{"pageNumber":"1219","pageRowStart":"30450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":21564,"text":"ofr99321 - 1999 - Abstracts of the 11th Annual U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region, 1999 Poster Review; Collected Abstracts of Selected Poster Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-13T16:00:21","indexId":"ofr99321","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-321","title":"Abstracts of the 11th Annual U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region, 1999 Poster Review; Collected Abstracts of Selected Poster Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings","docAbstract":"

In 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey Central Region had a poster review where USGS scientists showcased posters that had been presented at scientific meetings. This report contains abstracts for selected posters that were presented at this review. Science topics were from several USGS teams with a broad range of topics.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99321","usgsCitation":"1999, Abstracts of the 11th Annual U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region, 1999 Poster Review; Collected Abstracts of Selected Poster Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-321, ii, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99321.","productDescription":"ii, 30 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0321/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51152,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0321/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"548 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1999-0321"}],"contact":"

Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3a07","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696778,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32916,"text":"pp1416H - 1999 - Hydrology of the coastal lowlands aquifer system in parts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T17:14:55.527026","indexId":"pp1416H","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1416","chapter":"H","title":"Hydrology of the coastal lowlands aquifer system in parts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi","docAbstract":"Existing data on water levels, water use, water quality, and aquifer properties were used to construct a multilayer digital model to simulate flow in the aquifer system. The report describes the geohydrologic framework of the aquifer system, and the development, calibration, and sensitivity analysis of the ground-water-flow model, but it is primarily focused on the results of the simulations that show the natural flow of ground water throughout the regional aquifer system and the changes from the natural flow caused by development of ground-water supplies.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis--Gulf Coastal Plain (Professional Paper 1416)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1416H","usgsCitation":"Martin, A., and Whiteman, C.D., 1999, Hydrology of the coastal lowlands aquifer system in parts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1416, Report: 51 p.; 8 Plates: 32.00 x 26.30 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1416H.","productDescription":"Report: 51 p.; 8 Plates: 32.00 x 26.30 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":60833,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60832,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60827,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60831,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60830,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60829,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60828,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109899,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23052.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"23052"},{"id":60826,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416h/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.984916,35.005881],[-85.605165,34.984678],[-85.184888,32.863355],[-85.160133,32.8455],[-85.168644,32.814246],[-85.133275,32.780609],[-85.138101,32.753836],[-85.119577,32.734223],[-85.114737,32.685634],[-85.088483,32.657758],[-85.09662,32.638199],[-85.076399,32.594665],[-85.001532,32.514741],[-84.995331,32.453243],[-84.96303,32.424244],[-85.007103,32.328362],[-84.93868,32.300708],[-84.891131,32.25961],[-85.058749,32.136018],[-85.047063,32.090433],[-85.055075,32.010714],[-85.067829,31.967358],[-85.08683,31.957758],[-85.07893,31.940159],[-85.114031,31.89336],[-85.132931,31.89306],[-85.141931,31.781963],[-85.11893,31.732664],[-85.12553,31.694965],[-85.059534,31.621717],[-85.041881,31.544684],[-85.092167,31.364576],[-85.089774,31.295026],[-85.114601,31.277333],[-85.096763,31.225651],[-85.107516,31.186451],[-85.035615,31.108192],[-85.00006,31.014983],[-85.004026,30.973468],[-84.982527,30.965586],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.060034,30.360328],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.662173,30.746521],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.540923,30.713343],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.171978,25.223648],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.203175,25.53416],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.654493,25.893579],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.690421,27.496415],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.613003,27.582837],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.489817,27.9196],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720122,27.936399],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.706112,28.368057],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.987162,29.180094],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.166091,29.28888],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.412278,29.666922],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.80056,30.229365],[-88.028401,30.221132],[-87.966847,30.235618],[-87.936041,30.261469],[-87.879343,30.23859],[-87.78775,30.254244],[-87.755263,30.277292],[-87.845132,30.377446],[-87.906343,30.40938],[-87.933355,30.487357],[-87.901711,30.550879],[-87.919346,30.63606],[-87.936717,30.657432],[-88.008396,30.684956],[-88.061998,30.644891],[-88.053998,30.612491],[-88.103768,30.500903],[-88.107274,30.377246],[-88.136173,30.320729],[-88.191542,30.317002],[-88.200065,30.362378],[-88.260695,30.382381],[-88.311608,30.368908],[-88.341345,30.38947],[-88.374671,30.385608],[-88.401181,30.344382],[-88.433891,30.354652],[-88.480117,30.318345],[-88.596349,30.358365],[-88.66382,30.362099],[-88.728893,30.342671],[-88.841328,30.409598],[-88.857828,30.392898],[-88.851442,30.375355],[-88.89393,30.393398],[-89.016334,30.383898],[-89.291444,30.303296],[-89.279818,30.34979],[-89.335942,30.374016],[-89.366116,30.352169],[-89.332546,30.337895],[-89.329946,30.302896],[-89.419348,30.25432],[-89.461275,30.174745],[-89.475824,30.191561],[-89.587062,30.150648],[-89.617542,30.156422],[-89.678499,30.106886],[-89.683712,30.076018],[-89.727453,30.062661],[-89.724649,30.022454],[-89.763216,30.042108],[-89.813684,30.043605],[-89.854533,30.007821],[-89.8385,29.945816],[-89.804463,29.932588],[-89.727933,29.95878],[-89.71291,29.946349],[-89.742727,29.935894],[-89.742479,29.90817],[-89.711158,29.879287],[-89.660568,29.862909],[-89.598129,29.881409],[-89.574997,29.959455],[-89.58136,29.994722],[-89.501587,30.034037],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.418465,30.049747],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.372375,30.036671],[-89.422813,30.015495],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.432785,29.978752],[-89.379227,29.963804],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.315453,29.923208],[-89.273315,29.99382],[-89.250534,30.002361],[-89.249969,29.975597],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.231178,29.925484],[-89.280144,29.924915],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.241425,29.88961],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.345634,29.820135],[-89.33197,29.790524],[-89.277298,29.807608],[-89.284706,29.770021],[-89.269325,29.760912],[-89.305199,29.756926],[-89.386063,29.788815],[-89.428207,29.74155],[-89.42421,29.697638],[-89.530258,29.74375],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.644562,29.710957],[-89.592979,29.702042],[-89.596802,29.684212],[-89.573883,29.674025],[-89.53376,29.670204],[-89.485367,29.624357],[-89.535202,29.648567],[-89.621109,29.657101],[-89.644272,29.675381],[-89.647324,29.625414],[-89.688141,29.615055],[-89.668648,29.580322],[-89.684486,29.563263],[-89.681092,29.534487],[-89.700845,29.520785],[-89.693877,29.508559],[-89.63533,29.489294],[-89.589536,29.437662],[-89.577096,29.433692],[-89.548686,29.465723],[-89.528429,29.454702],[-89.531943,29.425679],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.47714,29.411241],[-89.457303,29.393148],[-89.340304,29.381412],[-89.350694,29.349544],[-89.283028,29.356467],[-89.24087,29.310081],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.165015,29.303039],[-89.100106,29.25022],[-89.10065,29.206314],[-89.029103,29.220956],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.00529,29.164949],[-89.047233,29.157833],[-89.024149,29.137298],[-89.062335,29.070234],[-89.121542,29.069074],[-89.164788,29.008703],[-89.211144,29.040813],[-89.225865,29.07866],[-89.254726,29.083261],[-89.259354,29.058358],[-89.315389,29.039081],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.408157,28.965341],[-89.334735,29.040335],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.405654,29.086936],[-89.409371,29.127855],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.697258,29.296679],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.853699,29.34064],[-89.816155,29.393518],[-89.843553,29.421677],[-89.833659,29.467341],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-89.902179,29.460011],[-89.932598,29.429288],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.032298,29.427005],[-90.035415,29.368201],[-90.034275,29.322661],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.097678,29.26199],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-90.06361,29.209474],[-89.959509,29.267677],[-89.95646,29.253744],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.234405,29.128824],[-90.280516,29.142521],[-90.302846,29.175098],[-90.300885,29.196171],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.311663,29.237954],[-90.316093,29.264777],[-90.367166,29.274128],[-90.387924,29.252786],[-90.399465,29.201046],[-90.432912,29.188132],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.494928,29.216713],[-90.46832,29.227532],[-90.450674,29.263739],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.526216,29.276492],[-90.565436,29.285111],[-90.589724,29.248521],[-90.544547,29.230683],[-90.55739,29.207881],[-90.633819,29.209128],[-90.647042,29.12858],[-90.764189,29.113374],[-90.799444,29.087377],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.765188,29.049403],[-90.637623,29.072084],[-90.730899,29.042259],[-90.811473,29.03658],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.862757,29.094863],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-91.000096,29.169481],[-91.094015,29.187711],[-91.129141,29.215863],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.291821,29.311357],[-91.251546,29.368659],[-91.197465,29.369882],[-91.217448,29.432549],[-91.258226,29.446954],[-91.2813,29.481547],[-91.335742,29.485886],[-91.356625,29.515191],[-91.420449,29.515745],[-91.447345,29.544749],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.618479,29.710816],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.752259,29.748264],[-91.85864,29.703121],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.854677,29.807436],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-92.056398,29.772313],[-92.144431,29.716418],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-92.111787,29.62177],[-92.02532,29.625647],[-91.965031,29.608019],[-91.939903,29.610291],[-91.922825,29.633173],[-91.841294,29.62962],[-91.774686,29.576387],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.765448,29.520844],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-91.8385,29.478874],[-91.862324,29.502393],[-91.969312,29.536893],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.158624,29.581616],[-92.25186,29.539354],[-92.309357,29.533026],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-92.974305,29.71398],[-93.17693,29.770487],[-93.267456,29.778113],[-93.347331,29.759046],[-93.475252,29.769242],[-93.68364,29.747153],[-93.766048,29.7295],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.922744,29.818808],[-93.830374,29.894359],[-93.789431,29.987812],[-93.699396,30.05925],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.706608,30.281187],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.758554,30.387077],[-93.6978,30.440583],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.681235,30.596102],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.607757,30.757657],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.516407,31.02955],[-93.531219,31.051678],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.531744,31.180817],[-93.548931,31.186601],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.664665,31.357698],[-93.671644,31.393352],[-93.701611,31.409334],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.749476,31.46869],[-93.726736,31.5116],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.834923,31.58621],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.802452,31.693186],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.822598,31.773559],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-94.04272,31.999265],[-94.042964,33.019219],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-91.120379,33.05453],[-91.202089,33.121249],[-91.188718,33.139811],[-91.114087,33.129834],[-91.087589,33.145177],[-91.091711,33.220813],[-91.054126,33.246105],[-91.043624,33.274636],[-91.07853,33.283306],[-91.106142,33.241799],[-91.140057,33.296618],[-91.142219,33.348989],[-91.075293,33.405966],[-91.057621,33.445341],[-91.081834,33.454188],[-91.10717,33.399078],[-91.154017,33.378914],[-91.209032,33.403633],[-91.199354,33.418321],[-91.131885,33.430063],[-91.118495,33.449116],[-91.125109,33.472842],[-91.172213,33.496691],[-91.177293,33.443638],[-91.235181,33.438972],[-91.18307,33.498613],[-91.231418,33.560593],[-91.152148,33.582721],[-91.130445,33.606034],[-91.171168,33.647766],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.227857,33.683073],[-91.165846,33.705133],[-91.09404,33.658351],[-91.03146,33.678142],[-91.055562,33.712486],[-91.117733,33.705342],[-91.146618,33.732456],[-91.132185,33.78342],[-91.026782,33.763642],[-90.989444,33.780576],[-91.000107,33.799549],[-91.049679,33.818729],[-91.073011,33.857449],[-91.012994,33.932276],[-91.084095,33.956179],[-91.087921,33.975335],[-91.01889,34.003151],[-90.994856,33.963118],[-90.965187,33.965461],[-90.987948,34.019038],[-90.89242,34.02686],[-90.870528,34.080516],[-90.882628,34.096615],[-90.921273,34.093958],[-90.946323,34.109374],[-90.9543,34.138498],[-90.91001,34.165508],[-90.847168,34.136884],[-90.810884,34.155903],[-90.812374,34.180767],[-90.9118,34.193897],[-90.936988,34.227041],[-90.929015,34.244541],[-90.847808,34.20653],[-90.828267,34.27365],[-90.765165,34.280524],[-90.743082,34.302257],[-90.762085,34.364754],[-90.683222,34.368817],[-90.693129,34.32257],[-90.669343,34.31302],[-90.655346,34.371846],[-90.571145,34.420319],[-90.588942,34.491097],[-90.540951,34.550853],[-90.587224,34.615732],[-90.588419,34.670963],[-90.549856,34.695478],[-90.538061,34.673232],[-90.551761,34.636484],[-90.524481,34.628504],[-90.462816,34.684074],[-90.475194,34.700826],[-90.538974,34.698783],[-90.565646,34.721053],[-90.543811,34.749277],[-90.544067,34.791159],[-90.514706,34.801768],[-90.503679,34.780136],[-90.518317,34.73279],[-90.469897,34.72703],[-90.45117,34.747787],[-90.473527,34.788835],[-90.456761,34.820395],[-90.481955,34.857805],[-90.479872,34.883264],[-90.438313,34.884581],[-90.414864,34.831846],[-90.34038,34.860357],[-90.303944,34.850517],[-90.313476,34.871698],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.244476,34.937596],[-90.309297,34.995694],[-87.984916,35.005881]]],[[[-88.124658,30.28364],[-88.074854,30.249119],[-88.313323,30.230024],[-88.141143,30.255024],[-88.124658,30.28364]]],[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.490962,24.710105],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.431009,24.751761],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.810333,24.544701],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.078716,24.696557],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.124094,24.704873],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.846191,24.802968],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.09519,29.62249],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.015607,26.454858],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.447659,25.147729],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.179288,25.518999],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.940346,29.657234],[-88.941605,29.674833],[-88.873611,29.758043],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.840866,29.995613],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.841225,30.012789],[-88.817017,29.93425],[-88.826538,29.847092],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-89.095623,30.231767],[-89.077259,30.23168],[-89.067128,30.250199],[-89.091469,30.202305],[-89.156738,30.230699],[-89.095623,30.231767]]],[[[-88.90037,30.224576],[-88.980239,30.207962],[-88.877824,30.242442],[-88.90037,30.224576]]],[[[-88.710719,30.250799],[-88.562067,30.227476],[-88.587424,30.219154],[-88.771991,30.245523],[-88.710719,30.250799]]],[[[-88.506999,30.214348],[-88.453444,30.201236],[-88.401466,30.210172],[-88.453654,30.196584],[-88.506999,30.214348]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alabama\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Angel Jr.","contributorId":42571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Angel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteman, C. D. Jr.","contributorId":20367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteman","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074771,"text":"70074771 - 1999 - Neogene-quaternary Ostracoda and paleoenvironments, of the Limón basin, Costa Rica, and Bocas del Toro basin, Panama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-15T08:42:25","indexId":"70074771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T14:59:58","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1142,"text":"Bulletins of American Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene-quaternary Ostracoda and paleoenvironments, of the Limón basin, Costa Rica, and Bocas del Toro basin, Panama","docAbstract":"

Tropical marine ostracodes from Neogene and Quaternary sediments of the Central American Caribbean region have been the subject of biostratigraphic, ecological, taxonomic, and evolutionary studies. As part of the Panama Paleontology Project (PPP), Neogene and Quaternary ostracodes are being studied from the Central American region. The overall goal of this research is to evaluate the impact of the emergence of the Central American Isthmus as a land barrier between the Caribbean/tropical Atlantic and the Pacific oceans on marine ostracode biodiversity and the oceanic environments in which extant ostracodes evolved. Due to the ecological specificity of many living tropical ostracode species, they are ideally suited for reconstructing paleoenvironments on the basis of their occurrence in fossil assemblages, which in turn can lead to a better understanding of the tropical climatic and tectonic history of Central America. The principal aims of this chapter are: (a) to document the composition of the ostracode assemblages from the Limón Basin of Costa Rica and the Bocas del Toro Basin of Panama, two areas yielding extensive ma rine ostracode assemblages; (b) to describe the environments of deposition within these basins; and (c) to document the stratigraphic distribution of potentially agediagnostic ostracode species in the Limón and Bocas del Toro basins in order to enhance their use in Central American biostratigraphy. A secondary, but none-the-less important goal is to assemble a database on the distribution of modem ostracode species in the Caribbean and adjacent areas as a basis for comparison with fossil assemblages. Although the ecological, biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental conclusions presented here will improve as additional material is studied, these fossil and modem ostracode databases constitute the foundation for future evolutionary and geochernical studies of tropical Caribbean and eastern Pacific Ocean ostracodes. Moreover, we present here evidence that major faunal and oceanic changes occurred in the westem Caribbean over the last 4 million years, probably related to changes in ocean circulation due to the emergence of the Isthmus as well as other climatic events.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletins of American Paleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Borne, P., Cronin, T.M., and Hazel, J.E., 1999, Neogene-quaternary Ostracoda and paleoenvironments, of the Limón basin, Costa Rica, and Bocas del Toro basin, Panama: Bulletins of American Paleontology, no. 357, p. 231-250.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"250","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica, Panama","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.0522,7.2036 ], [ -83.0522,11.22 ], [ -82.55,11.22 ], [ -82.55,7.2036 ], [ -83.0522,7.2036 ] ] ] } } ] }","issue":"357","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd68d0e4b0b290851024cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borne, P.F.","contributorId":94217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borne","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074767,"text":"70074767 - 1999 - Climatic impact of glacial cycle polar motion: Coupled oscillations of ice sheet mass and rotation pole position","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T14:41:21","indexId":"70074767","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T14:34:58","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic impact of glacial cycle polar motion: Coupled oscillations of ice sheet mass and rotation pole position","docAbstract":"Precessional motion of Earth's rotation axis relative to its orbit is a well-known source of long-period climatic variation. It is less well appreciated that growth and decay of polar ice sheets perturb the symmetry of the global mass distribution enough that the geographic location of the rotation axis will change by at least 15 km and possibly as much as 100 km during a single glacial cycle. This motion of the pole will change the seasonal and latitudinal pattern of temperatures. We present calculations, based on a diurnal average energy balance, which compare the summer and winter temperature anomalies due to a 1° decrease in obliquity with those due to a 1° motion of the rotation pole toward Hudson Bay. Both effects result in peak temperature perturbations of about 1° Celsius. The obliquity change primarily influences the amplitude of the seasonal cycle, while the polar motion primarily changes the annual mean temperatures. The polar motion induced temperature anomaly is such that it will act as a powerful negative feedback on ice sheet growth. We also explore the evolution of the coupled system composed of ice sheet mass and pole position. Oscillatory solutions result from the conflicting constraints of rotational and thermal stability. A positive mass anomaly on an otherwise featureless Earth is in rotational equilibrium only at the poles or the equator. The two polar equilibria are rotationally unstable, and the equatorial equilibrium, though rotationally stable, is thermally unstable. We find that with a plausible choice for the strength of coupling between the thermal and rotational systems, relatively modest external forcing can produce significant response at periods of 104–106 years, but it strongly attenuates polar motion at longer periods. We suggest that these coupled oscillations may contribute to the observed dominance of 100 kyr glacial cycles since the mid-Pleistocene and will tend to stabilize geographic patterns that are suitable to glaciations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1998JB900004","usgsCitation":"Bills, B.G., James, T., and Mengel, J.G., 1999, Climatic impact of glacial cycle polar motion: Coupled oscillations of ice sheet mass and rotation pole position: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B1, p. 1059-1075, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JB900004.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1075","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281915,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998JB900004"},{"id":281916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"104","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5149e4b0b290850f3d87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, Bruce G.","contributorId":81793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, Thomas S.","contributorId":60529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mengel, John G.","contributorId":38891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mengel","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70164483,"text":"70164483 - 1999 - Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:39:56","indexId":"70164483","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu","docAbstract":"

Sediment chronologies based on radioisotope depth profiles were developed at two sites in the San Francisco Bay estuary to provide a framework for interpreting historical trends in organic compound and metal contaminant inputs. At Richardson Bay near the estuary mouth, sediments are highly mixed by biological and/or physical processes. Excess \"Full-size penetration ranged from 2 to more than 10 cm at eight coring sites, yielding surface sediment mixing coefficients ranging from 12 to 170 cm2/year. At the site chosen for contaminant analyses, excess \"Full-size activity was essentially constant over the upper 25 cm of the core with an exponential decrease below to the supported activity between 70 and 90 cm. Both \"Full-size and \"Full-size penetrated to 57-cm depth and have broad subsurface maxima between 33 and 41 cm. The best fit of the excess \"Full-size profile to a steady state sediment accumulation and mixing model yielded an accumulation rate of 0.825 g/cm2/year (0.89 cm/year at sediment surface), surface mixing coefficient of 71 cm2/year, and 33-cm mixed zone with a half-Gaussian depth dependence parameter of 9 cm. Simulations of \"Full-size and \"Full-size profiles using these parameters successfully predicted the maximum depth of penetration and the depth of maximum \"Full-size and \"Full-size activity. Profiles of successive 1-year hypothetical contaminant pulses were generated using this parameter set to determine the age distribution of sediments at any depth horizon. Because of mixing, sediment particles with a wide range of deposition dates occur at each depth. A sediment chronology was derived from this age distribution to assign the minimum age of deposition and a date of maximum deposition to a depth horizon. The minimum age of sediments in a given horizon is used to estimate the date of first appearance of a contaminant from its maximum depth of penetration. The date of maximum deposition is used to estimate the peak year of input for a contaminant from the depth interval with the highest concentration of that contaminant. Because of the extensive mixing, sediment-bound constituents are rapidly diluted with older material after deposition. In addition, contaminants persist in the mixed zone for many years after deposition. More than 75 years are required to bury 90% of a deposited contaminant below the mixed zone. Reconstructing contaminant inputs is limited to changes occurring on a 20-year time scale. In contrast, mixing is much lower relative to accumulation at a site in San Pablo Bay. Instead, periods of rapid deposition and/or erosion occurred as indicated by frequent sand-silt laminae in the X-radiograph. \"Full-size, \"Full-size, and excess \"Full-size activity all penetrated to about 120 cm. The distinct maxima in the fallout radionuclides at 105–110 cm yielded overall linear sedimentation rates of 3.9 to 4.1 cm/year, which are comparable to a rate of 4.5±1.5 cm/year derived from the excess \"Full-size profile.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00081-4","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., van Geen, A., Baskaran, M., and Anima, R., 1999, Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 7-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00081-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.82605669492651\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.88786039168385\n ],\n [\n -122.42752075195314,\n 37.88786039168385\n ],\n [\n -122.42752075195314,\n 37.82605669492651\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.82605669492651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca8ee4b08d617f63a868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Geen, Alexander","contributorId":36876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Geen","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022143,"text":"70022143 - 1999 - Potential endocrine disrupting organic chemicals in treated municipal wastewater and river water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T16:09:02.191129","indexId":"70022143","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Potential endocrine disrupting organic chemicals in treated municipal wastewater and river water","docAbstract":"Select endocrine disrupting organic chemicals were measured in treated wastewater from Chicago, IL, Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, Detroit, MI, and Milwaukee, WI, and in the Des Plaines, Illinois, and Minnesota Rivers during the fall of 1997 and the spring of 1998. Emphasis was given to alkylphenolpolyethoxylate (APEO) derived compounds, although 17-??-estradiol, bisphenol A, caffeine, total organic carbon, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other compounds also were measured. Contaminants were isolated by continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) with methylene chloride and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in full scan and selected ion monitoring modes. The extracts were derivatized to form the methyl esters of alkylphenolethoxycarboxylates (APEC), and EDTA was isolated by evaporation and derivatized to form the tetrapropyl ester. The mass spectra of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) compounds are complex and show variations among the different ethoxylate and carboxylate homologs, reflecting variations in the ethylene oxide chain length. Recoveries for target compounds and surrogate standards ranged from 20-130%, with relative standard deviations of 9.9-53%. Detection limits for the various compounds ranged from 0.06-0.35 ??g/L. Analysis of the wastewater effluents detected a number of compounds including NP, NPEO, OP, OPEO, NPEC, caffeine, and EDTA at concentrations ranging from <1-439 ??g/L, with EDTA and NPEC being most abundant. There was variability in compound distributions and concentrations between the various sewage treatment plants, indicating differences in treatment type and influent composition. Several wastewater-derived compounds were detected in the river samples, with EDTA and NPEC persisting for considerable distance downstream from wastewater discharges, and NP and NPEO being attenuated more rapidly.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analysis of environmental endocrine disruptors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0747.ch007","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., Brown, G.K., and Zaugg, S.D., 1999, Potential endocrine disrupting organic chemicals in treated municipal wastewater and river water, in Analysis of environmental endocrine disruptors, v. 747, p. 97-123, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0747.ch007.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"123","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin","city":"Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, St. Paul","otherGeospatial":"Des Plains River, Illinois River, Minnesota River, Twin Cities","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4771728515625,\n 44.85197466334984\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 44.85197466334984\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 45.1394300814679\n ],\n [\n -93.4771728515625,\n 45.1394300814679\n ],\n [\n -93.4771728515625,\n 44.85197466334984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 42.958432625269474\n ],\n [\n -87.84942626953125,\n 42.958432625269474\n ],\n [\n -87.84942626953125,\n 43.12103377575541\n ],\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 43.12103377575541\n ],\n [\n -88.05541992187499,\n 42.958432625269474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.94830322265625,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -87.49786376953125,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -87.49786376953125,\n 42.03093424950211\n ],\n [\n -87.94830322265625,\n 42.03093424950211\n ],\n [\n -87.94830322265625,\n 41.65649719441145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.3148193359375,\n 42.07580094787546\n ],\n [\n -82.8314208984375,\n 42.07580094787546\n ],\n [\n -82.8314208984375,\n 42.56521874494336\n ],\n [\n -83.3148193359375,\n 42.56521874494336\n ],\n [\n -83.3148193359375,\n 42.07580094787546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.60287475585938,\n 39.889718875996685\n ],\n [\n -90.59600830078125,\n 39.83174093314556\n ],\n [\n -90.67840576171875,\n 39.69873414348139\n ],\n [\n -90.60150146484375,\n 39.54852980171147\n ],\n [\n -90.65505981445312,\n 39.37040245787161\n ],\n [\n -90.6317138671875,\n 39.28860847419942\n ],\n [\n -90.62896728515625,\n 39.18862643257856\n ],\n [\n -90.648193359375,\n 39.157752153690964\n ],\n [\n -90.60562133789062,\n 38.98823513440445\n ],\n [\n -90.56991577148438,\n 38.93911655592929\n ],\n [\n -90.52459716796875,\n 38.92095542046727\n ],\n [\n -90.49163818359375,\n 38.94125285438687\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 38.98236405342508\n ],\n [\n -90.53009033203125,\n 38.974891064341726\n ],\n [\n -90.5500030517578,\n 39.02131757437681\n ],\n [\n -90.56304931640625,\n 39.074110680545374\n ],\n [\n -90.59532165527344,\n 39.15615483953391\n ],\n [\n -90.57266235351562,\n 39.1854331703021\n ],\n [\n -90.57746887207031,\n 39.24342147595056\n ],\n [\n -90.59944152832031,\n 39.3746488816007\n ],\n [\n -90.58433532714844,\n 39.45528185347343\n ],\n [\n -90.55412292480469,\n 39.54217596171196\n ],\n [\n -90.57609558105469,\n 39.604101082126846\n ],\n [\n -90.60630798339844,\n 39.66438516223039\n ],\n [\n -90.61935424804688,\n 39.70877138781409\n ],\n [\n -90.58708190917969,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -90.55068969726561,\n 39.826995115497404\n ],\n [\n -90.56785583496094,\n 39.87074966913789\n ],\n [\n -90.56510925292969,\n 39.88128876522249\n ],\n [\n -90.52665710449217,\n 39.91026292816486\n ],\n [\n -90.51979064941406,\n 39.93869836991711\n ],\n [\n -90.49781799316406,\n 39.96238554917605\n ],\n [\n -90.49644470214844,\n 39.98501230042296\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 40.02025300564682\n ],\n [\n -90.36460876464844,\n 40.057052221322\n ],\n [\n -90.33233642578124,\n 40.060731050581396\n ],\n [\n -90.28495788574217,\n 40.09067983779908\n ],\n [\n -90.24101257324219,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -90.19912719726561,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -90.17509460449219,\n 40.15788524950653\n ],\n [\n -90.12565612792969,\n 40.194085603043305\n ],\n [\n -90.11466979980469,\n 40.222927124178\n ],\n [\n -90.06248474121094,\n 40.272715386988686\n ],\n [\n -90.04737854003906,\n 40.310948849735\n ],\n [\n -90.0274658203125,\n 40.34026396683983\n ],\n [\n -89.96635437011719,\n 40.37113576255027\n ],\n [\n -89.92652893066405,\n 40.406176423413704\n ],\n [\n -89.88189697265625,\n 40.44015366986629\n ],\n [\n -89.82627868652344,\n 40.487692978918865\n ],\n [\n -89.76722717285156,\n 40.51954115033359\n ],\n [\n -89.73976135253905,\n 40.54146060871528\n ],\n [\n -89.71435546875,\n 40.522150985623796\n ],\n [\n -89.68894958496094,\n 40.52423878069866\n ],\n [\n -89.62303161621092,\n 40.58423507588185\n ],\n [\n -89.62783813476562,\n 40.60769725157612\n ],\n [\n -89.61204528808594,\n 40.63844629557923\n ],\n [\n -89.55780029296875,\n 40.670222795307346\n ],\n [\n -89.52964782714844,\n 40.694175391548754\n ],\n [\n -89.52415466308594,\n 40.7508982634657\n ],\n [\n -89.5220947265625,\n 40.79353864997009\n ],\n [\n -89.51385498046874,\n 40.81900581806558\n ],\n [\n -89.50355529785156,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -89.47402954101561,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -89.44450378417969,\n 40.867833841384936\n ],\n [\n -89.44450378417969,\n 40.89223436192512\n ],\n [\n -89.40193176269531,\n 40.92129557815866\n ],\n [\n -89.41978454589842,\n 40.944639085793064\n ],\n [\n -89.41223144531249,\n 40.977306138896886\n ],\n [\n -89.39300537109375,\n 41.043627491573055\n ],\n [\n -89.35935974121094,\n 41.06692773019345\n ],\n [\n -89.31953430175781,\n 41.10212132036491\n ],\n [\n -89.3023681640625,\n 41.134710325232795\n ],\n [\n -89.29962158203125,\n 41.16159699608577\n ],\n [\n -89.32228088378906,\n 41.209655278807034\n ],\n [\n -89.3463134765625,\n 41.229281845547625\n ],\n [\n -89.3243408203125,\n 41.290705883574134\n ],\n [\n -89.27696228027344,\n 41.30515020233036\n ],\n [\n -89.16847229003906,\n 41.30050773444147\n ],\n [\n -89.15611267089844,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -89.10667419433594,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -89.08950805664062,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -89.07508850097656,\n 41.31443414659223\n ],\n [\n -89.05723571777344,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -89.00779724121094,\n 41.32010701725659\n ],\n [\n -88.9508056640625,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -88.92127990722655,\n 41.3072134153051\n ],\n [\n -88.890380859375,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -88.87733459472656,\n 41.30360274975627\n ],\n [\n -88.85948181152344,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -88.84849548339844,\n 41.3304200625732\n ],\n [\n -88.80455017089844,\n 41.32938883149378\n ],\n [\n -88.73863220214844,\n 41.31752850088952\n ],\n [\n -88.68370056152344,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -88.65074157714844,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -88.63151550292969,\n 41.290189955885644\n ],\n [\n -88.6102294921875,\n 41.288126204331704\n ],\n [\n -88.58413696289062,\n 41.29534904916866\n ],\n [\n -88.55255126953125,\n 41.313918406594375\n ],\n [\n -88.49143981933594,\n 41.326810682382565\n ],\n [\n -88.3911895751953,\n 41.35258758253156\n ],\n [\n -88.31565856933594,\n 41.38144559777753\n ],\n [\n -88.27995300292969,\n 41.38917324986403\n ],\n [\n -88.23326110839844,\n 41.374232293915426\n ],\n [\n -88.21952819824217,\n 41.3850519497068\n ],\n [\n -88.20030212402344,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -88.16802978515625,\n 41.42007467380591\n ],\n [\n -88.15704345703124,\n 41.437578957201275\n ],\n [\n -88.15635681152344,\n 41.46022455330045\n ],\n [\n -88.10829162597656,\n 41.48594858993134\n ],\n [\n -88.08219909667969,\n 41.49777821871642\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 41.56562822121977\n ],\n [\n -88.05130004882812,\n 41.58309321017146\n ],\n [\n -88.04100036621094,\n 41.65598416994607\n ],\n [\n -87.97920227050781,\n 41.67445047616417\n ],\n [\n -87.94761657714844,\n 41.68470724661066\n ],\n [\n -87.94830322265625,\n 41.70777900286713\n ],\n [\n -87.99842834472656,\n 41.6929114859334\n ],\n [\n -88.06297302246092,\n 41.66778269875833\n ],\n [\n -88.07807922363281,\n 41.64931448003169\n ],\n [\n -88.07945251464842,\n 41.62262881463783\n ],\n [\n -88.09249877929688,\n 41.572306568724365\n ],\n [\n -88.09249877929688,\n 41.54867239252432\n ],\n [\n -88.10279846191405,\n 41.51628982244004\n ],\n [\n -88.1268310546875,\n 41.498292501398545\n ],\n [\n -88.15910339355469,\n 41.48080459927738\n ],\n [\n -88.18107604980469,\n 41.465884717221364\n ],\n [\n -88.17764282226562,\n 41.44735870701866\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 41.43860847395721\n ],\n [\n -88.21678161621094,\n 41.430371882652814\n ],\n [\n -88.231201171875,\n 41.41595533303718\n ],\n [\n -88.24424743652344,\n 41.39432450769634\n ],\n [\n -88.25042724609374,\n 41.402565671186686\n ],\n [\n -88.29574584960938,\n 41.410805789669816\n ],\n [\n -88.37127685546875,\n 41.38814294931545\n ],\n [\n -88.44062805175781,\n 41.35825713137813\n ],\n [\n -88.48869323730469,\n 41.347948493443546\n ],\n [\n -88.52989196777344,\n 41.33866932357447\n ],\n [\n -88.57109069824219,\n 41.32474808964128\n ],\n [\n -88.61503601074219,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -88.66447448730469,\n 41.32423243125432\n ],\n [\n -88.74687194824219,\n 41.3391848676998\n ],\n [\n -88.79493713378906,\n 41.34897943069752\n ],\n [\n -88.86222839355469,\n 41.35619553438905\n ],\n [\n -88.94119262695312,\n 41.333513657873205\n ],\n [\n -88.98651123046875,\n 41.34485558373632\n ],\n [\n -89.11697387695312,\n 41.34588656996287\n ],\n [\n -89.17739868164062,\n 41.33145127732965\n ],\n [\n -89.24057006835936,\n 41.33454482366021\n ],\n [\n -89.31472778320312,\n 41.33660710626423\n ],\n [\n -89.35455322265625,\n 41.31494988250965\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 41.24993502644133\n ],\n [\n -89.40948486328125,\n 41.193123075718695\n ],\n [\n -89.38339233398438,\n 41.17762034260712\n ],\n [\n -89.35043334960938,\n 41.12798693490564\n ],\n [\n -89.43832397460938,\n 41.06899846310619\n ],\n [\n -89.44656372070312,\n 41.04828819952275\n ],\n [\n -89.45480346679688,\n 40.99855696412671\n ],\n [\n -89.48226928710936,\n 40.962270932280745\n ],\n [\n -89.49874877929688,\n 40.92285206859968\n ],\n [\n -89.52346801757812,\n 40.88133311333721\n ],\n [\n -89.57427978515625,\n 40.82939777183173\n ],\n [\n -89.593505859375,\n 40.78574062435701\n ],\n [\n -89.56741333007812,\n 40.72644570551446\n ],\n [\n -89.62509155273438,\n 40.6827208759455\n ],\n [\n -89.64431762695312,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -89.68276977539062,\n 40.587885288417915\n ],\n [\n -89.73358154296875,\n 40.57745558120849\n ],\n [\n -89.85855102539062,\n 40.560764667193595\n ],\n [\n -89.90798950195312,\n 40.52319489128985\n ],\n [\n -89.94781494140625,\n 40.491870649809165\n ],\n [\n -89.96978759765625,\n 40.45217227681351\n ],\n [\n -89.967041015625,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -89.99176025390625,\n 40.41035916448923\n ],\n [\n -90.05218505859375,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -90.0714111328125,\n 40.34235741658335\n ],\n [\n -90.09063720703124,\n 40.31513750307456\n ],\n [\n -90.13458251953125,\n 40.26066474660846\n ],\n [\n -90.15106201171875,\n 40.26904802805884\n ],\n [\n -90.20050048828125,\n 40.23026664265011\n ],\n [\n -90.2252197265625,\n 40.18411931650585\n ],\n [\n -90.22384643554688,\n 40.16418235037417\n ],\n [\n -90.27191162109375,\n 40.16942948827397\n ],\n [\n -90.38589477539062,\n 40.143189742924406\n ],\n [\n -90.42022705078125,\n 40.089629226126405\n ],\n [\n -90.45181274414062,\n 40.0717663466261\n ],\n [\n -90.45181274414062,\n 40.03812939078128\n ],\n [\n -90.53970336914062,\n 39.99605985169435\n ],\n [\n -90.53558349609375,\n 39.97185812402583\n ],\n [\n -90.60287475585938,\n 39.889718875996685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.06082153320312,\n 44.1418123377033\n ],\n [\n -93.99284362792969,\n 44.16595211868415\n ],\n [\n -94.00520324707031,\n 44.236836364702555\n ],\n [\n -93.98185729980469,\n 44.27962093426134\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 44.33170718680922\n ],\n [\n -93.93791198730469,\n 44.39110764485529\n ],\n [\n -93.89877319335938,\n 44.47446108518852\n ],\n [\n -93.87542724609375,\n 44.51903083890047\n ],\n [\n -93.88229370117188,\n 44.567969302679685\n ],\n [\n -93.87336730957031,\n 44.591445152471834\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 44.6188216638084\n ],\n [\n -93.69964599609374,\n 44.640811296864676\n ],\n [\n -93.67835998535156,\n 44.67597738099192\n ],\n [\n -93.60626220703124,\n 44.69452866008004\n ],\n [\n -93.61450195312499,\n 44.73795445686983\n ],\n [\n -93.56163024902344,\n 44.782809789027425\n ],\n [\n -93.50738525390625,\n 44.79401818087074\n ],\n [\n -93.41537475585938,\n 44.779885502772736\n ],\n [\n -93.33778381347656,\n 44.77208668197081\n ],\n [\n -93.24783325195311,\n 44.79255634014767\n ],\n [\n -93.17298889160156,\n 44.85100108620399\n ],\n [\n -93.23684692382812,\n 44.85197466334984\n ],\n [\n -93.27117919921874,\n 44.82324721919215\n ],\n [\n -93.36250305175781,\n 44.80230124552821\n ],\n [\n -93.41812133789062,\n 44.82032498188776\n ],\n [\n -93.45588684082031,\n 44.823734244342546\n ],\n [\n -93.52798461914062,\n 44.8198379279367\n ],\n [\n -93.56849670410156,\n 44.81204450516513\n ],\n [\n -93.62068176269531,\n 44.78475923091046\n ],\n [\n -93.6639404296875,\n 44.73795445686983\n ],\n [\n -93.65776062011719,\n 44.71161010858431\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 44.65204722540161\n ],\n [\n -93.85757446289062,\n 44.63397097045478\n ],\n [\n -93.92005920410156,\n 44.5880221814057\n ],\n [\n -93.92349243164062,\n 44.55622782328973\n ],\n [\n -93.91731262207031,\n 44.507769173110226\n ],\n [\n -93.94821166992188,\n 44.46270074783461\n ],\n [\n -93.99147033691406,\n 44.39601407929594\n ],\n [\n -93.96331787109375,\n 44.338583048023104\n ],\n [\n -93.98597717285156,\n 44.31156609834011\n ],\n [\n -94.01687622070312,\n 44.29141809546585\n ],\n [\n -94.04640197753906,\n 44.26093725039923\n ],\n [\n -94.03541564941405,\n 44.19845131792901\n ],\n [\n -94.03541564941405,\n 44.17777208215703\n ],\n [\n -94.07112121582031,\n 44.173339873464684\n ],\n [\n -94.13978576660156,\n 44.20288163884399\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n 44.2230599961937\n ],\n [\n -94.30526733398438,\n 44.25601950434298\n ],\n [\n -94.40071105957031,\n 44.28404514735239\n ],\n [\n -94.44671630859375,\n 44.344476001665214\n ],\n [\n -94.50302124023436,\n 44.374913492661456\n ],\n [\n -94.58541870117188,\n 44.389635634309236\n ],\n [\n -94.63691711425781,\n 44.40778784362525\n ],\n [\n -94.70283508300781,\n 44.439663223436106\n ],\n [\n -94.76394653320312,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -94.82917785644531,\n 44.49895417752395\n ],\n [\n -94.89097595214844,\n 44.52539516561384\n ],\n [\n -94.94865417480469,\n 44.543994595789485\n ],\n [\n -95.03517150878906,\n 44.569925985528336\n ],\n [\n -95.09353637695312,\n 44.593890008383674\n ],\n [\n -95.15670776367188,\n 44.62859586258382\n ],\n [\n -95.21369934082031,\n 44.66181582895677\n ],\n [\n -95.25009155273438,\n 44.676953912213165\n ],\n [\n -95.27961730957031,\n 44.669629526920104\n ],\n [\n -95.29678344726562,\n 44.679395168267874\n ],\n [\n -95.30639648437499,\n 44.700873786431515\n ],\n [\n -95.3668212890625,\n 44.71063416158254\n ],\n [\n -95.41419982910156,\n 44.745757885700236\n ],\n [\n -95.45608520507812,\n 44.75551069059177\n ],\n [\n -95.49110412597656,\n 44.779885502772736\n ],\n [\n -95.4876708984375,\n 44.78963254761407\n ],\n [\n -95.51307678222656,\n 44.810583121135906\n ],\n [\n -95.57212829589844,\n 44.848567071337264\n ],\n [\n -95.62980651855469,\n 44.88409347642901\n ],\n [\n -95.71357727050781,\n 44.940987325341624\n ],\n [\n -95.7183837890625,\n 44.98714175309689\n ],\n [\n -95.85639953613281,\n 45.076429982283855\n ],\n [\n -95.94223022460938,\n 45.08709642547449\n ],\n [\n -96.05072021484375,\n 45.17526062079539\n ],\n [\n -96.10359191894531,\n 45.198006155983606\n ],\n [\n -96.19354248046875,\n 45.233316306787266\n ],\n [\n -96.26289367675781,\n 45.232349197513095\n ],\n [\n -96.30821228027344,\n 45.26135531683859\n ],\n [\n -96.36383056640625,\n 45.27295361736122\n ],\n [\n -96.40228271484375,\n 45.26957102450825\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 45.301456032374574\n ],\n [\n -96.4544677734375,\n 45.2574886900362\n ],\n [\n -96.17980957031249,\n 45.1646106517254\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 44.94924926661153\n ],\n [\n -95.48492431640624,\n 44.70770622183535\n ],\n [\n -94.52911376953125,\n 44.33170718680922\n ],\n [\n -94.44122314453124,\n 44.24519901522129\n ],\n [\n -94.06082153320312,\n 44.1418123377033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.23532104492186,\n 41.410290812880795\n ],\n [\n -88.21815490722656,\n 41.430886700228896\n ],\n [\n -88.2147216796875,\n 41.448388068628866\n ],\n [\n -88.19480895996094,\n 41.46022455330045\n ],\n [\n -88.19206237792969,\n 41.495206744049845\n ],\n [\n -88.15635681152344,\n 41.558435382625774\n ],\n [\n -88.20510864257812,\n 41.58822907289363\n ],\n [\n -88.16116333007812,\n 41.64059153582049\n ],\n [\n -88.17008972167969,\n 41.67598909594535\n ],\n [\n -88.13987731933594,\n 41.6944496643259\n ],\n [\n -88.09318542480469,\n 41.69547509615208\n ],\n [\n -88.05198669433594,\n 41.71034202043942\n ],\n [\n -88.06434631347656,\n 41.80203073088394\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 41.8148259912181\n ],\n [\n -88.01834106445312,\n 41.850639123649636\n ],\n [\n -88.06915283203125,\n 41.84859319874276\n ],\n [\n -88.1048583984375,\n 41.801006999656636\n ],\n [\n -88.08357238769531,\n 41.73391698749624\n ],\n [\n -88.14537048339844,\n 41.725717979972345\n ],\n [\n -88.19480895996094,\n 41.6908605241911\n ],\n [\n -88.20579528808594,\n 41.661114230707746\n ],\n [\n -88.25180053710938,\n 41.58360681482734\n ],\n [\n -88.20236206054688,\n 41.553297150595185\n ],\n [\n -88.22982788085938,\n 41.52245918082221\n ],\n [\n -88.231201171875,\n 41.474631271477776\n ],\n [\n -88.25729370117188,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -88.23532104492186,\n 41.410290812880795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"747","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef3e4b0c8380cd7a82c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Greg K.","contributorId":8554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206830,"text":"70206830 - 1999 - The ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T17:52:46","indexId":"70206830","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T17:40:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5883,"text":"Cooperator Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"620-R-98-004","title":"The ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"

The Gulf of Mexico is a vast natural resource encompassing the coastal areas of western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, as well as a portion of Mexico. Many estuaries flow into the Gulf of Mexico and serve as nursery grounds for fish, habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, shipping routes, and a source of recreation. Estuarine-dependent species constitute more than 95 percent of the commercial fishery harvests from the Gulf of Mexico, and many important recreational fishery species depend on estuaries during some part of their life cycle. Gulf estuaries are diverse and productive ecosystems that provide a variety of valuable resources, including fish and shellfish, recreation, transportation, and water supply.

Assessing the overall condition of Gulf of Mexico estuaries required incorporating data from other federal, state, and local monitoring programs to augment the information on ecological indicators collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). The resulting document would provide a synthesis of the available knowledge about the condition of Gulf of Mexico estuaries. This document is intended for use by scientists and other citizens concerned with the ecological condition of estuaries, as well as by managers and lawmakers interested in the sustained use of estuaries for commercial and recreational purposes. It also addresses public concerns about the aesthetic quality of coastal areas vital to tourism and recreation. By producing this report on the ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico, we have taken one step in assessing the health of this environmental resource. We have produced an environmental “report card” to be used as a guide in the evaluation of management decisions and research directions.

This report is organized in three parts: (1) an introduction that gives background information on the Gulf of Mexico, estuarine ecology, and the factors that impact estuaries in the gulf, (2) the main section on priority ecological indicators used to measure the condition of estuaries in the gulf and (3) an ecological report card that summarizes the data on ecological indicators and provides a rating of the condition of estuaries in each gulf state and for gulf estuaries overall. Many of the ratings were based on the percent area of estuaries in each state exhibiting degraded or adverse levels of an indicator.

Eutrophication, a condition of high nutrients often resulting in low oxygen levels and other adverse effects, is an important water quality concern for estuaries along the gulf coast. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has compared the Gulf of Mexico to other coastal regions like the middle Atlantic and has ranked the Gulf of Mexico as having the highest number of point sources of nutrients and the highest percentage of land use devoted to agriculture. We evaluated monitoring data for nitrogen, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen as indicators of eutrophication. Although most of the estuaries exhibited high nitrogen or chlorophyll or low dissolved oxygen concentrations at least once during a survey, many times these conditions were observed in small rivers or bayous rather than in the entire estuary. Often, the percent area affected was low. The gulf estuaries had moderate conditions overall for nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Definite nutrient problems were observed in >25% of the estuarine area in Louisiana and Texas and definite dissolved oxygen problems were observed in Alabama.

Contaminants in estuarine sediments provide evidence of the accumulation of chemicals from anthropogenic sources. We compared the concentrations of sediment contaminants to established guideline values to determine the proportion of estuarine area that could have potential adverse effects on living organisms. Although detectable levels of contaminants were measured in almost every estuary in the Gulf of Mexico, <25% of the estuarine area in all states had contaminant concentrations that exceeded these guidelines.

Wetlands are integral parts of estuarine systems. Declining acreage means habitat loss that may be the result of commercial and residential development, hydrologic alterations, or dredge and fill operations. The Gulf of Mexico region contains more than 50% of the coastal wetland acreage in the U.S. and yet it also has the highest rate of coastal wetland loss. Nine of the top ten estuarine drainage areas ranked by total wetland area are in the Gulf of Mexico region. The most current estimates of total wetland loss over the past 200 years range from 41% to 54% for the gulf states. Although coastal wetlands continue to be altered or destroyed, some estimates indicate that the rate of loss has slowed. All gulf states were rated as having severe problems with wetland loss.

The condition of benthic (bottom-dwelling) invertebrates, fish and shellfish, birds, and threatened and endangered species was used to evaluate the health of estuarine fauna. Degraded benthic communities inhabited <25% of the estuarine area in all gulf states except for Texas. Commercial fish and shellfish landings may be used as an indicator of population stability while fish biomarkers are used to measure the health of individuals in the population. Commercial landings of the top four fisheries (shrimp, menhaden, blue crab, and oyster) are stable in the gulf states while fish biomarkers indicate fair to poor fish health in Alabama and Texas and good fish health elsewhere. Coastal and marine bird populations appear to be in good condition throughout the gulf. Four threatened or endangered species inhabit coastal areas in the Gulf of Mexico: brown pelican, Gulf sturgeon, manatee, and Kemp’s ridley sea turtle. In general, populations of these species are in good to fair condition in the gulf states.

Public health indicators include shellfish bed closures and chemicals found in edible fish tissue. Harvest of shellfish (primarily oyster in the Gulf of Mexico) is restricted or prohibited when concentrations of bacteria or other pathogens reach levels that could impair human health. The gulf states contain the most acreage of shellfish-growing waters in the U.S. but also have the most acreage restricted for harvest. All gulf states except Mississippi have >25% of their shellfish-growing waters restricted for harvest, mostly due to pollution from wastewater treatment plants or other upstream sources. Advisories may be issued that limit consumption when the concentrations of chemicals in fish tissue exceed levels known to be harmful to humans. Although seafood consumption advisories have been issued in all gulf states, the percent of the fish population with high concentrations of contaminants is relatively low in the gulf overall.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999, The ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico: Cooperator Report 620-R-98-004, viii, 71 p.","productDescription":"viii, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":369513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/ecocondestuariesgom_print.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -79.89257812499999,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 30.789036751261136\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 32.509761735919426\n ],\n [\n -85.5615234375,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -95.4052734375,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -100.0634765625,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -103.18359375,\n 32.02670629333614\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -104.5458984375,\n 30.031055426540206\n ],\n [\n -103.271484375,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -102.48046875,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.337890625,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -100.107421875,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n -99.0966796875,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 29.19053283229458\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 28.9600886880068\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 27.0982539061379\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 24.886436490787712\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70211069,"text":"70211069 - 1999 - Environmental models of mineral deposits- A state of the art","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T21:29:58.044678","indexId":"70211069","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T10:59:28","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5973,"text":"Geologica Hungarica. Series geologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental models of mineral deposits- A state of the art","docAbstract":"

Although mineral deposits have been classified by their geologic and mineralogical characteristics for decades, the recognition that mineral deposits also could be classified by their environmental characteristics is relatively new. In the past 5 years, numerous advancements have been made in this subject area, building on the earlier work of economic geologists who classified geologic characteristics. Several different approaches to understanding the environmental behavior of mineral deposits and associated altered areas have been taken, ranging from wholesale assessments of large areas (millions of km2) to detailed assessments of individual watersheds or individual mines. While these first attempts have succeeded in describing some of the environmental characteristics of ore deposits in a number of ways, many important “environmental variables” are not included in present descriptive models. For example, the models should be expanded in scope to include a more thorough treatment of climatic and ecoregional effects- embodying such physical environmental characteristics as precipitation, evaporation, temperature, and ground water-surface water interactions. More complete model descriptions will have applications to the determination of baselines and natural backgrounds in mined and unmined areas, as well as possible anticipated effects of new mining in a given area, and mitigation and remediation strategies. The challenge to geologists and geochemists is to incorporate a widely disparate set of physical and chemical characteristics of mineralized and altered zones at scales ranging from microscopic (sub-millimeter) to macroscopic (10’s to 100’s of kilometers). This paper presents an overview of the development of mineral deposit environmental models, the current state of the art, an evaluation of needed improvements, and expected advancements in this field.

","language":"English","publisher":"Editio Instituti Geologici Hungarici Publici","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R.B., Berger, B.R., and Plumlee, G.S., 1999, Environmental models of mineral deposits- A state of the art: Geologica Hungarica. Series geologica, v. 24, p. 97-106.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":376393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70195491,"text":"70195491 - 1999 - Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T14:14:52","indexId":"70195491","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment","docAbstract":"

The northern California continental margin is periodically impacted by geologically significant storms, which have a marked influence on terrigenous sediment supply, flood deposition, and long-term accumulation of fine-grained sediment on the Eel shelf. Accumulation of Eel River muds on the adjacent shelf was investigated using 210Pb and 137Cs geochronologies, in order to understand the fate of sediment discharged by the Eel River and to relate patterns of net sediment accumulation (100-yr time scale) to sediment dynamics. 210Pb data demonstrate that modern accumulation of river mud occurs from the 50-m isobath seaward. Across-shelf accumulation rates decrease from maximum mid-shelf values of 0.6–1.7 g cm2 yr1 to values of 0.2–0.4 g cm2 yr1 at the shelf break, with a spatially weighted mean of 0.5 g cm2 yr1 (0.4 cm=yr) for the entire shelf. 210Pbxs sediment-depth profiles from the region of highest accumulation rate are characterized by subsurface intervals of low and uniform activity, which are produced by flood deposition. In some cores, particular 210Pbxs activity intervals may be associated with major Eel River floods of 1955, 1964, and 1974. It is postulated that, because of the coincidence of high-river-flow events and southerly winds during cyclonic winter storms, net northward transport allows for preferential deposition of fine-grained sediment north of the river mouth. Over the past ¾100 years, fluvial sediment input combined with marine dispersal processes have produced a mid-shelf depocenter, evident by both the spatial distribution of 210Pb accumulation rates and by clay-rich flood layers partially preserved in shelf deposits. A fine-grained sediment budget for the dispersal system, based on hydrological data and 210Pb geochronologies, demonstrates that a maximum of ¾20% (3 ð 109 kg=yr) of the mean annual supply of fluvial mud (14 ð 109 kg=yr) is trapped on the shelf. The results of this study demonstrate that: (1) short-term sedimentation processes associated with floods can influence sediment accumulation on longer time scales; and (2) a major fraction of fine-grained sediment supplied to tectonically active margins by flood-prone mountainous rivers bypasses narrow continental shelves.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00115-7","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C.K., and Nittrouer, C.A., 1999, Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment: Marine Geology, v. 154, p. 227-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00115-7.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff12bbe4b0da30c1bfd317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, Christopher K.","contributorId":9820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nittrouer, Charles A.","contributorId":51218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nittrouer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13553,"text":"University of Washington-Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":728881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244052,"text":"70244052 - 1999 - Chapter 6 Geochemistry, isotopic composition and petrogenetic modelling of the Thera pyroclastics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-31T16:22:39.930277","indexId":"70244052","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-08T10:57:22","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1790,"text":"Geological Society, London, Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 6 Geochemistry, isotopic composition and petrogenetic modelling of the Thera pyroclastics","docAbstract":"

This chapter examines the major element, trace element, and isotope geochemistry of the Thera pyroclastics, and places it in the context of the geochemical evolution of the whole volcanic field. Geochemical studies to date have been undertaken predominantly on the lavas, and the pyroclastic succession has been relatively neglected. The data on the pyroclastics are taken from Druitt (1983), Mellors (1988), Pyle (19906), and Edwards (1994). Wholerock analyses and sample descriptions are given in Appendix 2. Most analyses are of a single pumice or scoria lump, although some are combinations of several small clasts and a few are compositionally banded. The rock classification scheme used throughout the memoir is shown in Fig. 6.1. Previous isotopic studies on Santorini are also largely confined to the lavas, and no detailed studies had been carried out on the pyroclastic rocks. In this chapter we present new 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb and δ18О isotopic data on 40 samples of the Thera pyroclastics. We also include some measurements of hydrogen isotopes. Methods of geochemical and isotopic analysis are described in Appendix 1. This chapter also presents some quantitative models of fractional crystallization and assimilation of crustal rocks. The geochemical data and models point towards the importance of crystal fractionation, magma mixing and assimilation of continental crust in magma genesis at Santorini. The chapter also documents temporal changes in geochemical features of Santorini magmas.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.06","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D., Sparks, R.S., Lanphere, M.A., Davies, M., and Barreirio, B., 1999, Chapter 6 Geochemistry, isotopic composition and petrogenetic modelling of the Thera pyroclastics: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 19, no. 1, p. 89-116, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.06.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece","otherGeospatial":"Santorini","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 25.353444,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.332103 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, L.","contributorId":91976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mellors, R. M.","contributorId":30542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyle, D. M.","contributorId":106007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davies, M.","contributorId":54726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barreirio, B.","contributorId":11113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreirio","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70244050,"text":"70244050 - 1999 - Chapter 5: Cumulate nodules in the Thera pyroclastics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-31T16:22:17.069304","indexId":"70244050","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-08T10:11:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1790,"text":"Geological Society, London, Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 5: Cumulate nodules in the Thera pyroclastics","docAbstract":"

Gabbroic and dioritic nodules are common in some horizons of the Thera pyroclastics. These nodules contain pyroxene as the main ferromagnesian phase in contrast to the early Akrotiri centre, which contain nodules with abundant hornblende (Nicholls 1971a; Pichler & Kussmaul 1972). Calcsilicate nodules and gabbroic nodules have also been recognized in Santorini lavas (Fouqu6 1879; Nicholls 1971a). Previous studies of Santorini volcanic rocks indicate that crystal fractionation has played an important role in generating the compositional range basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyodacite (Nicholls 1971a; Mann 1983; Huijsmans 1985; Barton & Huijsmans 1986). This interpretation is also consistent with much of the petrological data presented in Chapter 4 and the geochemical data and models presented in Chapter 6. However, disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages in some lavas (Huijsmans 1985; Chapter 4), banded pumice clasts in many pyroclastic deposits (Druitt et al. 1989; Chapters 4), isotopic disequilibria in phenocrysts (Pyle et al. 1988; Chapters 6 and 7) and complex zoning patterns in plagioclase crystals (Stamatelopoulou-Seymour et al. 1990) indicate that magma mixing has also occurred. In addition, trace element and isotopic abundances can be interpreted in terms of assimilation of continental crust during fractionation (Barton et al. 1983; Stamatelopoulou-Seymour et al. 1990; Chapter 6). The nodules provide information on petrogenetic processes that have influenced the evolution of Santorini magmas. Their petrology is documented in this chapter and compared with that of associated juvenile ejecta. The nodules are identified as cumulates from andesitic and dacitic magmas, con- firming the importance of fractional crystallization in the petrogenesis of Santorini magmas. They also demonstrate that mafic plutonic rocks can be formed from intermediate to silicic magmas.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.05","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D., Sparks, R.S., Lanphere, M.A., Davies, M., and Barreirio, B., 1999, Chapter 5: Cumulate nodules in the Thera pyroclastics: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 19, no. 1, p. 79-88, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.05.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece","otherGeospatial":"Santorini","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 25.353444,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.332103 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, L.","contributorId":91976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mellors, R. M.","contributorId":30542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyle, D. M.","contributorId":106007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davies, M.","contributorId":54726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barreirio, B.","contributorId":11113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreirio","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5223872,"text":"5223872 - 1999 - Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T15:00:57.397339","indexId":"5223872","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption","docAbstract":"

Closed-population capture–recapture methods have been used extensively in animal ecology, both by themselves and within the context of Pollock’s robust design and multistate models, to estimate various parameters of population and community dynamics. The defining assumption of geographic and demographic closure (i.e., no births, deaths, immigration, or emigration) for the duration of sampling is restrictive and is likely to be violated in many field situations. I evaluated several types of violations of the closure assumption and found that completely random movement in and out of a study area does not introduce bias to estimators from closed-population methods, although it decreases precision. In addition, if capture probabilities vary only with time, the closed-population Lincoln-Petersen estimator is unbiased for the size of the superpopulation when there are only births/immigration or only deaths/emigration. However, for other cases of nonrandom movement, closed-population estimators were biased when movement was Markovian (dependent on the presence/absence of the animal in the previous time period), when an animal was allowed one entry to and one exit from the study area, or when there was trap response or heterogeneity among animals in capture probability. In addition, the probability that an animal is present and available for capture (e.g., breeding propensity) can be estimated using Pollock’s robust design only when movement occurs at a broader temporal scale than that of sampling.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2517:ROCCRM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W.L., 1999, Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption: Ecology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2517-2525, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2517:ROCCRM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2517","endPage":"2525","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/XLX9JJ77","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202011,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fea2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, William L. wkendall@usgs.gov","contributorId":406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"William","email":"wkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70260453,"text":"70260453 - 1999 - Evaluation of weights of evidence to predict epithermal-gold deposits in the Great Basin of the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-01T16:37:47.092931","indexId":"70260453","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T11:32:32","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of weights of evidence to predict epithermal-gold deposits in the Great Basin of the western United States","docAbstract":"

The weights-of-evidence method provides a simple approach to the integration of diverse geologic information. The application addressed is to construct a model that predicts the locations of epithermal-gold mineral deposits in the Great Basin of the western United States. Weights of evidence is a data-driven method requiring known deposits and occurrences that are used as training sites in the evaluated area. Four hundred and fifteen known hot spring gold–silver, Comstock vein, hot spring mercury, epithermal manganese, and volcanogenic uranium deposits and occurrences in Nevada were used to define an area of 327.4 km2 as training sites to develop the model. The model consists of nine weighted-map patterns that are combined to produce a favorability map predicting the distribution of epithermal-gold deposits. Using a measure of the association of training sites with predictor features (or patterns), the patterns can be ranked from best to worst predictors. Based on proximity analysis, the strongest predictor is the area within 8 km of volcanic rocks younger than 43 Ma. Being close to volcanic rocks is not highly weighted, but being far from volcanic rocks causes a strong negative weight. These weights suggest that proximity to volcanic rocks define where deposits do not occur. The second best pattern is the area within 1 km of hydrothermally altered areas. The next best pattern is the area within 1 km of known placer-gold sites. The proximity analysis for gold placers weights this pattern as useful when close to known placer sites, but unimportant where placers do not exist. The remaining patterns are significantly weaker predictors. In order of decreasing correlation, they are: proximity to volcanic vents, proximity to east-west to northwest faults, elevated airborne radiometric uranium, proximity to northwest to west and north-northwest linear features, elevated aeromagnetics, and anomalous geochemistry. This ordering of the patterns is a function of the quality, applicability, and use of the data. The nine-pattern favorability map can be evaluated by comparison with the USGS National Assessment for hot spring gold–silver deposits. The Spearman's ranked correlation coefficient between the favorability and the National Assessment permissive tracts is 0.5. Tabulations of the areas of agreement and disagreement between the two maps show 74% agreement for the Great Basin. The posterior probabilities for 51 significant deposits in the Great Basin, both used and not used in the model, show the following: 26 classified as favorable; 25 classified as permissive; and 1, Florida Canyon, classified as nonpermissive.The Florida Canyon deposit has a low favorability because there are no volcanic rocks near the deposit on the Nevada geologic map used. The largest areas of disagreement are caused by the USGS National Assessment team concluding that volcanic rocks older than 27 Ma in Nevada are not permissive, which was not assumed in this model. The weights-of-evidence model is evaluated as reasonable and delineates permissive areas for epithermal deposits comparable to expert's delineation. The weights-of-evidence model has the additional characteristics that it is well defined, reproducible, objective, and provides a quantitative measure of confidence.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1023/A:1021602316101","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., 1999, Evaluation of weights of evidence to predict epithermal-gold deposits in the Great Basin of the western United States: Natural Resources Research, v. 8, p. 257-276, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021602316101.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"276","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.17371584886055,\n 36.273382491792404\n ],\n [\n -114.04169884465318,\n 36.75188401988002\n ],\n [\n -114.03910682052589,\n 42.01392037172616\n ],\n [\n -120.09328767290734,\n 41.95091532528593\n ],\n [\n -120.3038484479028,\n 39.282649293195846\n ],\n [\n -116.17371584886055,\n 36.273382491792404\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185681,"text":"70185681 - 1999 - Estimation of methanogen biomass via quantitation of coenzyme M","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T20:06:19.114178","indexId":"70185681","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of methanogen biomass via quantitation of coenzyme M","docAbstract":"

Determination of the role of methanogenic bacteria in an anaerobic ecosystem often requires quantitation of the organisms. Because of the extreme oxygen sensitivity of these organisms and the inherent limitations of cultural techniques, an accurate biomass value is very difficult to obtain. We standardized a simple method for estimating methanogen biomass in a variety of environmental matrices. In this procedure we used the thiol biomarker coenzyme M (CoM) (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid), which is known to be present in all methanogenic bacteria. A high-performance liquid chromatography-based method for detecting thiols in pore water (A. Vairavamurthy and M. Mopper, Anal. Chim. Acta 78:363–370, 1990) was modified in order to quantify CoM in pure cultures, sediments, and sewage water samples. The identity of the CoM derivative was verified by using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The assay was linear for CoM amounts ranging from 2 to 2,000 pmol, and the detection limit was 2 pmol of CoM/ml of sample. CoM was not adsorbed to sediments. The methanogens tested contained an average of 19.5 nmol of CoM/mg of protein and 0.39 ± 0.07 fmol of CoM/cell. Environmental samples contained an average of 0.41 ± 0.17 fmol/cell based on most-probable-number estimates. CoM was extracted by using 1% tri-(N)-butylphosphine in isopropanol. More than 90% of the CoM was recovered from pure cultures and environmental samples. We observed no interference from sediments in the CoM recovery process, and the method could be completed aerobically within 3 h. Freezing sediment samples resulted in 46 to 83% decreases in the amounts of detectable CoM, whereas freezing had no effect on the amounts of CoM determined in pure cultures. The method described here provides a quick and relatively simple way to estimate methanogenic biomass.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.65.12.5541-5545.1999","usgsCitation":"Elias, D.A., Krumholz, L.R., Tanner, R.S., and Suflita, J.M., 1999, Estimation of methanogen biomass via quantitation of coenzyme M: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 65, no. 12, p. 5541-5545, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.12.5541-5545.1999.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5541","endPage":"5545","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479408,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5541-5545.1999","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253ae4b0543bf7fda85d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, Dwayne A.","contributorId":189299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elias","given":"Dwayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krumholz, Lee R.","contributorId":187679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krumholz","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanner, Ralph S.","contributorId":189884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanner","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28965,"text":"wri974224 - 1999 - Evaluation of factors that influence estimated zones of transport for six municipal wells in Clark County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:05:15","indexId":"wri974224","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4224","title":"Evaluation of factors that influence estimated zones of transport for six municipal wells in Clark County, Washington","docAbstract":"

A ground-water flow model was used in conjunction with particle tracking to estimate zones of transport for six municipal well sites in Clark County, Washington. A zone of transport for a well is a three-dimensional volume within a ground-water system that contains all of the ground water that will discharge from that well within a specified time period. All of the zones of transport for a well compose the zone of contribution for the well. Zones of transport and contribution are important considerations in the delineation of wellhead-protection areas. Hydrogeologic factors, such as hydraulic conductivity and porosity, influence the shape and size of the zones of transport, and, therefore, uncertainty in these and other factors can lead to uncertainty in the delineation of the zones of transport. The sensitivity of the zones of transport to uncertainty in selected hydrogeologic factors was evaluated for the six wells. Estimates of the zones of transport were delineated by the U.S. Geological Survey program MODTOOLS from three-dimensional pathlines computed by the U.S. Geological Survey program MODPATH. Input to MODPATH came from steady-state simulations calculated by the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW. Three-dimensional modeling is the best method for delineating zones of transport within stratigraphically complex, heterogeneous, anisotropic aquifers that have complex boundary conditions such as streams and multiple, simultaneously discharging wells.

\n

In this study, zones of transport were delineated by using simulated particle locations computed from the results of a three-dimensional steady-state regional model for 0-0.5, 0.5-1, 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-50 year travel times to the selected wells. Zones of transport for a well were delineated by tracking particles along pathlines in the reverse direction of ground-water flow.

\n

Sensitivity of the zones of transport to change in the discharge rate of the selected well, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity, as well as to the presence or absence of interfering wells, was evaluated at six well sites to evaluate the effect of uncertainties in these factors on the size and shape of zones of transport. Uncertainty in porosity contributed the most to the uncertainty in delineating the zones of transport. Uncertainty in other factors, such as well discharge rate and horizontal hydraulic conductivity, had measurable effects on the zones of transport, but errors introduced through these factors were less significant. Insight into the causes of the changes in the size and shape of the zones of transport to varying conditions was gained by evaluating the simulated water budget and ground-water levels in the vicinity of the well. Changes in the simulated water budget and ground-water levels provided information to better understand the effects of uncertainties in the data on simulation results.The results of this study suggest that ground-water velocity is the underlying control on the size of the zones of transport. The regional hydraulic gradient is the most significant factor controlling the shape and orientation of the zones of transport. Spatial variation in recharge, discharge, and hydraulic properties can also affect the shape of the zones of transport, however. Underestimation of porosity or overestimation of horizontal hydraulic conductivity leads to overestimation of ground-water velocity and overestimation of the size of zones of transport. Overestimation of porosity or underestimation of horizontal hydraulic conductivity leads to underestimation of ground-water velocity and underestimation of the size of zones of transport. Well discharge rate affects ground-water velocities near the well. Underestimation of discharge (and therefore velocities) will result in underestimation of the size of the zones of transport. The sensitivity of estimated zones of transport to uncertainty in parameters such as porosity and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is a function of the well discharge rate and the proximity of the well to boundaries, such as streams and rivers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri974224","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Intergovernmental Resource Center, Clark County, Washington","usgsCitation":"Orzol, L., and Truini, M., 1999, Evaluation of factors that influence estimated zones of transport for six municipal wells in Clark County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4224, iv, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974224.","productDescription":"iv, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57840,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4224/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"746.16 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Clark County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.3248,45.5604],[-122.3221,45.5595],[-122.3189,45.5596],[-122.3163,45.5596],[-122.313,45.5592],[-122.3091,45.5583],[-122.3039,45.558],[-122.2987,45.5576],[-122.2941,45.5576],[-122.2902,45.5581],[-122.2883,45.5577],[-122.283,45.5564],[-122.2791,45.556],[-122.2784,45.5555],[-122.2791,45.5546],[-122.283,45.5537],[-122.2849,45.5532],[-122.2901,45.5531],[-122.2973,45.5535],[-122.3038,45.5534],[-122.3103,45.5538],[-122.3161,45.5546],[-122.322,45.5559],[-122.3273,45.5576],[-122.3299,45.559],[-122.33,45.5608],[-122.328,45.5613],[-122.3248,45.5604]]],[[[-122.4104,45.5743],[-122.4215,45.5742],[-122.4312,45.5745],[-122.4352,45.5754],[-122.4385,45.5776],[-122.4359,45.5781],[-122.432,45.5781],[-122.4268,45.5787],[-122.421,45.5801],[-122.4165,45.5811],[-122.4139,45.5816],[-122.4113,45.5816],[-122.4087,45.5826],[-122.4041,45.5826],[-122.4015,45.5804],[-122.3981,45.5782],[-122.3994,45.5768],[-122.4059,45.5753],[-122.4104,45.5743]]],[[[-122.2446,46.0551],[-122.2433,45.9563],[-122.2443,45.867],[-122.2482,45.8665],[-122.2479,45.7819],[-122.2476,45.7677],[-122.2471,45.7238],[-122.2468,45.6643],[-122.2464,45.6008],[-122.2463,45.5967],[-122.2464,45.5761],[-122.246,45.561],[-122.259,45.5604],[-122.2668,45.5598],[-122.2701,45.5598],[-122.2786,45.561],[-122.2903,45.5627],[-122.3072,45.5616],[-122.3157,45.5628],[-122.3164,45.5628],[-122.3261,45.5631],[-122.3374,45.5703],[-122.3434,45.5748],[-122.348,45.5766],[-122.3506,45.5774],[-122.3546,45.5797],[-122.3592,45.5805],[-122.367,45.5822],[-122.3794,45.5825],[-122.3878,45.582],[-122.3937,45.581],[-122.3963,45.5809],[-122.3963,45.5823],[-122.3931,45.5833],[-122.3918,45.5842],[-122.3912,45.5865],[-122.3945,45.5869],[-122.3964,45.586],[-122.399,45.5845],[-122.4062,45.5858],[-122.4249,45.5819],[-122.4353,45.5799],[-122.4386,45.5799],[-122.4503,45.582],[-122.4575,45.5828],[-122.466,45.5845],[-122.4811,45.5866],[-122.4876,45.5869],[-122.4967,45.5886],[-122.5111,45.5916],[-122.5177,45.5933],[-122.5217,45.5947],[-122.5269,45.5955],[-122.5321,45.5968],[-122.5486,45.602],[-122.5656,45.6041],[-122.5827,45.6093],[-122.5951,45.6109],[-122.6181,45.6174],[-122.6245,45.616],[-122.6251,45.6137],[-122.6322,45.6122],[-122.6414,45.6125],[-122.6459,45.6129],[-122.6538,45.615],[-122.6663,45.6194],[-122.6829,45.6269],[-122.6935,45.6322],[-122.6981,45.6358],[-122.7041,45.6394],[-122.7147,45.6451],[-122.7259,45.6477],[-122.7384,45.6512],[-122.745,45.6533],[-122.7517,45.6587],[-122.7531,45.6614],[-122.7545,45.6637],[-122.7591,45.6673],[-122.7618,45.67],[-122.764,45.6759],[-122.7654,45.6795],[-122.7682,45.6836],[-122.7684,45.6891],[-122.763,45.7056],[-122.7626,45.7102],[-122.7608,45.7148],[-122.7603,45.7208],[-122.758,45.73],[-122.7571,45.7423],[-122.7567,45.7492],[-122.7582,45.7547],[-122.7584,45.7602],[-122.7587,45.7688],[-122.7608,45.7743],[-122.7636,45.7788],[-122.7671,45.7856],[-122.7732,45.7919],[-122.7733,45.7965],[-122.778,45.7992],[-122.7807,45.8032],[-122.7841,45.8064],[-122.7848,45.8087],[-122.7876,45.8118],[-122.7883,45.815],[-122.7858,45.8187],[-122.7859,45.8215],[-122.7873,45.8237],[-122.7868,45.8274],[-122.7863,45.832],[-122.7838,45.8362],[-122.782,45.8412],[-122.7821,45.8426],[-122.7828,45.8449],[-122.7797,45.849],[-122.7791,45.8504],[-122.7786,45.8541],[-122.7767,45.8573],[-122.7703,45.8615],[-122.7599,45.864],[-122.7522,45.8655],[-122.7413,45.8735],[-122.7347,45.8722],[-122.7216,45.8697],[-122.7183,45.8706],[-122.7204,45.8747],[-122.7284,45.8796],[-122.7346,45.8878],[-122.7329,45.896],[-122.7427,45.8959],[-122.7453,45.8949],[-122.748,45.8972],[-122.7501,45.9003],[-122.7482,45.9031],[-122.7404,45.9046],[-122.7386,45.9087],[-122.7381,45.9152],[-122.7382,45.9179],[-122.7349,45.918],[-122.7284,45.9185],[-122.7246,45.9204],[-122.7201,45.9251],[-122.7203,45.9296],[-122.7217,45.9333],[-122.7166,45.9352],[-122.7133,45.9343],[-122.7067,45.9326],[-122.7049,45.9327],[-122.6942,45.9381],[-122.6856,45.9392],[-122.6853,45.9398],[-122.6677,45.941],[-122.667,45.9397],[-122.6656,45.9374],[-122.6615,45.9333],[-122.6594,45.9288],[-122.6536,45.9303],[-122.6504,45.9344],[-122.6467,45.9395],[-122.6421,45.9391],[-122.6329,45.9393],[-122.6224,45.9385],[-122.6192,45.9386],[-122.6152,45.9382],[-122.6133,45.9387],[-122.6081,45.9411],[-122.5927,45.95],[-122.5804,45.9561],[-122.5699,45.9549],[-122.5601,45.9555],[-122.5512,45.9625],[-122.5455,45.9686],[-122.5378,45.9732],[-122.5341,45.9815],[-122.5263,45.9849],[-122.51,45.9865],[-122.5059,45.9815],[-122.4975,45.9835],[-122.4957,45.989],[-122.4786,45.9883],[-122.4596,45.9868],[-122.4471,45.9851],[-122.4377,45.9756],[-122.4253,45.9772],[-122.4009,45.9739],[-122.3884,45.9699],[-122.3758,45.9641],[-122.3633,45.9638],[-122.3613,45.9598],[-122.3547,45.9603],[-122.3449,45.96],[-122.3345,45.9638],[-122.3288,45.9689],[-122.3243,45.9731],[-122.3239,45.9818],[-122.3194,45.9841],[-122.3144,45.992],[-122.3231,46.0001],[-122.3253,46.0092],[-122.3261,46.0124],[-122.3157,46.0158],[-122.3139,46.0227],[-122.3101,46.0287],[-122.3024,46.0356],[-122.2947,46.0412],[-122.2924,46.0504],[-122.2762,46.0589],[-122.2671,46.0603],[-122.2565,46.0587],[-122.2446,46.0551]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clark\",\"state\":\"WA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c67ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orzol, L.L.","contributorId":63419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truini, Margot mtruini@usgs.gov","contributorId":599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truini","given":"Margot","email":"mtruini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197197,"text":"70197197 - 1999 - A comparison of the weights-of-evidence method and probabilistic neural networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T16:45:10","indexId":"70197197","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of the weights-of-evidence method and probabilistic neural networks","docAbstract":"

The need to integrate large quantities of digital geoscience information to classify locations as mineral deposits or nondeposits has been met by the weights-of-evidence method in many situations. Widespread selection of this method may be more the result of its ease of use and interpretation rather than comparisons with alternative methods. A comparison of the weights-of-evidence method to probabilistic neural networks is performed here with data from Chisel Lake-Andeson Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Each method is designed to estimate the probability of belonging to learned classes where the estimated probabilities are used to classify the unknowns. Using these data, significantly lower classification error rates were observed for the neural network, not only when test and training data were the same (0.02 versus 23%), but also when validation data, not used in any training, were used to test the efficiency of classification (0.7 versus 17%). Despite these data containing too few deposits, these tests of this set of data demonstrate the neural network's ability at making unbiased probability estimates and lower error rates when measured by number of polygons or by the area of land misclassified. For both methods, independent validation tests are required to ensure that estimates are representative of real-world results. Results from the weights-of-evidence method demonstrate a strong bias where most errors are barren areas misclassified as deposits. The weights-of-evidence method is based on Bayes rule, which requires independent variables in order to make unbiased estimates. The chi-square test for independence indicates no significant correlations among the variables in the Chisel Lake–Andeson Lake data. However, the expected number of deposits test clearly demonstrates that these data violate the independence assumption. Other, independent simulations with three variables show that using variables with correlations of 1.0 can double the expected number of deposits as can correlations of −1.0. Studies done in the 1970s on methods that use Bayes rule show that moderate correlations among attributes seriously affect estimates and even small correlations lead to increases in misclassifications. Adverse effects have been observed with small to moderate correlations when only six to eight variables were used. Consistent evidence of upward biased probability estimates from multivariate methods founded on Bayes rule must be of considerable concern to institutions and governmental agencies where unbiased estimates are required. In addition to increasing the misclassification rate, biased probability estimates make classification into deposit and nondeposit classes an arbitrary subjective decision. The probabilistic neural network has no problem dealing with correlated variables—its performance depends strongly on having a thoroughly representative training set. Probabilistic neural networks or logistic regression should receive serious consideration where unbiased estimates are required. The weights-of-evidence method would serve to estimate thresholds between anomalies and background and for exploratory data analysis.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1021606417010","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1999, A comparison of the weights-of-evidence method and probabilistic neural networks: Natural Resources Research, v. 8, no. 4, p. 287-298, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021606417010.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15919ae4b092d9651e21f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23207,"text":"ofr99126 - 1999 - SEGY to ASCII: Conversion and Plotting Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23207,"text":"ofr99126 - 1999 - SEGY to ASCII: Conversion and Plotting Program","indexId":"ofr99126","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"SEGY to ASCII: Conversion and Plotting Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":72819,"text":"ofr20051311 - 2005 - SEGY to ASCII Conversion and Plotting Program 2.0","indexId":"ofr20051311","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"SEGY to ASCII Conversion and Plotting Program 2.0"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":72819,"text":"ofr20051311 - 2005 - SEGY to ASCII Conversion and Plotting Program 2.0","indexId":"ofr20051311","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"title":"SEGY to ASCII Conversion and Plotting Program 2.0"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr99126","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-126","title":"SEGY to ASCII: Conversion and Plotting Program","docAbstract":"This report documents a computer program to convert standard 4 byte, IBM floating point SEGY files to ASCII xyz format. The program then optionally plots the seismic data using the GMT plotting package. \r\nThe material for this publication is contained in a standard tar file (of99-126.tar) that is uncompressed and 726 K in size. It can be downloaded by any Unix machine. Move the tar file to the directory you wish to use it in, then type 'tar xvf of99-126.tar' \r\n\r\nThe archive files (and diskette) contain a NOTE file, a README file, a version-history file, source code, a makefile for easy compilation, and an ASCII version of the documentation. The archive files (and diskette) also contain example test files, including a typical SEGY file along with the resulting ASCII xyz and postscript files. \r\n\r\nRequirements for compiling the source code into an executable are a C++ compiler. The program has been successfully compiled using Gnu's g++ version 2.8.1, and use of other compilers may require modifications to the existing source code. The g++ compiler is a free, high quality C++ compiler and may be downloaded from the ftp site: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu \r\n\r\nRequirements for plotting the seismic data is the existence of the GMT plotting package. The GMT plotting package may be downloaded from the web site: http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr99126","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Goldman, M.R., 1999, SEGY to ASCII: Conversion and Plotting Program (Superseded by OFR 2005-1311): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-126, 14 p.; 1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99126.","productDescription":"14 p.; 1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Superseded by OFR 2005-1311","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe0cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldman, Mark R. 0000-0002-0802-829X goldman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-829X","contributorId":1521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"Mark","email":"goldman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23340,"text":"ofr99326 - 1999 - Comparison of kinetic-model predictions of deep gas generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr99326","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-326","title":"Comparison of kinetic-model predictions of deep gas generation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99326","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Henry, A., and Lewan, M.D., 1999, Comparison of kinetic-model predictions of deep gas generation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-326, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99326.","productDescription":"34 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0326/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52639,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0326/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae32b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, A.A.","contributorId":63047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22640,"text":"ofr99336 - 1999 - Geographic information system (GIS) procedure for preliminary delineation of debris-flow hazard areas from a digital terrain model, Madison County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr99336","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-336","title":"Geographic information system (GIS) procedure for preliminary delineation of debris-flow hazard areas from a digital terrain model, Madison County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99336","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Campbell, R.H., and Chirico, P., 1999, Geographic information system (GIS) procedure for preliminary delineation of debris-flow hazard areas from a digital terrain model, Madison County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-336, 25 p. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99336.","productDescription":"25 p. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0336/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52110,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0336/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a91fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chirico, P. G.","contributorId":52215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"P. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22234,"text":"ofr99203 - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey middle Rio Grande basin study; proceedings of the third annual workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 24-25, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr99203","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-203","title":"U.S. Geological Survey middle Rio Grande basin study; proceedings of the third annual workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 24-25, 1999","docAbstract":"Approximately 40 percent (about 600,000 people) of the total\r\npopulation of New Mexico lives within the Middle Rio Grande Basin, \r\nwhich includes the City of Albuquerque. Ongoing analyses of the \r\ncentral portion of the Middle Rio Grande Basin by the U.S. Geological\r\nSurvey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque and \r\nother agencies have shown that ground water in the basin is not as \r\nreadily accessible as earlier studies indicated. A more complete \r\ncharacterization of the ground-water resources of the entire Middle\r\nRio Grande Basin is hampered by a scarcity of data in the \r\nnorthern and southern areas of the basin.\r\n\r\nThe USGS Middle Rio Grande Basin study is a 5-year effort by the \r\nUSGS and other agencies to improve the understanding of the \r\nhydrology, geology, and land-surface characteristics of the Middle\r\nRio Grande Basin. The primary objective of this study is to \r\nimprove the understanding of the water resources of the basin. Of \r\nparticular interest is to determine the extent of hydrologic\r\nconnection between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer. \r\nAdditionally, ground-water quality affects the availability of \r\nwater supplies in the basin. Improving the existing USGS-constructed\r\nground-water flow model of the Middle Rio Grande Basin will \r\nintegrate all the various tasks that improve our knowledge of the \r\nvarious components of the Middle Rio Grande water budget. Part \r\nof this improvement will be accompanied by extended knowledge of \r\nthe aquifer system beyond the Albuquerque area into the northern \r\nand southern reaches of the basin. Other improvements will be \r\nbased on understanding gained through process-oriented research \r\nand improved geologic characterization of the deposits. The USGS \r\nand cooperating agencies will study the hydrology, geology, and \r\nland-surface characteristics of the basin to provide the scientific\r\ninformation needed for water-resources management and for managers \r\nto plan for water supplies needed for a growing population.\r\n\r\nTo facilitate exchange of information among the scientists working\r\non the Middle Rio Grande Basin study, yearly technical meetings\r\nhave been held for each of the first 3 years of the anticipated \r\n5-year study. These meetings provide an opportunity to present \r\nresearch results and plan new field efforts. This report documents \r\nthe results of research presented at the third annual technical \r\nworkshop held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 24-25, 1999.\r\n\r\nThe report is organized into this introduction and five chapters \r\nthat focus on Middle Rio Grande Basin study investigations in \r\nprogress in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. The first chapter \r\ndescribes geographic data and analysis efforts in the basin. The \r\nsecond chapter details work being done on the hydrogeologic and \r\ngeologic framework of the basin. The third chapter describes \r\nstudies on ground-water recharge in the basin. The fourth chapter \r\nprovides details on the research on the ground-water flow system \r\nin the basin, including modeling efforts. The fifth chapter is \r\ndevoted to an overview of New Mexico District Cooperative Program \r\nstudies in the basin.\r\n\r\nThe information in this report presents preliminary results of an \r\nevolving study. As the study progresses and individual projects \r\npublish their results in more detail, the USGS hopes to expand the \r\nscientific basis needed for management decisions regarding the \r\nMiddle Rio Grande Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99203","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bartolino, J.R., 1999, U.S. Geological Survey middle Rio Grande basin study; proceedings of the third annual workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 24-25, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-203, vi, 95 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99203.","productDescription":"vi, 95 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51667,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartolino, James R. 0000-0002-2166-7803 jrbartol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7803","contributorId":2548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"James","email":"jrbartol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23564,"text":"ofr99348 - 1999 - Analytical results and conceptual model of mine drainage at the Holden Mine, Chelan County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr99348","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-348","title":"Analytical results and conceptual model of mine drainage at the Holden Mine, Chelan County, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99348","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kilburn, J., Smith, D.B., and Sutley, S.J., 1999, Analytical results and conceptual model of mine drainage at the Holden Mine, Chelan County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-348, ii, 36 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99348.","productDescription":"ii, 36 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0348/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52854,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0348/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilburn, J.E.","contributorId":42205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutley, S. J.","contributorId":91484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23344,"text":"ofr99256 - 1999 - Hydrologic data for water years 1978-97 used in daily flow-routing and river-operations models for the upper Carson River Basin, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T20:11:33.488867","indexId":"ofr99256","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-256","title":"Hydrologic data for water years 1978-97 used in daily flow-routing and river-operations models for the upper Carson River Basin, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99256","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., 1999, Hydrologic data for water years 1978-97 used in daily flow-routing and river-operations models for the upper Carson River Basin, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-256, Report: iv, 16 p.; 1 Plate: 29.88 × 39.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99256.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; 1 Plate: 29.88 × 39.85 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391477,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22686.htm"},{"id":52643,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0256/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95494,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0256/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"upper Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120,\n 38.667\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 38.667\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 38.667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60792f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23290,"text":"ofr99319 - 1999 - Mississippi Basin Carbon Project; upland soil database for sites in Yazoo Basin, northern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-13T10:17:25","indexId":"ofr99319","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-319","title":"Mississippi Basin Carbon Project; upland soil database for sites in Yazoo Basin, northern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The conversion of land from its native state to an agricultural use commonly results in a significant loss of soil carbon (Mann, 1985; Davidson and Ackerman, 1993). Globally, this loss is estimated to account for as much as 1/3 of the net CO2 emissions for the period of 1850 to 1980 (Houghton et al, 1983). Roughly 20 to 40 percent of original soil carbon is estimated to be lost as CO2 as a result of agricultural conversion, or 'decomposition enhancement', and global models use this estimate along with land conversion data to provide agricultural contributions of CO2 emissions for global carbon budgets (Houghton and others, 1983; Schimel, 1995).\r\n\r\nAs yet, erosional losses of carbon are not included in global carbon budgets explicitly as a factor in land conversion nor implicitly as a portion of the decomposition enhancement. However, recent work by Lal et al (1995) and by Stallard (1998) suggests that significant amounts of eroded soil may be stored in man-made reservoirs and depositional environments as a result of agricultural conversion. Moreover, Stallard points out that if eroding soils have the potential for replacing part of the carbon trapped in man-made reservoirs, then the global carbon budget may grossly underestimate or ignore a significant sink term resulting from the burial of eroded soil.\r\n\r\nSoil erosion rates are significantly (10X) higher on croplands than on their undisturbed equivalents (Dabney et al, 1997). Most of the concern over erosion is related to diminished productivity of the uplands (Stallings, 1957; McGregor et al, 1993; Rhoton and Tyler, 1990) or to increased hazards and navigability of the lowlands in the late 1800's to early 1900's. Yet because soil carbon is concentrated at the soil surface, with an exponential decline in concentration with depth, it is clear that changes in erosion rates seen on croplands must also impact soil carbon storage and terrestrial carbon budgets as well.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99319","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Fries, T.L., and Huntington, T., 1999, Mississippi Basin Carbon Project; upland soil database for sites in Yazoo Basin, northern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-319, 46 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99319.","productDescription":"46 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52575,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0319/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0319/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":189824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24676,"text":"ofr99338 - 1999 - Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions from late Pleistocene plant macrofossils of the Yucca Mountain region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T14:53:41","indexId":"ofr99338","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-338","title":"Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions from late Pleistocene plant macrofossils of the Yucca Mountain region","docAbstract":"

Plant macrofossil assemblages recovered from packrat (Neotoma) middens of late Pleistocene age from the present-day Mojave Desert of southern Nevada contain plant species that today live at higher elevations and/or farther north than the midden collection sites. Previous reconstructions of late Pleistocene climates from packrat midden assemblages in this region (Spaulding, 1985) assessed the minimum climatic differences from today by estimating the present-day climatic differences between the fossil midden sites and the nearest current occurrences of key plant species recovered from the Pleistocene middens. From this approach Spaulding (1985) concluded that although late Pleistocene temperatures were considerably below those of today, only modest increases in precipitation (relative to today) were necessary for these plant species to survive in the current Mojave Desert during the late Pleistocene.

Spaulding's approach provided \"state-of-the-art\" results from an intensive careful examination of the best data available at the time. However, data and techniques developed since the mid-1980s suggest that there are two possible short-comings to this approach: 1) the use of lowest elevational and (frequently) most southerly occurrences of key plant species results in minimal estimates of the differences between Pleistocene and present-day climates, and 2) the instrumental climate data set available to Spaulding was limited in duration, non-standard in its method of collection, and indicated a modern climate wetter than the long-term historic mean, which resulted in relatively small apparent differences between late Pleistocene and present-day mean annual precipitation levels. In this report we use a more standard (close to the long-term mean) modern calibration period and a modern plant distribution data set that permits us to identify modern analogues for the Pleistocene vegetation. This reexamination permits a more robust reconstruction of the past climate, and results in estimates of mean annual temperature for the glacial maximum at Yucca Mountain that are 1.0° to 1.4° C warmer than those of Spaulding, and estimates of mean annual precipitation that are 60 mm or more higher than his.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99338","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Anderson, K.H., and Bartlein, P., 1999, Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions from late Pleistocene plant macrofossils of the Yucca Mountain region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-338, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99338.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1923,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0338/p1.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53699,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0338/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0338/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64db54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22519,"text":"ofr99344A - 1999 - Digital analytical data from mineral resource assessments of national forest lands in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T21:45:32.797529","indexId":"ofr99344A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-344","chapter":"A","title":"Digital analytical data from mineral resource assessments of national forest lands in Washington","docAbstract":"Extensive reconnaissance assessments of the mineral resource potential of the Colville and Okanogan National Forests in northeastern Washington were conducted during 1979-1982 by a private consultant A.R. Grant, under contract with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. These forests occupy large parts of Pend Oreille, Stevens, Ferry, and Okanogan counties, and smaller parts of Whatcom, Skagit, and Chelan counties adjoining Okanogan County in the Cascades. Sampled terrain also included the Kaniksu National Forest in Pend Oreille County and one stream bed of the Kaniksu in adjacent Bonner County, Idaho.\n\nTwo unpublished reports resulting from the assessments (Grant, 1982a,b) list a total of 3,927 analyses of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium content of stream sediment and bedrock samples collected at widely dispersed sites in the three National Forests. This report makes this important body of work available in digital form on diskettes, to enhance manipulations with computer spreadsheets, geographic information systems (GIS), and digital spatial analyses. This will allow for utilization of data by modern day explorationists and by the general geodata user community.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99344A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Boleneus, D., and Chase, D.W., 1999, Digital analytical data from mineral resource assessments of national forest lands in Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-344, Report: PDF, 65 p.; Report: TXT; Readme; Metadata; Analytical Results, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99344A.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 65 p.; Report: TXT; Readme; Metadata; Analytical Results","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284889,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/README.txt"},{"id":422206,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19375.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52026,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/pdf/of99-344.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284890,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/of99-344.doc"},{"id":284891,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/OF99-344.XLS"},{"id":1298,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":284888,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0344a/of99-344.met"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Colville National Forest, Okanogan National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.0,48.0 ], [ -121.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -121.0,48.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd54efe4b0b290850f609f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boleneus, D. E.","contributorId":87577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boleneus","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chase, D. W.","contributorId":67356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}