The lithology and fracture network of the bedrock aquifer in the Mirror Lake area were characterized from hydrogeologic data collected from 1979-95 in Grafton County, N.H. The collection of these data is an integral part of an ongoing multidisciplinary study by the U.S. Geological Survey to characterize groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock. The data provide a physical framework and enable the characterization of the fractures and the rock types in the bedrock aquifer in the Mirror Lake study area. In addition, these data provide a detailed description of the subsurface intersected by boreholes that can be used to compare the results of other borehole testing.
The Mirror Lake area is characterized by steep bedrock uplands that are mostly covered by colluvium, discontinuous stratified-drift deposits, and glacial till that varies locally in thickness from less than 10 meters to as much as 50 meters. The land-surface altitude ranges from 180 meters near the Pemigewasset River to 720 meters on the mountain top on the northwestern side of the study area. The bedrock in the area is predominantly sillimanite-grade pelitic schists that have been complexly folded and intruded by granitoids, pegmatites, and diabase dikes. The bedrock has been fractured in response to local and tectonic stress. The resulting interconnected network of fractures forms the bedrock aquifer.
This report describes the lithologic units in the study area and provides a characterization of the lithology and fractures found in 40 boreholes, which range in depth from 60 to 305 meters, that were drilled for this study. Drilling logs and color video surveys were used to locate and characterize the fractures and rock types in the subsurface. Solid bedrock core was obtained from three of the boreholes. Petrographic thin-section, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were done on selected samples from boreholes and outcrops. Observations recorded at the time of drilling, descriptions of rock samples collected from the boreholes, interpretation of rock type and fractures based on boreholeimaging surveys, descriptions of rock core and petrographic analyses of selected rock samples are in tables and figures.
Analysis of the data provided information on the distribution of fractures and lithology in the boreholes at Mirror Lake. The relative abundances of the rock types were computed for three groups of boreholes, including (1) the Forest Service Experimental (FSE) well field, (2) the Camp Osceola (CO) well field, and (3) the index boreholes, which are 15 boreholes distributed areally throughout the study area including the deepest borehole from each of the two well fields. The index boreholes are separated by hundreds of meters and are typically 100 meters deep. The FSE well field includes 13 boreholes that are separated by 10 to 40 meters. These 13 boreholes are approximately 100 meters deep, except for one borehole that is 230 meters deep. The rocks penetrated by the FSE wells are predominantly igneous. Approximately 70 percent of the rocks encountered in the boreholes in the FSE well field were granite, pegmatite, and aplite. The CO well field includes 9 boreholes that range from 60-70 meters deep and one borehole that is 175 meters deep. The rocks encountered in these boreholes were predominantly metamorphic. The distribution of rock types in the CO well field is similar to the distribution of rocks in highway roadcuts, that are approximately 90 to 150 meters east of the well field. Seventy percent of the roadcut exposures are schist. Collectively, in the 15 index boreholes, the metamorphic and igneous rocks are equally distributed. Analysis of the rock types in these boreholes indicates that the rock types tend to \"change\" every 5 to 9 meters.
Although the metamorphic and igneous rocks each comprise approximately 50 percent of the rock types observed in the 15 index boreholes, 73 percent of the fractures were in the igneous rocks. This indicates that the granitoids tend to be more fractured than the metamorphic rocks. Pegmatite, diabase, quartzite, and gneissic rocks are relatively unfractured.
Boreholes completed in bedrock generally have one or two water-bearing zones, which were identified during the drilling process. At the completion of drilling a borehole, the driller estimated the yield of the borehole with an air-lift test. Yields estimated by drillers ranged from less than 3 to 378 liters per minute. These yields are typical of the yields measured for domestic wells in Grafton County. Water levels measured in the open boreholes after the boreholes recovered from the hydraulic stresses of drilling were usually in the steel casing and were within 10 meters of the land surface. Water levels in eight of the boreholes were above the top of casing or above land surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984183","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C., and Dunstan, A., 1998, Lithology and fracture characterization from drilling investigations in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4183, 211 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984183.","productDescription":"211 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4183/report.pdf","size":"15085","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.92151348238157\n ],\n [\n -71.67703628540039,\n 43.92151348238157\n ],\n [\n -71.67703628540039,\n 43.97391632692082\n ],\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.97391632692082\n ],\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.92151348238157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. D.","contributorId":8120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunstan, A.H.","contributorId":98759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunstan","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29984,"text":"wri984043 - 1998 - Analysis of the streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984043","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4043","title":"Analysis of the streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information","docAbstract":"The streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio was evaluated for its effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information. The analysis involved application of the principles of generalized least squares regression between streamflow and climatic and basin characteristics. Regression equations were developed for three flow characteristics: (1) the instantaneous peak flow with a 100-year recurrence interval (P100), (2) the mean annual flow (Qa), and (3) the 7-day, 10-year low flow (7Q10). All active and discontinued gaging stations with 5 or more years of unregulated-streamflow data with respect to each flow characteristic were used to develop the regression equations. The gaging-station network was evaluated for the current (1996) condition of the network and estimated conditions of various network strategies if an additional 5 and 20 years of streamflow data were collected. Any active or discontinued gaging station with (1) less than 5 years of unregulated-streamflow record, (2) previously defined basin and climatic characteristics, and (3) the potential for collection of more unregulated-streamflow record were included in the network strategies involving the additional 5 and 20 years of data. The network analysis involved use of the regression equations, in combination with location, period of record, and cost of operation, to determine the contribution of the data for each gaging station to regional streamflow information. The contribution of each gaging station was based on a cost-weighted reduction of the mean square error (average sampling-error variance) associated with each regional estimating equation. All gaging stations included in the network analysis were then ranked according to their contribution to the regional information for each flow characteristic.\r\n\r\nThe predictive ability of the regression equations developed from the gaging station network could be improved for all three flow characteristics with the collection of additional streamflow data. The addition of new gaging stations to the network would result in an even greater improvement of the accuracy of the regional regression equations. Typically, continued data collection at stations with unregulated streamflow for all flow conditions that had less than 11 years of record with drainage areas smaller than 200 square miles contributed the largest cost-weighted reduction to the average sampling-error variance of the regional estimating equations. The results of the network analyses can be used to prioritize the continued operation of active gaging stations or the reactivation of discontinued gaging stations if the objective is to maximize the regional information content in the streamflow-gaging station network.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri984043","usgsCitation":"Straub, D., 1998, Analysis of the streamflow-gaging station network in Ohio for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4043, iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984043.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58792,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Straub, D.E.","contributorId":23986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30156,"text":"wri984007 - 1998 - Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984007","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4007","title":"Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Discharges through 10 selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach Counties, Florida, are presently computed using the theoretical discharge-coefficient ratings developed from scale modeling, theoretical discharge coefficients, and some field calibrations whose accuracies for specific sites are unknown. To achieve more accurate discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures, field discharge measurements were taken with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler at the coastal control structures under a variety of flow conditions. These measurements were used to determine computed discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures under different flow regimes: submerged orifice flow, submerged weir flow, free orifice flow, and free weir flow. Theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged orifice and weir flows were determined at seven coastal control structures, and discharge ratings for free orifice and weir flows were determined at three coastal control structures. The difference between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings varied from structure to structure. The theoretical and computed dischargecoefficient ratings for submerged orifice flow were within 10 percent at four of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at two of the seven structures. The theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged weir flow were within 10 percent at three of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at four of the seven coastal control structures. The difference between theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for free orifice and free weir flows ranged from 5 to 32 percent. Some differences between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings could be better defined with more data collected over a greater distribution of measuring conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984007","usgsCitation":"Tillis, G., and Swain, E., 1998, Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4007, iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984007.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillis, G.M.","contributorId":53840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24157,"text":"ofr989 - 1998 - Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1990-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr989","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-9","title":"Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1990-96","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr989","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Perkins, K., Nimmo, J., and Pittman, J.R., 1998, Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1990-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-9, iv, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer laser optical disc., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr989.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer laser optical disc.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, K. S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":77557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pittman, J. R.","contributorId":71571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26369,"text":"wri984038 - 1998 - Mercury concentrations in estuarine sediments, Lavaca and Matagorda bays, Texas, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:42:33","indexId":"wri984038","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4038","title":"Mercury concentrations in estuarine sediments, Lavaca and Matagorda bays, Texas, 1992","docAbstract":"A preliminary assessment of the distribution and variability of total mercury concentrations in five sediment environments—open water, ship channel, dredged spoil, oyster reef, and salt marsh—of the Lavaca-Matagorda Bays estuarine system along the central Texas Gulf Coast shows that the largest total mercury concentrations in the bays are in the 10- to 20-centimeter sample-depth zone in 2 of the 3 sample areas (1 open water and 1 salt marsh) closest to Point Comfort. The concentrations range from 137 to 1,270 micrograms per kilogram in the open-water environment and 73.8 to 1,900 micrograms per kilogram in the saltmarsh environment. In the surface-sample-depth zones among all sediment environments, total mercury concentrations typically are largest in the open-water environment and smallest in the dredged-spoil and salt-marsh environments.
\nOpen-water sample areas 1–01, 1–02 (middle Lavaca Bay), and 1–06 (upper Matagorda Bay) have median total mercury concentrations in all three sample-depth zones (0 to 2, 10 to 20, and 20 to 50 centimeters) greater than detection limits. Median concentrations for the different depth zones in the three sample areas range from 30.5 to 705 micrograms per kilogram.
\nStatistical tests indicate that in all three sample-depth zones in open-water sediments, median total mercury concentrations in some sample areas are significantly different from median total mercury concentrations in other sample areas. Another statistical test indicates that the variance in concentrations of open-water samples collected within 10 meters of each other is the same as the variance in concentrations of samples collected randomly within each 1 square kilometer. However, the degree to which a probable lack of independence among the closely spaced data affects the test result is not known.
\nRank correlation coefficients between total mercury concentration and grain-size fractions (percentages of sand, silt, clay, and silt plus clay) and between total mercury concentration and total organic carbon concentration for open-water sample areas indicate that total mercury concentration has a significant positive correlation with clay percentage in 4 of the 8 open-water sample areas. In 6 of the 8 open-water sample areas, total mercury concentration has a significant positive correlation with silt-plus-clay percentage and total organic carbon concentration.
\nThe use of a technique known as kriging to estimate total mercury concentrations at unmeasured sites on the basis of sampling sites where mercury concentrations are measured in openwater sediments in the 0- to 2-centimeter sampledepth zone was explored. Kriging to estimate concentrations in the areas between clusters of sample data points is not a practical solution for obtaining a distribution of concentrations in the bays.
\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 7471 (Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption) was an acceptable analytical method for determining the total mercury concentrations in the Lavaca-Matagorda Bays estuarine sediment samples. Measurement of additional trace metals would aid in the characterization of total mercury concentrations and in the identification of concentrator/collector relations that are principally responsible for the adsorption of mercurous compounds to particulates in the bottom sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri984038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Texas General Land Office, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, and Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission","usgsCitation":"Brown, D.S., Snyder, G.L., and Taylor, R.L., 1998, Mercury concentrations in estuarine sediments, Lavaca and Matagorda bays, Texas, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4038, Document: iv, 74 p.; 5 Plates: 23.14 x 24.87 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984038.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 74 p.; 5 Plates: 23.14 x 24.87 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984038.JPG"},{"id":95597,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4038/plate-4.pdf","size":"2319","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95598,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4038/plate-5.pdf","size":"2271","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95594,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4038/plate-1.pdf","size":"3052","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95595,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4038/plate-2.pdf","size":"3310","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95596,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4038/plate-3.pdf","size":"3849","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lavaca Bay, Matagorda Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, David S. 0000-0002-0917-6278 dsbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-6278","contributorId":3808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"David","email":"dsbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Grant L.","contributorId":65506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Grant","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, R. Lynn","contributorId":85616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25493,"text":"wri984008 - 1998 - Evaluation of archived water samples using chlorine isotopic data, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1966-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri984008","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4008","title":"Evaluation of archived water samples using chlorine isotopic data, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1966-93","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984008","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L., Frape, S., Drimmie, R., Flatt, H., and Tucker, B., 1998, Evaluation of archived water samples using chlorine isotopic data, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1966-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4008, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984008.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4008/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54215,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frape, S.K.","contributorId":105335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frape","given":"S.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drimmie, Robert","contributorId":83566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drimmie","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flatt, Heide","contributorId":16453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flatt","given":"Heide","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tucker, B.J.","contributorId":42230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":38109,"text":"ofr98521 - 1998 - Map and data for Quaternary faults and folds in New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T12:26:34","indexId":"ofr98521","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-521","title":"Map and data for Quaternary faults and folds in New Mexico","docAbstract":"The \"World Map of Major Active Faults\" Task Group is compiling a series of digital maps for the United States and other countries in the Western Hemisphere that show the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related features such as faults and fault-related folds; the companion database includes published information on these seismogenic features. The Western Hemisphere effort is sponsored by International Lithosphere Program (ILP) Task Group H-2, whereas the effort to compile a new map and database for the United States is funded by the Earthquake Reduction Program (ERP) through the U.S. Geological Survey. The maps and accompanying databases represent a key contribution to the new Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (ILP Task Group II-O) for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. This compilation, which describes evidence for surface faulting and folding in New Mexico, is the third of many similar State and regional compilations that are planned for the U.S. The compilation for West Texas is available as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-002 (Collins and others, 1996 #993) and the compilation for Montana will be released as a Montana Bureau of Mines product (Haller and others, in press #1750).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98521","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Machette, M.N., Personius, S., Kelson, K.I., Haller, K.M., and Dart, R., 1998, Map and data for Quaternary faults and folds in New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-521, 1 over-sized sheet. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98521.","productDescription":"1 over-sized sheet. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3449,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-98-0521/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":108822,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17831.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17831"},{"id":164914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0521/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64363,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0521/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64364,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0521/","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -105.2490234375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -105.2490234375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 31.840232667909365\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ae4b07f02db6515d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelson, K. I.","contributorId":7308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haller, K. M.","contributorId":104073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dart, R. L.","contributorId":25547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26753,"text":"wri984164 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Nutrients, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in surface water, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:55:47.869752","indexId":"wri984164","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4164","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Nutrients, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in surface water, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Nutrient, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended- sediment samples were collected from 1993-95 at 43 surface-water-quality sampling sites within the Ozark Plateaus National Water- Quality Assessment Program study unit. Most surface-water-quality sites have small or medium drainage basins, near-homogenous land uses (primarily agricultural or forest), and are located predominantly in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus. The water-quality data were analyzed using selected descriptive and statistical methods to determine factors affecting occurrence in streams in the study unit. \r\n\r\nNitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use increased in the Ozark Plateaus study unit for the period 1965-85, but the application rates are well below the national median. Fertilizer use differed substantially among the major river basins and physiographic areas in the study unit. Livestock and poultry waste is a major source of nutrient loading in parts of the study unit. The quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock and poultry wastes differed substantially among the river basins of the study unit's sampling network. Eighty six municipal sewage-treatment plants in the study unit have effluents of 0.5 million gallons per day or more (for the years 1985-91). \r\n\r\nStatistically significant differences existed in surface-water quality that can be attributed to land use, physiography, and drainage basin size. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations generally were larger at sites associated with agricultural basins than at sites associated with forested basins. A large difference in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations occurred between streams draining basins with agricultural land use in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus. Streams draining both small and medium agricultural basins in the Springfield Plateau had much larger concentrations than their counterparts in the Salem Plateau. Drainage basin size was not a significant factor in affecting total phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria, or dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Suspended-sediment concentrations generally were small and indicative of the clear water in streams in the Ozark Plateaus. \r\n\r\nA comparison of the dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform data collected at the fixed and synoptic sites indicates that generally the data for streams draining basins of similar physiography, land-use setting, and drainage basin size group together. Many of the variations are most likely the result of differences in percent agricultural land use between the sites being compared or are discharge related. The relation of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform concentration to percent agricultural land use has a strong positive 2 Water-Quality Assessment-Nutrients, Bacteria, Organic Carbon, and Suspended Sediment in Surface Water, 1993-95 correlation, with percent agricultural land use accounting for between 42 and 60 percent of the variation in the observed concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984164","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., and Bell, R.W., 1998, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Nutrients, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in surface water, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4164, vi, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984164.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2071,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392988,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49012.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateaus study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.3333,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -90.2333,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -90.2333,\n 38.6500\n ],\n [\n -95.3333,\n 38.6500\n ],\n [\n -95.3333,\n 35.6333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Jerri V. jdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jerri V.","email":"jdavis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, Richard W.","contributorId":44141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27943,"text":"wri984127 - 1998 - Streamflow, water-quality, and biological conditions in the Big Black Creek basin, St. Clair County, Alabama, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri984127","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4127","title":"Streamflow, water-quality, and biological conditions in the Big Black Creek basin, St. Clair County, Alabama, 1997","docAbstract":"In 1997 synoptic streamflow, water-quality, and biological investi- gations in the Big Black Creek Basin were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Moody, St. Clair County, and the Birmingham Water Works Board. Data obtained during these synoptic investigations provide a one-time look at the streamflow and water-quality conditions in the Big Black Creek Basin during a stable, base-flow period when streamflow originated only from ground-water discharge. These data were used to assess the degree of water-quality degradation in the Big Black Creek Basin from land-use activities in the basin, including leakage of leachate from the Acmar Regional Land- fill. Biological data from the benthic invertebrate community investigation provided an assessment of the cumulative effects of stream conditions on organisms in the basin.\r\nThe synoptic measurement of streamflow at 28 sites was made during a period of baseflow on August 27, 1997. Two stream reaches above the landfill lost water to the ground-water system, but those below the landfill had significantly higher ground-water gains. If significant leakage of leachate from the landfill had occurred during the measurement period, the distribution of ground-water discharge suggests that leachate would travel relatively short distances before resurfacing as ground-water discharge to the stream.\r\nBenthic invertebrate communities were sampled at four sites in the Big Black Creek Basin during July 16-17, 1997. Based on Alabama Department of Environmental Management criteria and on comparison with a nearby unimparied reference site, the benthic invertebrate communities at the sites sampled were considered unimpaired or only slightly impaired during the sample period. This would imply that landfill and coal-mining activities did not have a detrimental effect on the benthic invertebrate communities at the time of the study.\r\nSynoptic water-column samples were collected at nine sites on Big Black Creek and its tributaries at the same time that the synoptic streamflow measurements were made. Trace-element and organic compound concentrations in the stream water were below established water-quality standards and criteria for the State of Alabama, with the exception of secondary (aesthetic) drinking-water levels for iron and manganese. Oil and grease concentrations detected in bed sediments were below the corrective action limit of 100 milligrams per kilogram. No significant increases in chloride, specific conductance, total dissolved solids, oil and grease, color, or biochemical oxygen demand were observed at sites downgradient from the landfill.\r\nGround-water samples were collected from three drive-point wells in the vicinity of the landfill. These samples were analyzed for a suite of volatile organic compounds. The solvent 1,1-dichloroethane (the same solvent detected in the ground-water monitoring system at the landfill) was detected in a sample from a drive-point well downgradient from the landfill--an indication of the potential risk of landfill-derived contamination migrating toward Big Black Creek.\r\nNo distinguishing trend or pattern of contamination was identified that could be attributed solely to landfill activities. Landfill activities did not appear to contribute significant contamination to Big Black Creek during these streamflow conditions. Any contaminant contribution from coal-mining activities in the basin may have served to mask any leachate contributions from the landfill; however, the overall effects on stream water and benthic intervebrate communities apparently were only minimal.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984127","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., Clark, A., and Stricklin, V.E., 1998, Streamflow, water-quality, and biological conditions in the Big Black Creek basin, St. Clair County, Alabama, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4127, iv, 52 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 14 illus.; 11 plates; 13 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984127.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 14 illus.; 11 plates; 13 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95688,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4127/report.pdf","size":"8483","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4127/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Amy E.","contributorId":29469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Amy E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricklin, Victor E.","contributorId":69193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricklin","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28299,"text":"wri984126 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Polychlorinated biphenyls in common carp and walleye fillets, 1975-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T22:24:35.80723","indexId":"wri984126","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4126","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Polychlorinated biphenyls in common carp and walleye fillets, 1975-95","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a synoptic water-quality and algal investigation during July 1995 at 36 stream sites in a 1,350 square-mile area of the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon. The study area includes a headwaters hydroelectric project area, a Wild and Scenic reach in the main stem immediately downstream, and the watersheds of several major tributaries. Additional data from previous investigations are reviewed, and impacts on water quality in the Wild and Scenic reach from resource management, including forestry and reservoir operations, are inferred where sufficient data exist.
\nWater-quality standards were occasionally exceeded for dissolved oxygen and pH, and daily maximum stream temperatures in the Wild and Scenic reach were higher than both the 1996 standard for the State of Oregon and the optimal temperature ranges for many anadromous fish. Dissolved oxygen in the basin was controlled more by stream temperature and reaeration than by primary production. Arsenic concentrations in the river during low flow (1 µg/L [microgram per liter]) indicate a potential cancer risk of between 1:5,000 and 1:20,000 for people using the river as a source of drinking water and fish for consumption. Streambed-sediment concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, manganese, and nickel were approximately double the sediment-quality criteria values adopted by New York State and by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
\nHigh concentrations of phosphorus in bed sediments indicated that much of the phosphorus observed in the water column throughout the basin (medians: 32, 9, and 50 µg/L in the main stem, tributaries, and hydroelectric project areas, respectively) could have been geologically derived. Inorganic and organic nitrogen concentrations in water were mostly below minimum reporting limits (5 and 200 µg/L, respectively), indicating severe nitrogen limitation at most locations.
\nBenthic algal biomass, biovolume, and chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the sites directly below impoundments and at one headwater tributary (medians: 46 grams per square meter, 821 million cubic micrometers per square centimeter, and 126 milligrams per square meter, respectively), and were also somewhat elevated downstream in the Wild and Scenic reach compared with those in similar streams in the Pacific Northwest. Classification of the algal taxa indicated that, among all sites sampled, alkaliphilic taxa, nitrogen fixing taxa, and eutrophic taxa were the most abundant on the basis of biovolume and density. Cold-water taxa, facultative nitrogen heterotrophs, and oligotrophic taxa constituted the remainder of the taxa. Multivariate analyses indicated that algal communities at the hydroelectric-project-affected sites were distinct from communities at sites on the main stem and Steamboat Creek. At many locations, the river’s algal community might be compensating for the low nitrogen concentrations by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen or through heterotrophic assimilation of organic nitrogen.
\nWater quality in the Wild and Scenic reach is dominated by water released from the hydroelectric project area during summer. Effects of the hydroelectric project include seasonal control of streamflow, water temperature, and phosphorus concentrations, and the possible release of low but ecologically important concentrations of organic nitrogen. A review of available data and literature suggests that the reservoirs can increase the interception of sediments and large organic debris, and promote their conversion into fine-grained particulate and dissolved organic matter for downstream transport. These effects could be compounded by the effects of forestry in the basin, including alteration of hydrologic cycles, changes in sediment and nutrient runoff, reductions of the transport of large woody debris, and degradation of habitat quality. It is hypothesized that, in the North Umpqua River, these processes have induced a fundamental shift in the river’s food web, from a detritus-based system to a system with a 2 higher emphasis on algal production. Confirmation of these changes and their effects on higher trophic levels are needed to properly manage the aquatic resources for all designated beneficial uses in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri984125","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C., and Carpenter, K., 1998, Water-quality and algal conditions in the North Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1992-95, and implications for resource management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4125, Report: xiii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 32.01 x 14.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984125.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 78 p.; 1 Plate: 32.01 x 14.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984125.PNG"},{"id":391103,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48987.htm"},{"id":311178,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4125/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":308345,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4125/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"North Umpqua River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 43.1667\n ],\n [\n -123.250,\n 43.1667\n ],\n [\n -123.250,\n 43.4167\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 43.4167\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 43.1667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e72c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Kurt D. kdcar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Kurt D.","email":"kdcar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22860,"text":"ofr98590 - 1998 - Archive of sidescan-sonar and DGPS navigation field data collected on USGS Cruise ALPH98013, September 10-23, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T21:11:02.4657","indexId":"ofr98590","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-590","title":"Archive of sidescan-sonar and DGPS navigation field data collected on USGS Cruise ALPH98013, September 10-23, 1998","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98590","usgsCitation":"Denny, J.F., Schwab, W.C., Danforth, W.W., O’Brien, T., Foster, D., Nichols, D., and Irwin, B., 1998, Archive of sidescan-sonar and DGPS navigation field data collected on USGS Cruise ALPH98013, September 10-23, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-590, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98590.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405501,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23508.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259677,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/publications/of98-590/disk6/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.033,\n 40.167\n ],\n [\n -73.217,\n 40.167\n ],\n [\n -73.217,\n 40.583\n ],\n [\n -74.033,\n 40.583\n ],\n [\n -74.033,\n 40.167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denny, J. F.","contributorId":13653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, W. W.","contributorId":16386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Brien, T.F.","contributorId":86309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, D.R.","contributorId":42979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Irwin, B.J.","contributorId":105684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":26536,"text":"wri984098 - 1998 - Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T13:50:57","indexId":"wri984098","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4098","title":"Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota","docAbstract":"Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in west-central North Dakota occur as ground water in bedrock and buried-valley aquifers and as surface water in streams and Lake Sakakawea. The bedrock aquifers-the Fox Hills-Hell Creek, Tongue River, and Sentinel Butte store about 93 million acre-feet of water under the Reservation. The Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer is composed mainly of very fine to medium-grained sandstone and stores about 51 million acrefeet of water. Water levels in the aquifer declined from 1976 through 1992. The Tongue River aquifer is composed mainly of claystones and siltstones and has widely distributed pockets of sandstone or lignite layers. The aquifer stores about 24 million acre-feet of water. The Sentinel Butte aquifer is composed mainly of interbedded claystones, siltstones, shale, lignite, and sandstone and stores about 18 million acre-feet of water. Yields from the lignite beds are highly variable. Water in the aquifers was predominantly a sodium bicarbonate type. Mean dissolved solids concentrations were 1,530 milligrams per liter in water from the Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer, 2,110 milligrams per liter in water from the Tongue River aquifer, and 1,300 milligrams per liter in water from the Sentinel Butte aquifer.
The East Fork Shell Creek, Shell Creek, White Shield, New Town, and Sanish aquifers occur within buried valleys and store about 1,414,000 acre-feet of water. The East Fork Shell Creek and Shell Creek aquifers are composed of sand and gravel lenses that are surrounded by less permeable till. Water in the East Fork Shell Creek aquifer is a sodium sulfate bicarbonate type, and water in the Shell Creek aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate sulfate type. Mean dissolved-solids concentrations were 3,220 milligrams per liter in water from the East Fork Shell Creek aquifer and 1,470 milligrams per liter in water from the Shell Creek aquifer.
The White Shield aquifer is composed of very fine to coarse sand and fine to coarse gravel. Water in the aquifer varies from a sodium bicarbonate sulfate type to a mixed calcium magnesium sodium bicarbonate sulfate type. Mean dissolved-solids concentrations were 1,080 milligrams per liter in water from the eastern part of the aquifer and 1,430 milligrams per liter in water from the western part of the aquifer. Water levels in the western part of the aquifer rose during 1970-92.
The New Town aquifer is composed of lenticular deposits of sand and gravel. Water in the aquifer is a calcium sodium bicarbonate sulfate type and had a mean dissolved-solids concentration of 1,390 milligrams per liter. Data indicate a close correspondence between ground-water levels and lake stage of Lake Sakakawea, implying a hydraulic connection between the aquifer and the lake.
The Sanish aquifer is composed of sand, clayey sand, and thin gravels that are poorly cemented and highly permeable. Water in the aquifer is a mixed calcium magnesium bicarbonate sulfate type and had a mean dissolved-solids concentration of 1,350 milligrams per liter.
Major streams on the Reservation are Bear Den Creek, Shell Creek, East Fork Shell Creek, Deepwater Creek, Moccasin Creek, and Squaw Creek. Mean streamflow for Bear Den Creek for June 1966 through September 1992 was 6.72 cubic feet per second. Mean streamflow for Shell Creek for September 1965 through September 1981 was 12.9 cubic feet per second. Streamflow measurements for East Fork Shell Creek for April 1990 through June 1991 ranged from zero to 3.65 cubic feet per second, measurements for Deepwater Creek for April 1990 through May 1991 ranged from zero to 4.28 cubic feet per second, measurements for Moccasin Creek for April 1990 through September 1992 ranged from zero to 7.07 cubic feet per second, and measurements for Squaw Creek for April 1990 through September 1992 ranged from zero to 4.22 cubic feet per second.
Lake Sakakawea has a maximum surface area of 390,000 acres. The surface area is variable in relation to lake stage, which was unusually low during this study. The mean lake elevation for Lake Sakakawea for 1970-92 was 1,837.08 feet, and the mean lake elevation for 1990-92 was 1,821.14 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984098","usgsCitation":"Cates, S.W., and Macek-Rowland, K.M., 1998, Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4098, v, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984098.","productDescription":"v, 75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4098/report.pdf","size":"7060","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 47.4\n ],\n [\n -101.524658203125,\n 47.4\n ],\n [\n -101.524658203125,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -102.72216796875,\n 47.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cates, Steven W.","contributorId":71592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cates","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macek-Rowland, Kathleen M.","contributorId":50565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macek-Rowland","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28137,"text":"wri984090 - 1998 - Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1997 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri984090","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4090","title":"Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1997 balance year","docAbstract":"Winter snow accumulation and summer snow, firn, and ice melt were measured at South Cascade Glacier, Washington to determine the winter and net balances for the 1997 balance year. The 1997 winter balance, averaged over the glacier, was 3.71 meters, and the net balance was 0.63 meter. The winter balance was the greatest since 1972 (4.27 meters), and the second largest since the record began in 1959. The net balance, which was positive for the second year in a row, was 1.57 meters greater than the 1977-96 average (-0.94 meter). Runoff was measured from the glacier and an adjacent non-glacierized basin. Air temperature and precipitation were measured nearby. This report makes these data available to the glaciological and climatological community.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services, distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri984090","usgsCitation":"Krimmel, R.M., 1998, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1997 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4090, v, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984090.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4090/report.pdf","size":"4533","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4090/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd0d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krimmel, Robert M.","contributorId":34902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27117,"text":"wri984109 - 1998 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin — Spatial distribution of geochemicals in the fine fraction of streambed sediment, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T22:36:03.613212","indexId":"wri984109","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4109","displayTitle":"Surface-Water-Quality Assessment of the Upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin—Spatial Distribution of Geochemicals in the Fine Fraction of Streambed Sediment, 1987","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin — Spatial distribution of geochemicals in the fine fraction of streambed sediment, 1987","docAbstract":"Geochemical data for the upper Illinois River Basin are presented for concentrations of 39 elements in streambed sediment collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in the fall of 1987. These data were collected as part of the pilot phase of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. A total of 372 sites were sampled, with 238 sites located on first- and second-order streams, and 134 sites located on main stems. Spatial distribution maps and exceedance probability plots are presented for aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, carbon (total, inorganic, and organic), cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, sulfur, thorium, titanium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, and zinc. For spatial distribution maps, concentrations of the elements are grouped into four ranges bounded by the minimum concentration, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, and the maximum concentrations. These ranges were selected to highlight streambed sediment with very low or very high element concentrations relative to the rest of the streambed sediment in the upper Illinois River Basin. Exceedance probability plots for each element display the differences, if any, in distributions between high- and low-order streams and may be helpful in determining differences between background and elevated concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984109","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Arnold, T., and Colman, J.A., 1998, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin — Spatial distribution of geochemicals in the fine fraction of streambed sediment, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4109, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984109.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2234,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4109/wrir98_4109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4109"},{"id":158695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4109/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":392915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42947.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.923583984375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -88.5552978515625,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -88.5113525390625,\n 41.828642001860544\n ],\n [\n -89.066162109375,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -88.79150390625,\n 40.693134153308065\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 40.40094763151963\n ],\n [\n -87.5775146484375,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -86.9732666015625,\n 40.45948689837198\n ],\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 40.88860081193033\n ],\n [\n -85.616455078125,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -85.75927734375,\n 41.693424216151314\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 41.734429390721\n ],\n [\n -86.63818359375,\n 41.713930073371294\n ],\n [\n -86.9183349609375,\n 41.42625319507269\n ],\n [\n -87.4456787109375,\n 41.372686481864655\n ],\n [\n -87.5445556640625,\n 41.713930073371294\n ],\n [\n -87.6873779296875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -87.8466796875,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -87.879638671875,\n 42.67435857693381\n ],\n [\n -87.923583984375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
Discharges of fecal bacteria (fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli ) to the middle main stem of the Cuyahoga River from storm water, combined sewers, and incompletely disinfected wastewater have resulted in frequent exceedances of bacteriological water-quality standards in a 23-mile reach of the river that flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. Contamination of the middle main stem of the Cuyahoga River by bacteria of fecal origin and subsequent transport to downstream areas where water-contact recreation is an important use of the river are a concern because of the potential public-health risk from the presence of enteric pathogens.
Independent field investigations of bacterial decay, dilution, dispersion, transport, and sources, and bacterial contamination of streambed sediments, were completed in 1991-93 during periods of rainfall and runoff. The highest concentration of fecal coliform bacteria observed in the middle main stem during three transport studies exceeded the single-sample fecal coliform standard applicable to primary-contact recreation by a factor of approximately 1,300 and exceeded the Escherichia coli standard by a factor of approximately 8,000. The geometric-mean concentrations of fecal bacteria in the middle main stem were 6.7 to 12.3 times higher than geometric-mean concentrations in the monitored tributaries, and 1.8 to 7.0 times larger than the geometric-mean concentrations discharged from the Akron Water Pollution Control Station.
Decay rates of fecal bacteria measured in field studies in 1992 ranged from 0.0018 per hour to 0.0372 per hour for fecal coliform bacteria and from 0.0022 per hour to 0.0407 per hour for Escherichia coli. Most of the decay rates measured in June and August were significantly higher than decay rates measured in April and October. Results of field studies demonstrated that concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria were 1.2 to 58 times higher in streambed sediments than in the overlying water. Sediments are likely to be a relatively less important source of fecal bacteria during rainfall and runoff in the middle main stem relative to bacterial loading from point sources.
Numerical streamflow and transport simulation models were calibrated and verified with data collected during field studies. Of the constituents modeled, bacteria exhibited the poorest correspondence between observed and simulated values. The simulation results for a dye tracer indicated that the model reasonably reproduced the timing of dissolved constituents as well as dilution and dispersion effects. Calibrated and verified models for 1991 and 1992 data sets were used to simulate the improvements to bacteriological water quality that might result from reductions in concentrations of fecal bacteria discharged from two major sources.
The model simulation resulting in the greatest improvement in bacteriological water-quality was one in which concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were reduced by 90 percent in the Cuyahoga River at the Old Portage gaging station, and to geometric-mean bathing-water standards in the effluent of the Akron Water Pollution Control Station (BWS/90 scenario). Compared to the results of the base-simulation, when the BWS/90 scenario was applied in the 1991 model simulation, Escherichia coli concentrations were reduced 98.5 percent at Botzum, 97.5 percent at Jaite, and 91.1 percent at Independence. For 1992 model simulations, similar percent reductions in the concentrations of Escherichia coli were predicted at the three stream sites when the same reductions were applied to sources. None of the model simulations resulted in attainment of bacteriological water-quality standards.
The potential benefits of source reductions to human health and recreational uses were estimated by comparing the number of illnesses per 1,000 people from concentrations of Escherichia coli associated with the BWS/90 simulation, with the base simulation, and with the geometric-mean standard for Escherichia coli. The predicted 22 to 26 illnesses per 1,000 people predicted by the E. coli concentrations resulting from BWS/90 simulation are 2.8 to 3.3 times higher than the 8 illnesses per 1,000 people associated with the geometric-mean primary-contact water-quality standard for Escherichia coli. Risks associated with the base simulation are 4.6 to 4.9 times higher than that associated with the geometric-mean primary- contact water-quality standard for Escherichia coli. The illness risks predicted from the BWS/90 scenario, although larger than acceptable, would nevertheless be an improvement over conditions that were encountered during field studies in 1991-93.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","doi":"10.3133/wri984089","usgsCitation":"Myers, D.N., Koltun, G., and Francy, D.S., 1998, Effects of hydrologic, biological, and environmental processes on sources and concentrations of fecal bacteria in the Cuyahoga River, with implications for management of recreational waters in Summit and Cuyahoga Counties, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4089, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984089.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330804,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Cuyahoga County, Summit County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.3908,41.57],[-81.391,41.4452],[-81.3756,41.4455],[-81.3746,41.4337],[-81.3747,41.4247],[-81.3919,41.4248],[-81.3914,41.4144],[-81.3915,41.4116],[-81.3919,41.3485],[-81.392,41.3413],[-81.3918,41.1983],[-81.3932,41.0663],[-81.3932,40.9887],[-81.4164,40.9889],[-81.4201,40.9064],[-81.648,40.9145],[-81.6477,40.9884],[-81.6885,40.9887],[-81.6845,41.2772],[-81.7848,41.2765],[-81.8777,41.2747],[-81.877,41.3505],[-81.9713,41.3513],[-81.9697,41.4784],[-81.9683,41.5047],[-81.9591,41.5006],[-81.9469,41.496],[-81.9395,41.4946],[-81.9316,41.4923],[-81.9144,41.4895],[-81.8807,41.4862],[-81.8709,41.4857],[-81.863,41.4861],[-81.8501,41.4869],[-81.8427,41.4901],[-81.8354,41.49],[-81.8249,41.4936],[-81.8145,41.4954],[-81.7985,41.4976],[-81.7911,41.4966],[-81.7807,41.4952],[-81.7685,41.4924],[-81.7489,41.4887],[-81.7391,41.4913],[-81.7385,41.4913],[-81.7243,41.4967],[-81.7163,41.4998],[-81.7101,41.5052],[-81.7033,41.5079],[-81.6953,41.5124],[-81.6879,41.5164],[-81.6824,41.5196],[-81.6743,41.5223],[-81.6676,41.5249],[-81.6602,41.5281],[-81.6521,41.5325],[-81.6348,41.5433],[-81.6212,41.5514],[-81.6151,41.5536],[-81.6076,41.5595],[-81.6027,41.5631],[-81.5959,41.5676],[-81.5891,41.5716],[-81.5841,41.5756],[-81.5705,41.5837],[-81.563,41.5891],[-81.5581,41.5936],[-81.5512,41.599],[-81.5432,41.6044],[-81.5364,41.6094],[-81.5314,41.6143],[-81.5234,41.617],[-81.5129,41.6205],[-81.5017,41.625],[-81.4919,41.6294],[-81.4888,41.6317],[-81.4878,41.5699],[-81.3908,41.57]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cuyahoga\",\"state\":\"OH\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ef1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Donna N. 0000-0001-6359-2865 dnmyers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-2865","contributorId":512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Donna","email":"dnmyers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26888,"text":"wri984035 - 1998 - Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Du Page County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri984035","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4035","title":"Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Du Page County, Illinois","docAbstract":"Rainfall and streamflow data collected from July 1986 through September 1993 were utilized to calibrate and verify a continuous-simulation rainfall-runoff model for three watersheds (11.8--18.0 square miles in area) in Du Page County. Classification of land cover into three categories of pervious (grassland, forest/wetland, and agricultural land) and one category of impervious subareas was sufficient to accurately simulate the rainfall-runoff relations for the three watersheds. Regional parameter sets were obtained by calibrating jointly all parameters except fraction of ground-water inflow that goes to inactive ground water (DEEPFR), interflow recession constant (IRC), and infiltration (INFILT) for runoff from all three watersheds. DEEPFR and IRC varied among the watersheds because of physical differences among the watersheds. Two values of INFILT were obtained: one representing the rainfall-runoff process on the silty and clayey soils on the uplands and lake plains that characterize Sawmill Creek, St. Joseph Creek, and eastern Du Page County; and one representing the rainfall-runoff process on the silty soils on uplands that characterize Kress Creek and parts of western Du Page County.\r\nRegional rainfall-runoff relations, defined through joint calibration of the rainfall-runoff model and verified for independent periods, presented in this report, allow estimation of runoff for watersheds in Du Page County with an error in the total water balance less than 4.0 percent; an average absolute error in the annual-flow estimates of 17.1 percent with the error rarely exceeding 25 percent for annual flows; and correlation coefficients and coefficients of model-fit efficiency for monthly flows of at least 87 and 76 percent, respectively. Close reproduction of the runoff-volume duration curves was obtained. A frequency analysis of storm-runoff volume indicates a tendency of the model to undersimulate large storms, which may result from underestimation of the amount of impervious land cover in the watershed and errors in measuring rainfall for convective storms. Overall, the results of regional calibration and verification of the rainfall-runoff model indicate the simulated rainfall-runoff relations are adequate for stormwater-management planning and design for watersheds in Du Page County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984035","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J., and Melching, C.S., 1998, Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Du Page County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4035, vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984035.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4035/report.pdf","size":"5358","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1985,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=98-4035","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":8135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25989,"text":"wri984015 - 1998 - Peak-flow frequency for tributaries of the Colorado River downstream of Austin, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:58:20","indexId":"wri984015","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4015","title":"Peak-flow frequency for tributaries of the Colorado River downstream of Austin, Texas","docAbstract":"A procedure to estimate the peak discharge associated with large floods is needed for tributaries of the Colorado River downstream of Austin, Texas, so that appropriate peak discharges can be used to estimate floodplain boundaries and used for the design of bridges and other structures. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Lower Colorado River Authority, studied flood peaks for streams in all or parts of 22 counties in that part of the Colorado River Basin extending downstream of Town Lake in Austin to the Gulf of Mexico. The study area was selected because the streams in this area either are tributaries to the Colorado River or have flood characteristics similar to those tributaries.
\nPeak-flow frequency for 38 stations with at least 8 years of data in natural (unregulated and nonurbanized) basins was estimated on the basis of annual peak-streamflow data through water year 1995. Peak-flow frequency represents the peak discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 years. The peak-flow frequency and drainage basin characteristics for the stations were used to develop two sets of regression equations to estimate peak-flow frequency for tributaries of the Colorado River in the study area. One set of equations was developed for contributing drainage areas less than 32 square miles, and another set was developed for contributing drainage areas greater than 32 square miles. A procedure is presented to estimate the peak discharge at sites where both sets of equations are considered applicable. Additionally, procedures are presented to compute the 50-, 67-, and 90-percent prediction interval for any estimation from the equations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri984015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Colorado River Authority","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., 1998, Peak-flow frequency for tributaries of the Colorado River downstream of Austin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4015, Document: iii, 19 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984015.","productDescription":"Document: iii, 19 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4015/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27742,"text":"wri984024 - 1998 - Streambed stability and scour potential at selected bridge sites in Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T16:24:16","indexId":"wri984024","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4024","title":"Streambed stability and scour potential at selected bridge sites in Michigan","docAbstract":"Contraction scour in the main stream channel at a bridge and local scour near piers and abutments can result in bridge failure. Estimates of contraction-scour and local-scour potentials associated with the 100-year flood were computed for 13 bridge sites in Michigan by use of semi-theoretical equations and procedures recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. These potentials were compared with measures of Streambed stability obtained by use of data from 773 historical streamflow measurements, documenting 20,741 individual Streambed soundings between 1959 and 1995. Analysis of these data indicate small, but statistically significant, monotonic trends in Streambed elevation at 10 sites. No consistent patterns in relations between changes in Streambed elevations and streamflow, flow velocity, or flow depth were evident. Also, estimates of contraction-scour potential were not correlated with measures of Streambed stability, and no differences were detected between measures of Streambed stability in the main channel and stability adjacent to piers. Despite the inconsistencies between measures of Streambed stability and scour potential, data from a single, large flood (greater than a 100-year event) provided field evidence that the relation between scour and streamflow is highly nonlinear. This nonlinearity and the limited availability of measurements of extreme flood events may have reduced the utility of the empirical measures for confirming the nonlinear scour-potential equations and procedures. Results of field surveys using ground-penetrating radar and tuned transducers showed limited ability to aid interpretation of historical scour conditions at four bridge sites. Additional research is needed to confirm the applicability of scour-potential equations for hydrogeologic conditions in Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri984024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Michigan Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D., and Miller, R.L., 1998, Streambed stability and scour potential at selected bridge sites in Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4024, vii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984024.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95670,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4024/report.pdf","size":"5362","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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