Executive Summary -- In March of 1997, an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey of the Fort Huachuca Military Reservation and immediate surrounds (location map, http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of99-007-b/index.jpg) was conducted. This survey was sponsored by the U.S. Army and contracted through the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Data were gathered by Geoterrex-Dighem Ltd. of Ottawa, Canada. The survey aircraft is surrounded by a coil through which a large current pulse is passed. This pulse induces currents in the Earth which are recorded by a set of three mutually perpendicular coils towed in a 'bird' about 100 m behind and below the aircraft. The bird also records the Earth's magnetic field. The system samples the Earth response to the electromagnetic pulse about every 16 m along the aircraft flight path. For this survey, the bulk of the flightpaths were spaced about 400 m apart and oriented in a northeast-southwest direction extending from bedrock over the Huachuca Mountains to bedrock over the Tombstone Hills. A preliminary report on the unprocessed data collected in the field was delivered to the U.S. Army by USGS in July 1997 (USGS Open-File Report 97?457). The final data were delivered in March, 1998 by the contractor to USGS and thence to the U.S. Army. The present report represents the final interpretive report from USGS. The objectives of the survey were to: 1) define the structure of the San Pedro basin in the Sierra Vista-Fort Huachuca-Huachuca City area, including the depth and shape of the basin, and to delineate large faults that may be active within the basin fill and therefore important in the hydrologic regime; 2) define near surface and subsurface areas that contain a large volume fraction of silt and clay in the basin fill and which both reduce the volume of available storage for water and reduce the permeability of the aquifer; and 3) to evaluate the use of the time domain electromagnetic method in the southwest desert setting as a means of mapping depth to water. Chapter one, written by M.E. Gettings, reports the results of the analysis of the aeromagnetic anomaly data. Depths to magnetic rocks computed from these data are in good agreement with depths from gravity anomaly models (Gettings and Houser, in prep.) and confirm and refine the location of the bedrock highs which reach to within 200 m of the surface in several parts of the study area. The highly faulted and generally shallow character of the basin within the study area deduced from the gravity studies is also evident in the aeromagnetic data. The caldera ring fault delimiting the buried structural southwest edge of the Tombstone caldera is expressed in the magnetic data and deeper intrusives extending outside the caldera to the southwest are inferred. Several magnetic bodies occur at shallow depths within the Precambrian granite of the Huachuca Mountains along the eastern foothills of the mountains. These are inferred to be Tertiary intrusives but remain to be confirmed by field work if any of their uppermost dikes or apotheses are exposed. Faults delineating the east-west trending bedrock high beneath the city of Sierra Vista appear to be shallow and should be investigated for surface expressions. Chapter two, written by Jeff Wynn, analyzes and interprets the conductivity depth transforms (CDTs) and provides a general evaluation of the data quality. He concludes that there is a good general correlation between the uppermost conductor seen in the CDTs and water table depth in many cases. Detailed comparisons between the ground-based vertical electric soundings (VES) and the CDTs are reported in this chapter. The two sets of data compare well in general for most sounding sites where the VES data are not noisy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr997A","usgsCitation":"Bultman, M., Gettings, M.E., and Wynn, J., 1999, An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-7, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr997A.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16676.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizzona","county":"Cochise County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Huachuca","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68441f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bultman, M.W.","contributorId":107306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211189,"text":"70211189 - 1999 - Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and tephrochronology of the western Black Mountains piedmont, Death Valley, California: Implications for the tectonic development of Death Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-17T14:23:04.58924","indexId":"70211189","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-16T13:01:48","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and tephrochronology of the western Black Mountains piedmont, Death Valley, California: Implications for the tectonic development of Death Valley","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping combined with the tephrochronology of spatially isolated sedimentary sections along the western Black Mountains piedmont adjacent the Death Valley fault zone (DVFZ) improves the late Cenozoic stratigraphy from relative age to correlated age. Pliocene tephra layers identified in Funeral Formation conglomerates at Artist Drive and Copper Canyon include a “Nomlaki-like” tephra bed (ca. 3.4 Ma), the tuffs of Mesquite Spring (3.1–3.3 Ma), and a tuff of the lower Glass Mountain family (1.86–1.92 Ma). We informally name the early(?) to middle Pleistocene Mormon Point formation1, which contains tephra layers correlated with the upper Glass Mountain/Bishop family of tephra layers (0.76–1.2 Ma), the Lava Creek B ash bed (ca. 0.66 Ma), and the Dibekulewe ash bed (ca. 0.51 Ma). Identification of these tephra layers indicates that the maximum age of the overlying and inset lacustrine gravel and alluvial fan deposits is 0.51 Ma.
The correlated age stratigraphy indicates that the dextral-oblique DVFZ has stepped basinward at Mormon Point and Copper Canyon since the late Pliocene. In contrast, during that same time the DVFZ at Artist Drive has not stepped basinward, but developed into a graben. The age of faulting on the low-angle (~19°–40°) Mormon Point turtleback fault is bracketed between 0.76 and 0.18 Ma, and the overlying Mormon Point formation shows no evidence of tilting, indicating slip on the turtleback fault was at a low-angle. Early Quaternary slip on the low-angle turtleback fault conflicts with the present versions of the pure shear, rolling-hinge, and detachment/rift models for Death Valley extension. Early Quaternary slip is most compatible with turtleback faults as folded or warped detachment fault. We propose that the warping is thermally driven and related to the Black Mountains igneous complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2333-7.345","usgsCitation":"Knott, J.R., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Meyer, C., Tinsley, J., Wells, S.G., and Wan, E., 1999, Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and tephrochronology of the western Black Mountains piedmont, Death Valley, California: Implications for the tectonic development of Death Valley: GSA Special Papers, v. 333, p. 345-366, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2333-7.345.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Black Mountains, Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -121.33300781249999,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -120.62988281249999,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -115.224609375,\n 36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 40.64730356252251\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"333","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knott, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":81408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knott","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":793039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinsley, John jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":140545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wells, S. G.","contributorId":81257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wells","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wan, Elmira 0000-0002-9255-112X ewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-112X","contributorId":3434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Elmira","email":"ewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188660,"text":"70188660 - 1999 - Embryotoxicity of Great Lakes lake trout extracts to developing rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T15:41:14","indexId":"70188660","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Embryotoxicity of Great Lakes lake trout extracts to developing rainbow trout","docAbstract":"Planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHHs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls are present in aquatic systems, and are known to produce adverse effects in fish. This study investigated the embryotoxicity of PHH mixtures through the nanoinjection of environmental extracts into newly fertilized eggs from two strains of rainbow trout. Organic extracts were obtained from whole adult lake trout collected from Lake Michigan in 1988 and Lake Superior in 1994. The graded doses of the final extracts used for injection were quantified as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic-equivalents (TEQs) based on the concentrations of dioxins, furans and non-o-PCBs in each, and as equivalent amounts found in the eggs of the original lake trout (eggEQ). Total TEQs in the lake trout were 14.7 pg TEQ/g in the Lake Michigan sample and 7.3 pg TEQ/g in the Lake Superior sample. The extract of the Lake Michigan lake trout was embryotoxic to rainbow trout; LD50 values were 35 eggEQ (15–90, 95% F.L.) in the Arlee strain and 14 eggEQ (5–99, 95% F.L.) in the Erwin strain of rainbow trout. The LD50 values of the Lake Michigan extract in either of these strains of rainbow trout fall within the actual range of TCDD LD50values based on TEQs. This indicates that an additive model of toxicity is appropriate to quantify PHHs in relation to early life stage mortality in fish. Gross lesions characteristic of exposure to PHHs (i.e. yolk-sac edema, craniofacial deformities, and hemorrhaging) increased in a dose-related manner. The lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAEC) for these gross lesions and cumulative mortalities suggests that current concentrations of PHHs in lake trout from Lake Michigan are above a threshold for adverse effects and these compounds may have implications on the lack of recruitment in certain Great Lakes lake trout populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00010-7","usgsCitation":"Wright, P.J., and Tillitt, D.E., 1999, Embryotoxicity of Great Lakes lake trout extracts to developing rainbow trout: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 47, no. 2, p. 77-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00010-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 49.10983779052439\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 49.10983779052439\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 41.21172151054787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594a342ae4b062508e36af61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Peggy J.","contributorId":193139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185582,"text":"70185582 - 1999 - Wetland restoration, flood pulsing, and disturbance dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-24T08:59:06","indexId":"70185582","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Wetland restoration, flood pulsing, and disturbance dynamics","docAbstract":"While it is generally accepted that flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics are critical to wetland viability, there is as yet no consensus among those responsible for wetland restoration about how best to plan for those phenomena or even whether it is really necessary to do so at all. In this groundbreaking book, Dr. Beth Middleton draws upon the latest research from around the world to build a strong case for making flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics integral to the wetland restoration planning process.
While the initial chapters of the book are devoted to laying the conceptual foundations, most of the coverage is concerned with demonstrating the practical implications for wetland restoration and management of the latest ecological theory and research. It includes a fascinating case history section in which Dr. Middleton explores the restoration models used in five major North American, European, Australian, African, and Asian wetland projects, and analyzes their relative success from the perspective of flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics planning.
Wetland Restoration also features a wealth of practical information useful to all those involved in wetland restoration and management, including:
* A compendium of water level tolerances, seed germination, seedling recruitment, adult survival rates, and other key traits of wetland plant species
* A bibliography of 1,200 articles and monographs covering all aspects of wetland restoration
* A comprehensive directory of wetland restoration ftp sites worldwide
* An extensive glossary of essential terms
Bacterial extracellular substances (also known as exopolysaccharides, or EPS) may serve as vectors for trophic transfer of metals in benthic systems because these ubiquitous sediment coatings can sorb high concentrations of toxic metals, and because many benthic invertebrates assimilate EPS sediment coatings upon ingestion. We conducted 3 sets of experiments to determine the assimilative bioavailability of EPS-associated Cd to the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus as a function of Cd concentration and salinity. Bioavailability was measured as L. plumulosus Cd assimilation efficiency (AE) from EPS-coated silica (EPS-Si) and from uncoated silica (NC-Si) using modified pulse-chase methods with the gamma-emitting radioisotope 109Cd. Cd AE was significantly greater from NC-Si than from EPS-Si at 7.5‰, but not at 2.5 or 25‰. Overall, Cd AE from EPS-Si was between 15.1 and 21.5%. Because EPS-Si sorbed more Cd than NC-Si, EPS coatings magnified the amount of Cd amphipods accumulated at each salinity by up to a factor of 10. Salinity did not directly affect Cd AE from EPS-Si, but because Cd-EPS partitioning increased with decreasing salinity, amphipods accumulated more Cd from EPS at the lowest Cd-EPS incubation salinity (2.5‰) than at higher salinities (7.5 and 25‰). Finally, Cd concentration in EPS exhibited an inverse relationship with Cd AE at 2.5‰, but not at 25‰. Specifically, Cd AE was 12 times greater at 1 compared with 10 µg Cd µg-1 EPS. Together, these results show that estuarine benthos can accumulate Cd from EPS sediment coatings, but that the degree to which this phenomenon occurs is dependent upon seawater salinity and Cd concentration in EPS.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps183205","usgsCitation":"Schlekat, C., Decho, A.W., and Chandler, G., 1999, Dietary assimilation of cadmium associated with bacterial exopolymer sediment coatings by the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus: Effects of Cd concentration and salinity: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 183, p. 205-216, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps183205.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490144,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps183205","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"183","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00dbe4b0c8380cd4f963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlekat, C.E.","contributorId":89683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlekat","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chandler, G.T.","contributorId":30392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6697,"text":"fs06399 - 1999 - Source and age of ground-water seepage to streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:46","indexId":"fs06399","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"063-99","title":"Source and age of ground-water seepage to streams","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/fs06399","usgsCitation":"Modica, E., 1999, Source and age of ground-water seepage to streams: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 063-99, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. charts, col. maps ; 28 cm. col. charts, col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06399.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. charts, col. maps ; 28 cm. col. charts, col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e77e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Modica, Edward","contributorId":59431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modica","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23507,"text":"ofr98639 - 1999 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of arsenic and selenium in water and sediment by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:50:46.118378","indexId":"ofr98639","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-639","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of arsenic and selenium in water and sediment by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"Graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) is a sensitive, precise, and accurate technique that can be used to determine arsenic and selenium in samples of water and sediment. The GF-AAS method has been developed to replace the hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) methods because the method detection limits are similar, bias and variability are comparable, and interferences are minimal. Advantages of the GF-AAS method include shorter sample preparation time, increased sample throughput from simultaneous multielement analysis, reduced amount of chemical waste, reduced sample volume requirements, increased linear concentration range, and the use of a more accurate digestion procedure. The linear concentration range for arsenic and selenium is 1 to 50 micrograms per liter in solution; the current method detection limit for arsenic in solution is 0.9 microgram per liter; the method detection limit for selenium in solution is 1 microgram per liter.\r\nThis report describes results that were obtained using stop-flow and low-flow conditions during atomization. The bias and variability of the simultaneous determination of arsenic and selenium by GF-AAS under both conditions are supported with results from standard reference materials--water and sediment, real water samples, and spike recovery measurements. Arsenic and selenium results for all Standard Reference Water Samples analyzed were within one standard deviation of the most probable values. Long-term spike recoveries at 6.25, 25.0, 37.5 micrograms per liter in reagent-, ground-, and surface-water samples for arsenic averaged 103 plus or minus 2 percent using low-flow conditions and 104 plus or minus 4 percent using stop-flow conditions. Corresponding recoveries for selenium were 98 plus or minus 13 percent using low-flow conditions and 87 plus or minus 24 percent using stop-flow conditions. Spike recoveries at 25 micrograms per liter in 120 water samples ranged from 97 to 99 percent for arsenic and from 82 to 93 percent for selenium, depending on the flow conditions used. Statistical analysis of dissolved and whole-water recoverable analytical results for the same set of water samples indicated that there is no significant difference between the GF-AAS and HG-AAS methods.\r\nInterferences related to various chemical constituents were also identified. Although sulfate and chloride in association with various cations might interfere with the determination of arsenic and selenium by GF-AAS, the use of a magnesium nitrate/palladium matrix modifier and low-flow argon during atomization helped to minimize such interferences. When using stabilized temperature platform furnace conditions where stop flow is used during atomization, the addition of hydrogen (5 percent volume/volume) to the argon minimized chemical interferences. Nevertheless, stop flow during atomization was found to be less effective than low flow in reducing interference effects.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98639","usgsCitation":"Jones, S.R., and Garbarino, J.R., 1999, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of arsenic and selenium in water and sediment by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-639, viii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98639.","productDescription":"viii, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0639/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0639/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bbab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Sandra R.","contributorId":22800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6730,"text":"fs17298 - 1999 - Stormwater runoff for selected watersheds in the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone, Bexar County, Texas, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:08:54","indexId":"fs17298","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"172-98","title":"Stormwater runoff for selected watersheds in the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone, Bexar County, Texas, 1996-98","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer is one of the most productive carbonate aquifers in the Nation. The dissolution-modified, faulted limestone aquifer is the sole source of public water supply for San Antonio, Texas (fig. 1) and is the major source of water for Bexar County. In addition to providing public water supply to more than 1 million people, the Edwards aquifer supplies large quantities of water for agriculture, industry, and military installations. Major springs discharging from the aquifer support recreational activities and businesses, provide water to downstream users, and provide habitat for several threatened or endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs17298","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D., Petri, B., and Slattery, R., 1999, Stormwater runoff for selected watersheds in the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone, Bexar County, Texas, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 172-98, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs17298.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_172_98.bmp"},{"id":763,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-172-98/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327083,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-172-98/fs-172-98.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b15d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, D.J.","contributorId":38979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petri, B.L.","contributorId":14395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slattery, R.N.","contributorId":60621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slattery","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23226,"text":"ofr9999 - 1999 - Computer Program for Point Location And Calculation of ERror (PLACER)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr9999","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-99","title":"Computer Program for Point Location And Calculation of ERror (PLACER)","docAbstract":"A program designed for point location and calculation of error (PLACER) was developed as part of the Quality Assurance Program of the Federal Highway Administration/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Data and Methodology Synthesis (NDAMS) review process. The program provides a standard method to derive study-site locations from site maps in highwayrunoff, urban-runoff, and other research reports. This report provides a guide for using PLACER, documents methods used to estimate study-site locations, documents the NDAMS Study-Site Locator Form, and documents the FORTRAN code used to implement the method.\r\n\r\nPLACER is a simple program that calculates the latitude and longitude coordinates of one or more study sites plotted on a published map and estimates the uncertainty of these calculated coordinates. PLACER calculates the latitude and longitude of each study site by interpolating between the coordinates of known features and the locations of study sites using any consistent, linear, user-defined coordinate system. This program will read data entered from the computer keyboard and(or) from a formatted text file, and will write the results to the computer screen and to a text file. PLACER is readily transferable to different computers and operating systems with few (if any) modifications because it is written in standard FORTRAN. PLACER can be used to calculate study site locations in latitude and longitude, using known map coordinates or features that are identifiable in geographic information data bases such as USGS Geographic Names Information System, which is available on the World Wide Web.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9999","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (A Contribution to the National Highway Runoff Data and Methodology Synthesis)","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., 1999, Computer Program for Point Location And Calculation of ERror (PLACER): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-99, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9999.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9560,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr99-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6214","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":189677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206469,"text":"70206469 - 1999 - The relationship between species density and community biomass in grazed and ungrazed coastal meadows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T11:05:42","indexId":"70206469","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-30T10:59:14","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between species density and community biomass in grazed and ungrazed coastal meadows","docAbstract":"Previous studies have indicated that the relationship between community biomass and species density can be represented by a multivariate model in which abiotic variables influence species density both through effects on biomass and through effects on the species pool. In this paper, we use data from grazed and ungrazed coastal meadows in Finland to evaluate and extend this general conceptual model of the factors controlling species density. Structural equation analysis was used to evaluate a model for all meadows and then to perform a multigroup analysis to determine how grazed and ungrazed meadows differ. By itself, biomass could explain only 12% of the variation in species density while the multivariate model was able to explain 47% using five types of predictor variables: site, soil, flooding, grazing, and biomass. Analyses found that flooding explained the greatest amount of variability in species density, primarily through negative effects on the species pool. Grazing was also found to have a strong effect on species density and results suggest that its negative influence may be largely through reductions in the species pool in grazed meadows. The most important difference found between grazed and ungrazed meadows was that species density had a strong negative relationship to biomass in the ungrazed meadows but no significant relationship in the grazed ones. Thus, it appears that the influence of competition on species density was much greater in ungrazed meadows compared to grazed ones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3546689","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., and Jutila, H., 1999, The relationship between species density and community biomass in grazed and ungrazed coastal meadows: Oikos, v. 85, no. 3, p. 398-408, https://doi.org/10.2307/3546689.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"408","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Finland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[28.59193,69.06478],[28.44594,68.36461],[29.97743,67.6983],[29.05459,66.94429],[30.21765,65.80598],[29.54443,64.94867],[30.44468,64.20445],[30.03587,63.55281],[31.51609,62.86769],[31.13999,62.35769],[30.21111,61.78003],[28.07,60.50352],[26.25517,60.42396],[24.49662,60.05732],[22.86969,59.84637],[22.29076,60.39192],[21.32224,60.72017],[21.54487,61.70533],[21.05921,62.60739],[21.53603,63.18974],[22.44274,63.81781],[24.73051,64.90234],[25.39807,65.11143],[25.29404,65.53435],[23.90338,66.00693],[23.56588,66.39605],[23.53947,67.93601],[21.97853,68.61685],[20.64559,69.10625],[21.24494,69.37044],[22.35624,68.84174],[23.66205,68.89125],[24.73568,68.64956],[25.68921,69.09211],[26.17962,69.8253],[27.73229,70.16419],[29.01557,69.76649],[28.59193,69.06478]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Finland\"}}]}","volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jutila, H.","contributorId":42782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jutila","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228810,"text":"70228810 - 1999 - Data on past climate warmth may lead to better model of warm future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T16:00:48.864532","indexId":"70228810","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-29T09:52:57","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data on past climate warmth may lead to better model of warm future","docAbstract":"Weather bureaus around the world have accumulated daily historical records of atmospheric conditions for more than a century to help forecast meteorological conditions 3 to 5 days ahead. To gain insight into the impact of possible future climate warming and constrain predictive models for a warm future, climatologists are seeking paleoclimatologic and paleoceanographic records from recent intervals of the late Quaternary, when conditions were demonstrably warmer than today.
Results of past research on Brunhes-age paleoclimate suggest that Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11), an interval between 420 and 360 ka, was the longest and warmest interglacial interval of the past 500 kyr (see the recent review by Howard [1997]). This interval was characterized by warmer seasurface temperatures in high latitudes, strong thermohaline circulation, unusual carbonate plankton blooms in high latitudes, higher than present sea level, coral reef expansion resulting in large accumulation of neritic carbonates, and overall poor pelagic carbonate preservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/99EO00211","usgsCitation":"Droxler, A., Poore, R.Z., and Burckle, L., 1999, Data on past climate warmth may lead to better model of warm future: Eos Science News, v. 80, no. 26, p. 289-290, https://doi.org/10.1029/99EO00211.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"290","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"80","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Droxler, Andre","contributorId":25875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droxler","given":"Andre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":147454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burckle, Lloyd","contributorId":101696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burckle","given":"Lloyd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223857,"text":"5223857 - 1999 - Monitoring survival rates of Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus at multiple spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T20:03:02.36856","indexId":"5223857","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1052,"text":"Bird Study","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring survival rates of Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus at multiple spatial scales","docAbstract":"We estimated survival rates of Swainson's Thrush, a common, neotropical, migratory landbird, at multiple spatial scales, using data collected in the western USA from the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship Programme. We evaluated statistical power to detect spatially heterogeneous survival rates and exponentially declining survival rates among spatial scales with simulated populations parameterized from results of the Swainson's Thrush analyses. Models describing survival rates as constant across large spatial scales did not fit the data. The model we chose as most appropriate to describe survival rates of Swainson's Thrush allowed survival rates to vary among Physiographic Provinces, included a separate parameter for the probability that a newly captured bird is a resident individual in the study population, and constrained capture probability to be constant across all stations. Estimated annual survival rates under this model varied from 0.42 to 0.75 among Provinces. The coefficient of variation of survival estimates ranged from 5.8 to 20% among Physiographic Provinces. Statistical power to detect exponentially declining trends was fairly low for small spatial scales, although large annual declines (3% of previous year's rate) were likely to be detected when monitoring was conducted for long periods of time (e.g. 20 years). Although our simulations and field results are based on only four years of data from a limited number and distribution of stations, it is likely that they illustrate genuine difficulties inherent to broadscale efforts to monitor survival rates of territorial landbirds. In particular, our results suggest that more attention needs to be paid to sampling schemes of monitoring programmes, particularly regarding the trade-off between precision and potential bias of parameter estimates at varying spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Franicis","doi":"10.1080/00063659909477246","usgsCitation":"Rosenberg, D., DeSante, D., McKelvey, K., and Hines, J.E., 1999, Monitoring survival rates of Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus at multiple spatial scales: Bird Study, v. 46, no. sup1, p. S198-S208, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477246.","productDescription":"11 p,","startPage":"S198","endPage":"S208","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477246","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"sup1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698540","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberg, D.K.","contributorId":31505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberg","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeSante, D.F.","contributorId":70514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSante","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKelvey, K.S.","contributorId":106237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198714,"text":"70198714 - 1999 - Characterizing fractured-zone flow using numerical flow-log models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T10:25:53","indexId":"70198714","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-09T10:22:17","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Characterizing fractured-zone flow using numerical flow-log models","docAbstract":"Water-quality monitoring and hydraulic testing in fractured bedrock aquifers involves two important tasks: 1) identifying the hydraulically active fractures intersecting the borehole, and 2) inferring how the specific entry or exit ports in the borehole wall are connected to large-scale flow paths in the region surrounding the borehole. Effective characterization of fractured bedrock flow results when hydraulically active fractures and fracture zones are first identified using flow logs, and then the hydraulic properties of these active zones are given by subsequent hydraulic tests. A more difficult technical problem is relating the hydraulic properties of the few specific fractures that serve as borehole entry ports to the large-scale hydraulic properties of the surrounding rock mass. This problem is addressed through a generalized borehole flow model inversion formulated so that the boundary conditions at the outer edge of the boundary layer can be inferred from the properties of measured borehole flow.
Understanding the natural spatial and temporal variability that exists within an ecosystem is a critical component of efforts to restore systems to their natural state. Analysis of benthic foraminifers and molluscs from modern monitoring sites within Florida Bay allows us to determine what environmental parameters control spatial and temporal variability of their assemblages. Faunal assemblages associated with specific environmental parameters, including salinity and substrate, serve as proxies for an interpretation of paleoecologic data. The faunal record preserved in two shallow (<2 m) cores in central Florida Bay (Russell Bank and Bob Allen Bank) provides a record of historical trends in environmental parameters for those sites. Analysis of these two cores has revealed two distinct patterns of salinity change at these sites: 1) a long-term trend of slightly increasing average salinity; and 2) a relatively rapid change to salinity fluctuations of greater frequency and amplitude, beginning around the turn of the century and becoming most pronounced after 1940. The degree of variability in substrate types at each locality limits interpretations of substrate trends to specific sites. A common sequence of change is present in the Russell Bank and Bob Allen Bank cores: from mixed grass and bare-sediment indicators at the bottom of the cores, to bare-sediment dwellers in the center, to a dominance of vegetative-cover indicators at the top of the cores. Changes in interpreted salinity patterns around the turn of the century are consistent with the timing of the construction of the Flagler Railroad from 1905 to 1912, and the Tamiami Trail and the canal and levee systems between 1915 and 1928. Beginning around 1940, the changes in the frequency and amplitude of salinity fluctuations may be related to changes in water management practices, meteorologic events (frequent hurricanes coupled with severe droughts in 1943 and 1944), or a combination of factors. The correspondence of these changes in Florida Bay with changes in the terrestrial Everglades suggests factors affecting the entire ecosystem are responsible for the salinity and substrate patterns seen in Florida Bay.
We have constructed the complex geologic history of the Thaumasia region of Mars on the basis of detailed geologic mapping and relative-age dating of rock units and structure. The Thaumasia plateau dominates the region and consists of high lava plains partly surrounded by rugged highlands, mostly of Noachian and Hesperian age. Long-lived faulting centered near Syria Planum and at lesser sites produced radiating narrow grabens during the Noachian through Early Amazonian and concentric wrinkle ridges during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. Fault activity peaked during the Noachian and waned substantially during Late Hesperian and Amazonian time. Volcanism on the Thaumasia plateau was particularly active in comparison with other martian cratered highlands, resulting in fourteen volcanoes and numerous outcrops of smooth, ridged, and lobate plains materials. A particularly extensive set of overlapping lava-flow units was emplaced sequentially from Thaumasia Planum to Syria Planum, spanning from the Late Noachian to the Late Hesperian; lobate flows succeeded smooth flow at the beginning of the Late Hesperian. Deep crustal intrusion and a thickened, buoyant crust may have caused the uplift of the plateau during the Noachian and Early Hesperian, resulting in outward-verging fold-and-thrust plateau margins. This structural style appears similar to that of the young ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the western U.S. Within the plateau, several sites of volcanotectonic activity and valley erosion may be underlain by large and perhaps long-lived magmatic intrusions. One such site occurs at the headland of Warrego Valles. Here, at least two episodes of valley dissection from the Noachian to Early Hesperian occurred during the formation of two nearby rift systems. The site also is a locus of intersection for regional narrow grabens during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. However, at the site, such faults diverge or terminate, which suggests that a resistant body of rock occurs there. The overall volcanotectonic history at Thaumasia fits into a model for Tharsis as a whole in which long-lived Syria Planum-centered activity is ringed by a few significant, shorter-lived centers of activity like the Thaumasia plateau. Valley formation, like tectonism in the region, peaked during the Noachian and declined substantially during the Hesperian and Amazonian. Temporal and spatial associations of single erosional valleys and valley networks with volcanoes, rift systems, and large impact craters suggest that the majority of valleys formed by hydrothermal, deformational, and seismic-induced processes. The origin of scattered, mainly Noachian valleys is more conjectural; possible explanations include local precipitation, seismic disturbance of aquifers, or unrecognized intrusions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., and Tanaka, K.L., 1999, Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution: Planetary and Space Science, v. 47, no. 3-4, p. 411-431, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"431","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491465,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-0633(98)00141-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26a2e4b0c8380cd59218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014855,"text":"1014855 - 1999 - An evaluation of six internal anchor tags for tagging juvenile striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-24T16:57:50.027602","indexId":"1014855","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of six internal anchor tags for tagging juvenile striped bass","docAbstract":"Six types of internal anchor tags were compared for retention, legibility, and durability in tagging juvenile (age-0) striped bass Morone saxatilis. Tank-reared striped bass (120–200 mm total length) were tagged with coded wire tags and one of six types of internal anchor tags (500 fish each tag type and two groups of controls). The types of internal anchor tags used were as follows: Floy streamer FM-84 (currently in use by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service); Floy streamer with protective sheath (modified FM-84), Floy streamer with a monofilament leader and sheath (FM-89SL), modified Hallprint T687, Hallprint monofilament IEX WAD, and Hallprint T-bar IEX NOR. The Hallprint T-bar IEX NOR and the Floy FM-84 tags caused significantly higher 2-week and 6-month mortality. Final fish total length was different among tag types and tagger groups; however, final fish size was not correlated with either variable after adjusting for initial fish size. Tags were also mounted on polyvinyl chloride pipes and exposed to freshwater, brackish-water, and saltwater environments for 1 year. The brackish-water environment was harsher than either freshwater or salt water and had a greater density of fouling organisms. Legibility was poor for the Floy streamer, and Floy tag sheaths sometimes moved and obscured the printing. Failure rates (printing loss or tag loss) for the Floy tags (36%) were about six times higher than the Hallprint tags (6%). An analysis of 369 anchor tags returned by striped bass fishers indicated that the tag was illegible when more than 43 printed characters were lost and that illegibility increased over time. None of the tags tested was considered appropriate for tagging juvenile striped bass, but changes in tag design, material, and insertion could improve tag retention and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0482:AEOSIA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Henderson-Arzapalo, A., Rago, P., Skjeveland, J., Mangold, M., Washington, P., Howe, J., and King, T., 1999, An evaluation of six internal anchor tags for tagging juvenile striped bass: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 19, no. 2, p. 482-493, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0482:AEOSIA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"482","endPage":"493","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson-Arzapalo, A.","contributorId":92607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson-Arzapalo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rago, P.","contributorId":42168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rago","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skjeveland, J.","contributorId":57418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skjeveland","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mangold, M.","contributorId":47736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangold","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Washington, P.","contributorId":13930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washington","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howe, J.","contributorId":98679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"King, T.","contributorId":46906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70209888,"text":"70209888 - 1999 - Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geological evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T17:45:30.747017","indexId":"70209888","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-05T12:03:38","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geological evidence","docAbstract":"It has been proposed that Jupiter's satellite Europa currently possesses a global subsurface ocean of liquid water. Galileo gravity data verify that the satellite is differentiated into an outer H2O layer about 100 km thick but cannot determine the current physical state of this layer (liquid or solid). Here we summarize the geological evidence regarding an extant subsurface ocean, concentrating on Galileo imaging data. We describe and assess nine pertinent lines of geological evidence: impact morphologies, lenticulae, cryovolcanic features, pull‐apart bands, chaos, ridges, surface frosts, topography, and global tectonics. An internal ocean would be a simple and comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observations; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that all of the surface morphologies could be due to processes in warm, soft ice with only localized or partial melting. Two different models of impact flux imply very different surface ages for Europa; the model favored here indicates an average age of ∼50 Myr. Searches for evidence of current geological activity on Europa, such as plumes or surface changes, have yielded negative results to date. The current existence of a global subsurface ocean, while attractive in explaining the observations, remains inconclusive. Future geophysical measurements are essential to determine conclusively whether or not there is a liquid water ocean within Europa today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1998JE000628","usgsCitation":"Pappalardo, R.T., Belton, M.J., Breneman, H., Carr, M.H., Chapman, C.R., Collins, G., Denk, T., Fagents, S., Geissler, P.E., Giese, B., Greeley, R., Greenberg, R., Head, J., Helfenstein, P., Hoppa, G., Kadel, S., Klaasen, K., Klemaszewski, J.E., Magee, K., McEwen, A.S., Moore, J.M., Moore, W., Neukum, G., Phillips, C.B., Prockter, L., Schubert, G., Senske, D., Sullivan, R., Tufts, B., Turtle, E.P., Wagner, R., and Williams, K., 1999, Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geological evidence: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 104, no. E10, p. 24015-24055, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JE000628.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"24015","endPage":"24055","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998je000628","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pappalardo, Robert T.","contributorId":102380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappalardo","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belton, Michael J.S.","contributorId":211379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belton","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breneman, H.H.","contributorId":13400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":788438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chapman, Clark R.","contributorId":206278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapman","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37298,"text":"Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Collins, G.C.","contributorId":88103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Denk, T.","contributorId":65247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denk","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fagents, S.","contributorId":38733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagents","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Geissler, Paul E. pgeissler@usgs.gov","contributorId":2811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"Paul","email":"pgeissler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Giese, B.","contributorId":12220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Helfenstein, P.","contributorId":69306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfenstein","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hoppa, G.","contributorId":80856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoppa","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Kadel, S.D.","contributorId":93676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadel","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Klemaszewski, James E.","contributorId":211377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klemaszewski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Magee, K.P.","contributorId":52744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magee","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Moore, J. M.","contributorId":172130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24796,"text":"NASA Ames Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Moore, W.B.","contributorId":39545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Phillips, C. B.","contributorId":103811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Prockter, L.M.","contributorId":33149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prockter","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Schubert, G.","contributorId":51679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Senske, D.A.","contributorId":76896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senske","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Sullivan, R.J.","contributorId":21302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Tufts, B.R.","contributorId":93225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tufts","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Turtle, E. P.","contributorId":44281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Wagner, Robert","contributorId":48208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Williams, K.K.","contributorId":224458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32}]}} ,{"id":5554,"text":"fs05899 - 1999 - Magnitude and Significance of Carbon Burial in Lakes, Reservoirs, and Northern Peatlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T15:30:32","indexId":"fs05899","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"058-99","title":"Magnitude and Significance of Carbon Burial in Lakes, Reservoirs, and Northern Peatlands","docAbstract":"It is estimated that freshwater lakes in the world have a total area of about 1.5x1012 m2 (Shiklomanov, 1993; table 1). Including saline inland seas in this total would add another 1x1012 m2. The 28 largest (area of each > 5,000 km2) freshwater lakes in the world have a total area of 1.18x1012 m2 or about 79 percent of the total area of all freshwater lakes. If the 28 large lakes bury organic carbon (OC), on average, at the same rate as Lake Michigan (5 g/m2/yr), then the annual rate of OC burial in these 28 lakes is about 6 Tg/yr (6 terragrams per year or 6x1012 g/yr; table 1). If the smaller lakes bury OC, on average, at the same rate as an average Minnesota lake (72 g/m2/yr), then the annual rate of OC accumulation in these smaller lakes is about 23 Tg/yr (23x1012 g/yr; table 1). If saline inland seas bury OC at the Lake Michigan rate, this would be an additional 5 Tg/yr, for a total of 34 Tg/yr for all freshwater lakes and saline inland seas (table 1). Mulholland and Elwood (1982) estimated the OC burial in all lakes and inland seas (excluding the Black Sea) to be 60 Tg/yr today (table 1) and an average of 20 Tg/yr for the last 10,000 years. Stallard (1998) modeled terrestrial sedimentation as a series of 864 scenarios. For lake area, he used 1.54x1012 m2, the area of the 250 largest lakes in the world. This is close to the total of large and small lakes given in table 1. Again, including inland seas to this total would add an additional 1x1012 m2. Results of scenarios for lakes and reservoirs were divided into two components, those with clastic sediments and those with organic sediments. The results of OC burial in the most likely of Stallard's scenarios for lakes range from 48 to 72 Tg/yr (table 1), the average of which is close to the 60 Tg/yr estimated by Mulholland and Elwood (1982). We will use an average of 54 Tg/yr (table 1). The closeness of these estimates, calculated by different methods, suggests that this value is not in error by more than a factor of two.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05899","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Magnitude and Significance of Carbon Burial in Lakes, Reservoirs, and Northern Peatlands: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 058-99, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05899.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_058_99.jpg"},{"id":185,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0058-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021668,"text":"70021668 - 1999 - Field test of two energetic models for yellow perch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T17:15:43.184943","indexId":"70021668","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field test of two energetic models for yellow perch","docAbstract":"Field data from a population of yellow perch Perca flavescens in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, were used to evaluate the ability of two energetic models to predict consumption by yellow perch. Field estimates of daily ration for age‐1–4 fish during May through October 1987 and 1988 were compared with independent predictions made by the Wisconsin energetic model and an energetic model developed by Karås and Thoresson. Predictions of daily ration using the Wisconsin model were lower than daily rations estimated from field data for all ages, primarily due to poor model–field agreement at temperatures above 22°C. This caused estimates of cumulative consumption from the Wisconsin model to be 25–50% lower than field estimates. Predictions of daily ration by the Karås–Thoresson model agreed with field estimates over a temperature range of 10–26°C for age‐1–3 yellow perch but not for older fish. Despite improvement, model predictions of cumulative consumption were 2–35% lower than field estimates. Although these tests of predicted and estimated rations may provide insight into which model produced more accurate results, it must be emphasized that field measures of daily ration are also estimates and may be in error, particularly at temperatures above 22°C where gastric evacuation rates were estimated. The Karås–Thoresson modification of the Wisconsin energetic model produced better fits to field ration data and is recommended for model applications.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0414:FTOTEM>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Schaeffer, J., Haas, R., Diana, J., and Breck, J., 1999, Field test of two energetic models for yellow perch: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 3, p. 414-435, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0414:FTOTEM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"435","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":501371,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/142095","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229552,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.35379911080491,\n 44.40622701769536\n ],\n [\n -83.86649012999017,\n 44.02265671143746\n ],\n [\n -83.96462932526535,\n 43.89022549593376\n ],\n [\n -84.01587928016657,\n 43.62261147789383\n ],\n [\n -83.63499279514937,\n 43.53345477307994\n ],\n [\n -83.30252598374528,\n 43.83924743632402\n ],\n [\n -82.90563529870151,\n 44.068965565457844\n ],\n [\n -83.03751319979332,\n 44.276344901674435\n ],\n [\n -83.35379911080491,\n 44.40622701769536\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fdde4b0c8380cd53a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaeffer, J.S.","contributorId":42688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, R.C.","contributorId":94061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diana, J.S.","contributorId":96034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diana","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Breck, J.E.","contributorId":65244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breck","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209839,"text":"70209839 - 1999 - Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley extended terrane as reflected in regional-scale gravity anomalies ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T17:19:02.507652","indexId":"70209839","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-30T11:46:43","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley extended terrane as reflected in regional-scale gravity anomalies ","docAbstract":"The contrast in density between basin-filling deposits and underlying basement rocks in the Basin and Range province produces a distinctive pattern of gravity anomalies that roughly correlates with basin-and-range topography. This is especially apparent in the Death Valley extended terrane, where minima in residual gravity closely correspond to well-known extensional basins, such as Owens Valley, Saline Valley, Pahrump Valley, and Death Valley itself. A three-dimensional calculation of the thickness and shape of Cenozoic deposits throughout the Basin and Range based on digital gravity, geologic, and topographic information is here interpreted in terms of the depths and shapes of extensional basins in the Death Valley region. In most basins, the gravity inversion predicts a much more complex basement than might be assumed from the surface topography. Death Valley itself is, to first order, a two-dimensional feature; as reflected by the topography of the bounding ranges down to 400–800 m below the valley floor, it is a long, narrow, and continuous valley along its entire length of 200 km. This apparent uniformity, however, belies a complex basement surface beneath the Cenozoic cover as revealed by the gravity inversion. The floor of Death Valley is pockmarked with four deep (3–5 km), steep-sided depressions that may have formed as relatively small pull-apart structures superimposed on the more uniform extension that created the twodimensional aspects of Death Valley. Lateral dimensions of these subbasins suggest a minimum of 10 km of northwest extension across Death Valley. If a regionally continuous detachment surface lies beneath Death Valley, it must lie deeper than the subbasins, that is, below a depth of 3–5 km. Similar deep, steep-sided subbasins are seen elsewhere in the Death Valley extended terrane, notably at Saline Valley, Panamint Valley, Pahrump Valley, the Amargosa Desert, and Fremont Valley, but are noticeably absent from the Mojave Desert block south of the Garlock fault zone where extensional rates are lower. The floor of the caldera complex at the southwest Nevada volcanic field is predicted by the gravity inversion to be extraordinarily deep (>8 km) and rugged. Deep, linear basins that branch out of the caldera complex may reflect modification of extensional strain due to massive injections of magma into the middle and upper crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2333-7.1","usgsCitation":"Blakely, R.J., Jachens, R.C., Calzia, J.P., and Langenheim, V., 1999, Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley extended terrane as reflected in regional-scale gravity anomalies : GSA Special Papers, v. 333, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2333-7.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.894287109375,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 35.39800594715108\n ],\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -117.894287109375,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -117.894287109375,\n 35.39800594715108\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"333","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calzia, James P. jcalzia@usgs.gov","contributorId":2801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calzia","given":"James","email":"jcalzia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":221236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70201133,"text":"70201133 - 1999 - Observations of Phobos, Deimos, and bright stars with the Imager for Mars Pathfinder","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T17:18:08","indexId":"70201133","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T17:17:46","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of Phobos, Deimos, and bright stars with the Imager for Mars Pathfinder","docAbstract":"The Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) was used to observe several objects during the Martian night. The satellites, Phobos and Deimos, were observed on two occasions each, through the IMP geological filters covering the wavelength range 440 nm to 1 μm. The observations were converted to geometric albedo using triaxial ellipsoid models of the satellites and phase functions derived from Viking Orbiter images. The spectral slopes over the full wavelength range were 7.9(±0.5)% (100 nm)−1 and 9.6(±0.6)% (100 nm)−1, respectively, referenced to 600 nm. In the Deimos spectra, some evidence for decreased reddening toward the trailing hemisphere was found. The geometric albedoes of Phobos and Deimos were found to be 0.065 (±0.010) and 0.068 (±0.009), respectively, averaged over 440 and 600 nm, in good agreement with previous measurements. The nighttime optical depth was investigated using observations of stars. A mean value of 0.56 (±0.09) was determined from measurements at different airmass. A possible maximum in the optical depth near 0200 local time was found, which may result from condensation during the night. A measurement of the egress of Phobos from eclipse was made. Modeling of the light curve gave a scale height for the scatterers of 10–15 km. The exact time of the eclipse reappearance over the limb could be reconstructed from the measurements and was in reasonable accord with predictions, although a small modification to the predicted position of Phobos of 6.8 (±6.0) km would have produced better agreement.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/98JE02555","usgsCitation":"Thomas, N., Britt, D., Herkenhoff, K.E., Murchie, S.L., Semenov, B., Keller, H., and Smith, P.H., 1999, Observations of Phobos, Deimos, and bright stars with the Imager for Mars Pathfinder: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 9055-9068, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02555.","startPage":"9055","endPage":"9068","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02555","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359815,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Deimos; Mars; Phobos","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c0108dae4b0815414cc2e17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Nick","contributorId":210962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Britt, D.T.","contributorId":72150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murchie, Scott L. 0000-0002-1616-8751","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-8751","contributorId":189161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murchie","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36717,"text":"Johns Hopkins University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Semenov, B.","contributorId":210964,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Semenov","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keller, H.U.","contributorId":84526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"H.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, P. H.","contributorId":94058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}