We undertook a demographic analysis of the Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) to identify critical environmental factors controlling grizzly bear vital rates, and thereby to help evaluate the effectiveness of past management and to identify future conservation issues. We concluded that, within the limits of uncertainty implied by the available data and our methods of data analysis, the size of the Yellowstone grizzly bear population changed little from 1975 to 1995. We found that grizzly bear mortality rates are about double in years when the whitebark pine crop fails than in mast years, and that the population probably declines when the crop fails and increases in mast years. Our model suggests that natural variation in whitebark pine crop size over the last two decades explains more of the perceived fluctuations in Yellowstone grizzly population size than do other variables.
Our analysis used demographic data from 202 radio-telemetered bears followed between 1975 and 1992 and accounted for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) crop failures during 1993–1995. We used a maximum likelihood method to estimate demographic parameters and used the Akaike Information Criteria to judge the significance of various independent variables. We identified no independent variables correlated with grizzly bear fecundity. In order of importance, we found that grizzly bear mortality rates are correlated with season, whitebark pine crop size (mast vs. nonmast year), sex, management-trapping status (never management-trapped vs. mangement-trapped once or more), and age. The mortality rate of bears that were management-trapped at least once was almost double that of bears that were never management-trapped, implying a source/sink (i.e., never management-trapped/management-trapped) structure. The rate at which bears move between the source and sink, estimated as the management-trapping rate (h), is critical to estimating the finite rate of increase, λ͞. We quantified h by estimating the rate at which bears that have never been management-trapped are management-trapped for the first time. It differed across seasons, was higher in nonmast than mast years, and varied with age. We calculate that λ͞ = 1.00 from 1975 to 1983 (four mast and five nonmast years) and 1.02 from 1984 to 1995 (seven mast and five nonmast years). Overall, we find that λ͞ = 1.01 ± 0.04 (mean ± 1 se) from 1975 to 1995.
Our models suggest that future management should concentrate on the threats to whitebark pine, such as those posed by white pine blister rust, global warming, and fire suppression. As is currently widely recognized by Yellowstone land managers, our model also suggests that future management must compensate for the increased grizzly bear mortality that is likely to be caused by an increasing number of humans in Yellowstone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0957:DOTYGB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pease, C.M., and Mattson, D.J., 1999, Demography of the Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ecology, v. 80, no. 3, p. 957-975, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0957:DOTYGB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"975","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.10748291015625,\n 44.12702800650004\n ],\n [\n -109.98138427734375,\n 44.1289994645142\n ],\n [\n -109.98687744140624,\n 44.33367180085156\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 44.34152959888481\n ],\n [\n -110.04730224609375,\n 44.3906169787868\n ],\n [\n -110.00885009765625,\n 44.422011314236634\n ],\n [\n -109.98138427734375,\n 44.50825885600572\n ],\n [\n -110.028076171875,\n 44.52196830685208\n ],\n [\n -110.1104736328125,\n 44.50825885600572\n ],\n [\n -110.12969970703125,\n 44.53371669765759\n ],\n [\n -110.07476806640625,\n 44.56503415498704\n ],\n [\n -110.0225830078125,\n 44.58655513209543\n ],\n [\n -109.84954833984375,\n 44.61784415342067\n ],\n [\n -109.80010986328124,\n 44.71161010858431\n ],\n [\n -109.84405517578125,\n 44.75258502192499\n ],\n [\n -109.90997314453125,\n 44.813018740612776\n ],\n [\n -109.9127197265625,\n 44.89868701215517\n ],\n [\n -109.9346923828125,\n 44.97839955494438\n ],\n [\n -109.96490478515625,\n 45.017243565102596\n ],\n [\n -110.00885009765625,\n 45.06770141120143\n ],\n [\n -110.06378173828125,\n 45.05412098425883\n ],\n [\n -110.13519287109374,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -110.69549560546874,\n 45.04053733158769\n ],\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 45.079339209738094\n ],\n [\n -110.82183837890625,\n 45.06964120886863\n ],\n [\n -110.86578369140625,\n 45.04635929200553\n ],\n [\n -110.89874267578124,\n 45.0502402697946\n ],\n [\n -110.928955078125,\n 45.08127861241874\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 45.10842333769411\n ],\n [\n -111.0333251953125,\n 45.10260769705975\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 45.10066901851988\n ],\n [\n -111.0992431640625,\n 45.11811475546806\n ],\n [\n -111.126708984375,\n 45.120052841530516\n ],\n [\n -111.15966796875,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 45.059941562221226\n ],\n [\n -111.11846923828125,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -111.10748291015625,\n 44.12702800650004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ec86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pease, C. M.","contributorId":44507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pease","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021756,"text":"70021756 - 1999 - Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:10:24.514782","indexId":"70021756","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Upper Great Lakes receive large amounts of precipitation-NH+4 and moderate NO-3 inputs. Increased atmospheric inorganic N input has led to concern about ecosystem capacity to utilize excess N. This paper summarizes a 5-yr study of seasonal N content and flux in precipitation, snowpack, forest floor, and streamwater in order to assess the source of inorganic N outputs in streamflow from a small boreal watershed. Average precipitation N input was 3 kg ha-1 yr-1. The peak snowpack N content averaged 0.55 kg ha-1. The forest floor inorganic N pool was ≈ 2 kg ha-1, eight times larger than monthly precipitation N input. The inorganic N pool size peaked in spring and early summer. Ninety percent of the forest floor inorganic N pool was made up of NH+4-N. Forest floor inorganic N pools generally increased with temperature. Net N mineralization was 15 kg ha-1 yr-1, and monthly rates peaked in early summer. During winter, the mean monthly net N mineralization rate was twice the peak snowpack N content. Streamwater NO-3 concentration peaked in winter, and inorganic N output peaked in late fall. Beneath the dominant boreal forest species, net N mineralization rates were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with streamwater NO-3 concentrations. Forest floor NO-3 pools beneath alder [Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng] were positively correlated (P < 0.01) to streamwater NO-3 output. At the watershed mouth, streamwater NO-3 concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with precipitation NO-3 input and precipitation amount. The relatively small snowpack N content and seasonal precipitation N input compared to forest floor inorganic N pools and net N mineralization rates, the strong ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs, and the seasonal streamwater NO-3 concentration and output pattern all indicated that little streamwater NO-3 came directly from precipitation or snowmelt.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020018x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., and Toczydlowski, D., 1999, Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 63, no. 2, p. 389-398, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020018x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.2744062880767,\n 47.96122142363615\n ],\n [\n -89.36750314495156,\n 47.782808115126784\n ],\n [\n -89.04166391993593,\n 47.79174718718136\n ],\n [\n -88.71582469492029,\n 47.80068625923593\n ],\n [\n -88.47310290308579,\n 48.00084206374413\n ],\n [\n -88.3716915469542,\n 48.11427864725877\n ],\n [\n -88.4564758954884,\n 48.23659697229141\n ],\n [\n -89.2744062880767,\n 47.96122142363615\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88d4e4b08c986b316bbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, Robert","contributorId":97058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toczydlowski, D.","contributorId":9790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toczydlowski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185684,"text":"70185684 - 1999 - Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in ground water studies: An example using electromagnetic soundings in south Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:09:41","indexId":"70185684","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3928,"text":"Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics","printIssn":"1083-1363","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in ground water studies: An example using electromagnetic soundings in south Florida","docAbstract":"Time domain surface electromagnetic soundings, borehole induction logs, and other borehole logging techniques are used to construct a realistic model for the shallow subsurface hydraulic properties of unconsolidated sediments in south Florida. Induction logs are used to calibrate surface induction soundings in units of pore water salinity by correlating water sample specific electrical conductivity with the electrical conductivity of the formation over the sampled interval for a two‐layered aquifer model. Geophysical logs are also used to show that a constant conductivity layer model is appropriate for the south Florida study. Several physically independent log measurements are used to quantify the dependence of formation electrical conductivity on such parameters as salinity, permeability, and clay mineral fraction. The combined interpretation of electromagnetic soundings and induction logs was verified by logging three validation boreholes, confirming quantitative estimates of formation conductivity and thickness in the upper model layer, and qualitative estimates of conductivity in the lower model layer.
The trace fossil Asteriacites, recorded in Cambrian to Recent shallow- and deep-marine facies, is traditionally interpreted as the resting trace of asterozoans. Well-preserved specimens of A. lumbricalis are abundant in Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) shallow- and marginal-marine siliciclastic deposits of eastern Kansas and western Missouri. Detailed morphologic analysis of these specimens suggests that they record the activities of mobile epifaunal ophiuroids. Evidence of a brittle star (ophiuroid) producer rather than sea star (asteroid) is provided by (1) trace-fossil morphologic features reflecting the anatomy of the producer (e.g., well-differentiated central structure, slender vermiform arms) and ophiuroid burrowing technique (e.g., proximal arm expansion, arm branching), and (2) mode of occurrence (e.g., gregarious behavior, horizontal and vertical repetition). Vertical and horizontal repetition produces complex aggregates of A. lumbricalis that are interpreted either as escape structures (fugichnia) or as feeding structures, respectively. Ophiura texturata is proposed as a modern analogue for the A. lumbricalis producer, based on inferred life habit and feeding behavior. Asteriacites lumbricalis is present in two different intertidal trace-fossil assemblages. The first assemblage is characterized by high diversity and records tidal flats developed outside of embayments under normal marine conditions. The second assemblage consists of A. lumbricalis together with a few other ichnotaxa and represents a depauperate association that developed in restricted tidal flats within an embayment or estuarine setting. This challenges the conventional view of Asteriacites as a normal-marine salinity indicator. Some echinoderms, and particularly asterozoans, penetrate and inhabit modern environments of depressed salinity. The presence of Asteriacites in Pennsylvanian marginal-marine facies of Kansas and Missouri provides evidence that ophiuroids had adapted to brackish-water conditions by the late Paleozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00577.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., Buatois, L., West, R., and Maples, C., 1999, The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri: Lethaia, v. 32, no. 1, p. 17-30, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00577.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.78743457517571,\n 40.57055423435091\n ],\n [\n -95.42548524020488,\n 39.994251126739925\n ],\n [\n -96.53059573719439,\n 38.7508393332237\n ],\n [\n -96.69469650025734,\n 37.05229924209462\n ],\n [\n -95.25659749165769,\n 36.982917252089536\n ],\n [\n -95.1890600833755,\n 38.82938607710616\n ],\n [\n -94.29150626451565,\n 40.57055423435091\n ],\n [\n -95.78743457517571,\n 40.57055423435091\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae66e4b08c986b324082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015973,"text":"1015973 - 1999 - Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:28:31.141294","indexId":"1015973","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range","docAbstract":"Silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting have been suggested to promote development, retention, or creation of late-successional features such as large trees, multilayered canopies, snags, and logs. We assessed bird response to three silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests and that imitated natural disturbance regimes more closely than did traditional clear-cutting: (1) small-patch group selection treatment representing a low-intensity disturbance; (2) two-story treatment, representing a moderate to high-intensity disturbance; and (3) modified clear-cut treatment, representing a high-intensity disturbance. We counted diurnal breeding birds 1 yr prior to and 2 yr after harvest to estimate effects of the silvicultural treatments on bird communities compared with uncut controls. The small-patch group selection treatment was most similar in species composition to control stands. The two-story treatment was more similar to the modified clear-cut treatment. Ten bird species remained abundant following the small-patch group selection treatment. They declined in abundance in modified clearcuts and two-story stands. These species included four neotropical migratory species and five species with restricted geographic ranges and habitat associations. Nine species increased in response to moderate and/or high-intensity disturbances. This group included a larger proportion of species that were habitat generalists. Silvicultural treatments imitating low-intensity disturbances were most effective in retaining bird communities associated with mature forest; high-intensity disturbances such as the two-story and modified clear-cut treatments greatly altered bird community composition. Bird responses to the silvicultural treatments that we studied indicate that a variety of stand types is needed to meet needs of all species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0171:BBRTTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chambers, C.L., McComb, W.C., and Tappeiner, J.C., 1999, Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 171-185, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0171:BBRTTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1614667364226,\n 42.1157664514723\n ],\n [\n -122.99062674162005,\n 42.14807611352717\n ],\n [\n -123.13688618690949,\n 46.02569261953079\n ],\n [\n -123.8822579822214,\n 46.15867010652789\n ],\n [\n -124.06284984492194,\n 45.10688502886359\n ],\n [\n -124.2521623857067,\n 43.86464197534306\n ],\n [\n -124.60186049370935,\n 42.80456674327448\n ],\n [\n -124.37832996954444,\n 42.05437611554527\n ],\n [\n -124.1614667364226,\n 42.1157664514723\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McComb, William C.","contributorId":113578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, John C. II","contributorId":48929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"John","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015971,"text":"1015971 - 1999 - A GIS modeling method applied to predicting forest songbird habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:30:33.62364","indexId":"1015971","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A GIS modeling method applied to predicting forest songbird habitat","docAbstract":"We have developed an approach for using “presence” data to construct habitat models. Presence data are those that indicate locations where the target organism is observed to occur, but that cannot be used to define locations where the organism does not occur. Surveys of highly mobile vertebrates often yield these kinds of data. Models developed through our approach yield predictions of the amount and the spatial distribution of good-quality habitat for the target species. This approach was developed primarily for use in a GIS context; thus, the models are spatially explicit and have the potential to be applied over large areas. Our method consists of two primary steps. In the first step, we identify an optimal range of values for each habitat variable to be used as a predictor in the model. To find these ranges, we employ the concept of maximizing the difference between cumulative distribution functions of (1) the values of a habitat variable at the observed presence locations of the target organism, and (2) the values of that habitat variable for all locations across a study area. In the second step, multivariate models of good habitat are constructed by combining these ranges of values, using the Boolean operators “and” and “or.” We use an approach similar to forward stepwise regression to select the best overall model.
We demonstrate the use of this method by developing species-specific habitat models for nine forest-breeding songbirds (e.g., Cerulean Warbler, Scarlet Tanager, Wood Thrush) studied in southern Ohio. These models are based on species’ microhabitat preferences for moisture and vegetation characteristics that can be predicted primarily through the use of abiotic variables. We use slope, land surface morphology, land surface curvature, water flow accumulation downhill, and an integrated moisture index, in conjunction with a land-cover classification that identifies forest/nonforest, to develop these models.
The performance of these models was evaluated with an independent data set. Our tests showed that the models performed better than random at identifying where the birds occurred and provided useful information for predicting the amount and spatial distribution of good habitat for the birds we studied. In addition, we generally found positive correlations between the amount of habitat, as predicted by the models, and the number of territories within a given area. This added component provides the possibility, ultimately, of being able to estimate population sizes. Our models represent useful tools for resource managers who are interested in assessing the impacts of alternative management plans that could alter or remove habitat for these birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0152:AGMMAT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dettmers, R., and Bart, J., 1999, A GIS modeling method applied to predicting forest songbird habitat: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 152-163, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0152:AGMMAT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4120","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettmers, Randy","contributorId":48534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettmers","given":"Randy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186932,"text":"70186932 - 1999 - New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:31:11","indexId":"70186932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth","docAbstract":"Land surface elevation around the world is reaching new heights—as far as its description and measurement goes. A new global digital elevation model (DEM) is being cited as a significant improvement in the quality of topographic data available for Earth science studies.
Land surface elevation is one of the Earth's most fundamental geophysical properties, but the accuracy and detail with which it has been measured and described globally have been insufficient for many large-area studies. The new model, developed at the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC), has changed all that.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/99EO00050","usgsCitation":"Gesch, D.B., Verdin, K.L., and Greenlee, S.K., 1999, New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 80, no. 6, p. 69-70, https://doi.org/10.1029/99EO00050.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cbe4b08144348b7e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenlee, Susan K. sgreenlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenlee","given":"Susan","email":"sgreenlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22249,"text":"ofr99218 - 1999 - Vegetative resistance to flow in south Florida: Summary of vegetation sampling at sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:24:15.537386","indexId":"ofr99218","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T21:50:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-218","title":"Vegetative resistance to flow in south Florida: Summary of vegetation sampling at sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is one of many agencies participating in the effort to restore the South Florida Everglades. We are sampling and characterizing the vegetation at selected sites in the Everglades as part of a study to quantify vegetative flow resistance. The objectives of the vegetation sampling are (1) to provide detailed information on species composition, vegetation characteristics, vegetation structure, and biomass for quantification of vegetative resistance to flow, and (2) to use this information to classify the vegetation and to improve existing vegetation maps for use with numerical models of surface-water flow. Vegetation was sampled at two sites in the Shark River Slough in November, 1996. The data collected and presented here include those for live and dead standing sawgrass, other dead material, periphyton biomass, vegetation characteristics and structure, and leaf area index.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99218","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Carter, V., Reel, J.T., Rybicki, N.B., Ruhl, H.A., Gammon, P.T., and Lee, J.K., 1999, Vegetative resistance to flow in south Florida: Summary of vegetation sampling at sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-218, vi, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99218.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51676,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0218/ofr99218.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":155167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0218/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park, Shark River Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 25.456914906486638\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 25.456914906486638\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 25.752898642900437\n ],\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 25.752898642900437\n ],\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 25.456914906486638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, 1998","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals","conferenceDate":"May 2-6, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Norman, OK","language":"English","publisher":"University of Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., and Langer, W.H., 1999, Defining models and measuring aggregate quality for gravel deposits of the Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado, in Proceedings of the 34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, 1998, Norman, OK, May 2-6, 1998, p. 125-137.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"137","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ogs.ou.edu/docs/circulars/C102.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.8477783203125,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 40.718119379753446\n ],\n [\n -105.8477783203125,\n 40.718119379753446\n ],\n [\n -105.8477783203125,\n 39.53793974517628\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":779426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074761,"text":"70074761 - 1999 - Quantitative models for aggregate: some types and examples from Oklahoma carbonate rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T14:17:59","indexId":"70074761","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T14:10:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Quantitative models for aggregate: some types and examples from Oklahoma carbonate rocks","docAbstract":"Evaluation of data for three engineering variable--absorption, bulk specific gravity, and freeze-thaw durability (350 cycles)--was made for quarries in carbonate rocks in Oklahoma that supply aggregate. It was found that lower Palrozoic carbonate rocks (Cambrian through Devonian) are likely to make a better quality aggregate than upper Paleozoic (Mississippian to Permian) carbonate rocks. In addition, freeze-thaw durability can be forecast from absorption and is exemplary for lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, 1998","conferenceTitle":"34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, 1998","conferenceDate":"1998-05-02T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Norman, OK","language":"English","publisher":"University of Oklahoma","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1999, Quantitative models for aggregate: some types and examples from Oklahoma carbonate rocks, p. 37-45.","productDescription":"p. 37-45","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0025,33.6158 ], [ -103.0025,37.0023 ], [ -94.4307,37.0023 ], [ -94.4307,33.6158 ], [ -103.0025,33.6158 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6ed0e4b0b29085106053","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074751,"text":"70074751 - 1999 - Comparative analysis of multisensor satellite monitoring of Arctic sea-ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T12:00:10","indexId":"70074751","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T13:34:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Comparative analysis of multisensor satellite monitoring of Arctic sea-ice","docAbstract":"This report represents comparative analysis of nearly coincident Russian OKEAN-01 polar orbiting satellite data, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery. OKEAN-01 ice concentration algorithms utilize active and passive microwave measurements and a linear mixture model for measured values of the brightness temperature and the radar backscatter. SSM/I and AVHRR ice concentrations were computed with NASA Team algorithm and visible and thermal-infrared wavelength AVHRR data, accordingly","largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing of the system Earth: a challenge for the 21st century: IGARSS '99 Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1999","conferenceDate":"1999-06-28T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Hamburg, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1999.774521","isbn":"0-7803-5207-6","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G., Mordvintsev, I.N., and Douglas, D., 1999, Comparative analysis of multisensor satellite monitoring of Arctic sea-ice, p. 1025-1027, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1999.774521.","productDescription":"p. 1025-1027","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281898,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1999.774521"},{"id":281899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd51e9e4b0b290850f4353","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mordvintsev, Ilia N.","contributorId":91044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mordvintsev","given":"Ilia","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209805,"text":"70209805 - 1999 - Constraints on Quaternary unsaturated- and saturated-zone hydrology from geochronological and isotopic studies of calcite and silica, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T17:05:25.009538","indexId":"70209805","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:54:40","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":" Constraints on Quaternary unsaturated- and saturated-zone hydrology from geochronological and isotopic studies of calcite and silica, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstracts available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Use of hydrogeochemical information in testing groundwater flow models: Technical summary and proceedings of a workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Use of hydrogeochemical information in testing groundwater flow models","conferenceDate":"Sep 1-3, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Borgholm, Sweden","language":"English","publisher":"OECD Publ.","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., Peterman, Z.E., Neymark, L., Whelan, J.F., and Marshall, B.D., 1999, Constraints on Quaternary unsaturated- and saturated-zone hydrology from geochronological and isotopic studies of calcite and silica, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in Use of hydrogeochemical information in testing groundwater flow models: Technical summary and proceedings of a workshop, Borgholm, Sweden, Sep 1-3, 1997, p. 329-336.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":167699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. 0000-0003-4190-0278 lneymark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":140338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid A.","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":34253,"text":"34253 - 1999 - Fossils, rocks, and time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T16:41:39.968071","indexId":"34253","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:38:06","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Fossils, rocks, and time","docAbstract":"We study our Earth for many reasons: to find water to drink or oil to run our cars or coal to heat our homes, to know where to expect earthquakes or landslides or floods, and to try to understand our natural surroundings. Earth is constantly changing--nothing on its surface is truly permanent. Rocks that are now on top of a mountain may once have been at the bottom of the sea. Thus, to understand the world we live on, we must add the dimension of time. We must study Earth's history.
When we talk about recorded history, time is measured in years, centuries, and tens of centuries. When we talk about Earth history, time is measured in millions and billions of years.
Time is an everyday part of our lives. We keep track of time with a marvelous invention, the calendar, which is based on the movements of Earth in space. One spin of Earth on its axis is a day, and one trip around the Sun is a year. The modern calendar is a great achievement, developed over many thousands of years as theory and technology improved.
People who study Earth's history also use a type of calendar, called the geologic time scale. It looks very different from the familiar calendar. In some ways, it is more like a book, and the rocks are its pages. Some of the pages are torn or missing, and the pages are not numbered, but geology gives us the tools to help us read this book.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/34253","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., and Pojeta, J., 1999, Fossils, rocks, and time, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/34253.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/34253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/34253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bfb5fde4b06d97a6487d19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":212687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pojeta, John Jr.","contributorId":44514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pojeta","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228801,"text":"70228801 - 1999 - Neogene and Quaternary quantitative palynostratigraphy and paleoclimatology from sections in Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories and Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-21T17:52:03.842626","indexId":"70228801","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:28:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"543","title":"Neogene and Quaternary quantitative palynostratigraphy and paleoclimatology from sections in Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories and Alaska","docAbstract":" quantitative pollen and spore zonation for the Neogene and Quaternary of Yukon, western Northwest Territories and central and northern Alaska has been assembled from seven sections and one borehole. The palynological spectra from 163 samples from these sections were grouped and averaged within the groups to produce twenty-one composite spectra that depict the long-term pattern of vegetation change. The oldest record included in the study is estimated to be within the late Early Miocene (ca. 18.3 Ma) and the record extends to the late Quaternary.
Pollen and spores are grouped and summed by environmental tolerances and physiognomy of the modern families and genera of plants to which they are related. Using these groups, pollen and spore ratios are drawn to track environmental parameters - temperature, forest canopy cover, and paludification of the study sites. Biostratigraphic and paleoecological patterns are explained in terms of known changes in global climate and the climatic effects of regional tectonics. Six assemblage zones and five subzones are proposed to describe the palynological succession.
Loess and eolian sand cover vast areas of the western Great \nPlains of Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado (Fig. 1). In recent \nstudies of Quaternary climate change, there has been a renewed \ninterest in loess and eolian sand. Much of the attention now \ngiven to loess stems from new studies of long loess sequences \nthat contain detailed records of Quaternary glacial-interglacial \ncycles, thought to be a terrestrial equivalent to the foraminiferal \noxygen isotope record in deep-sea sediments (Fig. 2). Loess is \nalso a direct record of atmospheric circulation, and identification \nof loess paleowinds in the geologic record can test atmospheric \ngeneral circulation models. Until recently, eolian sand on \nthe Great Plains had received little attention from Quaternary \ngeologists. The past decade has seen a proliferation of studies of \nGreat Plains dune sands, and many studies, summarized below, \nindicate that landscapes characterized by eolian sand have had \ndynamic histories.
\nOn this field trip, we will visit some key eolian sand and \nloess localities in eastern Colorado and southwestern Nebraska \n(Fig. 1). Stratigraphic studies at some of these localities have \nbeen conducted for more than 50 years, but others have been \nsystematically studied only in the past few years. Many of the \ndata which appear in this guidebook have been derived from \nprevious studies (Swinehart and Diffendal, 1990; Madole, \n1994; Loope and others, 1995; Maat and Johnson, 1996; Muhs \nand others, 1996, 1997a, 1999; Mason and others, 1997; \nAleinikoff and others, 1999), but some are presented here for \nthe first time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Colorado and adjacent areas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.71","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D.R., Swinehart, J.B., Loope, D.B., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Been, J., 1999, 200,000 years of climate change recorded in eolian sediments of the High Plains of eastern Colorado and western Nebraska, chap. of Colorado and adjacent areas, v. 1, p. 71-91, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.71.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281731,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281730,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.71"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,39.0 ], [ -105.5,42.0 ], [ -100.0,42.0 ], [ -100.0,39.0 ], [ -105.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539a2a0ee4b0a59b26496f72","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lageson, David R.","contributorId":113216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lageson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509778,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lester, Alan","contributorId":112192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lester","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509776,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trudgill, Bruce","contributorId":112581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trudgill","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509777,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinehart, James B.","contributorId":85270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinehart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loope, David B.","contributorId":59589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Been, Josh","contributorId":19340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006996,"text":"70006996 - 1999 - Assessment of landscape correlates of Eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T10:17:00","indexId":"70006996","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T10:12:14","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Assessment of landscape correlates of Eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid","docAbstract":"Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is in decline\nthroughout its range in the eastern US due to infestation by\nan exotic insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges\ntsugae). In Shenandoah National Park, the hemlock woolly\nadelgid (HWA) rapidly killed many stands of hemlock after\nfirst appearing in the late-1980’s, while having only minor\nimpact in other stands. At present, few investigators have\nexamined the mechanisms that produce this discontinuous\nimpact, although landscape factors are predicted to play a\nmajor role (Orwig and Foster, 1998: Perry 1988). In an effort\nto address possible landscape correlates to hemlock\ndecline, we conducted a preliminary analysis of 5 years of\nhemlock health estimates in comparison to measures of\nterrain, stand isolation, and potential dispersal corridors at\nthe stand level. We found that elevation, slope, light conditions, and distance to streams all exhibited relatively\nstrong correlation with hemlock decline, although the\nrelationship varied by year. In addition, there appears to be\nsome evidence of spatial autocorrelation in decline,\nsuggesting that similar environmental conditions are either\ncontrolling the adelgid or making hemlock stands more\nsusceptible to HWA. We are using the results of this\npreliminary analysis to guide more detailed efforts aimed at\nmodeling hemlock stand vulnerability as a result of site,\nlandscape, and regional factors.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in Eastern North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in Eastern North America","conferenceLocation":"Durham, New Hampshire","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Newtown Square, PA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Young, J., Snyder, C., Akerson, J., and Hunt, G., 1999, Assessment of landscape correlates of Eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.8516,38.0409 ], [ -78.8516,38.9104 ], [ -78.1501,38.9104 ], [ -78.1501,38.0409 ], [ -78.8516,38.0409 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7633e4b0abf75cf2becc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McManus, K.A.","contributorId":112439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508424,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shields, K.S.","contributorId":114066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shields","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508426,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Souto, D.R.","contributorId":113167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souto","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508425,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Young, John","contributorId":104404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Craig 0000-0002-3448-597X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":23445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akerson, James","contributorId":21461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akerson","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Gary","contributorId":106017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29617,"text":"wri984181 - 1999 - Ground-water flow paths and traveltime to three small embayments within the Peconic Estuary, eastern Suffolk County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-29T14:15:13.90349","indexId":"wri984181","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4181","title":"Ground-water flow paths and traveltime to three small embayments within the Peconic Estuary, eastern Suffolk County, New York","docAbstract":"The Peconic Estuary, at the eastern end of Long Island, has been plagued by a recurrent algal bloom that has caused the severe decline of local marine resources. Although the onset, duration, and cessation of the bloom remain unpredictable, ground-water discharge has been shown to affect surface-water quality in the western part of the estuary. Results from a study on the North Fork of Long Island indicate that local hydrogeologic factors cause differences in ground-water age and characteristics of discharge to the estuary. The need for information on the local patterns and rates of ground-water discharge to the Peconic Estuary prompted analysis of ground-water flow paths and traveltime to three small embayments within the estuary. Meetinghouse Creek, near the west end of the North Fork; Sag Harbor Cove, in the central part of the South Fork; and West Neck Bay, on Shelter Island.
Ground-water-flow models were developed, and particle-tracking procedures were applied to the results of each model, to define the flow paths and traveltime of ground water to the three embayments. The steady-state flow models represent the two-dimensional ground-water-flow system along a vertical section through the uplands of each embayment and simulate long-term hydrologic conditions. The particle-tracking procedure used model-generated ground-water levels and flow rates to calculate the water-particle pathlines and times-of-travel through each flow system from the point of entry (recharge) to the point of exit at streams, the shore, or subsea-discharge areas.
Results for the Meetinghouse Creek study area indicate that about 50 percent of the total recharge that enters the system flows southward to Meetinghouse Creek; half of this amount discharges as base flow to the fresh-water reach of the creek, and half as shoreline underflow to the estuarine reach. About 85 percent of the total discharge to Meetinghouse Creek has flowed entirely within the upper glacial aquifer, and about 15 percent has flowed through the Magothy aquifer. The average age of all ground water discharged to Meetinghouse Creek is about 60 years; the average age of base flow to the freshwater reach of the creek is about 7 years, and the average age of shoreline underflow to the estuarine reach is about 120 years. The results for the Sag Harbor Cove study area indicate that about 30 percent of the total recharge that enters the system flows northward to Sag Harbor Cove; about half of this amount discharges as shoreline underflow, and half as subsea underflow. About 40 percent of the total discharge to Sag Harbor Cove has flowed entirely within the upper glacial aquifer, and about 60 percent has flowed through the Pleistocene marine clay unit, Pleistocene(?) sand unit, or Magothy aquifer. The average age of all ground water discharged to Sag Harbor Cove is about 110 years; the average age of shoreline underflow is about 25 years, and the average age of subsea underflow is about 190 years.
Results for the West Neck Bay study area indicate that about 65 percent of the total recharge that enters the system flows westward to West Neck Bay; virtually all of this amount discharges as shoreline underflow, but a negligible percentage discharges as subsea underflow. Virtually all discharge to West Neck Bay has flowed entirely within the upper glacial aquifer, although a minor amount has flowed through the Pleistocene marine clay unit. The average age of shoreline underflow to West Neck Bay is about 15 years, and the average age of subsea underflow is about 1,800 years.
Ground water that discharges to streams and the shores represented in the models is mostly relatively young water that has flowed entirely within the shallow zones of the flow systems, whereas ground water that discharges to the subsea-discharge areas is mostly old water that has flowed through the deep zones. Data obtained from these models allows evaluation of each embayment.s vulnerability to contaminants introduced at the water table and can guide the development of source-area-protection strategies for the corresponding watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Peconic Estuary Program and Suffolk Department of Health Services","usgsCitation":"Schubert, C., 1999, Ground-water flow paths and traveltime to three small embayments within the Peconic Estuary, eastern Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4181, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984181.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404557,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4181/wri19984181.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":369347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4181/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Suffolk County","otherGeospatial":"Peconic Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65739440917969,\n 40.91403147143872\n ],\n [\n -72.60520935058594,\n 40.91403147143872\n ],\n [\n -72.60520935058594,\n 40.93426521177941\n ],\n [\n -72.65739440917969,\n 40.93426521177941\n ],\n [\n -72.65739440917969,\n 40.91403147143872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
We examined 4,848 regurgitated digestive pellets of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) over a 6-year period (1992–97) to estimate annual predation on sport and other fishes in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario. We found more than 51,000 fish of 28 species. Using a model that incorporates annual colony nest counts; fledgling production rates; adult, immature, and young-of-year residence times (seasonal); estimates of mean number of fish per pellet and mean fish size; and a fecal pathway correction factor (4.0 percent), we estimate total annual number of fish consumed by cormorants in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario to range from 37 million to 128 million fish for 1993–97. This fish loss equates to an estimated 0.93 million to 3.21 million kg (mean 2.07 million kg) of fish consumed per year, principally alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus, 42.3 percent) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens, 18.4 percent). Forage fish (alewife, cyprinids, trout-perch [Percopsis omiscomaycus], and other minor components) accounted for 65 percent of the diet, and panfish contributed 34 percent of the diet for the 5-year period. Game fish were minor components of the diet, in view of an average estimated annual consumption of 900,000 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui, 1.1 percent) and 168,000 salmonines (mostly lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, 0.2 percent). Cormorant predation on lake trout fingerlings stocked in May 1993 and June 1994 was estimated through the use of coded wire tag recoveries from pellets collected on Little Galloo Island 1 and 4 days after stocking events. We estimated losses of 13.6 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively, of the fish stocked for the two events, an average of 11.2 percent. Such losses may be reduced through alteration of existing stocking practices.
","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest","conferenceDate":"December 9, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Milwaukee, WI","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Johnson, J.H., 1999, Fish losses to double-crested cormorant predation in Eastern Lake Ontario, 1992-97: USDA APHIS Technical Bulletin 1879, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/symposia/cormorant_symposium/"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario;Little Galloo Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.3988896,43.8827599 ], [ -76.3988896,43.8885207 ], [ -76.3923384,43.8885207 ], [ -76.3923384,43.8827599 ], [ -76.3988896,43.8827599 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efb0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001121,"text":"2001121 - 1999 - Intestinal coccidiosis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001121,"text":"2001121 - 1999 - Intestinal coccidiosis","indexId":"2001121","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Intestinal coccidiosis"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:46:12","indexId":"2001121","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Intestinal coccidiosis","docAbstract":"Coccidia are a complex and diverse group of protozoan (single-celled organisms) parasites; the coccidia group contains many species, most of which do not cause clinical disease. In birds, most disease-causing or pathogenic forms of coccidia parasites belong to the genus Eimeria. Coccidia usually invade the intestinal tract, but some invade other organs, such as the liver and kidney (see Chapter 27).
Clinical illness caused by infection with these parasites is referred to as coccidiosis, but their presence without disease is called coccidiasis. In most cases, a bird that is infected by coccidia will develop immunity from disease and it will recover unless it is reinfected. The occurrence of disease depends, in part, upon the number of host cells that are destroyed by the juvenile form of the parasite, and this is moderated by many factors. Severely infected birds may die very quickly. Often, tissue damage to the bird’s intestine results in interrupted feeding; disruption of digestive processes or nutrient absorption; dehydration; anemia; and increased susceptibility to other disease agents. In cranes, coccidia that normally inhabit the intestine sometimes become widely distributed throughout the body. The resulting disease, disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC) of cranes, is characterized by nodules, or granulomas, on the surface of organs and tissues that contain developmental stages of the parasite.
Collectively, coccidia are important parasites of domestic animals, but, because each coccidia species has a preference for parasitizing a particular bird species and because of the self-limiting nature of most infections, coccidiosis in freeranging birds has not been of great concern. However, habitat losses that concentrate bird populations and the increasing numbers of captive-reared birds that are released into the wild enhance the potential for problems with coccidiosis.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., and Franson, J.C., 1999, Intestinal coccidiosis: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"213","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15560,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=219","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015976,"text":"1015976 - 1999 - Creating raptor benefits from powerline problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1015976","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Creating raptor benefits from powerline problems","docAbstract":"Powerlines benefit raptors by providing enhanced nesting and roosting sites. However, they\r\nalso can kill raptors by electrocution and raptors can interfere with power transmission. The electrocution problem has been reduced by correcting existing lethal lines and implementing electrocution safe designs for new lines. Remedial actions include pole modifications, perch management and insulation of wires and hardware. New line designs provide for proper insulation and adequate spacing of conductors and grounded hardware. Nesting platforms can reduce power transmission problems and enhance the benefits of nesting on powerlines. A combination of perch deterrents and insulator shields is a positive, cost-effective approach\r\nto managing bird contamination that allows birds to continue roosting on the towers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kochert, M.N., and Olendorff, R., 1999, Creating raptor benefits from powerline problems: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 33, no. 1, p. 39-42.","productDescription":"p. 39-42","startPage":"39","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olendorff, R.R.","contributorId":6821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olendorff","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194938,"text":"70194938 - 1999 - Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194938,"text":"70194938 - 1999 - Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)>","indexId":"70194938","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","title":"Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T17:57:36","indexId":"70194938","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"displayTitle":"Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","title":"Tritium and 14C concentrations in unsaturated-zone gases at test hole UZB-2, Amargosa Desert Research Site, 1994-98: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)>","docAbstract":"Tritium concentrations have been determined yearly since April 1994 from water-vapor samples collected at test hole UZB-2. The hole was drilled about 100 m (meters) south of the southwest corner of a commercial burial site for low-level radioactive wastes in September 1993. UZB-2 is equipped with ten 2.5-cm (centimeters) diameter air ports permanently installed in the unsaturated zone between the depths of 5.5 and 108.8 m below land surface. Depth to ground water is about 110 m. Additional sampling ports were driven by hand to depths of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m in May 1997. Initial samples of water vapor collected in April 1994 showed elevated tritium concentrations of more than 100 TU (tritium units) from all 10 air ports, with a maximum concentration of 762±10 TU from an air port at a depth of 24.1 m. Subsequent tritium concentrations increased in all air ports, although tritium concentrations at depths of less than 34.1 m have remained relatively constant since July 1995. The largest observed increase in tritium has been at a depth of 47.9 m. There, tritium concentration has increased from 198±5 TU in April 1994 to 2,570±30 TU in June 1998. Large increases also have been measured in samples collected from air ports at depths of 106.4 and 108.8 m, just above the water table.
During September and October 1998, carbon dioxide samples were collected from all ten air ports in UZB-2 and at a depth of 1.5 m, and analyzed for radioactive carbon-14 (14C). 14C concentrations are highest in air ports at depths less than 6 m where they exceed 2,000 pmc (percent modern carbon). Concentrations decrease rapidly in air ports at depth and are about 20 pmc below 94.2 m. However, at 47.9 meters, the 14C concentration is 205±1 pmc, which is 2 to 4 times higher than concentrations in air ports immediately above and below. This depth corresponds to the largest tritium increase in UZB-2. Concentrations of both tritium and 14C are greater than what could be expected from atmospheric fallout. The distribution of tritium and 14C likely represent a complex pattern of lateral and vertical transport through the unsaturated zone from buried wastes to UZB-2.
A previous model of feeding by sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus predicted energy intake and growth by lampreys as a function of lamprey size, host size, and duration of feeding attachments, but it was applicable only to lampreys feeding at 10°C and it was tested against only a single small data set of limited scope. We extended the model to other temperatures and tested it against an extensive data set (more than 700 feeding bouts) accumulated during experiments with captive sea lampreys. Model predictions of instantaneous growth were highly correlated with observed growth, and a partitioning of mean squared error between model predictions and observed results showed that 88.5% of the variance was due to random variation rather than to systematic errors. However, deviations between observed and predicted values varied substantially, especially for short feeding bouts. Predicted and observed growth trajectories of individual lampreys during multiple feeding bouts during the summer tended to correspond closely, but predicted growth was generally much higher than observed growth late in the year. This suggests the possibility that large overwintering lampreys reduce their feeding rates while attached to hosts. Seasonal or size-related shifts in the fate of consumed energy may provide an alternative explanation. The lamprey feeding model offers great flexibility in assessing growth of captive lampreys within various experimental protocols (e.g., different host species or thermal regimes) because it controls for individual differences in feeding history.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0403:TAEOAS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cochran, P.A., Swink, W.D., and Kinziger, A.P., 1999, Testing and extension of a sea lamprey feeding model: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 3, p. 403-413, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0403:TAEOAS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"413","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bdbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cochran, Philip A.","contributorId":39745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swink, William D.","contributorId":60586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swink","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kinziger, Andrew P.","contributorId":14356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinziger","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182199,"text":"70182199 - 1999 - Modeling bird mortality associated with the M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T10:55:58","indexId":"70182199","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling bird mortality associated with the M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"We developed a model to estimate the number of bird carcasses that were likely deposited on the beaches of St. Paul Island, Alaska following the M/V Citrus oil spill in February 1996. Most of the islands beaches were searched on an irregular schedule, resulting in the recovery of 876 King Eider carcasses. A sub-sample of beaches were intensively studied to estimate daily persistence rate and detection probability [Fowler, A.C., Flint, P.L., 1997. Marine Pollution Bulletin]. Using these data, our model predicted that an additional 733±70 King Eider carcasses were not detected during our searches. Therefore, we estimate that at least 1609±70 King Eider carcasses occurred on beaches as a result of the spill. We lacked sufficient sample size to model losses for other species, thus we applied the estimated recovery rate for King Eiders (54%) to other species and estimate a total combined loss of 1765 birds. In addition, 165 birds were captured alive making the total estimated number of birds impacted by the M/V Citrus spill 1930. Given that oiled birds occurred in places on the island which could not be systematically searched combined with the fact that it was unlikely that oiled birds that died at sea would have been recovered during our searches [Flint, P.L., Fowler, A.C., 1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin], our estimate of total mortality associated with the spill should be considered a minimum.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00006-X","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Fowler, A.C., and Rockwell, R.F., 1999, Modeling bird mortality associated with the M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska: Ecological Modelling, v. 117, no. 2-3, p. 261-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00006-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.521.1664","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"St. Paul Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.55999755859372,\n 57.07956023442378\n ],\n [\n -169.99557495117188,\n 57.07956023442378\n ],\n [\n -169.99557495117188,\n 57.29388636800383\n ],\n [\n -170.55999755859372,\n 57.29388636800383\n ],\n [\n -170.55999755859372,\n 57.07956023442378\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e32e4b0ce4410e7d614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fowler, Ada C.","contributorId":48304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"Ada","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rockwell, Robert F.","contributorId":172752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6989,"text":"American Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015944,"text":"1015944 - 1999 - Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Testing predictions from optimal-breathing models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T12:20:37.922185","indexId":"1015944","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Testing predictions from optimal-breathing models","docAbstract":"The diving behavior of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) was studied using telemetry along the Oregon coast during the 1995 and 1996 breeding seasons and examined in relation to predictions from optimal-breathing models. Duration of dives, pauses, dive bouts, time spent under water during dive bouts, and nondiving intervals between successive dive bouts were recorded. Most diving metrics differed between years but not with oceanographic conditions or shore type. There was no effect of water depth on mean dive time or percent time spent under water even though dive bouts occurred in depths from 3 to 36 m. There was a significant, positive relationship between mean dive time and mean pause time at the dive-bout scale each year. At the dive-cycle scale, there was a significant positive relationship between dive time and preceding pause time in each year and a significant positive relationship between dive time and ensuing pause time in 1996. Although it appears that aerobic diving was the norm, there appeared to be an increase in anaerobic diving in 1996. The diving performance of Marbled Murrelets in this study appeared to be affected by annual changes in environmental conditions and prey resources but did not consistently fit predictions from optimal-breathing models.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z99-113","usgsCitation":"Jodice, P.G., and Collopy, M.W., 1999, Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Testing predictions from optimal-breathing models: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 77, no. 9, p. 1409-1418, https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-113.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1409","endPage":"1418","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jodice, Patrick G.R. 0000-0001-8716-120X pjodice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-120X","contributorId":1119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"Patrick","email":"pjodice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collopy, Michael W.","contributorId":77890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collopy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}