State agencies responsible for regulating pesticides are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop state management plans for specific pesticides. A key part of these management plans includes assessing the potential for contamination of ground water by pesticides throughout the state. As an example of how a statewide assessment could be implemented, a plan is presented for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to illustrate how a hydrogeologic framework can be used as a basis for sampling areas within a state with the highest likelihood of having elevated pesticide concentrations in ground water. The framework was created by subdividing the state into 20 areas on the basis of physiography and aquifer type. Each of these 20 hydrogeologic settings is relatively homogeneous with respect to aquifer susceptibility and pesticide use—factors that would be likely to affect pesticide concentrations in ground water. Existing data on atrazine occurrence in ground water was analyzed to determine (1) which areas of the state already have sufficient samples collected to make statistical comparisons among hydrogeologic settings, and (2) the effect of factors such as land use and aquifer characteristics on pesticide occurrence. The theoretical vulnerability and the results of the data analysis were used to rank each of the 20 hydrogeologic settings on the basis of vulnerability of ground water to contamination by pesticides. Example sampling plans are presented for nine of the hydrogeologic settings that lack sufficient data to assess vulnerability to contamination. Of the highest priority areas of the state, two out of four have been adequately sampled, one of the three areas of moderate to high priority has been adequately sampled, four of the nine areas of moderate to low priority have been adequately sampled, and none of the three low priority areas have been sampled.
Sampling to date has shown that, even in the most vulnerable hydrogeologic settings, pesticide concentrations in ground water rarely exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Standards or Health Advisory Levels. Analyses of samples from 1,159 private water supplies reveal only 3 sites for which samples with concentrations of pesticides exceeded drinking-water standards. In most cases, samples with elevated concentrations could be traced to point sources at pesticide loading or mixing areas. These analyses included data from some of the most vulnerable areas of the state, indicating that it is highly unlikely that pesticide concentrations in water from wells in other areas of the state would exceed the drinking-water standards unless a point source of contamination were present. Analysis of existing data showed that water from wells in areas of the state underlain by carbonate (limestone and dolomite) bedrock, which commonly have a high percentage of corn production, was much more likely to have pesticides detected. Application of pesticides to the land surface generally has not caused concentrations of the five state priority pesticides in ground water to exceed health standards; however, this study has not evaluated the potential human health effects of mixtures of pesticides or pesticide degradation products in drinking water. This study also has not determined whether concentrations in ground water are stable, increasing, or decreasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Bickford, T.M., 1999, Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4076, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994076.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4076/wri19994076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4076"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
","tableOfContents":"
The potential effects of using ground water as a supplemental source of supply in Kings and Queens Counties were evaluated through a 4-layer finite-difference ground-water-flow model with a uniform grid spacing of 1,333 feet. Hydraulic properties and boundary conditions of an existing regional ground-water-flow model of Long Island with a uniform grid spacing of 4,000 feet were refined for use in the finer grid model of Kings and Queens Counties. The model is calibrated to average pumping stresses that correspond to presumed steady-state conditions of 1983 and 1991. A transient-state simulation of the year-by- year transition between these two conditions was also conducted.
Pumping scenarios representing public-supply withdrawals of 100, 150, and 400 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were simulated to determine the duration of sustainable pumpage, defined as the length of time before a particular pumping rate induces landward hydraulic gradients from areas of salty ground water. The simulations indicate the following hydrologically feasible scenarios:
(1) Pumpage of 100 Mgal/d could be sustained for about 10 months, followed by a 46-month period of pumping at reduced (1991) rates, to allow water levels to recover to 90 percent of 1991 levels.
(2) Pumpage of 150 Mgal/d could be sustained for about 6 months, followed by a 79-month period of pumping at a reduced (1991) rate.
(3) Pumpage of 400 Mgal/d could be sustained for about 3 months from an initial condition of maximum aquifer storage.
Each of these scenarios could be modified by injecting surplus water from upstate reservoirs, available from January to May, into the proposed wells. Injection at half the pumpage rate during the recovery period reduces the recovery period to 14 months in scenario 1, 6 months in scenario 2, and 9 months in scenario 3.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":" Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984071","collaboration":" Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Misut, P.E., and Monti, J., 1999, Simulation of ground-water flow and pumpage in Kings and Queens Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4071, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984071.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4071/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2303,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4071/wri19984071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4071"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.855,40.6511],[-73.8571,40.644],[-73.8666,40.6398],[-73.8723,40.6448],[-73.8691,40.6389],[-73.8828,40.6286],[-73.9015,40.6247],[-73.914,40.6307],[-73.8913,40.6142],[-73.8945,40.6069],[-73.9075,40.6052],[-73.9056,40.6023],[-73.8822,40.6019],[-73.8764,40.5853],[-73.8814,40.5789],[-73.8942,40.5767],[-73.9014,40.5856],[-73.9117,40.5811],[-73.9459,40.5829],[-73.9314,40.5772],[-73.9519,40.5738],[-74.0111,40.5739],[-74.0073,40.5808],[-73.992,40.5794],[-74.012,40.6012],[-74.0321,40.6058],[-74.0418,40.6243],[-74.0345,40.6439],[-74.005,40.6653],[-74.0161,40.6644],[-74.0183,40.6808],[-73.9958,40.7039],[-73.9808,40.7061],[-73.9746,40.7021],[-73.97,40.7072],[-73.9611,40.7417],[-73.936,40.7698],[-73.9354,40.7779],[-73.9272,40.7778],[-73.9094,40.7911],[-73.8941,40.7845],[-73.8889,40.7741],[-73.875,40.7819],[-73.8728,40.785],[-73.8908,40.79],[-73.8892,40.7989],[-73.8683,40.7881],[-73.8699,40.7798],[-73.8554,40.7714],[-73.8611,40.7654],[-73.8471,40.7611],[-73.8434,40.7643],[-73.8504,40.7701],[-73.8508,40.7819],[-73.8576,40.7836],[-73.8522,40.7949],[-73.8407,40.797],[-73.8319,40.7889],[-73.8193,40.8009],[-73.7947,40.795],[-73.7943,40.7903],[-73.7825,40.7907],[-73.7782,40.7969],[-73.7581,40.7677],[-73.7492,40.7817],[-73.7057,40.7499],[-73.7042,40.7358],[-73.7288,40.7239],[-73.7251,40.6517],[-73.741,40.6469],[-73.7442,40.6375],[-73.7656,40.6289],[-73.7714,40.62],[-73.7788,40.6267],[-73.7906,40.6078],[-73.8003,40.6117],[-73.7858,40.6314],[-73.8196,40.6465],[-73.8228,40.6583],[-73.8263,40.649],[-73.8392,40.645],[-73.848,40.6442],[-73.855,40.6511]]],[[[-73.8653,40.6275],[-73.8656,40.6206],[-73.8781,40.6158],[-73.8772,40.6219],[-73.8653,40.6275]]],[[[-74.0144,40.6931],[-74.0122,40.6889],[-74.0256,40.6847],[-74.0144,40.6931]]],[[[-73.7656,40.6142],[-73.7455,40.6121],[-73.7374,40.594],[-73.8211,40.5822],[-73.941,40.5422],[-73.94,40.5539],[-73.9258,40.5618],[-73.8766,40.5698],[-73.8522,40.5814],[-73.8197,40.5872],[-73.7886,40.6031],[-73.7909,40.5964],[-73.7803,40.6089],[-73.7739,40.6058],[-73.7822,40.5981],[-73.7736,40.5986],[-73.769,40.6089],[-73.7725,40.6106],[-73.7656,40.6142]]],[[[-73.8225,40.6367],[-73.8111,40.599],[-73.815,40.6046],[-73.8206,40.5944],[-73.8342,40.595],[-73.8339,40.5886],[-73.8375,40.5894],[-73.8439,40.5931],[-73.8259,40.5999],[-73.82,40.6092],[-73.8378,40.6156],[-73.8336,40.6372],[-73.8261,40.6361],[-73.825,40.6403],[-73.8225,40.6367]]],[[[-73.7994,40.6261],[-73.8035,40.6157],[-73.8068,40.6216],[-73.7994,40.6261]]],[[[-73.7994,40.61],[-73.795,40.605],[-73.8028,40.6039],[-73.7994,40.61]]],[[[-73.8408,40.6124],[-73.8417,40.6041],[-73.8487,40.6055],[-73.8463,40.6124],[-73.8408,40.6124]]],[[[-73.8586,40.6025],[-73.8522,40.5972],[-73.86,40.596],[-73.8586,40.6025]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kings\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The Highland Lakes, located in central Texas, are a series of seven reservoirs on the Colorado River (Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Town Lake). The reservoirs provide hydroelectric power for the area. In addition, Lake Austin and Town Lake also provide the public water supply for the Austin metropolitan area. Saline water released from Natural Dam Salt Lake during 1987–89 caused increased concern among water managers that high-salinity water entering the Highland Lakes could result in waterquality problems, necessitating additional treatment of the water.
\nThe maximum dissolved solids concentrations for the reservoirs after the saline inflow were about two to three times the average concentrations before the inflow. The maximum concentrations of chloride and sulfate after the inflow were about three to five times the average concentrations before the inflow. The concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, and Lake Marble Falls were less than the concentrations of the applicable water-quality standards by the end of 1990. Concentrations of these constituents in Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Town Lake did not decrease to previous levels, which were less than the concentrations of the applicable waterquality standards, until the end of 1991. Constituent concentrations for Lake Buchanan and Inks Lake; for Lake Lyndon B. Johnson and Lake Marble Falls; and for Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Town Lake were similar because of the relative storage capacities and location of tributary inflows. From the initial increase in constituent concentrations in Lake Buchanan (summer 1987) in response to the saline inflow, the high-salinity water passed through the entire Highland Lakes in about 3.5 years.
\nA mathematical mass-balance model was used to simulate the input and movement of highsalinity water through the Highland Lakes and to estimate monthly mean concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate for wet, average, and dry hydrologic conditions. The simulated median monthly concentrations during the 10-year simulation period for each reservoir generally are larger for the average condition than for the wet condition and generally are larger for the dry condition than for the average condition. The simulated concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate decreased to levels less than the concentrations of the applicable water-quality standards in about 2 to 5 years after the saline water inflow of 1987–89 was simulated for the three hydrologic conditions.
\nResults from the simulations indicate that saline inflows to the Highland Lakes similar to those of the releases from Natural Dam Salt Lake during 1987–89 are unlikely to cause large increases in future concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in the Highland Lakes. The results also indicate that high-salinity water will continue to be diluted as it is transported downstream through the Highland Lakes, even during extended dry periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri994087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Colorado River Authority and the City of Austin","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., and Rast, W., 1999, Characterization and simulation of the quantity and quality of water in the Highland Lakes, Texas, 1983-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4087, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994087.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri994087.JPG"},{"id":2246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Highland Lakes","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d410e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rast, Walter","contributorId":79514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rast","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29662,"text":"wri994228 - 1999 - Ground-water system, estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, and effects of pumping on ground-water flow in Triassic sedimentary rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T08:55:22","indexId":"wri994228","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4228","displayTitle":"Ground-Water System, Estimation of Aquifer Hydraulic Properties, and Effects of Pumping on Ground-Water Flow in Triassic Sedimentary Rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania","title":"Ground-water system, estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, and effects of pumping on ground-water flow in Triassic sedimentary rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground water in Triassic-age sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers in the area of Lansdale, Pa., is used as drinking water and for industrial supply. In 1979, ground water in the Lansdale area was found to be contaminated with trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and other man-made organic compounds, and in 1989, the area was placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) National Priority List as the North Penn Area 6 site. To assist the USEPA in the hydrogeological assessment of the site, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study in 1995 to describe the ground-water system and to determine the effects of changes in the well pumping patterns on the direction of ground-water flow in the Lansdale area. This determination is based on hydrologic and geophysical data collected from 1995-98 and on results of the simulation of the regional ground-water-flow system by use of a numerical model.
Correlation of natural-gamma logs indicate that the sedimentary rock beds strike generally northeast and dip at angles less than 30 degrees to the northwest. The ground-water system is confined or semi-confined, even at shallow depths; depth to bedrock commonly is less than 20 feet (6 meters); and depth to water commonly is about 15 to 60 feet (5 to 18 meters) below land surface. Single-well, aquifer-interval-isolation (packer) tests indicate that vertical permeability of the sedimentary rocks is low. Multiple-well aquifer tests indicate that the system is heterogeneous and that flow appears primarily in discrete zones parallel to bedding. Preferred horizontal flow along strike was not observed in the aquifer tests for wells open to the pumped interval. Water levels in wells that are open to the pumped interval, as projected along the dipping stratigraphy, are drawn down more than water levels in wells that do not intersect the pumped interval. A regional potentiometric map based on measured water levels indicates that ground water flows from Lansdale towards discharge areas in three drainages, the Wissahickon, Towamencin, and Neshaminy Creeks.
Ground-water flow was simulated for different pumping patterns representing past and current conditions. The three-dimensional numerical flow model (MODFLOW) was automatically calibrated by use of a parameter estimation program (MODFLOWP). Steady-state conditions were assumed for the calibration period of 1996. Model calibration indicates that estimated recharge is 8.2 inches (208 millimeters) and the regional anisotropy ratio for the sedimentary-rock aquifer is about 11 to 1, with permeability greatest along strike. The regional anisotropy is caused by up- and down-dip termination of high-permeability bed-oriented features, which were not explicitly simulated in the regional-scale model. The calibrated flow model was used to compare flow directions and capture zones in Lansdale for conditions corresponding to relatively high pumping rates in 1994 and to lower pumping rates in 1997. Comparison of the 1994 and 1997 simulations indicates that wells pumped at the lower 1997 rates captured less ground water from known sites of contamination than wells pumped at the 1994 rates. Ground-water flow rates away from Lansdale increased as pumpage decreased in 1997.
A preliminary evaluation of the relation between ground-water chemistry and conditions favorable for the degradation of chlorinated solvents was based on measurements of dissolved-oxygen concentration and other chemical constituents in water samples from 92 wells. About 18 percent of the samples contained less than or equal to 5 milligrams per liter dissolved oxygen, a concentration that indicates reducing conditions favorable for degradation of chlorinated solvents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Goode, D., 1999, Ground-water system, estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, and effects of pumping on ground-water flow in Triassic sedimentary rocks in and near Lansdale, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4228, viii, 112 p. :], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994228.","productDescription":"viii, 112 p. :]","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4228/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2429,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4228/wri19994228.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4228"}],"scale":"24000","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The volume of four of the largest glaciers on Iliamna Volcano was estimated using the volume model developed for evaluating glacier volumes on Redoubt Volcano. The volume model is controlled by simulated valley cross sections that are constructed by fitting third-order polynomials to the shape of the valley walls exposed above the glacier surface. Critical cross sections were field checked by sounding with ice-penetrating radar during July 1998. The estimated volumes of perennial snow and glacier ice for Tuxedni, Lateral, Red, and Umbrella Glaciers are 8.6, 0.85, 4.7, and 0.60 cubic kilometers respectively. The estimated volume of snow and ice on the upper 1,000 meters of the volcano is about 1 cubic kilometer. The volume estimates are thought to have errors of no more than ±25 percent. The volumes estimated for the four largest glaciers are more than three times the total volume of snow and ice on Mount Rainier and about 82 times the total volume of snow and ice that was on Mount St. Helens before its May 18, 1980 eruption. Volcanoes mantled by substantial snow and ice covers have produced the largest and most catastrophic lahars and floods. Therefore, it is prudent to expect that, during an eruptive episode, flooding and lahars threaten all of the drainages heading on Iliamna Volcano. On the other hand, debris avalanches can happen any time. Fortunately, their influence is generally limited to the area within a few kilometers of the summit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994176","usgsCitation":"Trabant, D.C., 1999, Perennial snow and ice volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, estimated with ice radar and volume modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4176, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994176.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119477,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411238,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22604.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Iliamna Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.167,\n 59.771\n ],\n [\n -152.833,\n 59.771\n ],\n [\n -152.833,\n 60.25\n ],\n [\n -153.167,\n 60.25\n ],\n [\n -153.167,\n 59.771\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trabant, Dennis C.","contributorId":13965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27114,"text":"wri994083 - 1999 - Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T14:17:55","indexId":"wri994083","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4083","title":"Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"North Fish Creek, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior, is an important recreational fishery that is potentially limited by the loss of aquatic habitat caused by accelerated flooding and sedimentation. A study of the historical flooding and sedimentation characteristics of North Fish Creek was done to determine how North Fish Creek responded to human-caused changes in land cover since European settlement of the region in the 1870's. Geomorphic field evidence combined with hydrologic and sediment-transport modeling indicate that historical clear-cut logging, followed by agricultural activity, significantly altered the hydrologic and geomorphic conditions of North Fish Creek. The geomorphic responses to land-cover changes were especially sensitive to the location of the reaches along the main stem and on the timing of large floods.
\nOn the basis of geomorphic evidence in flood-plain deposits and abandoned channels, the size of floods and sediment loads also increased in North Fish Creek after conversion of forested land to cropland and pasture. Changes in channel characteristics were particularly noticeable after record floods in 1941 and 1946. The upper main stem channel bed eroded downward at least 3 meters and the channel capacity at least doubled after European settlement. In the lower stem, the post-settlement sedimentation rate on the flood plain and in the channel is 4 to 6 times pre-settlement rates. The water table also appears to be rising near the mouth of North Fish Creek, perhaps consistent with (1) elevated local streambed elevations caused by sedimentation and (2) a slow relative rise in the local level of Lake Superior due to crustal rebound from glaciation. Along a transitional reach of the main stem between the upper and lower main stem, there is evidence of accelerated flood-plain sedimentation initially following European settlement. Since at least the 1940's, however, the channel bed in the transitional reach has eroded about 1 meter and the channel capacity has at least doubled.
\nResults from hydrologic and sediment-transport modeling indicate that modern flood peaks and sediment loads in North Fish Creek may be double that expected under pre-settlement forest cover. During maximum agricultural activity in the mid-1920's to mid-1930's, flood peaks probably were about 3 times larger and sediment loads were about 5 times larger than expected under pre-settlement forest cover. These results indicate that future changes from pasture or cropland to forest will help reduce flood peaks, thereby reducing erosion and sedimentation. The addition of detention basins (to decrease flood peaks) on tributaries to North Fish Creek, or bank and instream restoration (to decrease erosion) in the upper main stem, also may help reduce the contribution of sediment from the upper main stem to the transitional section and lower main stem of the creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994083","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Knox, J.C., and Whitman, H.E., 1999, Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4083, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994083.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Chequamegon Bay, Fish Creek, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.64377960861833\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 46.64377960861833\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6809a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, James C.","contributorId":62247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitman, Heather E.","contributorId":64293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27949,"text":"wri994242 - 1999 - Estimation of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic and soil information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri994242","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4242","title":"Estimation of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic and soil information","docAbstract":"Digital topographic and soil information was used to estimate potential runoff-contributing areas throughout Kansas. The results then were used to compare 91 selected subbasins representing soil, slope, and runoff variability. Potential runoff-contributing areas were estimated collectively for the processes of infiltration-excess and saturation-excess overland flow using a set of environmental conditions that represented very high, high, moderate, low, very low, and extremely low potential runoff. For infiltration-excess overland flow, various rainfall-intensity and soil-permeability values were used. For saturation-excess overland flow, antecedent soil-moisture conditions and a topographic wetness index were used. Results indicated that very low potential-runoff conditions provided the best ability to distinguish the 91 selected subbasins as having relatively high or low potential runoff. The majority of the subbasins with relatively high potential runoff are located in the eastern half of the State where soil permeability generally is less and precipitation typically is greater. The ability to distinguish the subbasins as having relatively high or low potential runoff was possible mostly due to the variability of soil permeability across the State.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994242","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 1999, Estimation of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic and soil information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4242, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994242.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4242","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4242/report.pdf","size":"8783","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb26f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26942,"text":"wri994068 - 1999 - Comparison of methods for computing streamflow statistics for Pennsylvania streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-22T14:01:57","indexId":"wri994068","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4068","title":"Comparison of methods for computing streamflow statistics for Pennsylvania streams","docAbstract":"Methods for computing streamflow statistics intended for use on ungaged locations on Pennsylvania streams are presented and compared to frequency distributions of gaged streamflow data. The streamflow statistics used in the comparisons include the 7-day 10-year low flow, 50-year flood flow, and the 100-year flood flow; additional statistics are presented. Streamflow statistics for gaged locations on streams in Pennsylvania were computed using three methods for the comparisons: 1) Log-Pearson type III frequency distribution (Log-Pearson) of continuous-record streamflow data, 2) regional regression equations developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1982 (WRI 82-21), and 3) regional regression equations developed by the Pennsylvania State University in 1981 (PSU-IV). Log-Pearson distribution was considered the reference method for evaluation of the regional regression equations. Low-flow statistics were computed using the Log-Pearson distribution and WRI 82-21, whereas flood-flow statistics were computed using all three methods. The urban adjustment for PSU-IV was modified from the recommended computation to exclude Philadelphia and the surrounding areas (region 1) from the adjustment. Adjustments for storage area for PSU-IV were also slightly modified.
A comparison of the 7-day 10-year low flow computed from Log-Pearson distribution and WRI-82- 21 showed that the methods produced significantly different values for about 7 percent of the state. The same methods produced 50-year and 100-year flood flows that were significantly different for about 24 percent of the state. Flood-flow statistics computed using Log-Pearson distribution and PSU-IV were not significantly different in any regions of the state. These findings are based on a statistical comparison using the t-test on signed ranks and graphical methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Ehlke, M.H., and Reed, L.A., 1999, Comparison of methods for computing streamflow statistics for Pennsylvania streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4068, vi, 80 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994068.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2034,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4068/wri19994068.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI1999-4068"},{"id":158234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4068/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
A precipitation-runoff model, HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran), of a 41.7 square mile part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, in central New York, was developed and calibrated to predict the hydrological effects of future suburban development on streamflow, and the effects of stormwater detention on flooding of Ninemile Creek at Camillus. Development was represented in the model in two ways: (1) as a pervious area (open and residential land) that simulates the hydrologic response from mixed pervious and impervious areas that drain to pervious areas, or (2) as an impervious area that drains to channels. Simulations indicate that peak discharges for 30 non-winter storms in 1995-96 would increase by an average of 10 to 37 percent in response to a 10- to 100-percent buildup of developable land represented as open/residential land and by 40 to 68 percent in response to 10 to 100 percent buildup of developable area represented as impervious area. A 10 to 100 percent buildup of developable area represents an impervious area of about 1 to 7 percent of the watershed. A log Pearson Type-III analysis of peak annual discharge for October 1989 through September 1996 for simulations with full development represented as impervious area indicates that stormflows that formerly occurred once every 2 years on average will occur once every 1.5 years, and stormflows that formerly occurred once every 5 years will occur once every 3.3 years.
Simulations of a hypothetical 147-acre residential development in the lower part of the watershed with and without stormwater detention indicate that detention basins could cause either increase or decrease downstream flooding of Ninemile Creek at Camillus, depending on the basin.s available storage relative to its inflows and, hence, the timing of its peak outflow in relation to that of the peak discharge in Ninemile Creek; and the degree of flow retention by wetlands and other channel storage that affect the timing of peak discharges. Design and management of detention basins in the watershed will require analysis of each basin.s hydraulic characteristics and location relative to Ninemile Creek to predict their effect on downstream flooding. The runoff model described herein can be used to evaluate alternative detention basin designs and locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Camillus","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., 1999, A precipitation-runoff model for part of the Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, Onondaga County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4201, vii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984201.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4201/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3005,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4201/wri19984201.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4201"},{"id":400771,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49039.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Onondaga County","city":"Camillus","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.4,\n 42.875\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 42.875\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -76.4,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -76.4,\n 42.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
A streamflow and water-quality model was developed for reaches of Sand and Caddo Creeks in south-central Oklahoma to simulate the effects of wastewater discharge from a refinery and a municipal treatment plant.
The purpose of the model was to simulate conditions during low streamflow when the conditions controlling dissolved-oxygen concentrations are most severe.
Data collected to calibrate and verify the streamflow and water-quality model include continuously monitored streamflow and water-quality data at two gaging stations and three temporary monitoring stations; wastewater discharge from two wastewater plants; two sets each of five water-quality samples at nine sites during a 24-hour period; dye and propane samples; periphyton samples; and sediment oxygen demand measurements. The water-quality sampling, at a 6-hour frequency, was based on a Lagrangian reference frame in which the same volume of water was sampled at each site.
To represent the unsteady streamflows and the dynamic water-quality conditions, a transport modeling system was used that included both a model to route streamflow and a model to transport dissolved conservative constituents with linkage to reaction kinetics similar to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency QUAL2E model to simulate nonconservative constituents. These model codes are the Diffusion Analogy Streamflow Routing Model (DAFLOW) and the branched Lagrangian transport model (BLTM) and BLTM/QUAL2E that, collectively, as calibrated models, are referred to as the Ardmore Water-Quality Model.
The Ardmore DAFLOW model was calibrated with three sets of streamflows that collectively ranged from 16 to 3,456 cubic feet per second. The model uses only one set of calibrated coefficients and exponents to simulate streamflow over this range. The Ardmore BLTM was calibrated for transport by simulating dye concentrations collected during a tracer study when streamflows ranged from 16 to 23 cubic feet per second. Therefore, the model is expected to be most useful for low streamflow simulations. The Ardmore BLTM/QUAL2E model was calibrated and verified with water-quality data from nine sites where two sets of five samples were collected. The streamflow during the water-quality sampling in Caddo Creek at site 7 ranged from 8.4 to 20 cubic feet per second, of which about 5.0 to 9.7 cubic feet per second was contributed by Sand Creek. The model simulates the fate and transport of 10 water-quality constituents. The model was verified by running it using data that were not used in calibration; only phytoplankton were not verified.
Measured and simulated concentrations of dissolved oxygen exhibited a marked daily pattern that was attributable to waste loading and algal activity. Dissolved-oxygen measurements during this study and simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations using the Ardmore Water-Quality Model, for the conditions of this study, illustrate that the dissolved-oxygen sag curve caused by the upstream wastewater discharges is confined to Sand Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994022","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 1999, Simulation of effects of wastewater discharges on Sand Creek and lower Caddo Creek near Ardmore, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4022, v, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994022.","productDescription":"v, 124 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95844,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4022/report.pdf","size":"8671","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4022/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bf314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30389,"text":"wri994021 - 1999 - Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T15:15:43","indexId":"wri994021","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4021","title":"Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95","docAbstract":"Eutrophication is a common problem for lakes in agricultural and urban areas, such as Lakes Wingra and Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin. This report describes a study to estimate the sources of phosphorus, a major contributor to eutrophication, to Lakes Wingra and Mendota from two small urban residential drainage basins. The Monroe Basin empties into Lake Wingra, and the Harper Basin into Lake Mendota. Phosphorus data were collected from streets, lawns, roofs, driveways, and parking lots (source areas) within these two basins and were used to estimate loads from each area. In addition to the samples collected from these source areas, flow-composite samples were collected at monitoring stations located at the watershed outfalls (storm sewers); discharge and rainfall also were measured. Resulting data were then used to calibrate the Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM, version 6.3, copyright 1993, Pitt & Vorhees) for conditions in the city of Madison and determine within these basins which of the source areas are contributing the most phosphorus.
\nWater volumes in the calibrated model were calculated to within 23 percent and 24 percent of those measured at the outfalls of each of the basins. These water volumes were applied to the suspended- solids and phosphorus concentrations that were used to calibrate SLAMM for suspended-solids and phosphorus loads. Suspended-solids loads were calculated to be within 4 percent and 17 percent, total-phosphorus loads within 24 percent and 28 percent, and dissolved-phosphorus loads within 9 percent and 10 percent of those measured at the storm-sewer outfall at the Monroe and Harper basins, respectively.
\nLawns and streets are the largest sources of total and dissolved phosphorus in the basins. Their combined contribution was approximately 80 percent, with lawns contributing more than the streets. Streets were the largest source of suspended solids.
\nStreet-dirt samples were collected using industrial vacuum equipment. Leaves in these samples were separated out and the remaining sediment was sieved into >250 mm, 250-63 mm, 63-25 mm, <25 mm size fractions and were analyzed for total phosphorus. Approximately 75 percent of the sediment mass resides in the >250 mm size fractions. Less than 5 percent of the mass can be found in the particle sizes less than 63 mm. The >250 mm size fraction also contributed nearly 50 percent of the total-phosphorus mass and the leaf fraction contributed an additional 30 percent. In each particle size, approximately 25 percent of the total-phosphorus mass is derived from leaves or other vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Waschbusch, R.J., Selbig, W., and Bannerman, R.T., 1999, Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4021, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994021.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2511,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994021","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":310688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/WRIR-99-4021/WRIR-99-4021.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota, Lake Menona, Lake Wingra","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.57015991210938,\n 43.038783344984836\n ],\n [\n -89.57015991210938,\n 43.174136889598124\n ],\n [\n -89.27215576171874,\n 43.174136889598124\n ],\n [\n -89.27215576171874,\n 43.038783344984836\n ],\n [\n -89.57015991210938,\n 43.038783344984836\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waschbusch, Robert J. 0000-0002-4069-0267 rjwaschb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0267","contributorId":3447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waschbusch","given":"Robert","email":"rjwaschb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selbig, W.R.","contributorId":102106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bannerman, Roger T. 0000-0001-9221-2905 rbannerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-2905","contributorId":5560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"Roger","email":"rbannerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27600,"text":"wri994075 - 1999 - The Sparta aquifer in Arkansas' critical ground-water areas: Response of the aquifer to supplying future water needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:19:40","indexId":"wri994075","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4075","title":"The Sparta aquifer in Arkansas' critical ground-water areas: Response of the aquifer to supplying future water needs","docAbstract":"The Sparta aquifer is a confined aquifer of great regional importance that comprises a sequence of unconsolidated sand, silt, and clay units extending across much of eastern and southeastern Arkansas and into adjoining States. Water use from the aquifer has doubled since 1975 and continues to increase, and large water-level declines are occurring in many areas of the aquifer. To focus State attention and resources on the growing problem and to provide a mechanism for locally based education and management, the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission has designated Critical Ground-Water Areas in some counties (see page 6, ?What is a Critical Ground-Water Area??). Ground-water modeling study results show that the aquifer cannot continue to meet growing water-use demands. Dewatering of the primary producing sands is predicted to occur within 10 years in some areas if current trends continue. The predicted dewatering will cause reduced yields and damage the aquifer. Modeling also shows that a concerted ground-water conservation management plan could enable sustainable use of the aquifer. Water-conservation measures and use of alternative sources that water managers in Union County (an area of high demand and growth in Arkansas' initial five-county Critical Ground-Water Area) think to be realistic options result in considerable recovery in water levels in the aquifer during a 30-year model simulation.
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\nFor this study, water levels measured during the 1997 water year were used to construct a potentiometric-surface map that was compared to the 1977 baseline to describe water-level changes. Since 1975, water levels have declined in two areas of central and eastern Iowa. The maximum measured water-level decline is 133 feet in Johnson County in eastern Iowa. The estimated maximum rate of decline is 6 feet per year in Johnson County.
\nResults from a two-layer, ground-water flow model of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1990 were compared to selected measured 1997 water levels. The difference between the simulated water levels and the 1997 maximum measured water levels ranges from 0 to about 150 feet, but most differences are less than 25 feet. The comparison indicates that the model may help estimate future water levels in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer as an aid in managing the resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri994134","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau","usgsCitation":"Turco, M.J., 1999, Regional water-level changes for the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in Iowa, 1975 to 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4134, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994134.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409624,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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