The health of native riparian vegetation and its relation to hydrologic conditions were studied along the Mojave River mainly during the growing seasons of 1997 and 1998. The study concentrated on cottonwood-willow woodlands (predominantly Populus fremontii and Salix gooddingii) and mesquite bosques (predominantly Prosopis glandulosa). Tree-growth characteristics were measured at 16 cottonwood-willow woodland sites and at 3 mesquite bosque sites. Density of live and dead trees, tree diameter and height, canopy density, live-crown volume, leaf-water potential, leaf-area index, mortality, and reproduction were measured or noted at each site. The sites included healthy and reproducing woodlands and bosques, stressed woodlands and bosques with no reproduction, and woodlands and bosques with high mortality.
Tree roots were studied at seven sites to determine the vertical distribution of the root system and their relation to the water table at healthy, stressed, and high-mortality cottonwood-willow woodlands. In the six trenches that were dug for this study in May 1997, no cottonwood roots were observed that reached the water table. The root systems of healthy trees typically ended 1 to 2 feet above the water table. At sites with high mortality, the main root mass was commonly 7 to 8 feet above the water table.
Water-table depth was monitored at each of the study sites. In addition, volumetric soil moisture and soil-water potential were monitored at varying depths at three cottonwood-willow woodland study sites and at two mesquite bosque sites. Ground, soil, river, lake, and plant (xylem sap) water were analyzed for concentrations of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to determine the source of water used by the trees.
On the basis of the root-distribution, soil- and leaf-water potential, and isotope data, it was concluded that cottonwood, willow, and mesquite trees mainly rely on ground water for their perennial sustained supply of water. The trees mainly utilize ground water that has moved upward from the water table into the capillary fringe and into unsaturated soil nearer to land surface. Most precipitation (average is 4 to 6 inches per year) is lost by evaporation and by transpiration of shallow-rooted xeric plants, and very little reaches the root zone of trees along the Mojave River.
Water-table depth had no strong correlation to many individual tree-growth characteristics, such as density, diameter, height, and live-crown volume. However, leaf-area index (corrected for stem area) of both healthy and stressed cottonwood-willow woodlands had a highly significant statistical relation to water-table depth, and a curvilinear regression model was defined. As in cottonwood-willow woodlands, leaf-area index of mesquite bosques also decreased with increased water-table depth. However, because of the small number of sites, no significant statistical relation could be defined for mesquite bosques. Because it can be accurately measured repeatedly at the same locations, leaf-area index (corrected for stem area) is recommended as the primary growth characteristic that should be monitored. Future vegetation changes along the Mojave River can be quantified using the sites established for this study.
Mortality was as high as 39 percent in healthy cottonwood-willow woodlands, but mortality of 50 to 100 percent was common where water-table depth was greater than about 7 feet or in areas where permanent water-table declines greater than about 5 feet had occurred. At a healthy mesquite bosque where the water-table depth ranged from about 8 to 11 feet, mortality was about 20 percent. Where the water table had been lowered an additional 10 to 25 feet by pumping, mortality of the mesquite was extremely high (80 to 99 percent).
On the basis of observations of plant reproduction, it was concluded that established cottonwood-willow woodlands probably will reproduce, mainly by root sprouting of mature trees, if the water-table depth during spring and early summer is less than about 5 feet and if there is sufficient sunlight. Likewise, reproduction in established mesquite bosques will probably occur by root sprouting if the water-table depth during spring and early summer is less than about 8 feet. Germination of cottonwood and willow seeds is common during spring in dry channels following winter stormflows in the Mojave River. However, most of the seedlings die before their roots reach a perennial water supply near the water table, and established stands of trees resulting from seed germination are rare.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994112","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1999, Health of native riparian vegetation and its relation to hydrologic conditions along the Mojave River, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4112, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994112.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22565.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95711,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.441,\n 35.062\n ],\n [\n -117.441,\n 34.321\n ],\n [\n -116.312,\n 34.321\n ],\n [\n -116.312,\n 35.062\n ],\n [\n -117.441,\n 35.062\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63c880","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223324,"text":"5223324 - 1998 - Outcome of aggressive interactions between American black ducks and mallards during the breeding season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T12:24:19.0255","indexId":"5223324","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:45","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Outcome of aggressive interactions between American black ducks and mallards during the breeding season","docAbstract":"American black duck (Anas rubripes) numbers have declined during the past several decades, while mallards (A. platyrhynchos) have expanded their range eastward. Competitive exclusion of black ducks from wetlands by mallards has been proposed as a principal cause of the decline. We studied a sympatric population of black ducks and mallards in Maine during the early breeding season to document behavior and interactions. We observed 832 aggressive interactions; most (72%) were interspecific. When a choice was available, both species interacted more often with conspecifics than with the other species (P < 0.028). On wetlands occupied simultaneously by both species, numbers of intraspecific interactions initiated by each species were similar (P = 0.470). The proportions of won (initiator displaces recipient of attack), lost (initiator displaced), and \"no change\" outcomes of these interactions were different (P < 0.001). When black ducks initiated interactions with mallards, black ducks did not lose any interactions and displaced mallards 87.2% of the time; no change occurred during 12.8% of the interactions. When mallards initiated interactions with black ducks, mallards displaced black ducks 63.3% of the time but were displaced by black ducks 15.0% of the time; no change occurred during 21.7% of the interactions. Displacement from wetlands was rare (38 of 229 interspecific interactions) and was equal between species.
Ground-water quality in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer was monitored during 1991-95 at the Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) near Princeton, Minnesota. The objectives of the study were to:
\n(1) describe the effects of three farming systems on groundwater quality, and
\n(2) evaluate the factors affecting ground-water quality and transport of agricultural chemicals at the site.
\nConcentrations of nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) in the upper 1 meter (m) of the saturated zone were greatest beneath the two cropped areas having a potato-sweet corn annual rotation (median concentrations of 23 and 22 mg/L). Concentrations of nitrate-N were least beneath a cropped area having a field cornsoybean annual rotation (median of 14 mg/L); another cropped area having the field corn-soybean rotation had similar nitrate-N concentrations to those beneath a cropped area having field corn in consecutive years (continuous corn)(medians of 17 mg/L).
\nConcentrations of atrazine plus metabolites de-ethylatrazine (DEA) and de-isopropylatrazine (DIA), atrazine plus metabolites, were significantly greater during 1994-95 than during 1992- 93 beneath all cropped areas in the upper 1 m of the saturated zone. Concentrations of atrazine plus metabolites during 1994-95 were greatest beneath the continuous corn (median of 1.07 (μg/L), intermediate beneath one cropped area with the potato-sweet corn rotation (median of 0.37 μg/L), and least beneath the other cropped area with the potato-sweet corn rotation, the field corn-soybean rotation, and background areas (medians ranging from 0.11 to 0.21 μg/L), for which concentrations were not significantly different. Concentrations of atrazine plus metabolites during 1992-93 were mostly similar beneath the different cropped areas and background areas. DEA was the predominant atrazine-metabolite detected in ground water; the average DEA to atrazine ratio was 8.0. The herbicides metribuzin, alachlor, and metolachlor were rarely detected in ground water at trace levels and could not be linked to the MSEA farming systems, with the exception of metribuzin detections during 1993-94 at concentrations of 0.14-1.24 (μg/L beneath one cropped area where metribuzin was applied to potatoes.
\nPeak concentrations of chloride and bromide tracers were usually detected in the upper 2 m of the saturated zone 11 to 19 months after application. Peak concentrations of nitrate-N and atrazine plus metabolites were usually detected about 13 to 27 months and 2 years after application, respectively.
\nThe estimated proportion of applied nitrogen that reached ground water ranged from about 13 to 50 percent with an average of 30 percent. Differences in the concentrations of nitrate-N in ground water between different cropped areas were related to varying nitrogen application rates, timing of nitrogen application, timing of recharge in relation to crop rotation, and differences in nitrogen uptake by crops. In order of importance, plant uptake and leaching to ground water likely account for most of the nitrogen applied. Denitrification likely is an important mechanism affecting nitrate-N concentrations at depths greater than 2 m below the water table.
\nThe proportion of applied atrazine in ground water, detected as atrazine or its metabolites, ranged from 0 to about 1 percent with an average of 0.37 percent. The small proportion of applied atrazine detected in ground water indicates that atrazine was predominantly affected by processes occurring in the soil such as adsorption and degradation. Concentrations of atrazine plus metabolites were related to application rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri984128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota Department of Soil, Water, and Climate; the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., Delin, G., Lamb, J., Anderson, J.L., and Dowdy, R., 1998, Effects of farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4128, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984128.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4128/report.pdf","size":"7004","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4128/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.62385749816895,\n 45.52312701460922\n ],\n [\n -93.62385749816895,\n 45.530222474607434\n ],\n [\n -93.6140513420105,\n 45.530222474607434\n ],\n [\n -93.6140513420105,\n 45.52312701460922\n ],\n [\n -93.62385749816895,\n 45.52312701460922\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615771","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dowdy, R.H.","contributorId":92275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdy","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26888,"text":"wri984035 - 1998 - Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Du Page County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri984035","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4035","title":"Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Du Page County, Illinois","docAbstract":"Rainfall and streamflow data collected from July 1986 through September 1993 were utilized to calibrate and verify a continuous-simulation rainfall-runoff model for three watersheds (11.8--18.0 square miles in area) in Du Page County. Classification of land cover into three categories of pervious (grassland, forest/wetland, and agricultural land) and one category of impervious subareas was sufficient to accurately simulate the rainfall-runoff relations for the three watersheds. Regional parameter sets were obtained by calibrating jointly all parameters except fraction of ground-water inflow that goes to inactive ground water (DEEPFR), interflow recession constant (IRC), and infiltration (INFILT) for runoff from all three watersheds. DEEPFR and IRC varied among the watersheds because of physical differences among the watersheds. Two values of INFILT were obtained: one representing the rainfall-runoff process on the silty and clayey soils on the uplands and lake plains that characterize Sawmill Creek, St. Joseph Creek, and eastern Du Page County; and one representing the rainfall-runoff process on the silty soils on uplands that characterize Kress Creek and parts of western Du Page County.\r\nRegional rainfall-runoff relations, defined through joint calibration of the rainfall-runoff model and verified for independent periods, presented in this report, allow estimation of runoff for watersheds in Du Page County with an error in the total water balance less than 4.0 percent; an average absolute error in the annual-flow estimates of 17.1 percent with the error rarely exceeding 25 percent for annual flows; and correlation coefficients and coefficients of model-fit efficiency for monthly flows of at least 87 and 76 percent, respectively. Close reproduction of the runoff-volume duration curves was obtained. A frequency analysis of storm-runoff volume indicates a tendency of the model to undersimulate large storms, which may result from underestimation of the amount of impervious land cover in the watershed and errors in measuring rainfall for convective storms. Overall, the results of regional calibration and verification of the rainfall-runoff model indicate the simulated rainfall-runoff relations are adequate for stormwater-management planning and design for watersheds in Du Page County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984035","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J., and Melching, C.S., 1998, Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Du Page County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4035, vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984035.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4035/report.pdf","size":"5358","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1985,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=98-4035","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":8135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23224,"text":"ofr98766 - 1998 - Slope maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-26T19:44:08.341724","indexId":"ofr98766","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-766","title":"Slope maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California: A digital database","docAbstract":"PREFACE: \r\n\r\nTopography, the configuration of the land surface, plays a major role in various natural processes \r\nthat have helped shape the ten-county San Francisco Bay region and continue to affect its \r\ndevelopment. Such processes include a dangerous type of landslide, the debris flow (Ellen and\r\nothers, 1997) as well as other modes of slope failure that damage property but rarely threaten life \r\ndirectly?slumping, translational sliding, and earthflow (Wentworth and others, 1997). Different \r\ntypes of topographic information at both local and regional scales are helpful in assessing the \r\nlikelihood of slope failure and the mapping the extent of its past activity, as well as addressing \r\nother issues in hazard mitigation and land-use policy. The most useful information is quantitative. \r\nThis report provides detailed digital data and plottable map files that depict in detail the most \r\nimportant single measure of ground-surface form for the Bay region, slope angle. We computed \r\nslope data for the entire region and each of its constituent counties from a new set of 35,000,000 \r\ndigital elevations assembled from 200 local contour maps.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98766","usgsCitation":"Graham, S.E., and Pike, R.J., 1998, Slope maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-766, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98766.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394898,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74152.htm"},{"id":1347,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-766/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.17321777343749,\n 37.13842453422676\n ],\n [\n -121.65710449218749,\n 37.13842453422676\n ],\n [\n -121.65710449218749,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -123.17321777343749,\n 38.35027253825765\n ],\n [\n -123.17321777343749,\n 37.13842453422676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Scott E. sgraham@usgs.gov","contributorId":2907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Scott","email":"sgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32169,"text":"ofr98478 - 1998 - Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T13:09:04.776939","indexId":"ofr98478","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-478","title":"Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Salmon National Forest administers 1,776,994 net acres of mountainous terrain located in east-central Idaho. Most of the Forest is in Lemhi County; only a small portion falls within Idaho and Valley Counties. Approximately 426,114 acres of the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness extends into the western part of the Forest and mineral entry is severely restricted. Because of its location within the Salmon River drainage, the Forest also is subject to numerous issues surrounding restoration of anadromous fish runs.\n\nMineral production from the Salmon National Forest began during 1866 when placer gold was discovered in Leesburg Basin. Hardrock mining quickly spread throughout the Forest and many deposits containing a wide range of commodities were discovered and developed. Although early records are sketchy, production is estimated to include 940,000 ounces gold, 654,000 ounces silver, 61.9 million pounds copper, 8.9 million pounds lead, 13.9 million pounds cobalt, 208,000 pounds zinc, and 37,000 tons fluorite mill feed.\n\nMineral resources are large, diverse, and occur in many deposit types including exhalative, stockwork, disseminated, vein, replacement, sedimentary, skarn, breccia pipe, porphyry, and placer. The largest cobalt resource in the United States occurs in the Blackbird Mining District. Other resources include gold, silver, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphate, manganese, iron, fluorite, uranium, thorium, rare earth oxides, and barite.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98478","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R., Close, T., and McHugh, E., 1998, Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-478, 277 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98478.","productDescription":"277 p.","numberOfPages":"277","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0478/pdf/of98-478.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3129,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0478/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Salmon National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.565231,45.218764 ], [ -114.565231,45.281607 ], [ -114.437171,45.281607 ], [ -114.437171,45.218764 ], [ -114.565231,45.218764 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Rick","contributorId":64158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Close, Terry","contributorId":76651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHugh, Ed","contributorId":52890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38254,"text":"pp1596 - 1998 - Geochemical studies of rare earth elements in the Portuguese pyrite belt, and geologic and geochemical controls on gold distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:52","indexId":"pp1596","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1596","title":"Geochemical studies of rare earth elements in the Portuguese pyrite belt, and geologic and geochemical controls on gold distribution","docAbstract":"This report describes geochemical and geological studies which were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Servicos Geologicos de Portugal (SPG) in the Portuguese pyrite belt (PPB) in southern Portugal. The studies included rare earth element (REE) distributions and geological and geochemical controls on the distribution of gold. Rare earth element distributions were determined in representative samples of the volcanic rocks from five west-trending sub-belts of the PPB in order to test the usefulness of REE as a tool for the correlation of volcanic events, and to determine their mobility and application as hydrothermal tracers. REE distributions in felsic volcanic rocks show increases in the relative abundances of heavy REE and a decrease in La/Yb ratios from north to south in the Portuguese pyrite belt. Anomalous amounts of gold are distributed in and near massive and disseminated sulfide deposits in the PPB. Gold is closely associated with copper in the middle and lower parts of the deposits. Weakly anomalous concentrations of gold were noted in exhalative sedimentary rocks that are stratigraphically above massive sulfide deposits in a distal manganiferous facies, whereas anomalously low concentrations were detected in the barite-rich, proximal-facies exhalites. Altered and pyritic felsic volcanic rocks locally contain highly anomalous concentrations of gold, suggesting that disseminated sulfide deposits and the non-ore parts of massive sulfide deposits should be evaluated for their gold potential.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1596","usgsCitation":"Grimes, D.J., Earhart, R.L., de Carvalho, D., Oliveira, V., Oliveira, J.T., and Castro, P., 1998, Geochemical studies of rare earth elements in the Portuguese pyrite belt, and geologic and geochemical controls on gold distribution: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1596, 40 p.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1596.","productDescription":"40 p.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3494,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1596/p1596.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimes, David J.","contributorId":36925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earhart, Robert L.","contributorId":74729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earhart","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Carvalho, Delfim","contributorId":62272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Carvalho","given":"Delfim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliveira, Vitor","contributorId":10081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveira","given":"Vitor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oliveira, Jose T.","contributorId":25980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveira","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro, Paulo","contributorId":12536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro","given":"Paulo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24645,"text":"ofr98125 - 1998 - Aspects of light rare earth element resources, Bayan Obo, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr98125","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-125","title":"Aspects of light rare earth element resources, Bayan Obo, China","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98125","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Sutphin, D.M., and Drew, L., 1998, Aspects of light rare earth element resources, Bayan Obo, China: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-125, 10 p., 1 leaf of plates :col. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98125.","productDescription":"10 p., 1 leaf of plates :col. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020669,"text":"70020669 - 1998 - Human influences on trophic cascades along rocky shores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T15:15:49.001624","indexId":"70020669","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human influences on trophic cascades along rocky shores","docAbstract":"A three-trophic-level interaction among American Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani), limpets (Lottia spp.), and erect fleshy algae in rocky intertidal communities of central and southern California was documented via manipulative and “natural” experiments. Removal of the territorial limpet (Lottia gigantea) initially caused large increases in the percent cover of erect fleshy algae, followed by a more gradual increase in density of small limpets (Lottia spp.) and a decline in algal cover. Algal cover increased following the removal of small limpets at the sites from which L. gigantea had been removed earlier, thus demonstrating that the large and small limpets had similar inhibitory effects on plant populations. A comparison of sites with and without oystercatchers showed that L. gigantea occupied substrate inclinations in proportion to their availability at sites where oystercatchers were rare, whereas the distribution of L. gigantea was skewed toward vertically inclined substrates where oystercatchers were common. Survival rates of limpets translocated to horizontal and vertical substrates were similar in sites lacking oystercatcher predation, but were much lower on horizontal substrates where oystercatchers were common. Our results are consistent with those from several prior studies in demonstrating that shorelines frequented by humans typically lack oystercatchers. Humans also exploit L. gigantea and reduce populations to low densities of small individuals. These findings may explain why the midlittoral zone of rocky intertidal communities in western North America are so often dominated by high population densities of small limpets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0880:HIOTCA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Lindberg, D.R., Estes, J.A., and Warheit, K.I., 1998, Human influences on trophic cascades along rocky shores: Ecological Applications, v. 8, no. 3, p. 880-890, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0880:HIOTCA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"880","endPage":"890","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3280e4b0c8380cd5e85e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindberg, D. R.","contributorId":64181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindberg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warheit, Kenneth I.","contributorId":202110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warheit","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":36349,"text":"Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177761,"text":"70177761 - 1998 - Ou (Psittirostra psittacea)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:11:02","indexId":"70177761","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":161,"text":"Birds of North America","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 335","title":"Ou (Psittirostra psittacea)","docAbstract":"The ‘Ö‘ü and the Läna‘i Hookbill are plump, predominantly olive green, thick-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers. The ‘Ö‘ü is now very rare and restricted to remote, high-elevation native forest, and the Läna‘i Hookbill is extinct. They are closely related species, belonging to a specialized tribe, Psittirostrini, consisting of nine historically known Hawaiian species with heavy, finchlike to parrotlike bills. Because of their taxonomic affinity and the paucity of information on the Läna‘i Hookbill, we are treating the two species in a single account.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academy of Natural Sciences and American Ornithologist's Union","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA and Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2173/bna.335","usgsCitation":"Snetsinger, T.J., Reynolds, M.H., and Herrmann, C.M., 1998, Ou (Psittirostra psittacea): Birds of North America No. 335, https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.335.","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c6e4b0f497e78fca97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snetsinger, Thomas J.","contributorId":176132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snetsinger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herrmann, Christina M.","contributorId":176133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073908,"text":"70073908 - 1998 - Summary of ground-water quality in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:20:15","indexId":"70073908","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T14:17:11","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Summary of ground-water quality in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Water-quality data for the 28 sites in the West Virginia ambient ground-water-quality network and for wells in the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS) data base for West Virginia were analyzed statistically to identify any water-quality trends and relations and to compare data from the two data sets. Data for 10 selected properties and constituents (pH, fecal coliform, iron, manganese, sulfate, hardness, nitrate plus nitrite, chloride, fluoride, and dissolved solids) were grouped by geologic unit, topographic setting, well depth, and season; simple statistical descriptors such as mean, median, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, and 10th and 90th percentiles were computed for each property and constituent and are summarized in tables.
Analysis of the data for wells from the NWIS data base showed that highest median concentrations of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese are in samples from the Lower Pennsylvanian units, which are found mainly in the low-sulfur coal fields of southern West Virginia; the highest median concentration of dissolved sulfate is in samples from the Quaternary alluvium along the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers; and the highest median hardness and concentrations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite are in samples from the Cambrian and Ordovician karst limestone units found mainly in the Eastern Panhandle. The highest median concentrations of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese are in samples from valley wells and wells of shallow depth, and hardness is greatest in samples from hilltop wells. Analysis of data for all wells and springs in the ambient network corroborated statistics for the NWIS data set in that median concentration of total iron is highest in samples from the Lower Pennsylvanian units, median concentration of dissolved sulfate is highest in samples from the Quaternary alluvium, and hardness and median concentrations of total nitrate plus nitrite are highest in samples from the Cambrian and Ordovician units. Data from the ambient network did not show any significant seasonal variations in groundwater quality. Of the additional constituents sampled for in the ambient network, median concentrations of metals were less than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards, and organic chemical constituents were rarely detected.
Statistical comparisons of data from the NWIS data base and the ambient network data set showed no significant differences except for fecal coliform, iron, and manganese. Median concentrations of these three constituents were several times greater for samples from wells and springs in the ambient network. Statistical differences in values for these constituents could be attributed to differences in the state of constituents sampled (dissolved concentrations of iron and manganese for the NWIS data set as opposed to total concentrations for the ambient network data set) and the smaller number of sites in the ambient network. Statistical resolution could be improved by sampling a greater number of wells and springs that have a greater diversity of geologic and topographic conditions for the ambient network. The present ambient network does not include sites in Silurian or Middle Pennsylvanian geologic units nor sites in hilltop settings. The statistical validity of the ambient network could be improved by sampling additional sites, especially those for aquifers underrepresented in the data set.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Charleston, WV","doi":"10.3133/70073908","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey for the West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection, Office of Water Resources, Ground-Water Program","usgsCitation":"Mathes, M., Kozar, M.D., and Brown, D., 1998, Summary of ground-water quality in West Virginia, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70073908.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":334342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70073908/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West 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P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007045,"text":"70007045 - 1998 - Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:49:04","indexId":"70007045","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T09:57:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"This research examines the effect of a rare flood on floodplain forest regeneration in a 102-km stretch of the Mississippi River beginning 21 km above the mouth of the Ohio River. The river has been restricted by levees and navigation structures and subjected to sediment dredging to maintain a stable navigation channel. Because the bank erosion–accretion process has been slowed or eliminated, cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) communities regenerate poorly in the modified river environment. An unusually large flood in 1993 destroyed the entire ground vegetation layer, killing 77.2% of the saplings and 32.2% of the trees. The flood created an alternative mechanism for cottonwood and willow to regenerate under canopy openings, enabling the community type composition of the present-day forest to be sustained for the next 50 years. Over time, however, the forest will likely exhibit considerable compositional fluctuation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199803/04)14:2<217::AID-RRR499>3.0.CO;2-S","usgsCitation":"Yin, Y., 1998, Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 217-225, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199803/04)14:2<217::AID-RRR499>3.0.CO;2-S.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"225","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcf2e5e4b0d55926e41fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yin, Yao yyin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Yao","email":"yyin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":93870,"text":"93870 - 1998 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Marbled Godwit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-15T10:59:46","indexId":"93870","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Marbled Godwit","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography on the home page of this resource.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93870","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Nenneman, M., and Euliss, B., 1998, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Marbled Godwit (Revised 2001), 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93870.","productDescription":"15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93870.PNG"},{"id":311619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93870/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised 2001","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondreal, Marriah L.","contributorId":73532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondreal","given":"Marriah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nenneman, Melvin P.","contributorId":60572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nenneman","given":"Melvin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021391,"text":"70021391 - 1998 - Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying productivity levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T13:08:29","indexId":"70021391","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying productivity levels","docAbstract":"Artificially increasing primary productivity decreases plant species richness in many habitats; herbivory may affect this outcome, but it has rarely been directly addressed in fertilization studies. This experiment was conducted in two Louisiana coastal marshes to examine the effects of nutrient enrichment and sediment addition on herbaceous plant communities with and without vertebrate herbivory. After three growing seasons, fertilization increased community biomass in all plots, but decreased species density (the number of species per unit area) only in plots protected from herbivory. Herbivory alone did not alter species density at either site. At the brackish marsh, herbivory caused a shift in dominance in the fertilized plots from a species that is considered the competitive dominant, but is selectively eaten, to another less palatable species. At the fresh marsh, increased dead biomass in the absence of herbivory and in the fertilized plots probably contributed to the decrease in species density, perhaps by limiting germination of annuals. Our results support those of other fertilization studies in which plant species density decreases with increased biomass, but only in those plots protected from herbivory.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1586:HEOPSD]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Gough, L., and Grace, J., 1998, Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying productivity levels: Ecology, v. 79, no. 5, p. 1586-1594, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1586:HEOPSD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1586","endPage":"1594","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3073e4b0c8380cd5d661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021296,"text":"70021296 - 1998 - The petrogenesis of felsic calc-alkaline magmas from the southernmost Cascades, California: Origin by partial melting of basaltic lower crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-31T11:59:36.249392","indexId":"70021296","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The petrogenesis of felsic calc-alkaline magmas from the southernmost Cascades, California: Origin by partial melting of basaltic lower crust","docAbstract":"The majority of felsic rocks from composite centers in the southernmost Cascades have geochemical and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios that suggest derivation by partial melting of lower crust that is compositionally similar to calc-alkaline basalts observed in the region. Only a few felsic rocks have δ18O and Pb isotopic compositions that indicate interaction with the upper crust. Mineralogical and geochemical differences among the felsic magmas result primarily from melting under variable f(H2O) and temperature conditions. Partial melting under low f(H2O) and high temperature conditions leaves an amphibole-poor residuum, and produces magmas that have orthopyroxene as the most abundant ferromagnesian phenocryst, relatively low silica contents, and straight rare earth element patterns. Partial melting under higher f(H2O) and lower temperature conditions leaves an amphibole-rich residuum, and produces magmas that have amphibole ± biotite phenocrysts, relatively high silica contents, and pronounced middle rare earth element depletions. These conclusions are consistent with published thermal models that suggest that reasonable volumes of basaltic magma emplaced beneath large composite centers in the southernmost Cascades can serve as the heat source for melting of the lower crust. Melting of the lower crust under variable f(H2O) conditions is likely to result from differences in the H2O contents of these basaltic magmas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petroj/39.6.1197","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Borg, L.E., and Clynne, M., 1998, The petrogenesis of felsic calc-alkaline magmas from the southernmost Cascades, California: Origin by partial melting of basaltic lower crust: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1197-1222, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.6.1197.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1197","endPage":"1222","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488031,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.6.1197","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae8be4b08c986b324190","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borg, L. E.","contributorId":33863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021129,"text":"70021129 - 1998 - Sedimentary facies and environmental ichnology of a ?Permian playa-lake complex in western Argentina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021129","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary facies and environmental ichnology of a ?Permian playa-lake complex in western Argentina","docAbstract":"A moderately diverse arthropod icnofauna occurs in ?Permian ephemeral lacustrine deposits of the Paganzo Basin that crop out at Bordo Atravesado, Cuesta de Miranda, western Argentina. Sedimentary successions are interpreted as having accumulated in a playa-lake complex. Deposits include three sedimentary facies: (A) laminated siltstone and mudstone: (B) current-rippled cross-laminated very fine grained sandstone: and (C) climbing and wave-rippled cross-laminated fine-grained sandstone deposited by sheet floods under wave influence in the playa-lake complex. Analysis of facies sequences suggests that repeated vertical facies associations result from transgressive regressive episodes of variable time spans. The Bordo Atravesado ichnofauna includes Cruziana problematica, Diplocraterion isp., cf. Diplopadichnus biformis, Kouphichnium? isp., Merostomichnites aicunai, Mirandaichnium famatinense, Monomorphichnus lineatus, Palaeophyeus tubularis, Umfolozia sinuosa and Umfolozia ef. U. longula. The assemblage is largely dominated by arthropod trackways and represents an example of the Scoyenia ichnofacies. Trace fossils are mostly preserved as hypichnial ridges on the soles of facies C beds, being comparatively rare in facies A and B. Ichnofossil preservation was linked to rapid influx of sand via sheet floods entering into the lake. Four taphonomic variants (types 1-4) are recognized, each determined by substrate consistency and time averaging. Type 1 is recorded by the presence of low density assemblages consisting of poorly defined trackways, which suggests that arthropods crawled in soft, probably slightly subaqueous substrates. Type 2 is represented by low to moderate density suites that include sharply defined trackways commonly associated with mud cracks, suggesting that the tracemakers inhabited a firm, desiccated lacustrine substrate. Type 3 displays features of types 1 and 2 and represents palimpsestic bedding surfaces, resulting from the overprint of terrestrial ichnocoenoses over previously formed softground suites. Type 4 differs from type 2 only in that assemblages display a high density of traces, recorded by numerous superimposed trackways, which suggests a major time gap of subaerial exposure before sheet flood entrance. Therefore, type 4 surfaces are mostly interpreted as track imprinted omission surfaces.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00116-8","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Zhang, G., Buatois, L., Mangano, M., and Acenolaza, F., 1998, Sedimentary facies and environmental ichnology of a ?Permian playa-lake complex in western Argentina: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 138, no. 1-4, p. 221-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00116-8.","startPage":"221","endPage":"243","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00116-8"},{"id":229814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a20e4b08c986b31704d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, G.","contributorId":12636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Acenolaza, F.G.","contributorId":101836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acenolaza","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021074,"text":"70021074 - 1998 - Petrochemistry of late miocene peraluminous silicic volcanic rocks from the Morococala field, Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-31T12:02:21.758366","indexId":"70021074","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrochemistry of late miocene peraluminous silicic volcanic rocks from the Morococala field, Bolivia","docAbstract":"Late Miocene peraluminous volcanic rocks of the Morococala field, Bolivia, define a layered stratigraphy of basal andalusite-, biotite- (± muscovite)-bearing rhyolite tuffs (AR), overlain by cordierite-, biotite-bearing rhyolite tuffs (CR), and capped by biotite-bearing quartz latite tuffs, lavas, and late domal flows (QL). Mineral and whole-rock compositions become more evolved from top to bottom, with differentiation reflected by decreasing Ca, Ba, Mg, Fe, and rare earth elements (REE) versus increasing F, Na/K, and aluminosity from QL to AR. Mineral, whole-rock, and glass inclusion compositions are consistent with derivation of all three rock types from a single stratified magma reservoir, but age and spatial relations between the three units make this unlikely. Genesis of the QL involved biotite-dehydration melting of an aluminous source at T > 750°C and P ≥ = 4–6 kbar. If not co-magmatic with QL, the other units were generated primarily by muscovite-dehydration melting at T = 730–750°C and P ≥ = 3.5–4.5 kbar for CR, and T ≤ = 750°C for AR with pre-eruptive residence at low pressure (1.5–3.0 kbar). Low hematite contents (XHem ≤ = 0.06) of ilmenite grains in AR, CR, and early grains (as inclusions in plagioclase and sanidine cores) in QL indicate reduced conditions imposed by a graphite-bearing source. Compositional variability among texturally later oxides (ilmenite with XHem = 0.06–0.50, primary magnetite), however, apparently records progressive increases in pre-eruptive f(O2 ) in QL. Plagioclase-melt equilibria and electron microprobe analysis difference for quartz-hosted glass inclusions suggest pre-eruptive melt H2 O contents ≥ = 5–7 wt % for the AR, ∼4–6 wt % for the CR, and ∼3–5 wt % for the QL.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petroj/39.4.601","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Morgan, V.G., London, D., and Luedke, R.G., 1998, Petrochemistry of late miocene peraluminous silicic volcanic rocks from the Morococala field, Bolivia: Journal of Petrology, v. 39, no. 4, p. 601-632, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.4.601.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"632","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7779e4b0c8380cd784db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, VI G.B.","contributorId":68488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"VI","email":"","middleInitial":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"London, D.","contributorId":61158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"London","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luedke, R. G.","contributorId":33706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luedke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021051,"text":"70021051 - 1998 - Lunar ferroan anorthosite petrogenesis: clues from trace element distributions in FAN subgroups","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021051","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar ferroan anorthosite petrogenesis: clues from trace element distributions in FAN subgroups","docAbstract":"The rare earth elements (REE) and selected other trace elements were measured in plagioclase and pyroxene from nine samples of the lunar ferroan anorthosite (FAN) suite of rocks. Samples were selected from each of four FAN subgroups previously defined by James et al. (1989). Plagioclase compositions are homogeneous within each sample, but high- and low-Ca pyroxenes from lithic clasts typically have different REE abundances from their counterparts in the surrounding granulated matrices. Measured plagioclase/low-Ca pyroxene concentration ratios for the REE have steeper patterns than experimentally determined plagioclase/low-Ca pyroxene partition coefficients in most samples. Textural and trace element evidence suggest that, although subsolidus equilibration may be responsible for some of the discrepancy, plagioclase compositions in most samples have been largely unaffected by intermineral redistribution of the REE. The REE systematics of plagioclase from the four subgroups are broadly consistent with their deviation through crystallization from a single evolving magma. However, samples from some of the subgroups exhibit a decoupling of plagioclase and pyroxene compositions that probably reflects the complexities inherent in crystallization from a large-scale magmatic system. For example, two anorthosites with very magnesian mafic minerals have highly evolved trace element compositions; major element compositions in plagioclase also do not reflect the evolutionary sequence recorded by their REE compositions. Finally, a noritic anorthosite breccia with relatively ferroan mafic minerals contains several clasts with high and variable REE and other trace element abundances. Although plagioclase REE compositions are consistent with their derivation from a magma with a KREEPy trace element signature, very shallow REE patterns in the pyroxenes suggest the addition of a component enriched in the light REE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00031-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Floss, C., James, O., McGee, J.J., and Crozaz, G., 1998, Lunar ferroan anorthosite petrogenesis: clues from trace element distributions in FAN subgroups: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, no. 7, p. 1255-1283, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00031-3.","startPage":"1255","endPage":"1283","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206464,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00031-3"},{"id":229849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a8de4b0c8380cd68e6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Floss, C.","contributorId":48341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Floss","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, O.B.","contributorId":100526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, J. J.","contributorId":92271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crozaz, G.","contributorId":72156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crozaz","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020839,"text":"70020839 - 1998 - The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70020839","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July","docAbstract":"Meteoritical Bulletin No. 82 lists information for 974 new meteorites, including 521 finds from Antarctica, 401 finds from the Sahara, 21 finds from the Nullarbor region of Australia, and 7 falls (Ban Rong Du, Burnwell, Fermo, Jalanash, Juancheng, Monahans (1998), and Silao). Many rare types of meteorites are reported: counting pairing groups as one, these include one CR chondrite, two CK chondrites, two CO chondrites, four CV chondrites, one CH chondrite or Bencubbin-like, six C2 (unclassified) chondrites, two EH chondrites, two EL chondrites, three R chondrites, thirty unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, one ungrouped chondrite, three eucrites, six howardites, one diogenite, eleven ureilites, nine iron meteorites, one mesosiderite, two brachinites, one lodranite, one winonaite, and two lunar meteorites (Dar al Gani 400 and EET 96008). All italicized abbreviations refer to addresses tabulated at the end of this document. ?? Meteoritical Society, 1998.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., 1998, The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 33, no. 4 SUPPL.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7e6e4b08c986b321894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020795,"text":"70020795 - 1998 - Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-19T10:25:57","indexId":"70020795","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir","docAbstract":"Genetic implications of natural and artificial regeneration following three regeneration methods (group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut) were investigated in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) using genetic markers (17 allozyme loci). In general, harvesting followed by either natural or artificial regeneration resulted in offspring populations little altered from those in the previous generation. Cutting the smallest trees to form shelterwoods, however, resulted in the removal of rare, presumably deleterious, alleles, such that slightly fewer alleles per locus were observed among residual trees (2.76) and natural regeneration (2.75) than found in uncut (control) stands (2.86). Thus, although the shelterwood regime appears quite compatible with gene conservation, it would be best to leave parent trees of a range of sizes in shelterwoods designated as gene conservation reserves, in order to maximize the number of alleles (regardless of current adaptive value) in naturally regenerated offspring. Seedling stocks used for artificial regeneration in clearcut, shelterwood, and group selection stands (7 total) had significantly greater levels of genetic diversity, on average, than found in natural regeneration. This is probably because the seeds used in artificial seedling stocks came from many wild stands and thus, sampled more diversity than found in single populations. For. Sci. 44(3): 390-396.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of American Foresters","usgsCitation":"Adams, W., Zuo, J., Shimizu, J., and Tappeiner, J., 1998, Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir: Forest Science, v. 44, no. 3, p. 390-396.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38b2e4b0c8380cd61669","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, W.T.","contributorId":67687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zuo, J.","contributorId":98069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimizu, J.Y.","contributorId":48346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimizu","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C.","contributorId":39751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020746,"text":"70020746 - 1998 - Transport of agrichemicals to ground and surface water in a small central Indiana watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T11:22:45.710429","indexId":"70020746","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of agrichemicals to ground and surface water in a small central Indiana watershed","docAbstract":"The occurrence, distribution, concentrations, and pathways of agrichemicals in water were investigated in the Sugar Creek watershed, a poorly drained agricultural watershed typical of many watersheds in the midwestern USA. Water samples from Sugar Creek, two tile drains, and 11 wells along a groundwater flowpath to Sugar Creek were collected between May 1992 and August 1996 and analyzed for N and pesticide compounds. Nitrate was the principal N species and pesticides were common in alluvial water-bearing units in the Sugar Creek floodplain. In the confined stratified drift aquifers, ammonia was the principal N species and pesticides were rare. Tile drains directly affected the water quality in Sugar Creek by transporting soil pore water and shallow groundwater containing high concentrations of nitrate (NO3) and pesticides to the creek. When tile drains were flowing (typically December through July), elevated NO3 concentrations (2–10 mg/L NO3N) in the creek correlated with high NO3 concentrations (2–23 mg/L NO3N) in tile drains discharging to the creek. Likewise, with concentrations of atrazine and atrazine metabolites, seasonal trends in the tile-drain effluent were similar to seasonal trends in Sugar Creek. When tile drains went dry, NO3 concentrations in the creek were low, indicating most groundwater discharge to the creek consisted of old or denitrified water. Trace levels of pesticides in the creek at low flow probably were the result of seepage from alluvial water-bearing units.
Maintaining native plant diversity, detecting exotic species, and monitoring rare species are becoming important objectives in rangeland conservation. Four rangeland vegetation sampling techniques were compared to see how well they captured local pant diversity. The methods tested included the commonly used Parker transects, Daubenmire transects as modified by the USDA Forest Service, a new transect and 'large quadrat' design proposed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and the Modified-Whittaker multi-scale vegetation plot. The 4 methods were superimposed in shortgrass steppe, mixed grass prairie, northern mixed prairie, and tallgrass prairie in the Central Grasslands of the United States with 4 replicates in each prairie type. Analysis of variance tests showed significant method effects and prairie type effects, but no significant method X type interactions for total species richness, the number of native species, the number of species with less than 1 % cover, and the time required for sampling. The methods behaved similarly in each prairie type under a wide variety of grazing regimens. The Parker, large quadrat, and Daubenmire transects significantly underestimated the total species richness and the number of native species in each prairie type, and the number of species with less than 1 % cover in all but the tallgrass prairie type. The transect techniques also consistently missed half the exotic species, including noxious weeds, in each prairie type. The Modified-Whittaker method, which included an exhaustive search for plant species in a 20 x 50 m plot, served as the baseline for species richeness comparisons. For all prairie types, the Modified-Whittaker plot captured an average of 42. (± 2.4; 1 S.E.) plant species per site compared to 15.9 (± 1.3), 18.9 (± 1.2), and 22.8 (± 1.6) plant species per site using the Parker, large quadrat, and Daubenmire transect methods, respectively. The 4 methods captured most of the dominant species at each site and thus produced similar results for total foliar cover and soil cover. The detection and measurement of exotic plant species were greatly enhanced by using ten 1 m2 subplots in a multi-scale sampling design and searching a larger area (1,000 m2) at each site. Even with 4 replicate sites, the transect methods usually captured, and thus would monitor, 36 to 66 % of the plant species at each site. To evaluate the status and trends of common, rare, and exotic plant species at local, regional, and national scales, innovative, multi-scale methods must replace the commonly used transect methods to the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4003202","issn":"0022409X","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Bull, K., and Otsuki, Y., 1998, Comparison of rangeland vegetation sampling techniques in the Central Grasslands: Journal of Range Management, v. 51, no. 2, p. 164-172, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003202.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479805,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/644068","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f886e4b0c8380cd4d173","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bull, K.A.","contributorId":60166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bull","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}