Accurate and consistent estimates of shrubland ecosystem components are crucial to a better understanding of ecosystem conditions in arid and semiarid lands. An innovative approach was developed by integrating multiple sources of information to quantify shrubland components as continuous field products within the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). The approach consists of several procedures including field sample collections, high-resolution mapping of shrubland components using WorldView-2 imagery and regression tree models, Landsat 8 radiometric balancing and phenological mosaicking, medium resolution estimates of shrubland components following different climate zones using Landsat 8 phenological mosaics and regression tree models, and product validation. Fractional covers of nine shrubland components were estimated: annual herbaceous, bare ground, big sagebrush, herbaceous, litter, sagebrush, shrub, sagebrush height, and shrub height. Our study area included the footprint of six Landsat 8 scenes in the northwestern United States. Results show that most components have relatively significant correlations with validation data, have small normalized root mean square errors, and correspond well with expected ecological gradients. While some uncertainties remain with height estimates, the model formulated in this study provides a cross-validated, unbiased, and cost effective approach to quantify shrubland components at a regional scale and advances knowledge of horizontal and vertical variability of these components.
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GEM Faulted Earth (GFE) is one of GEM’s global hazard module projects. This paper describes GFE’s development of a modern neotectonic fault database and a unique graphical interface for the compilation of new fault data. A key design principle is that of an electronic field notebook for capturing observations a geologist would make about a fault. The database is designed to accommodate abundant as well as sparse fault observations. It features two layers, one for capturing neotectonic faults and fold observations, and the other to calculate potential earthquake fault sources from the observations. In order to test the flexibility of the database structure and to start a global compilation, five preexisting databases have been uploaded to the first layer and two to the second. In addition, the GFE project has characterised the world’s approximately 55,000 km of subduction interfaces in a globally consistent manner as a basis for generating earthquake event sets for inclusion in earthquake hazard and risk modelling. Following the subduction interface fault schema and including the trace attributes of the GFE database schema, the 2500-km-long frontal thrust fault system of the Himalaya has also been characterised. We propose the database structure to be used widely, so that neotectonic fault data can make a more complete and beneficial contribution to seismic hazard and risk characterisation globally.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-015-1831-6","usgsCitation":"Christophersen, A., Litchfield, N., Berryman, K., Thomas, R., Basili, R., Wallace, L., Ries, W., Hayes, G.P., Haller, K., Yoshioka, T., Koehler, R., Clark, D., Wolfson-Schwehr, M., Boettcher, M.S., Villamor, P., Horspool, N., Ornthammarath, T., Zuniga, R., Langridge, R.M., Stirling, M.W., Goded, T., Costa, C., and Yeats, R., 2015, Development of the Global Earthquake Model’s neotectonic fault database: Natural Hazards, v. 79, no. 1, p. 111-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1831-6.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"135","ipdsId":"IP-065198","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver 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The significance of palaeo-ice sheets is further underlined by the broad range of disciplines concerned with reconstructing their behaviour, many of which have undergone a rapid expansion since the 1980s. In particular, there has been a major increase in the size and qualitative diversity of empirical data used to reconstruct and date ice sheets, and major improvements in our ability to simulate their dynamics in numerical ice sheet models. These developments have made it increasingly necessary to forge interdisciplinary links between sub-disciplines and to link numerical modelling with observations and dating of proxy records. The aim of this paper is to evaluate recent developments in the methods used to reconstruct ice sheets and outline some key challenges that remain, with an emphasis on how future work might integrate terrestrial and marine evidence together with numerical modelling. Our focus is on pan-ice sheet reconstructions of the last deglaciation, but regional case studies are used to illustrate methodological achievements, challenges and opportunities. Whilst various disciplines have made important progress in our understanding of ice-sheet dynamics, it is clear that data-model integration remains under-used, and that uncertainties remain poorly quantified in both empirically-based and numerical ice-sheet reconstructions. The representation of past climate will continue to be the largest source of uncertainty for numerical modelling. As such, palaeo-observations are critical to constrain and validate modelling. State-of-the-art numerical models will continue to improve both in model resolution and in the breadth of inclusion of relevant processes, thereby enabling more accurate and more direct comparison with the increasing range of palaeo-observations. Thus, the capability is developing to use all relevant palaeo-records to more strongly constrain deglacial (and to a lesser extent pre-LGM) ice sheet evolution. In working towards that goal, the accurate representation of uncertainties is required for both constraint data and model outputs. Close cooperation between modelling and data-gathering communities is essential to ensure this capability is realised and continues to progress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.016","usgsCitation":"Stokes, C.R., Tarasov, L., Blomdin, R., Cronin, T.M., Fisher, T.G., Gyllencreutz, R., Hattestrand, C., Heyman, J., Hindmarsh, R.C., Hughes, A.L., Jakobsson, M., Kirchner, N., Livingstone, S.J., Margold, M., Murton, J.B., Noormets, R., Peltier, W.R., Peteet, D.M., Piper, D.J., Preusser, F., Renssen, H., Roberts, D.H., Roche, D.M., Saint-Ange, F., Stroeven, A.P., and Teller, J.T., 2015, On the reconstruction of palaeo-ice sheets: Recent advances and future challenges: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 125, p. 15-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.016.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"49","ipdsId":"IP-066534","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/a75d46e2-1f29-499f-b305-fec5b88ae18b","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a00057e4b099f50d3e0469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stokes, Chris R.","contributorId":179153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stokes","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarasov, Lev","contributorId":179154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tarasov","given":"Lev","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blomdin, Robin","contributorId":179155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blomdin","given":"Robin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":663002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Timothy G.","contributorId":179156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gyllencreutz, Richard","contributorId":179157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gyllencreutz","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hattestrand, Clas","contributorId":179158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hattestrand","given":"Clas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heyman, Jakob","contributorId":179159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heyman","given":"Jakob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hindmarsh, Richard C. 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Many WWTFs disinfect their effluent prior to discharge using chlorine gas, which reacts with natural and synthetic organic matter to form halogenated disinfection byproducts (HDBPs). Because HDBPs are ubiquitous in chlorine-disinfected drinking water and have adverse human health implications, their concentrations are regulated in potable water supplies. Less is known about the formation and occurrence of HDBPs in disinfected WWTF effluents that are discharged to surface waters and become part of the de facto wastewater reuse cycle. This study investigated HDBPs in the urban water cycle from the stream source of the chlorinated municipal tap water that comprises the WWTF inflow, to the final WWTF effluent disinfection process before discharge back to the stream. The impact of conversion from chlorine-gas to low-pressure ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection at a full-scale (68,000 m3 d−1 design flow) WWTF on HDBP concentrations in the final effluent was assessed, as was transport and attenuation in the receiving stream. Nutrients and trace elements (boron, copper, and uranium) were used to characterize the different urban source waters, and indicated that the pre-upgrade and post-upgrade water chemistry was similar and insensitive to the disinfection process. Chlorinated tap water during the pre-upgrade and post-upgrade samplings contained 11 (mean total concentration = 2.7 μg L−1; n=5) and 10 HDBPs (mean total concentration = 4.5 μg L−1), respectively. Under chlorine-gas disinfection conditions 13 HDBPs (mean total concentration = 1.4 μg L−1) were detected in the WWTF effluent, whereas under UV disinfection conditions, only one HDBP was detected. The chlorinated WWTF effluent had greater relative proportions of nitrogenous, brominated, and iodinated HDBPs than the chlorinated tap water. Conversion of the WWTF to UV disinfection reduced the loading of HDBPs to the receiving stream by >90%.
This chapter serves to introduce the geophysics of Neotropical steeplands. Topics are covered in a general manner with hyperlinks to active research and monitoring sites (such as the National Hurricane Center and US Geological Survey publication). Topics covered include ‘tropical climate and weather,’ ‘climate variations and trends,’ Neotropical ‘geology, and soils,’ ‘hillslopes and erosion,’ ‘lakes and reservoirs,’ and ‘effects of land cover on water quality and quantity.’ Obviously, this is a lot of information to cover in a short chapter, hence the use of hyperlinks. The last theme ‘effects of land cover on water quality and quantity’ is covered by case studies, in all of which I have been centrally involved. These studies were chosen because they are among the few studies with sufficient data of high enough quality to reach definitive conclusions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Managing watersheds for ecosystem services in the steepland neotropics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-American Development Bank","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., 2015, Understanding natural capital, chap. of Managing watersheds for ecosystem services in the steepland neotropics, p. 17-47.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065661","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328251,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57cfe8c0e4b04836416a0e58","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hall, Jefferson S.","contributorId":169939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Jefferson","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":25632,"text":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640029,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirn, Vanessa","contributorId":169940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirn","given":"Vanessa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25632,"text":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640030,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yanguas-Fernandez, Estrella","contributorId":172253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yanguas-Fernandez","given":"Estrella","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640031,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159384,"text":"70159384 - 2015 - Localization and seasonal variation of blue pigment (sandercyanin) in walleye (Sander vitreus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-02T15:38:10.951368","indexId":"70159384","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Localization and seasonal variation of blue pigment (sandercyanin) in walleye (Sander vitreus)","title":"Localization and seasonal variation of blue pigment (sandercyanin) in walleye (Sander vitreus)","docAbstract":"Several fish species, including the walleye (Sander vitreus), have “yellow” and “blue” color morphs. In S. vitreus, one source of the blue color has been identified as a bili-binding protein pigment (sandercyanin), found in surface mucus of the fish. Little is known about the production of the pigment or about its functions. We examined the anatomical localization and seasonal variation of sandercyanin in S. vitreus from a population in McKim Lake, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Skin sections were collected from 20 fish and examined histologically. Mucus was collected from 306 fish over 6 years, and the amount of sandercyanin was quantified spectrophotometrically. Sandercyanin was found solely on dorsal surfaces of the fish and was localized to novel cells in the epidermis, similar in appearance to secretory sacciform cells. Sandercyanin concentrations were significantly higher in fish collected in summer versus other seasons. Yellow and blue morphs did not differ in amounts of sandercyanin, suggesting that the observed blue color, in fact, arises from lack of yellow pigmentation in blue morphs. The function of the sandercyanin remains unclear, but roles in photoprotection and countershading are consistent with available data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2014-0139","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, W., Schmitz, M., Blazer, V., Ehlinger, T., and Berges, J., 2015, Localization and seasonal variation of blue pigment (sandercyanin) in walleye (Sander vitreus): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 72, no. 2, p. 281-289, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0139.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055764","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0139","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","otherGeospatial":"McKim Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.56341997646595,\n 50.90398420061527\n ],\n [\n -92.6137359176821,\n 50.90398420061527\n ],\n [\n -92.6137359176821,\n 50.876600963795056\n ],\n [\n -92.56341997646595,\n 50.876600963795056\n ],\n [\n -92.56341997646595,\n 50.90398420061527\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5630a03de4b093cee7820412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, Wayne","contributorId":149415,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitz, Mark","contributorId":149416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmitz","given":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehlinger, Tim","contributorId":149417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ehlinger","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berges, John","contributorId":149418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berges","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159412,"text":"70159412 - 2015 - Riders on the storm: selective tidal movements facilitate the spawning migration of threatened delta smelt in the San Francisco Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T14:06:34","indexId":"70159412","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Riders on the storm: selective tidal movements facilitate the spawning migration of threatened delta smelt in the San Francisco Estuary","docAbstract":"Migration strategies in estuarine fishes typically include behavioral adaptations for reducing energetic costs and mortality during travel to optimize reproductive success. The influence of tidal currents and water turbidity on individual movement behavior were investigated during the spawning migration of the threatened delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus, in the northern San Francisco Estuary, California, USA. Water current velocities and turbidity levels were measured concurrently with delta smelt occurrence at sites in the lower Sacramento River and San Joaquin River as turbidity increased due to first-flush winter rainstorms in January and December 2010. The presence/absence of fish at the shoal-channel interface and near the shoreline was quantified hourly over complete tidal cycles. Delta smelt were caught consistently at the shoal-channel interface during flood tides and near the shoreline during ebb tides in the turbid Sacramento River, but were rare in the clearer San Joaquin River. The apparent selective tidal movements by delta smelt would facilitate either maintaining position or moving upriver on flood tides, and minimizing advection down-estuary on ebb tides. These movements also may reflect responses to lateral gradients in water turbidity created by temporal lags in tidal velocities between the near-shore and mid-channel habitats. This migration strategy can minimize the energy spent swimming against strong river and tidal currents, as well as predation risks by remaining in turbid water. Selection pressure on individuals to remain in turbid water may underlie population-level observations suggesting that turbidity is a key habitat feature and cue initiating the delta smelt spawning migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-014-9877-3","usgsCitation":"Bennett, W., and Burau, J.R., 2015, Riders on the storm: selective tidal movements facilitate the spawning migration of threatened delta smelt in the San Francisco Estuary: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 38, no. 3, p. 826-835, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9877-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"826","endPage":"835","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-27","temporalEnd":"2011-01-01","ipdsId":"IP-036419","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9877-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.76216125488281,\n 38.02808135979607\n ],\n [\n -121.76216125488281,\n 38.1399572748485\n ],\n [\n -121.64474487304686,\n 38.1399572748485\n ],\n [\n -121.64474487304686,\n 38.02808135979607\n ],\n [\n -121.76216125488281,\n 38.02808135979607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5630a042e4b093cee7820420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, W.A.","contributorId":100572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159392,"text":"70159392 - 2015 - Differentiating induced and natural seismicity using space-time-magnitude statistics applied to the Coso Geothermal field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T12:22:02","indexId":"70159392","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiating induced and natural seismicity using space-time-magnitude statistics applied to the Coso Geothermal field","docAbstract":"A remarkable characteristic of earthquakes is their clustering in time and space, displaying their self-similarity. It remains to be tested if natural and induced earthquakes share the same behavior. We study natural and induced earthquakes comparatively in the same tectonic setting at the Coso Geothermal Field. Covering the preproduction and coproduction periods from 1981 to 2013, we analyze interevent times, spatial dimension, and frequency-size distributions for natural and induced earthquakes. Individually, these distributions are statistically indistinguishable. Determining the distribution of nearest neighbor distances in a combined space-time-magnitude metric, lets us identify clear differences between both kinds of seismicity. Compared to natural earthquakes, induced earthquakes feature a larger population of background seismicity and nearest neighbors at large magnitude rescaled times and small magnitude rescaled distances. Local stress perturbations induced by field operations appear to be strong enough to drive local faults through several seismic cycles and reactivate them after time periods on the order of a year.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015GL064772","usgsCitation":"Schoenball, M., Davatzes, N.C., and Glen, J.M., 2015, Differentiating induced and natural seismicity using space-time-magnitude statistics applied to the Coso Geothermal field: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 15, p. 6221-6228, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064772.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6221","endPage":"6228","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065771","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064772","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coso Geothermal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.938232421875,\n 35.90518079922711\n ],\n [\n -117.938232421875,\n 36.09627356744957\n ],\n [\n -117.76863098144531,\n 36.09627356744957\n ],\n [\n -117.76863098144531,\n 35.90518079922711\n ],\n [\n -117.938232421875,\n 35.90518079922711\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"15","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5630a031e4b093cee78203ed","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015gl064772","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064772","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Schoenball Martin, Davatzes Nicholas C., Glen Jonathan M. G.","journalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","publicationDate":"8/3/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoenball, Martin mschoenball@usgs.gov","contributorId":5760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenball","given":"Martin","email":"mschoenball@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davatzes, Nicholas C.","contributorId":138855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davatzes","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12547,"text":"Temple University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M. G. jglen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M. G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70173619,"text":"70173619 - 2015 - Climate, water use, and land surface transformation in an irrigation intensive watershed - streamflow responses from 1950 through 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T17:54:22","indexId":"70173619","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, water use, and land surface transformation in an irrigation intensive watershed - streamflow responses from 1950 through 2010","docAbstract":"Climatic variability and land surface change have a wide range of effects on streamflow and are often difficult to separate. We analyzed long-term records of climate, land use and land cover, and re-constructed the water budget based on precipitation, groundwater levels, and water use from 1950 through 2010 in the Cimarron–Skeleton watershed and a portion of the Cimarron–Eagle Chief watershed in Oklahoma, an irrigation-intensive agricultural watershed in the Southern Great Plains, USA. Our results show that intensive irrigation through alluvial aquifer withdrawal modifies climatic feedback and alters streamflow response to precipitation. Increase in consumptive water use was associated with decreases in annual streamflow, while returning croplands to non-irrigated grasslands was associated with increases in streamflow. Along with groundwater withdrawal, anthropogenic-induced factors and activities contributed nearly half to the observed variability of annual streamflow. Streamflow was more responsive to precipitation during the period of intensive irrigation between 1965 and 1984 than the period of relatively lower water use between 1985 and 2010. The Cimarron River is transitioning from a historically flashy river to one that is more stable with a lower frequency of both high and low flow pulses, a higher baseflow, and an increased median flow due in part to the return of cropland to grassland. These results demonstrated the interrelationship among climate, land use, groundwater withdrawal and streamflow regime and the potential to design agricultural production systems and adjust irrigation to mitigate impact of increasing climate variability on streamflow in irrigation intensive agricultural watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2015.07.007","usgsCitation":"Dale, J., Zou, C., Andrews, W.J., Long, J.M., Liang, Y., and Qiao, L., 2015, Climate, water use, and land surface transformation in an irrigation intensive watershed - streamflow responses from 1950 through 2010: Agricultural Water Management, v. 160, p. 144-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.07.007.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"152","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062619","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.5311279296875,\n 35.98689628443789\n ],\n [\n -97.701416015625,\n 35.58138418324621\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 35.49198366469642\n ],\n [\n -98.7506103515625,\n 35.88459964717596\n ],\n [\n -99.4647216796875,\n 36.213255233061844\n ],\n [\n -99.5526123046875,\n 36.461054075054314\n ],\n [\n -99.11865234374999,\n 36.59347887826919\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 36.4477991295848\n ],\n [\n -97.525634765625,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -97.52014160156249,\n 36.02244668175846\n ],\n [\n -97.5311279296875,\n 35.98689628443789\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"160","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5757f031e4b04f417c24da38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dale, Joseph","contributorId":171495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dale","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7249,"text":"Oklahoma State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":637689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zou, Chris B.","contributorId":31657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zou","given":"Chris B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Long, James M. 0000-0002-8658-9949 jmlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-9949","contributorId":3453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"James","email":"jmlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liang, Ye","contributorId":171496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liang","given":"Ye","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7249,"text":"Oklahoma State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":637693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Qiao, Lei","contributorId":171497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qiao","given":"Lei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70168389,"text":"70168389 - 2015 - Adaptive invasive species distribution models: A framework for modeling incipient invasions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T12:12:04","indexId":"70168389","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive invasive species distribution models: A framework for modeling incipient invasions","docAbstract":"The utilization of species distribution model(s) (SDM) for approximating, explaining, and predicting changes in species’ geographic locations is increasingly promoted for proactive ecological management. Although frameworks for modeling non-invasive species distributions are relatively well developed, their counterparts for invasive species—which may not be at equilibrium within recipient environments and often exhibit rapid transformations—are lacking. Additionally, adaptive ecological management strategies address the causes and effects of biological invasions and other complex issues in social-ecological systems. We conducted a review of biological invasions, species distribution models, and adaptive practices in ecological management, and developed a framework for adaptive, niche-based, invasive species distribution model (iSDM) development and utilization. This iterative, 10-step framework promotes consistency and transparency in iSDM development, allows for changes in invasive drivers and filters, integrates mechanistic and correlative modeling techniques, balances the avoidance of type 1 and type 2 errors in predictions, encourages the linking of monitoring and management actions, and facilitates incremental improvements in models and management across space, time, and institutional boundaries. These improvements are useful for advancing coordinated invasive species modeling, management and monitoring from local scales to the regional, continental and global scales at which biological invasions occur and harm native ecosystems and economies, as well as for anticipating and responding to biological invasions under continuing global change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10530-015-0914-3","usgsCitation":"Uden, D.R., Allen, C.R., Angeler, D., Corral, L., and Fricke, K.A., 2015, Adaptive invasive species distribution models: A framework for modeling incipient invasions: Biological Invasions, v. 17, no. 10, p. 2831-2850, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0914-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2831","endPage":"2850","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064258","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bdbebce4b06458514aeebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uden, Daniel R.","contributorId":74258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uden","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angeler, David G.","contributorId":25027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeler","given":"David G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corral, Lucia","contributorId":166717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corral","given":"Lucia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fricke, Kent A.","contributorId":45193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fricke","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189475,"text":"70189475 - 2015 - Rates of As and trace-element mobilization caused by Fe reduction in mixed BTEX–ethanol experimental plumes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:35:41","indexId":"70189475","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of As and trace-element mobilization caused by Fe reduction in mixed BTEX–ethanol experimental plumes","docAbstract":"Biodegradation of organic matter, including petroleum-based fuels and biofuels, can create undesired secondary water-quality effects. Trace elements, especially arsenic (As), have strong adsorption affinities for Fe(III) (oxyhydr)-oxides and can be released to groundwater during Fe-reducing biodegradation. We investigated the mobilization of naturally occurring As, cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) from wetland sediments caused by the introduction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and ethanol mixtures under iron- and nitrate-reducing conditions, using in situ push–pull tests. When BTEX alone was added, results showed simultaneous onset and similar rates of Fe reduction and As mobilization. In the presence of ethanol, the maximum rates of As release and Fe reduction were higher, the time to onset of reaction was decreased, and the rates occurred in multiple stages that reflected additional processes. The concentration of As increased from <1 μg/L to a maximum of 99 μg/L, exceeding the 10 μg/L limit for drinking water. Mobilization of Co, Cr, and Ni was observed in association with ethanol biodegradation but not with BTEX. These results demonstrate the potential for trace-element contamination of drinking water during biodegradation and highlight the importance of monitoring trace elements at natural and enhanced attenuation sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b02341","usgsCitation":"Ziegler, B.A., McGuire, J.T., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 2015, Rates of As and trace-element mobilization caused by Fe reduction in mixed BTEX–ethanol experimental plumes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 22, p. 13179-13189, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02341.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13179","endPage":"13189","ipdsId":"IP-068334","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a2e4b0d1f9f05f59bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ziegler, Brady A.","contributorId":138960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Brady","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12594,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, Jennifer T.","contributorId":42155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187397,"text":"70187397 - 2015 - Abrupt termination of Marine Isotope Stage 16 (Termination VII) at 631.5 ka in Santa Barbara Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T15:05:58.060888","indexId":"70187397","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abrupt termination of Marine Isotope Stage 16 (Termination VII) at 631.5 ka in Santa Barbara Basin, California","docAbstract":"The Marine Isotope Stage 16–15 boundary (Termination VII) is the first deglacial warming step of the late Quaternary following the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), when 41 kyr climatic cycles shifted to strong 100 kyr cycles. The detailed structure of this important climatic event has remained unknown until now. Core MV0508-19JPC from Santa Barbara Basin, California, contains a decadal-scale climatic and geochemical sediment record of 4000 years duration that includes the early part of this deglacial episode. This record reveals that the climatic shift during the early deglacial occurred rapidly (<700 years), in a progression of three abrupt warming steps. The onset of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15 was remarkably abrupt with 4–5°C sea surface warming in ~50 years. The deglacial sequence contains the well-dated Lava Creek tephra (631.3 ± 4 ka) from Yellowstone Caldera used to date the onset of Termination VII at 631.5 ka. The late MIS 16 and early MIS 15 interval exhibits multiple decadal-scale negative excursions in δ13C of planktic foraminifera, likely the result of repeated discharges of methane from methane hydrates associated with both ocean warming and low sea level. A warm interstadial that interrupts late MIS 16 is marked by elevated concentrations of redox-sensitive elements indicating sulfidic, oxygen-deficient bottom and pore-waters, and elevated concentrations of total organic carbon and Cd, reflecting increased surface productivity. Unlike younger sediments on the California margin, these indicators of increased productivity and low dissolved oxygen do not consistently correspond with each other or with preserved laminations, possibly reflecting instability of a still evolving ocean-atmosphere system following the MPT.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014PA002756","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Kennett, J.P., Behl, R.J., Nicholson, C., and Sorlien, C., 2015, Abrupt termination of Marine Isotope Stage 16 (Termination VII) at 631.5 ka in Santa Barbara Basin, California: Paleoceanography, v. 30, no. 10, p. 1373-1390, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002756.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1390","ipdsId":"IP-053846","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002756","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.63812255859375,\n 33.82023008524739\n ],\n [\n -119.080810546875,\n 33.82023008524739\n ],\n [\n -119.080810546875,\n 34.58573628651288\n ],\n [\n -120.63812255859375,\n 34.58573628651288\n ],\n [\n -120.63812255859375,\n 33.82023008524739\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59084929e4b0fc4e448ffd5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennett, James P.","contributorId":52499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Behl, Richard J.","contributorId":191680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behl","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicholson, Craig","contributorId":80695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sorlien, Christopher C.","contributorId":78813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorlien","given":"Christopher C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157217,"text":"ofr20151178 - 2015 - A preliminary investigation of the variables affecting the distribution of giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-01T09:16:10","indexId":"ofr20151178","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-30T18:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1178","title":"A preliminary investigation of the variables affecting the distribution of giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"Giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) comprise a species of rare, semi-aquatic snake precinctive to the Central Valley of California. Because of the loss of more than 90% of their natural habitat, giant gartersnakes are listed as Threatened by the United States and California endangered species acts. Little is known, however, about the distribution of giant gartersnakes in the Sacramento Valley, which is where most extant populations occur. We conducted detection-nondetection surveys for giant gartersnakes throughout the rice-growing regions of the Sacramento Valley, and used occupancy models to examine evidence for the effects of landscape-scale GIS-derived variables, local habitat and vegetation composition, and prey communities on patterns of giant gartersnake occurrence. Although our results are based on a relatively small sample of sites, we found that distance to historic marsh, relative fish count, and an interaction of distance to historic marsh with proportion of habitat composed of submerged vegetation were important variables for explaining occupancy of giant gartersnakes. In particular, giant gartersnakes were more likely to occur closer to historic marsh and where relatively fewer fish were captured in traps. At locations in or near historic marsh, giant gartersnakes were more likely to occur in areas with less submerged vegetation, but this relationship was reversed (and more uncertain) at sites distant from historic marsh. Additional research with a larger sample of sites would further elucidate the distribution of giant gartersnakes in the Sacramento Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151178","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Halstead, B.J., Skalos, S.M., Casazza, M.L., and Wylie, G.D., 2015, A preliminary investigation of the variables affecting the distribution of giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1178, 34 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151178.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-066320","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1178/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":309381,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1178/ofr20151178.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1178 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 38.25112269630296\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 40.28371627054261\n ],\n [\n -120.91003417968749,\n 40.28371627054261\n ],\n [\n -120.91003417968749,\n 38.25112269630296\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 38.25112269630296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/
Clear Creek is a small stream that drains the eastern Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe, flows roughly parallel to the U.S. Highway 50 corridor, and discharges to the Carson River near Carson City, Nevada. Historical and ongoing development in the drainage basin is thought to be affecting Clear Creek and its sediment-transport characteristics. A baseline study from water years 2004–07 collected and evaluated data at three Clear Creek sampling sites. These data included discharge, selected water-quality parameters, and suspended-sediment concentrations, loads, and yields. This study builds on what was learned from the baseline study in water years 2004–07 and serves as a continuation of the data collection and analyses of the Clear Creek discharge regime and associated water-quality and sediment concentrations and loads during water years 2010–12.
\nDuring this study, total annual sediment loads ranged from 355 tons per year in 2010 to 1,768 tons per year in 2011 and were significantly lower than the previous study (water years 2004–07). Bedload represented between 29 and 38 percent of total sediment load in water years 2010–12, and between 72 and 90 percent of the total sediment load in water years 2004–07, which indicates a decrease in bedload between study periods. Annual suspended-sediment loads in water years 2010–12 indicated no significant change from water years 2004–07. Mean daily discharge was significantly lower in water years 2010–12 than in waters years 2004–07 and may be the reason for the decrease in bedload that resulted in a lower total sediment load.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155124","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huntington, J.M., and Savard, C.S., 2015, Discharge, suspended sediment, bedload, and water quality in Clear Creek, western Nevada, water years 2010–12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5124, 39 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155124.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2009-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-040257","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5124/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":309379,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5124/sir20155124.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5124 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Clear Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.91920471191406,\n 39.02665200282546\n ],\n [\n -119.91920471191406,\n 39.188360332930166\n ],\n [\n -119.72333908081055,\n 39.188360332930166\n ],\n [\n -119.72333908081055,\n 39.02665200282546\n ],\n [\n -119.91920471191406,\n 39.02665200282546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Rd.
Carson City, NV 89701
http://nevada.usgs.gov/water/
Beginning in 2005, after decades of planning, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertook a major construction effort to reduce the effects of flooding on the city of Roanoke, Virginia—the Roanoke River Flood Reduction Project (RRFRP). Prompted by concerns about the potential for RRFRP construction-induced geomorphological instability and sediment liberation and the detrimental effects these responses could have on the endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) partnered with the USACE to provide a real-time warning network and a long-term monitoring program to evaluate geomorphological change and sediment transport in the affected river reach. Geomorphological change and suspended-sediment transport are highly interdependent and cumulatively provide a detailed understanding of the sedimentary response, or lack thereof, of the Roanoke River to construction of the RRFRP.
\nBed-sediment composition was usually finer in post-construction than pre-construction measurements, yet the annual changes in composition were not significantly different; thus, there was minimal evidence that RRFRP construction practices alone induced fining of bed materials. Cross-sectional surveys revealed variability in bankfull and base-flow channel geometry metrics, but no significant differences in this variability were detected between pre- and post-construction measurements, excluding designed alterations in channel geometry. A lack of channel-forming streamflow events, however, limited the ability to fully characterize the stability of the constructed channel and floodplain features, as bankfull flow events occurred only 2 of the 8 years of study. Therefore, additional channel surveys may be needed in the future, once sufficient channel-forming events have occurred, to fully assess stability. Relations between turbidity and suspended sediment were statistically indistinguishable between the upstream and downstream limits of the RRFRP construction reach. These relations did not change over time, indicating no significant changes in suspended-sediment composition or source in the construction reach during the period of study.
\nResults of the geomorphological and suspended-sediment monitoring components were largely in agreement and consistent with those of a related effort that monitored the logperch population before and during construction. These findings suggest that construction and sediment-control practices sufficiently protected in-stream habitat and the organisms that inhabit those locations, namely the Roanoke logperch, during the period monitored.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155111","isbn":"978-1-4113-3967-5","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Jastram, J.D., Krstolic, J.L., Moyer, D.L., and Hyer, K.E., 2015, Fluvial geomorphology and suspended-sediment transport during construction of the Roanoke River Flood Reduction Project in Roanoke, Virginia, 2005–2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5111, 53 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155111.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 53 p.; Appendixes 2-3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-061895","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308681,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5111/sir2015-5111_appendix3.pdf","text":"Appendix3","size":"7.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5111","linkHelpText":"Photographs for each geomorphology monitoring site, Roanoke, Virginia"},{"id":308652,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5111/sir20155111.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5111"},{"id":342748,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77P8WXK","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Annual Channel Geomorphology Cross-Section Surveys 2005-2012 in Roanoke, Virginia"},{"id":308680,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5111/sir2015-5111_appendix2.zip","text":"Appendix 2","size":"1.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5111","linkHelpText":"Roanoke geomorphology surveys database, also available through the associated USGS data release"},{"id":308651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5111/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Roanoke","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.08415222167969,\n 37.232515211349174\n ],\n [\n -80.08415222167969,\n 37.32867264506217\n ],\n [\n -79.89738464355469,\n 37.32867264506217\n ],\n [\n -79.89738464355469,\n 37.232515211349174\n ],\n [\n -80.08415222167969,\n 37.232515211349174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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An important and sometimes overlooked aspect of contemporary natural gas exploration, development, and delivery activities is the geographic profile and spatial footprint that these activities have on the land surface. The function of many ecosystems and the goods and services they provide, in large part, are the result of their natural spatial arrangement on the landscape. Shale-gas development can create alterations to the pattern of land use and land cover, and represents a specific form of land use and land cover change that can substantially impact critical aspects of the spatial pattern, form, and function of landscape interactions, including many biological responses.
\nThe need for energy resources has created numerous economic opportunities for hydrocarbon extraction in the Appalachian basin. The development of alternative energy natural gas resources from deep-shale drilling techniques, along with conventional natural gas extraction methods, has created a flurry of wells, roads, pipelines, and related infrastructure across many parts of the region. An unintended and sometimes overlooked consequence of these activities is their effect on the structure and function of the landscape and ecosystems. The collective effect of over 100,000 hydrocarbon extraction permits for oil, coal bed methane, Marcellus and Utica Shale natural gas wells, and other types of hydrocarbon gases and their associated infrastructure has saturated much of the landscape and disturbed the natural environment in the Appalachian basin. The disturbance created by the sheer magnitude of the development of these collective wells and infrastructure directly affects how the landscape and ecosystems function and how they provide ecological goods and services.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153064","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, E.T., Milheim, L.E., Roig-Silva, C.M., and Kalaly, S.S., 2015, Effects of hydrocarbon extraction on landscapes of the Appalachian basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3064, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153064.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065693","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3064/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3064/fs20153064.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3064"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -76.6845703125,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 38.53097889440026\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -79.82666015625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -77.58544921874999,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 42.924251753870685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Eastern Geographic Science Center
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Methods to estimate irrigation withdrawal using nationally available datasets and techniques that are transferable to other agricultural regions were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basin focus area study of the National Water Census (ACF–FAS). These methods investigated the spatial, temporal, and quantitative distributions of water withdrawal for irrigation in the southwestern Georgia region of the ACF–FAS, filling a vital need to inform science-based decisions regarding resource management and conservation. The crop– demand method assumed that only enough water is pumped onto a crop to satisfy the deficit between evapotranspiration and precipitation. A second method applied a geostatistical regimen of variography and conditional simulation to monthly metered irrigation withdrawal to estimate irrigation withdrawal where data do not exist. A third method analyzed Landsat satellite imagery using an automated approach to generate monthly estimates of irrigated lands. These methods were evaluated independently and compared collectively with measured water withdrawal information available in the Georgia part of the ACF–FAS, principally in the Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin. An assessment of each method’s contribution to the National Water Census program was also made to identify transfer value of the methods to the national program and other water census studies. None of the three methods evaluated represent a turnkey process to estimate irrigation withdrawal on any spatial (local or regional) or temporal (monthly or annual) extent. Each method requires additional information on agricultural practices during the growing season to complete the withdrawal estimation process. Spatial and temporal limitations inherent in identifying irrigated acres during the growing season, and in designing spatially and temporally representative monitor (meter) networks, can belie the ability of the methods to produce accurate irrigation-withdrawal estimates that can be used to produce dependable and consistent assessments of water availability and use for the National Water Census. Emerging satellite-data products and techniques for data analysis can generate high spatial-resolution estimates of irrigated-acres distributions with near-term temporal frequencies compatible with the needs of the ACF–FAS and the National Water Census.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water Census Program","usgsCitation":"Painter, J.A., Torak, L.J., and Jones, J.W., 2015, Evaluation and comparison of methods to estimate irrigation withdrawal for the National Water Census Focus Area Study of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin in southwestern Georgia, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations ReportDirector, South Atlantic Water Science Center
North Carolina–South Carolina–Georgia
720 Gracern Road, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
Phone: (803) 750-6100
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/
Trends in water quality and quantity were assessed for 11 major reservoirs of the Brazos and Colorado river basins in the southern Great Plains (maximum period of record, 1965–2010). Water quality, major contributing-stream inflow, storage, local precipitation, and basin-wide total water withdrawals were analyzed. Inflow and storage decreased and total phosphorus increased in most reservoirs. The overall, warmest-, or coldest-monthly temperatures increased in 7 reservoirs, decreased in 1 reservoir, and did not significantly change in 3 reservoirs. The most common monotonic trend in salinity-related variables (specific conductance, chloride, sulfate) was one of no change, and when significant change occurred, it was inconsistent among reservoirs. No significant change was detected in monthly sums of local precipitation. Annual water withdrawals increased in both basins, but the increase was significant (P < 0.05) only in the Colorado River and marginally significant (P < 0.1) in the Brazos River. Salinity-related variables dominated spatial variability in water quality data due to the presence of high- and low-salinity reservoirs in both basins. These observations present a landscape in the Brazos and Colorado river basins where, in the last ∼40 years, reservoir inflow and storage generally decreased, eutrophication generally increased, and water temperature generally increased in at least 1 of 3 temperature indicators evaluated. Because local precipitation remained generally stable, observed reductions in reservoir inflow and storage during the study period may be attributable to other proximate factors, including increased water withdrawals (at least in the Colorado River basin) or decreased runoff from contributing watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10402381.2015.1074324","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., VanLandeghem, M.M., Asquith, W.H., and Patino, R., 2015, Long-term trends in reservoir water quality and quantity in two major river basins of the southern Great Plains: Land and Reservoir Management, v. 31, no. 3, p. 254-279, https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2015.1074324.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051545","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Brazos and Colorado River basins, southern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576bb6b8e4b07657d1a228fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.","contributorId":72901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanLandeghem, Matthew M.","contributorId":171742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanLandeghem","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189276,"text":"70189276 - 2015 - Increasing Northern Hemisphere water deficit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T15:00:00","indexId":"70189276","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing Northern Hemisphere water deficit","docAbstract":"A monthly water-balance model is used with CRUTS3.1 gridded monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data to examine changes in global water deficit (PET minus actual evapotranspiration) for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) for the years 1905 through 2009. Results show that NH deficit increased dramatically near the year 2000 during both the cool (October through March) and warm (April through September) seasons. The increase in water deficit near 2000 coincides with a substantial increase in NH temperature and PET. The most pronounced increases in deficit occurred for the latitudinal band from 0 to 40°N. These results indicate that global warming has increased the water deficit in the NH and that the increase since 2000 is unprecedented for the 1905 through 2009 period. Additionally, coincident with the increase in deficit near 2000, mean NH runoff also increased due to increases in P. We explain the apparent contradiction of concurrent increases in deficit and increases in runoff.","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s10584-015-1419-x","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., and Wolock, D.M., 2015, Increasing Northern Hemisphere water deficit: Climatic Change, v. 132, no. 2, p. 237-249, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1419-x.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"237","endPage":"249","ipdsId":"IP-057419","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59609db8e4b0d1f9f0594c40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":167116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":703867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189142,"text":"70189142 - 2015 - Field guide to the Mesozoic arc and accretionary complex of South-Central Alaska, Indian to Hatcher Pass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-03T10:06:31","indexId":"70189142","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"title":"Field guide to the Mesozoic arc and accretionary complex of South-Central Alaska, Indian to Hatcher Pass","docAbstract":"This field trip traverses exposures of a multi-generation Mesozoic magmatic arc and subduction-accretion complex that had a complicated history of magmatic activity and experienced variations in composition and deformational style in response to changes in the tectonic environment. This Mesozoic arc formed at an unknown latitude to the south, was accreted to North America, and was subsequently transported along faults to its present location (Plafker and others, 1989; Hillhouse and Coe, 1994). Some of these faults are still active. Similar tectonic, igneous, and sedimentary processes to those that formed the Mesozoic arc complex persist today in southern Alaska, building on, and deforming the Mesozoic arc. The rocks we will see on this field trip provide insights on the three-dimensional composition of the modern arc, and the processes involved in the evolution of an arc and its companion accretionary complex.
","largerWorkTitle":"Fieldtrip Guidebook","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Karl, S.M., Oswald, P., and Hults, C.P., 2015, Field guide to the Mesozoic arc and accretionary complex of South-Central Alaska, Indian to Hatcher Pass, Report: 66 p.: HTML.","productDescription":"Report: 66 p.: HTML","startPage":"1","endPage":"66","ipdsId":"IP-056862","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/alaska/data/039/039001/1_akgs0390001.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.76269531250003,\n 55.30413773740139\n ],\n [\n -133.3740234375,\n 55.30413773740139\n ],\n [\n -133.3740234375,\n 62.57310578449978\n ],\n [\n -161.76269531250003,\n 62.57310578449978\n ],\n [\n -161.76269531250003,\n 55.30413773740139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595b5799e4b0d1f9f0536dc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oswald, P.J.","contributorId":72269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oswald","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hults, Chad P. chults@usgs.gov","contributorId":1930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hults","given":"Chad","email":"chults@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157597,"text":"70157597 - 2015 - Monitoring gas emissions can help forecast volcanic eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T18:27:50","indexId":"70157597","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-29T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring gas emissions can help forecast volcanic eruptions","docAbstract":"As magma ascends in active volcanoes, dissolved volatiles partition from melt into a gas phase, rise, and are released into the atmosphere from volcanic vents. The major components of high-temperature volcanic gas are typically water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
\nVolcanologists have long recognized that measuring the chemical composition and emission rates of these discharged volatiles can help them understand the physical and chemical processes occurring within volcanic systems. However, in the past, continuous monitoring of gas emissions has been difficult because of the remote locations of many active volcanoes and the harsh environmental conditions at these sites.
\nIn late April, 40 scientists collaborating in the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) gathered for the first time in 5 years. The meeting, held on Turrialba Volcano in Costa Rica, was intended to provide a platform for the exchange of experiences with NOVAC instrumentation, spectral evaluation, and data interpretation.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1029/2015EO034081","usgsCitation":"Kern, C., de Moor, J.M., and Bo Galle, 2015, Monitoring gas emissions can help forecast volcanic eruptions: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 96, no. 17, p. 6-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2015EO034081.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065812","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2015eo034081","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":309053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560ba842e4b058f706e53a9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kern, Christoph 0000-0002-8920-5701 ckern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-5701","contributorId":3387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Christoph","email":"ckern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Moor, J. Maarten","contributorId":148063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Moor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Maarten","affiliations":[{"id":16987,"text":"OVSICORI, Costa Rica","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bo Galle","contributorId":148064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bo Galle","affiliations":[{"id":16988,"text":"Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157598,"text":"70157598 - 2015 - Application of a coupled vegetation competition and groundwater simulation model to study effects of sea level rise and storm surges on coastal vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T18:14:51","indexId":"70157598","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-29T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2380,"text":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a coupled vegetation competition and groundwater simulation model to study effects of sea level rise and storm surges on coastal vegetation","docAbstract":"
Global climate change poses challenges to areas such as low-lying coastal zones, where sea level rise (SLR) and storm-surge overwash events can have long-term effects on vegetation and on soil and groundwater salinities, posing risks of habitat loss critical to native species. An early warning system is urgently needed to predict and prepare for the consequences of these climate-related impacts on both the short-term dynamics of salinity in the soil and groundwater and the long-term effects on vegetation. For this purpose, the U.S. Geological Survey’s spatially explicit model of vegetation community dynamics along coastal salinity gradients (MANHAM) is integrated into the USGS groundwater model (SUTRA) to create a coupled hydrology–salinity–vegetation model, MANTRA. In MANTRA, the uptake of water by plants is modeled as a fluid mass sink term. Groundwater salinity, water saturation and vegetation biomass determine the water available for plant transpiration. Formulations and assumptions used in the coupled model are presented. MANTRA is calibrated with salinity data and vegetation pattern for a coastal area of Florida Everglades vulnerable to storm surges. A possible regime shift at that site is investigated by simulating the vegetation responses to climate variability and disturbances, including SLR and storm surges based on empirical information.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI AG","publisherLocation":"Basel, Germany","doi":"10.3390/jmse3041149","usgsCitation":"Teh, S., Turtora, M., DeAngelis, D.L., Jiang Jiang, Pearlstine, L.G., Smith, T.J., and Koh, H.L., 2015, Application of a coupled vegetation competition and groundwater simulation model to study effects of sea level rise and storm surges on coastal vegetation: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, v. 3, no. 4, p. 1149-1177, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041149.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063605","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3041149","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":309044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560ba828e4b058f706e53a41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teh, Su Yean","contributorId":118102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teh","given":"Su Yean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turtora, Michael mturtora@usgs.gov","contributorId":4260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turtora","given":"Michael","email":"mturtora@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":148065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jiang Jiang","contributorId":148066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jiang Jiang","affiliations":[{"id":16989,"text":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearlstine, Leonard G.","contributorId":34751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":139562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Koh, Hock Lye","contributorId":119022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"Hock","email":"","middleInitial":"Lye","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70154999,"text":"tm2A13 - 2015 - Environmental DNA sampling protocol - filtering water to capture DNA from aquatic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T15:54:39","indexId":"tm2A13","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-29T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2-A13","title":"Environmental DNA sampling protocol - filtering water to capture DNA from aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is an effective method of determining the presence of aquatic organisms such as fish, amphibians, and other taxa. This publication is meant to guide researchers and managers in the collection, concentration, and preservation of eDNA samples from lentic and lotic systems. A sampling workflow diagram and three sampling protocols are included as well as a list of suggested supplies. Protocols include filter and pump assembly using: (1) a hand-driven vacuum pump, ideal for sample collection in remote sampling locations where no electricity is available and when equipment weight is a primary concern; (2) a peristaltic pump powered by a rechargeable battery-operated driver/drill, suitable for remote sampling locations when weight consideration is less of a concern; (3) a 120-volt alternating current (AC) powered peristaltic pump suitable for any location where 120-volt AC power is accessible, or for roadside sampling locations. Images and detailed descriptions are provided for each step in the sampling and preservation process.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Biological science in Book 2: Collection of Environmental Data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm2A13","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Washington State University","usgsCitation":"Laramie, M.B., Pilliod, D.S., Goldberg, C.S., and Strickler, K.M., 2015, Environmental DNA sampling protocol—Filtering water to capture DNA from aquatic organisms: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 2, chap. A13, 15 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm2A13.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062044","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308858,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a13/coverthumb.jpg"},{"id":308824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a13/tm2a13.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 2-A13"}],"publicComments":"This report is Chapter 13 of Section A: Biological science in Book 2 Collection of Environmental Data.","contact":"Director, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
777 NW 9th St., Suite 400
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
http://fresc.usgs.gov
The bedrock geology of the 7.5-minute Worcester South quadrangle, Massachusetts, consists of deformed Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic crystalline metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks in three fault-bounded terranes (zones), including the Avalon, Nashoba, and Merrimack zones (Zen and others, 1983). This quadrangle spans the easternmost occurrence of Ganderian margin arc-related rocks (Nashoba zone) in the southern New England part of the northern Appalachians, and coincides with the trailing edge of Ganderia (Merrimack and Nashoba zones) where it structurally overlies Avalonia (Hibbard and others, 2006; Pollock and others, 2012; van Staal and others, 2009, 2012).
\nNeoproterozoic intrusive rocks and minor metasedimentary rocks crop out in the Avalon zone and structurally underlie the rocks of the Nashoba zone along the Bluddy Bluff fault. Due to poor exposure, the position of the Bloody Bluff fault is not well-constrained and its location is partly extrapolated from mapping in adjacent areas (Barosh, 2005; Walsh and others, 2011a). Cambrian intrusive rocks and Cambrian to Silurian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks crop out in the Nashoba zone, and are overlain by largely Silurian metasedimentary rocks of the Merrimack zone along the Clinton-Newbury fault. Ordovician to Permian(?) plutonic rocks intrude the Merrimack and Nashoba zone rocks. Paleozoic metamorphism in the Merrimack and Nashoba zones peaked during Salinic, Acadian, and Neoacadian orogenesis from the Silurian to Mississippian (Wintsch and others, 2007; Stroud and others, 2009; Walsh and others, 2011a; Hepburn and others, 2014). Metamorphism in the Avalon zone peaked during Alleghanian orogenesis in the Mississippian to Permian (Wintsch and others, 1992, 1993, 2001; Attenoukon, 2008). Evidence for garnet-grade extensional Alleghanian mylonitization showing normal motion along the Clinton-Newbury fault occurred after presumed original terrane juxtaposition by left-lateral Acadian thrusting (Goldstein, 1994). Subsequent post-peak metamorphic deformation produced outcrop-scale open folds and weak cleavage, local faults, veins, shear bands, and pegmatite dikes. Locally, along re-activated ductile faults such as the Bloody Bluff fault and along the Wekepeke fault, late Paleozoic to Mesozoic mainly brittle normal fault motion led to the current configuration of fault-bounded lithotectonic terranes (Goldstein, 1982, 1994, 1998; Goldstein and Hepburn, 1999; Goldsmith, 1991; Attenoukon, 2008; Wintsch and others, 2012). The youngest deformation includes kink bands, brittle faults, and joints.
\nThe bedrock geology was mapped to study the tectonic history of the area and to provide a framework for ongoing hydrogeologic characterization of the fractured bedrock of Massachusetts. This report presents mapping by Gregory J. Walsh and Arthur J. Merschat from 2008 to 2010. The report consists of a map and GIS database, both of which are available for download at http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3133/sim3345. The database includes contacts of bedrock geologic units, faults, outcrop locations, structural information, and photographs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3345","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Merschat, A.J., 2015, Bedrock geologic map of the Worcester South quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3345, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3345.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 62.36 x 37.06 inches; Metadata; Readme; Spatial Data","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-062629","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399009,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103402.htm"},{"id":308451,"rank":3,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/readme.txt","text":"SIM 3345 - Read Me File","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308457,"rank":8,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/SIM3345.zip","text":"SIM 3345 - With Photographs","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308458,"rank":9,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/SIM3345_withoutphotos.zip","text":"SIM 3345 - Without Photographs","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308454,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/metadata.html","text":"SIM 3345 - Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308455,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/metadata.txt","text":"SIM 3345 - Metadata Txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308453,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/metadata.faq.html","text":"SIM 3345 - Metadata FAQ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308456,"rank":7,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/downloads/metadata.xml","text":"SIM 3345 - Metadata (XML)","description":"SIM 3345"},{"id":308450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3345/sim3345.pdf","text":"SIM 3345 Map","description":"SIM 3345"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Worcester County","otherGeospatial":"Worcester South quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.875,\n 42.125\n ],\n [\n -71.875,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.75,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.75,\n 42.125\n ],\n [\n -71.875,\n 42.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
926A National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://geology.er.usgs.gov/egpsc/
Gregory J. Walsh
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 628
87 State Street, Room 228
Montpelier, VT 05602
Email: gwalsh@usgs.gov