A digital reservoir routing model was used to simulate the operation of Lakes Mendota, Monona, and Waubesa, south-central Wisconsin for various levels of minimum release. Twenty-five years of record (1970?94) were used in model simulation. The amount of water available to maintain streamflow and lake levels during dry periods has declined because of extensive pumping of ground water for municipal use and diversion of the effluent around the lakes. The goal of the simulation was to determine whether using the lakes as multipurpose reservoirs to maintain flow during periods of low flow would appreciably lower the lake levels. The model results indicated that it would be possible to maintain a minimum flow of 36 cubic feet per second in all but the driest years simulated (1970, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1989, and 1991) without lowering the lake levels more than they have been lowered from 1970 to 1994 under current operating conditions. Maintaining minimum flow would require detailed computations to guide the operation of the dams during the year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9967","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Krug, W., 1999, Simulation of the effects of operating lakes Mendota, Monona, and Waubesa, south-central Wisconsin, as multipurpose reservoirs to maintain dry-weather flow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-67, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9967.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1665,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr99-067","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52902,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota, Lake Menona, Lake Waubesa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.59075927734375,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -89.59075927734375,\n 43.180145655844626\n ],\n [\n -89.0936279296875,\n 43.180145655844626\n ],\n [\n -89.0936279296875,\n 42.896088552971065\n ],\n [\n -89.59075927734375,\n 42.896088552971065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1da6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38092,"text":"ofr99160 - 1999 - Preliminary report on the International Energy Agency mode of occurrence inter-laboratory comparison; Phase I, USGS results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T13:32:40","indexId":"ofr99160","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-160","title":"Preliminary report on the International Energy Agency mode of occurrence inter-laboratory comparison; Phase I, USGS results","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99160","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Palmer, C., Kolker, A., Willett, J.C., Mroczkowski, S.J., Finkelman, R.B., Taylor, K., Dulong, F., and Bullock, J.H., 1999, Preliminary report on the International Energy Agency mode of occurrence inter-laboratory comparison; Phase I, USGS results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-160, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99160.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0160/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64354,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0160/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ca04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, Curtis A.","contributorId":46967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Curtis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":218854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willett, Jason C. 0000-0002-7598-3174 jwillett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-3174","contributorId":3516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"Jason","email":"jwillett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":218857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mroczkowski, Stanley J. 0000-0001-8026-6025 smroczko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6025","contributorId":2628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"Stanley","email":"smroczko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":218860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, K.C.","contributorId":10470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dulong, F.T.","contributorId":81490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bullock, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":55012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70127614,"text":"70127614 - 1999 - Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T10:19:06","indexId":"70127614","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-30T14:24:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific","docAbstract":"Co-rich Fe-Mn crusts occur throughout the Pacific on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments at least intermittently for millions of years. Crusts precipitate out of cold ambient sea water onto hard-rock substrates forming pavements up to 250 mm thick. Crusts are important as a potential resource for Co, Ni, Pt, Mn, Tl, Te, and other metals, as well as for the paleoclimate signals stored in their stratigraphic layers. Crusts form at water depths of about 400 to 4000 m, with the thickest and most Co-rich crusts occurring at depths of about 800 to 2500 m, which may vary on a regional scale. Gravity processes, sediment cover, submerged and emergent reefs, and currents control the distribution and thickness of crusts on seamounts. Crusts occur on a variety of substrate rocks that generally decrease in the order, breccia, basalt, phosphorite, limestone, hyaloclastite, and mudstone. Because of this wide variety of substrate types, crusts are difficult to distinguish from the substrate using remotely sensed data, such as geophysical measurements, but are generally weaker and lighter-weight than the substrate. Crusts can be distinguished from the substrates, however, by their much higher gamma radiation levels. The mean dry bulk density of crusts is 1.3 g/cm3, the mean porosity is 60%, and the mean surface area is extremely high, 300 m2/g. Crusts generally grow at rates of 1 to 10 mm/Ma. Crust surfaces are botryoidal, which may be modified to a variety of forms by current erosion. In cross-section, crusts are generally layered, with individual layers displaying massive, botryoidal, laminated, columnar, or mottled textures. Characteristic layering is persistent regionally in the Pacific. Crusts are composed of ferruginous vernadite (δ-MnO2) and X-ray amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide, with moderate amounts of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) in thick crusts and minor amounts of quartz and feldspar in most crusts. Elements most commonly associated with the vernadite phase include Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, and Mo, whereas those most commonly associated with Fe oxyhydroxide are Fe and As. Detrital phases are represented by Si, Al, K, Ti, Cr, Mg, Fe, and Na; the CFA phase by Ca, P, Sr, Y, and CO2; and a residual biogenic phase by Ba, Sr, Ce, Cu, V, Ca, and Mg. Crusts contain Co contents up to about 2.3%, Ni to 1%, and Pt to 3 ppm, with mean Fe/Mn ratios of 0.6 to 1.3. Fe/Mn decreases, whereas Co, Ni, Ti, and Pt increase in central Pacific crusts and Fe/Mn, Si, and Al increase in continental margin crusts and in crusts with proximity to west Pacific volcanic arcs. Vernadite and CFA-related elements decrease, whereas Fe, Cu, and detrital-related elements increase with increasing water depth of crust occurrence. Cobalt, Ce, Tl, and maybe also Ti, Pb, and Pt are strongly concentrated in crusts over other metals because of oxidation reactions. Total rare earth elements (REEs) commonly vary between 0.1% and 0.3% and are derived from sea water along with other hydrogenetic elements, Co, Mn, Ni, etc. Platinum, Rh, Ir, and some Ru in crusts are also derived from sea water, whereas Pd and the remainder of the Ru derive from detrital minerals. The older parts of thick crusts were phosphatized during at least two global phosphogenic events during the Tertiary, which mobilized and redistributed elements in those parts of the crusts. 240Silicon, Fe, Al, Th, Ti, Co, Mn, Pb, and U are commonly depleted, whereas Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, REEs, Sr, and Pt are commonly enriched in phosphatized layers compared to younger nonphosphatized layers. The dominant controls on the concentration of elements in crusts include the concentration of metals in sea water and their ratios, colloid surface charge, types of complexing agents, surface area, and growth rates. Crusts act as closed systems with regard to the isotopic ratios of Be, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and U-series, which in part have been used to date crusts and in part used as isotopic tracers of paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic conditions. Those tracers are especially useful in delineating temporal changes in deep-ocean circulation. Research and development on the technology of mining crusts are only in their infancy. Detailed maps of crust deposits and a better understanding of small-scale seamount topography are required to design the most appropriate mining equipment.
This paper focuses on the lessons hearned in the conduct of the lnternational Geosphere Biosphere Program's Data and Information System (rcnr-nts), global 1-km Land-Cover Mapping Project (n$cover). There is stiLL considerable fundamental research to be conducted dealing with the development and validation of thematic geospatial products derived from a combination of remotely sensed and ancillary data. Issues include database and data product development, classification legend definitions, processing and analysis techniques, and sampling strategies. A significant infrastructure is required to support an effort such as DISCover. The infrastructure put in place under the auspices of the IGBP-DIS serves as a model, and must be put in place to enable replication and development of projects such as Discover.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Estes, J., Belward, A., Loveland, T., Scepan, J., Strahler, A.H., Townshend, J.B., and Justice, C., 1999, The way forward: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 9, p. 1089-1093.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1093","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cbe4b08144348b7e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, John","contributorId":190894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Estes","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belward, Alan","contributorId":166667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belward","given":"Alan","affiliations":[{"id":18032,"text":"European Commission, Joint Research Centere, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra Varese, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scepan, Joseph","contributorId":190895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scepan","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Strahler, Alan H.","contributorId":149539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strahler","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Townshend, John B.","contributorId":70383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Justice, Chris","contributorId":190896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Justice","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":32201,"text":"ofr9960 - 1999 - Digital data used to relate nutrient inputs to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr9960","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-60","title":"Digital data used to relate nutrient inputs to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"Digital data sets were compiled by the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) and used as input for a collection of Spatially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes for the Chesapeake Bay region. These regressions relate streamwater loads to nutrient sources and the factors that affect the transport of these nutrients throughout the watershed. A digital segmented network based on watershed boundaries serves as the primary foundation for spatially referencing total nitrogen and total phosphorus source and land-surface characteristic data sets within a Geographic Information System. Digital data sets of atmospheric wet deposition of nitrate, point-source discharge locations, land cover, and agricultural sources such as fertilizer and manure were created and compiled from numerous sources and represent nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Some land-surface characteristics representing factors that affect the transport of nutrients include land use, land cover, average annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. Nutrient input and land-surface characteristic data sets merged with the segmented watershed network provide the spatial detail by watershed segment required by the models. Nutrient stream loads were estimated for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate/nitrite, amonium, phosphate, and total suspended soilds at as many as 109 sites within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus load estimates are the dependent variables for the regressions and were used for model calibration. Other nutrient-load estimates may be used for calibration in future applications of the models.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9960","collaboration":"See OFR 2001-251 for version 2.0; see OFR 2004-1433 for version 3.0","usgsCitation":"Brakebill, J.W., and Preston, S.D., 1999, Digital data used to relate nutrient inputs to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-60, Unpaginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9960.","productDescription":"Unpaginated","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7897,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/ofr-99-60/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d494","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brakebill, John W. 0000-0001-9235-6810 jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-6810","contributorId":1061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"John","email":"jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Preston, Stephen D. 0000-0003-1515-6692 spreston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-6692","contributorId":1463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"Stephen","email":"spreston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23548,"text":"ofr99145 - 1999 - Data-base model specifications from digital geologic-map data bases produced by the Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:02","indexId":"ofr99145","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-145","title":"Data-base model specifications from digital geologic-map data bases produced by the Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99145","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, S.A., and Matti, J.C., 1999, Data-base model specifications from digital geologic-map data bases produced by the Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-145, 47 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99145.","productDescription":"47 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52835,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674a59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, S. A.","contributorId":106931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, J. C.","contributorId":51712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38098,"text":"ofr99353 - 1999 - Seismic and tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T21:49:38.364045","indexId":"ofr99353","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-353","title":"Seismic and tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are located at an active plate boundary between the North American plate and the northeast corner of the Caribbean plate. The region was subject in historical times to large magnitude earthquakes and devastating tsunamis. A major downward tilt of the sea floor north of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, large submarine rockslides, and an unusually large negative gravity anomaly are also indicative of a tectonically active region. Scientists have so far failed to explain the deformation of this region in a coherent and predictable picture, such as in California, and this has hampered their ability to assess seismic and tsunami hazards in the region. The NE corner of the Caribbean is unique among the seismically-active regions of the United States in that it is mostly covered by water. This fact presents an additional challenge for seismic and tsunami hazard assessment and mitigation.
The workshop, convened in San Juan on March 23-24, 1999, was \"historic\" in that it brought together for the first time a broad spectrum of scientists, engineers, and public and private sector officials who deal with such diverse questions as tectonic models, probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard, prediction of tsunami runup, strong ground motion, building codes, stability of man-made structures, and the public’s preparedness for natural disasters. It was an opportunity for all the participants to find out how their own activity fit into the broad picture of science and how it aids society in hazard assessment and mitigation. In addition, the workshop was offered as a continuing education course at the Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimensores de Puerto Rico, which assured a rapid dissemination of the results to the local community. A news conference which took place during the workshop alerted the public to the efforts of the USGS, other Federal agencies, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, universities and the private sector.
During the first day of the workshop, participants from universities, federal institutions, and consulting firms in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the continental U.S., Dominican Republic, and Europe reviewed the present state of knowledge including a review and discussion of present plate models, recent GPS and seismic reflection data, seismicity, paleoseismology, and tsunamis. The state of earthquake/tsunami studies in Puerto Rico was presented by several faculty members from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. A preliminary seismic hazard map was presented by the USGS and previous hazard maps and economic loss assessments were considered. During the second day, the participants divided into working groups and prepared specific recommendations for future activities in the region along the six following topics below. Highlights of these recommended activities are:
Marine geology and geophysics – Acquire deep-penetration seismic reflection and refraction data, deploy temporary ocean bottom seismometer arrays to record earthquakes, collect high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and side scan sonar data of the region, and in particular, the near shore region, and conduct focussed high-resolution seismic studies around faults. Determine slip rates of specific offshore faults. Assemble a GIS database for available marine geological and geophysical data.
Paleoseismology and active faults - Field reconnaissance aimed at identifying Quaternary faults and determining their paleoseismic chronology and slip rates, as well as identifying and dating paleoliquefaction features from large earthquakes. Quaternary mapping of marine terraces, fluvial terraces and basins, beach ridges, etc., to establish framework for understanding neotectonic deformation of the island. Interpretation of aerial photography to identify possible Quaternary faults.
Earthquake seismology – Determine an empirical seismic attenuation function using observations from local seismic networks and recently-installed broad-band stations. Evaluate existing earthquake catalogs from local networks and regional stations, complete the catalogs. Transcribe the pre-1991 network data from 9-track tape onto more stable archival media. Calibrate instruments of local networks. Use GPS measurement to constrain deformation rates used in seismic-hazard maps.
Engineering – Prepare liquefaction susceptibility maps for the urban areas. Update and improve databases for types of site conditions. Collect site effect observations and near-surface geophysical measurements for future local (urban-area) hazard maps. Expand the number of instruments in the strong motion program. Develop fragility curves for Puerto Rico construction types and details, and carry out laboratory testing on selected types of mass-produced construction. Consider tsunami design in shoreline construction projects.
Tsunami hazard - Extract tsunami observations from archives and develop a Caribbean historical tsunami database. Analyze prehistoric tsunami deposits. Collect accurate, up-to-date, near-shore topography and bathymetry for accurate inundation models. Prepare tsunami flooding and evacuation maps. Establish a Caribbean Tsunami Warning System for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Evaluate local, regional, national, and global seismic networks and equipment, and their role in a tsunami warning system.
Societal concerns – Prepare warning messages, protocols, and evacuation routes for earthquake, tsunami, and landslide hazards for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Advocate enforcement of existing building codes. Prepare non-technical hazard assessment maps for political and educational uses. Raise the awareness of potentially affected populations by presentations at elementary schools, by the production of a tsunami video, and by distribution of earthquake preparedness manuals in newspaper supplements. Promote partnerships at state and federal level for long-term earthquake and tsunami hazard mitigation. This partnership should also include the private sector such as the insurance industry, telecommunication companies, and the engineering community.
The following reports of the various working groups are the cumulative recommendations of the community of scientists, engineers, and public officials, who participated in the workshop. The list of participants and the workshop’s agenda are given in the appendix.
We conducted a series of field and laboratory experiments to determine the direct and indirect effects of a top predator, the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum), on larvae of two species of limnephilid caddisflies (Limnephilus externus and Asynarchus nigriculus) in subalpine wetlands in central Colorado. Asynarchus larvae predominate in temporary wetlands and are aggressive intraguild predators on Limnephilus larvae, which only predominate in permanent basins with salamanders. We first conducted a field experiment in mesocosms (cattle tanks) to quantify the predatory effects of different life stages of salamanders on the two caddisfly species. Two life stages of the salamanders (larvae and paedomorphs) preferentially preyed on Asynarchus relative to Limnephilus. Subsequent laboratory experiments revealed that high Asynarchus activity rates and relatively ineffective antipredatory behaviors led to higher salamander detection and attack rates compared to Limnephilus. In a second field experiment (full factorial for presence and absence of each of the three species), we found that salamander predation on Asynarchus had an indirect positive effect on Limnephilus: survival was higher in the presence of salamanders + Asynarchus than with just Asynarchus. In the laboratory we compared the predatory effects of salamanders with and without their mouths sewn shut and found the observed indirect positive effect on Limnephilus survival to be mainly the result of reduced numbers of Asynarchus rather than salamander-induced changes in Asynarchus behavior. We argue that indirect effects of predator–predator interactions on shared prey will be mainly density-mediated and not trait-mediated when one of the predators (in this case, Asynarchus) is under strong selection for rapid growth and therefore does not modify foraging behaviors in response to the other predator. The reciprocal dominance of Limnephilus and Asynarchus in habitats with and without salamanders probably reflects a trade-off between competitive superiority and vulnerability to predation. The high activity levels and aggressiveness that enable Asynarchus to complete development in temporary habitats result in strong asymmetric competition (via intraguild predation) with Limnephilus. In permanent habitats these same behaviors increase Asynarchus vulnerability to salamander predation, which indirectly benefits Limnephilus. This and previous work implicate salamanders as keystone predators that exert a major influence on the composition of benthic and planktonic assemblages in subalpine wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2102:FTOAAP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wissinger, S., Whiteman, H.H., Sparks, G.B., Rouse, G.L., and Brown, W.S., 1999, Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands: Ecology, v. 80, no. 6, p. 2102-2116, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2102:FTOAAP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2102","endPage":"2116","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1302e4b0c8380cd544a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wissinger, Scott A","contributorId":279574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wissinger","given":"Scott A","affiliations":[{"id":57292,"text":"Biology and Environmental Science Departments, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteman, Howard H.","contributorId":174910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whiteman","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparks, G. B.","contributorId":9788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rouse, G. L.","contributorId":105069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rouse","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, W. S.","contributorId":14466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23891,"text":"ofr99137 - 1999 - Comparison of seismic slope-performance models: Case study of the Oakland East quadrangle, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T21:30:24.794442","indexId":"ofr99137","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-137","title":"Comparison of seismic slope-performance models: Case study of the Oakland East quadrangle, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99137","usgsCitation":"Miles, S.B., and Keefer, D.K., 1999, Comparison of seismic slope-performance models: Case study of the Oakland East quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-137, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99137.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16287.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1617,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps52607/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Oakland East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -122.125,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -122.125,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, Scott B.","contributorId":38600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5798,"text":"pp1607 - 1999 - Structural relationships of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Nevada Test Site region, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp1607","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1607","title":"Structural relationships of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Nevada Test Site region, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"This report contains a synthesis and interpretation of structural and stratigraphic data for pre-Tertiary rocks in a large area of southern Nevada within and near the Nevada Test Site. Its presents descriptive and interpretive information from discontinuously exposed localities in the context of a regional model that integrates stratigraphy, sedimentology, crustal structure, and deformational style and timing. Evidence is given for substantial strike-slip faults, for modest excursion on low-angle faults, and for pre-Oligocene formation of the regional oroclinal flexure in neighboring mountain ranges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/pp1607","usgsCitation":"Cole, J., and Cashman, P.H., 1999, Structural relationships of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Nevada Test Site region, southern Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1607, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1607.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":908,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1607/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1607.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a490a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Patricia Hughes","contributorId":95054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"Hughes","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23688,"text":"ofr97410 - 1999 - Finite-element surface-water modeling system; two-dimensional flow in the horizontal plane, addendum to the users manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr97410","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-410","title":"Finite-element surface-water modeling system; two-dimensional flow in the horizontal plane, addendum to the users manual","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97410","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., 1999, Finite-element surface-water modeling system; two-dimensional flow in the horizontal plane, addendum to the users manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-410, vi, 74 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97410.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J. K.","contributorId":28233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35736,"text":"b2168 - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey assessment model for continuous (unconventional) oil and gas accumulations; the \"FORSPAN\" model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:36","indexId":"b2168","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2168","title":"U.S. Geological Survey assessment model for continuous (unconventional) oil and gas accumulations; the \"FORSPAN\" model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b2168","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., 1999, U.S. Geological Survey assessment model for continuous (unconventional) oil and gas accumulations; the \"FORSPAN\" model (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2168, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2168.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3402,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db612dda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23941,"text":"ofr9932 - 1999 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain Quadrangle, Ventura County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T14:08:29","indexId":"ofr9932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-32","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain Quadrangle, Ventura County, California","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping in the Cuyama 30' x 60' quadrangle, in support of the USGS Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP), is contributing to a more complete understanding of the stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the complex junction area between the NW-striking Coast Ranges and EW-striking western Transverse Ranges. The 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain quadrangle is one of six contiguous 7 1/2' quadrangle geologic maps in the eastern part of the Cuyama map area being compiled for a more detailed portrayal and reevaluation of geologic structures and rock units shown on previous geologic maps of the area (e.g., Dibblee, 1979). The following observations and interpretations are based on the new San Guillermo Mountain geologic compilation: \r\n(1) The new geologic mapping in the northern part of the San Guillermo Mountain quadrangle allows for reinterpretation of fault architecture that bears on potential seismic hazards of the region. Previous mapping had depicted the eastern Big Pine fault (BPF) as a northeast-striking, sinistral strike-slip fault that extends for 30 km northeast of the Cuyama River to its intersection with the San Andreas fault (SAF). In contrast the new mapping indicates that the eastern BPF is a thrust fault that curves from a northeast strike to an east strike, where it is continuous with the San Guillermo thrust fault, and dies out further east about 15 km south of the SAF. This redefined segment of the BPF is a south-dipping, north-directed thrust, with dominantly dip slip components (rakes > 60 deg.), that places Middle Eocene marine rocks (Juncal and Matilija Formations) over Miocene through Pliocene(?) nonmarine rocks (Caliente, Quatal, and Morales Formations). Although a broad northeast-striking fault zone, exhibiting predominantly sinistral components of slip (rakes < 45 deg.), extends to the SAF as previously mapped, the fault zone does not connect to the southwest with the BPF but instead curves into a southwest-directed thrust fault system a short distance north of the BPF. Oligocene to Pliocene(?) nonmarine sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Plush Ranch, Caliente, and Morales(?) Formations are folded on both sides of this fault zone (informally named the Lockwood Valley fault zone [LVFZ] on the map). South-southeast of the LVFZ overturned folds have southward vergence. Several moderate-displacement (< 50 m), mainly northwest-dipping thrust and reverse faults, exhibiting mostly sinistral-oblique slip, flank and strike parallel to the overturned folds. The fold vergence and thrust direction associated with the LVFZ is opposite to that of the redefined BPF, providing further evidence that the two faults are distinct structures. These revised fault interpretations bring into question earlier estimates of net sinistral strike-slip displacement of as much as 13 km along the originally defined eastern BPF, which assumed structural connection with the LVFZ. Also, despite sparse evidence for repeated Quaternary movement on the LVFZ (e.g., Dibblee, 1982), the potential for a large earthquake involving coseismic slip on both the LVFZ and the central BPF to the southwest may not be as great as once believed. (2) Several generations of Pleistocene and younger dissected alluvial terrace and fan deposits sit at various levels above modern stream channels throughout the quadrangle. These deposits give testimony to the recent uplift and related fault deformation that has occurred in the area. (3) A vast terrane of Eocene marine sedimentary rocks (Juncal and Matilija Formations and Cozy Dell Shale) exposed south of the Big Pine fault forms the southern two-thirds of the San Guillermo Mountain quadrangle. Benthic foraminifers collected from various shale intervals within the Juncal Formation indicate a Middle Eocene age (Ulatisian) for the entire formation (K. McDougall, unpub. data, 1998) and deposition at paleodepths as great as 2,000 m (i.e., lowe","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9932","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Minor, S., 1999, Preliminary geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain Quadrangle, Ventura County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-32, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9932.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1648,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":109852,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22573.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22573"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35408,"text":"b2164 - 1999 - Distribution of benthic foraminifers (>125 um) in the surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:38","indexId":"b2164","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2164","title":"Distribution of benthic foraminifers (>125 um) in the surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Census data on benthic foraminifers (>125 ?m) in surface\r\nsediment samples from 49 box cores are used to define\r\nfour depth-controlled biofacies, which will aid in the paleoceanographic\r\nreconstruction of the Arctic Ocean. The shelf\r\nbiofacies contains a mix of shallow-water calcareous and\r\nagglutinated species from the continental shelves of the\r\nBeaufort and Chukchi Seas and reflects the variable sedimentologic\r\nand oceanic conditions of the Arctic shelves.\r\nThe intermediate-depth calcareous biofacies, found between\r\n500 and 1,100 meters water depth (mwd), contains abundant\r\nCassidulina teretis\r\n, presumably indicating the influence of\r\nAtlantic-derived water at this depth. In water depths\r\nbetween 1,100 and 3,500 m, a deepwater calcareous biofacies\r\ncontains abundant\r\nOridorsalis umbonatus\r\n. Below 3,500\r\nmwd, the deepwater mixed calcareous/agglutinated biofacies\r\nof the Canada, Makarov, and Eurasian Basins reflects a\r\ncombination of low productivity, dissolution, and sediment\r\ntransport.\r\nTwo other benthic foraminiferal species show specific\r\nenvironmental preferences.\r\nFontbotia wuellerstorfi\r\nhas a\r\ndepth distribution between 900 and 3,500 mwd, but maximum\r\nabundance occurs in the region of the Mendeleyev\r\nRidge. The elevated abundance of\r\nF. wuellerstorfi\r\nmay be\r\nrelated to increased food supply carried by a branch of\r\nAtlantic water that crosses the Lomonosov Ridge near the\r\nRussian Continental Shelf.\r\nTriloculina frigida\r\nis recognized\r\nto be a species preferring lower slope sediments commonly\r\ndisturbed by turbidites and bottom currents.\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nAt present, our understanding of the Arctic Ocean lags\r\nbehind our understanding of other oceans, and fundamental\r\nquestions still exist about its role in and response to global\r\nclimate change. The Arctic Ocean is particularly sensitive to\r\nclimatic fluctuations because small changes in the amounts\r\nof sea-ice cover can alter global albedo and thermohaline\r\ncirculation (Aagaard and Carmack, 1994). Numerous questions\r\nstill exist regarding the nature and timing of paleoclimatic\r\nevents in the Arctic Ocean. In order to attempt to\r\nanswer some of these questions, baseline studies are imperative.\r\nThis report discusses the distribution of benthic foraminifers\r\nin surface sediment samples from 49 box cores\r\n(figs. 1 and 2, table 1) collected by the U.S. Geological Survey\r\n(USGS) with the assistance of the U.S. Coast Guard\r\n(USCG). A modern data set of benthic foraminiferal distribution\r\nis necessary for interpreting the paleoclimatic and\r\noceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b2164","usgsCitation":"Osterman, L.E., Poore, R.Z., and Foley, K.M., 1999, Distribution of benthic foraminifers (>125 um) in the surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2164, iv, 28 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2164.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":167060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterman, Lisa E. osterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","email":"osterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":214582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Kevin M. 0000-0003-1013-462X kfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-462X","contributorId":2543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Kevin","email":"kfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22606,"text":"ofr997A - 1999 - An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T11:53:16.683449","indexId":"ofr997A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-7","chapter":"A","title":"An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Executive Summary -- In March of 1997, an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey of the Fort Huachuca Military Reservation and immediate surrounds (location map, http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of99-007-b/index.jpg) was conducted. This survey was sponsored by the U.S. Army and contracted through the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Data were gathered by Geoterrex-Dighem Ltd. of Ottawa, Canada. The survey aircraft is surrounded by a coil through which a large current pulse is passed. This pulse induces currents in the Earth which are recorded by a set of three mutually perpendicular coils towed in a 'bird' about 100 m behind and below the aircraft. The bird also records the Earth's magnetic field. The system samples the Earth response to the electromagnetic pulse about every 16 m along the aircraft flight path. For this survey, the bulk of the flightpaths were spaced about 400 m apart and oriented in a northeast-southwest direction extending from bedrock over the Huachuca Mountains to bedrock over the Tombstone Hills. A preliminary report on the unprocessed data collected in the field was delivered to the U.S. Army by USGS in July 1997 (USGS Open-File Report 97?457). The final data were delivered in March, 1998 by the contractor to USGS and thence to the U.S. Army. The present report represents the final interpretive report from USGS. The objectives of the survey were to: 1) define the structure of the San Pedro basin in the Sierra Vista-Fort Huachuca-Huachuca City area, including the depth and shape of the basin, and to delineate large faults that may be active within the basin fill and therefore important in the hydrologic regime; 2) define near surface and subsurface areas that contain a large volume fraction of silt and clay in the basin fill and which both reduce the volume of available storage for water and reduce the permeability of the aquifer; and 3) to evaluate the use of the time domain electromagnetic method in the southwest desert setting as a means of mapping depth to water. Chapter one, written by M.E. Gettings, reports the results of the analysis of the aeromagnetic anomaly data. Depths to magnetic rocks computed from these data are in good agreement with depths from gravity anomaly models (Gettings and Houser, in prep.) and confirm and refine the location of the bedrock highs which reach to within 200 m of the surface in several parts of the study area. The highly faulted and generally shallow character of the basin within the study area deduced from the gravity studies is also evident in the aeromagnetic data. The caldera ring fault delimiting the buried structural southwest edge of the Tombstone caldera is expressed in the magnetic data and deeper intrusives extending outside the caldera to the southwest are inferred. Several magnetic bodies occur at shallow depths within the Precambrian granite of the Huachuca Mountains along the eastern foothills of the mountains. These are inferred to be Tertiary intrusives but remain to be confirmed by field work if any of their uppermost dikes or apotheses are exposed. Faults delineating the east-west trending bedrock high beneath the city of Sierra Vista appear to be shallow and should be investigated for surface expressions. Chapter two, written by Jeff Wynn, analyzes and interprets the conductivity depth transforms (CDTs) and provides a general evaluation of the data quality. He concludes that there is a good general correlation between the uppermost conductor seen in the CDTs and water table depth in many cases. Detailed comparisons between the ground-based vertical electric soundings (VES) and the CDTs are reported in this chapter. The two sets of data compare well in general for most sounding sites where the VES data are not noisy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr997A","usgsCitation":"Bultman, M., Gettings, M.E., and Wynn, J., 1999, An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-7, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr997A.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16676.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizzona","county":"Cochise County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Huachuca","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68441f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bultman, M.W.","contributorId":107306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22562,"text":"ofr98630 - 1999 - An Overview of the Factors Involved in Evaluating the Geochemical Effects of Highway Runoff on the Environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr98630","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-630","title":"An Overview of the Factors Involved in Evaluating the Geochemical Effects of Highway Runoff on the Environment","docAbstract":"Materials washed by rain and snowmelt from highways into adjacent surface waters, ground waters, and ecosystems can pollute water and affect biota. To understand the chemical behavior of any one of these materials and its effects on the environment requires knowledge of the chemistry of the material and how it interacts with other components in the local geochemical system. An integrated watershed approach, therefore, would be the most effective method to assess the effects of highway runoff on local receiving waters. Analysis of one or a few specific contaminants will provide limited and incomplete information and may be misleading in terms of environmental effects. This report addresses the background geochemistry required to model highway runoff and to make realistic assessments of the potential effects of runoff on the environment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr98630","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (A Contribution to the National Highway Runoff Data and Methodology Synthesis)","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O.P., 1999, An Overview of the Factors Involved in Evaluating the Geochemical Effects of Highway Runoff on the Environment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-630, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98630.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9586,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr98-630/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5024,"text":"fs08699 - 1999 - Simulating contaminant attenuation, double-porosity exchange, and water age in aquifers using MOC3D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:41:55","indexId":"fs08699","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"086-99","title":"Simulating contaminant attenuation, double-porosity exchange, and water age in aquifers using MOC3D","docAbstract":"MOC3D is a general-purpose computer model developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for simulation of three-dimensional solute transport in ground water (Konikow and others, 1996). The model is an update to the widely used USGS two-dimensional solute-transport model (MOC) and is implemented as an optional “package” for the ground-water flow model MODFLOW (Harbaugh and McDonald, 1996). Directly coupling the time-tested MOC transport algorithms with the widely used MODFLOW program makes MOC3D a powerful tool for simulation of solute transport in ground water in many hydrogeologic settings. The model simulates transport processes that include:
Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Long-term records from five streamflow-gaging stations within and near the 300-square mile Beaver Kill Basin were analyzed to determine whether construction and presence of New York State Route 17 (NY 17), which was completed in the late 1960's, could have altered hydrologic processes in the basin and thereby adversely affected the basin's trout populations. The hypothesis investigated is that NY 17 has altered surface-water and shallow ground-water flowpaths where it parallels the stream and has increased runoff rates and thereby (1) increased the range in stream discharge (prolonged the base flows, decreased the low flows, and increased the high flows), and (2) altered stream-channel morphology through increased volume and velocity of stormflows.
\nAnalyses of base flows, discharge-duration curves, stage-to-discharge relations, peak and bankfull discharges, and flow extremes at a downstream (Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls) and a small tributary (Little Beaver Kill at Livingston Manor) site provide only limited evidence that NY 17 affected hydrologic processes within the basin. These effects are best indicated by significant increases in the magnitude and (or) the frequency of moderate to large discharges (exceedence probabilities) on an instantaneous basis at the Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls site after 1965. Increases in stormflows can not be attributed solely to NY 17, however, because the trend was evident long before NY 17 was constructed. Changes in land use in parts of the watershed may have contributed to gradual and continuous increases in stormflows throughout the entire 80 (plus) years of record.
\nChanges in most base-flow and low-flow statistics for the downstream (Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls) site after 1965 are not statistically significant, but, changes in flow-duration curves and annual peak flows are evident. Flow-duration curves at this site indicate that there is a 16 percent increase in average daily flows after 1965. Annual peak flow data indicate that peak flows from storms recurring at 2-year (and longer) intervals after 1965 are significantly larger than those that recur at the same frequencies before 1965. The lack of comparable increases in peak flows from several nearby reference sites after 1965 indicate that the observed increases in peak flows may be unique to the Beaver Kill Basin.
\nFlow-duration curves and many base-flow and high-flow statistics for the small tributary paralleled by NY 17 in the in the upper reaches of the basin (Little Beaver Kill at Livingston Manor) appear to be considerably altered since NY 17 was constructed. Flow-duration curves at this site indicate that there is about a 54 percent increase in average daily flows after 1965. Increases in the ratio of average annual base flow to average annual flow until 1965 then subsequent decreases suggest an extreme affect of NY 17 on hydrology of the subbasin. The effect of NY 17 on hydrology of the Little Beaver Kill subbasin cannot be defined with certainty, however, because the flow record after 1965 is too short; discharge monitoring was discontinued in 1981.
\nThe increases in peak stormflows in the lower Beaver Kill basin through the period of record may have increased the rates of bed-sediment erosion (degradation) and deposition and accelerated changes in stream-channel morphology, however, these possible effects were not examined. Suggestions for further investigation of the effects of NY 17 and of other factors on hydrology, channel morphology, fish habitat, and fish populations in the Beaver Kill Basin include (1) addition of streamflow gages or a creststage gage network at critical locations, (2) a review of engineering records and other aerial photographs for indications of changes in channel morphology, (3) compilation of temperature data and modeling spatial extent and magnitude of stressful summer temperatures (to selected trout species), and (4) confirming the extent and severity of toxic thermal episodes using in-situ fish toxicity tests.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9865","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Rockland","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B., 1999, Trends in base flows and extreme flows in the Beaver Kill Basin, Catskill Mountains, New York, 1915-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-65, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9865.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0065/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":51805,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0065/ofr19980065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"277 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0065"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98153.x","usgsCitation":"Mooij, W.M., and DeAngelis, D., 1999, Error propagation in spatially explicit population models: A reassessment: Conservation Biology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 930-933, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98153.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"930","endPage":"933","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75553e4b0b28f1184d826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32196,"text":"ofr9930 - 1999 - Physiographic rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T13:37:21.153672","indexId":"ofr9930","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-30","title":"Physiographic rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File report is a digital physiographic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report. The report does include, however, PostScript and PDF format plot files, each containing an image of the map. For those interested in a paper plot of information contained in the database or in obtaining the PostScript plot files, please see the section entitled \"For Those Who Don't Use Digital Geologic Map Databases\" below.\n\nThis physiographic map of the Grand Canyon is modified from previous versions by Billingsley and Hendricks (1989), and Billingsley and others (1997). The boundary is drawn approximately along the topographic rim of the Grand Canyon and its tributary canyons between Lees Ferry and Lake Mead (shown in red). Several isolated small mesas, buttes, and plateaus are within this area, which overall encompasses about 2,600 square miles. The Grand Canyon lies within the southwestern part of the Colorado Plateaus of northern Arizona between Lees Ferry, Colorado River Mile 0, and Lake Mead, Colorado River Mile 277. The Colorado River is the corridor for raft trips through the Grand Canyon.\n\nLimestone rocks of the Kaibab Formation form most of the north and south rims of the Grand Canyon, and a few volcanic rocks form the north rim of parts of the Uinkaret and Shivwits Plateaus. Limestones of the Redwall Limestone and lower Supai Group form the rim of the Hualapai Plateau area, and Limestones of Devonian and Cambrian age form the boundary rim near the mouth of Grand Canyon at the Lake Mead. The natural physiographic boundary of the Grand Canyon is roughly the area a visitor would first view any part of the Grand Canyon and its tributaries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9930","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., and Hampton, H.M., 1999, Physiographic rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-30, 1 Plate: 37.47 inches x 27.85 inches, Map: EPS.GZ, Data Package, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9930.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.47 inches x 27.85 inches, Map: EPS.GZ, Data Package","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/gcrim.eps.gz"},{"id":284850,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/pdf/gcrim.pdf","text":"Plate 1"},{"id":284858,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/gcrim.tar.gz"},{"id":164386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9930.jpg"},{"id":3151,"rank":5,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"1927 North American Datum","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.000,35.500 ], [ -114.000,37.000 ], [ -111.500,37.000 ], [ -111.500,35.500 ], [ -114.000,35.500 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b84e4b0b29085103f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hampton, Haydee M.","contributorId":38228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Haydee","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}