sets through the Internet. They can be retrieved using the World Wide Web or anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The data bases and their directory paths are as follows:\r\n* 1:24,000-scale digital line graph data in SDTS format (/pub/data/DLG/24K)\r\n* 1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph data in SDTS format (/pub/data/DLG/2M)\r\n* 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data (/pub/data/DLG/100K)\r\n* 1:100,000-scale land use and land cover data (/pub/data/LULC/100K)\r\n* 1:250,000-scale land use and land cover data (/pub/data/LULC/250K)\r\n* 1:24,000-scale digital elevation data (/pub/data/DEM/7.5min)\r\n* 1-degree digital elevation model data (/pub/data/DEM/250)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs04600","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, US GeoData Available Through the Internet (Supersedes FS 083-99): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 046-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04600.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supersedes FS 083-99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5293,"text":"fs08399 - 2000 - US GeoData Available Through the Internet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs08399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"083-99","title":"US GeoData Available Through the Internet","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) offers certain US GeoData data sets through the Internet. They can be retrieved using the World Wide Web or anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The data bases and their directory paths are as follows:\r\n* 1:24,000-scale digital line graph data in SDTS format (/pub/data/DLG/24K)\r\n* 1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph data in SDTS format (/pub/data/DLG/2M)\r\n* 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data (/pub/data/DLG/100K)\r\n* 1:100,000-scale land use and land cover data (/pub/data/LULC/100K)\r\n* 1:250,000-scale land use and land cover data (/pub/data/LULC/250K)\r\n* 1-degree digital elevation model data (/pub/data/DEM/250)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs08399","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, US GeoData Available Through the Internet (Superseded by FS 046-00): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 083-99, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08399.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31993,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Superseded by FS 046-00","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21721,"text":"ofr00298 - 2000 - Databases and spatial data model for mineralized areas, mines, and prospects in the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison (GMUG) National Forests, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr00298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-298","title":"Databases and spatial data model for mineralized areas, mines, and prospects in the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison (GMUG) National Forests, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00298","issn":"0566-8174","isbn":"0607952865","usgsCitation":"Wilson, A.B., Spanski, G.T., Crane, M.J., and Woodard, M.D., 2000, Databases and spatial data model for mineralized areas, mines, and prospects in the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison (GMUG) National Forests, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-298, 1 computer optical disc :col. maps ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00298.","productDescription":"1 computer optical disc :col. maps ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1162,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8c8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Anna B. 0000-0002-9737-2614 awilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-2614","contributorId":1619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Anna","email":"awilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spanski, Gregory T.","contributorId":43806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanski","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crane, Melissa J.","contributorId":65880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodard, Marc D.","contributorId":64282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodard","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25770,"text":"wri004136 - 2000 - Simulation of the shallow hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic elements and parameter estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T19:03:07.560559","indexId":"wri004136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4136","title":"Simulation of the shallow hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic elements and parameter estimation","docAbstract":"Middle Genesee Lake is a ground-water flow-through lake located in a developing area in southeastern Wisconsin. Because the lake is in good connection with the shallow ground-water system, hydrologic stresses to the shallow ground-water system could adversely affect the lake system. In order to assess the effects of potential stresses on the lake, a study was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Middle Genesee Lake Management District. The objective of the study was to identify areas that contribute ground water to the lake and estimate the hydrologic budget of the lake and hydraulic parameters affecting ground-water flow. A two-dimensional, steady-state analytic element model of the lake and surrounding area was developed using the computer code GFLOW. A parameter estimation model, UCODE, was used to optimize the calibration to measured water levels and streamflow.
\nThe calibrated model was used to evaluate the effect of three hypothetical stress scenarios on the stage of Middle Genesee Lake; the simulations were linked to UCODE, which formally incorporated parameter uncertainty into 95-percent confidence intervals around the simulated value. The scenarios included: (1) pumping from upgradient irrigation wells, (2) pumping from Lower Genesee Lake to lower lake levels, and (3) reduction in recharge resulting from development. The results of the simulations demonstrated that lake levels could be affected by hydrologic stresses in the shallow hydrologic system, with effects ranging from a 2.7 feet decline in lake stage resulting from pumping in Lower Genesee Lake to a 0.1 feet decline in lake stage from development in part of the upgradient recharge area. The range of lake stage decline increased when parameter uncertainty was included, from a decline of 3.1 feet for pumping from Lower Genesee Lake to no reduction in lake stage for the development in the recharge area. Whereas these simulated effects are within the natural variation in lake stage, they represent a systematic reduction of ground-water flow to the lake. Therefore, these hypothetical stresses are expected to establish a new, lower, baseline lake stage over which the natural variation due to climatic effects are added and subtracted.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Middle Genesee Lake Management District, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Juckem, P., 2000, Simulation of the shallow hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic elements and parameter estimation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4136, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004136.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407534,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_33859.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54524,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Genesee Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.49942207336426,\n 43.032258770888234\n ],\n [\n -88.49942207336426,\n 43.06844885742919\n ],\n [\n -88.4538459777832,\n 43.06844885742919\n ],\n [\n -88.4538459777832,\n 43.032258770888234\n ],\n [\n -88.49942207336426,\n 43.032258770888234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Y.","contributorId":13272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juckem, P. F.","contributorId":24819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22418,"text":"ofr99257 - 2000 - Use of Low-Flow Trend and Transfer-Function Models to Determine Relation of Low Flows to Regional Urbanization and Precipitation, Rahway River Basin, New Jersey, 1940-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr99257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-257","title":"Use of Low-Flow Trend and Transfer-Function Models to Determine Relation of Low Flows to Regional Urbanization and Precipitation, Rahway River Basin, New Jersey, 1940-91","docAbstract":"The Rahway River Basin in northern New Jersey has become heavily urbanized. The importance of the Rahway River as a water-supply source for the region led to an investigation of trends in the river's low-flow characteristics over time and their relation to regional urbanization and precipitation. Since 1950, low flows at a stream-gaging station near Springfield, N.J., increasingly have tended to exceed those at a station at Rahway. Polynomial-trend models for three measures of low-flow difference between the two stations during 1940-91 show trends in all three measures, indicating that they have changed significantly in level during the study period. Transfer-function models indicate that differences in low flows between the two gaging stations are significantly related to measures of basin urbanization and regional precipitation. A rough water budget for the inter-gage part of the basin confirms these results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99257","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Barringer, T.H., Reiser, R.G., and Price, C.V., 2000, Use of Low-Flow Trend and Transfer-Function Models to Determine Relation of Low Flows to Regional Urbanization and Precipitation, Rahway River Basin, New Jersey, 1940-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-257, v, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99257.","productDescription":"v, 24 p.","temporalStart":"1940-01-01","temporalEnd":"1991-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12644,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr99-257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.66666666666667,40.416666666666664 ], [ -74.66666666666667,40.833333333333336 ], [ -73.75,40.833333333333336 ], [ -73.75,40.416666666666664 ], [ -74.66666666666667,40.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60518a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Thomas H.","contributorId":42252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23771,"text":"ofr00416 - 2000 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23771,"text":"ofr00416 - 2000 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension","indexId":"ofr00416","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":76970,"text":"pp1646 - 2006 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","indexId":"pp1646","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":76970,"text":"pp1646 - 2006 - Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension","indexId":"pp1646","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis Drain extension"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:25:12","indexId":"ofr00416","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-416","title":"Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension","docAbstract":"During the next few years, federal and state agencies may be required to evaluate proposals and discharge permits that could significantly change selenium (Se) inputs to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary (Bay-Delta), particularly in the North Bay (i.e., Suisun Bay and San Pablo Bay). These decisions may include discharge requirements for an extension of the San Luis Drain (SLD) to the estuary to convey subsurface agricultural drainage from the western San Joaquin Valley (SJV), a renewal of an agreement to allow the existing portion of the SLD to convey subsurface agricultural drainage to a tributary of the San Joaquin River (SJR) (coincident with changes in flow patterns of the lower SJR), and refinements to promulgated Se criteria for the protection of aquatic life for the estuary.\r\rUnderstanding the biotransfer of Se is essential to evaluating the fate and impact of proposed changes in Se discharges to the Bay-Delta. However, past monitoring programs have not addressed the specific protocols necessary for an element that bioaccumulates. Confusion about Se threats in the past have stemmed from failure to consider the full complexity of the processes that result in Se toxicity. Past studies show that predators are more at risk from Se contamination than their prey, making it difficult to use traditional methods to predict risk from environmental concentrations alone. In this report, we employ a novel procedure to model the fate of Se under different, potentially realistic load scenarios from the SJV. For each potential load, we progressively forecast the resulting environmental concentrations, speciation, transformation to particulate form, bioaccumulation by invertebrates, trophic transfer to predators, and effects in those predators. Enough is known to establish a first order understanding of effects should Se be discharged directly into the North Bay via a conveyance such as the SLD.\r\rOur approach uses 1) existing knowledge concerning the biogeochemical reactions of Se (e.g., speciation, partitioning between dissolved and particulate forms, and bivalve assimilation efficiency) and 2) site-specific data mainly from 1986 to 1996 on clams and bottom-feeding fish and birds. Forecasts of Se loading from oil refineries and agricultural drainage from the SJV enable the calculation of a composite freshwater endmember Se concentration at the head of the estuary and at Carquinez Strait as a foundation for modeling. Our analysis of effects also takes into account the mode of conveyance for agricultural drainage (i.e., the SLD or SJR). The effects of variable flows on a seasonal or monthly basis from the Sacramento River and SJR are also considered.\r\rThe results of our forecasts for external SJV watershed sources of Se mirror predictions made since 1955 of a worsening salt (and by inference, Se) buildup exacerbated by the arid climate and irrigation for agricultural use. We show that the reservoir of Se in the SJV is sufficient to provide loading at an annual rate of approximately 42,500 pounds (lbs) of Se to a Bay-Delta disposal point for 63 to 304 years at the lower range of our projections, even if influx of Se from the California Coast Ranges could be curtailed. Disposal of wastewaters on an annual basis outside of the SJV may slow the degradation of valley resources, but drainage alone cannot alleviate the salt and Se buildup in the SJV, at least within a century.\r\rOur forecasts show the different proportions of Se loading to the Bay-Delta. Oil refinery loads from 1986 to 1992 ranged from 11 to 15 lbs Se per day; with treatment and cleanup, loads decreased to 3 lbs Se per day in 1999. In contrast, SJV agricultural drainage loads could range from of 45 to 117 lbs Se per day across a set of reasonable conditions. Components of this valley-wide load include five source subareas (i.e., Grassland, Westlands, Tulare, Kern, and Northern) based on water and drainage management. Loads vary per subarea mainly because of proximity of the s","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr00416","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., and Presser, T.S., 2000, Forecasting selenium discharges to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Ecological effects of a proposed San Luis drain extension: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-416, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00416.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1779,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr00-416/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 37.16907157713011\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 37.16907157713011\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -123.1842041015625,\n 37.16907157713011\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de3ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}