Many semi-arid plant communities in western North America are dominated by big sagebrush. These ecosystems are being reduced in extent and quality due to economic development, invasive species, and climate change. These pervasive modifications have generated concern about the long-term viability of sagebrush habitat and sagebrush-obligate wildlife species (notably greater sage-grouse), highlighting the need for better understanding of the future big sagebrush distribution, particularly at the species' range margins. These leading and trailing edges of potential climate-driven sagebrush distribution shifts are likely to be areas most sensitive to climate change. We used a process-based regeneration model for big sagebrush, which simulates potential germination and seedling survival in response to climatic and edaphic conditions and tested expectations about current and future regeneration responses at trailing and leading edges that were previously identified using traditional species distribution models. Our results confirmed expectations of increased probability of regeneration at the leading edge and decreased probability of regeneration at the trailing edge below current levels. Our simulations indicated that soil water dynamics at the leading edge became more similar to the typical seasonal ecohydrological conditions observed within the current range of big sagebrush ecosystems. At the trailing edge, an increased winter and spring dryness represented a departure from conditions typically supportive of big sagebrush. Our results highlighted that minimum and maximum daily temperatures as well as soil water recharge and summer dry periods are important constraints for big sagebrush regeneration. Overall, our results confirmed previous predictions, i.e., we see consistent changes in areas identified as trailing and leading edges; however, we also identified potential local refugia within the trailing edge, mostly at sites at higher elevation. Decreasing regeneration probability at the trailing edge underscores the Schlaepfer et al. Future regeneration potential of big sagebrush potential futility of efforts to preserve and/or restore big sagebrush in these areas. Conversely, increasing regeneration probability at the leading edge suggest a growing potential for conflicts in management goals between maintaining existing grasslands by preventing sagebrush expansion versus accepting a shift in plant community composition to sagebrush dominance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/ES14-00208.1","usgsCitation":"Schlaepfer, D., Taylor, K.A., Pennington, V.E., Nelson, K.N., Martin, T.E., Rottler, C.M., Lauenroth, W.K., and Bradford, J.B., 2015, Simulated big sagebrush regeneration supports predicted changes at the trailing and leading edges of distribution shifts: Ecosphere, v. 6, no. 1, art3: 31 p., https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00208.1.","productDescription":"art3: 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059615","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es14-00208.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.15625,\n 72.18180355624855\n ],\n [\n -168.3984375,\n 5.61598581915534\n ],\n [\n -52.3828125,\n 12.554563528593656\n ],\n [\n -59.765625,\n 73.42842364106816\n ],\n [\n -170.15625,\n 72.18180355624855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ab3e4b08de9379b318c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlaepfer, Daniel R.","contributorId":105189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlaepfer","given":"Daniel R.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Kyle A.","contributorId":138849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pennington, Victoria E.","contributorId":138850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pennington","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Kellen N.","contributorId":138851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Kellen","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12546,"text":"Univ of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071; Univ of WY, Program in Ecology, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Trace E.","contributorId":138852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Trace","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rottler, Caitlin M.","contributorId":138853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rottler","given":"Caitlin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12546,"text":"Univ of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071; Univ of WY, Program in Ecology, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lauenroth, William K.","contributorId":80982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70134502,"text":"sir20145216 - 2015 - Areas contributing recharge to production wells and effects of climate change on the groundwater system in the Chipuxet River and Chickasheen Brook Basins, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-22T10:58:07","indexId":"sir20145216","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-22T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5216","title":"Areas contributing recharge to production wells and effects of climate change on the groundwater system in the Chipuxet River and Chickasheen Brook Basins, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The Chipuxet River and Chickasheen Brook Basins in southern Rhode Island are an important water resource for public and domestic supply, irrigation, recreation, and aquatic habitat. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Rhode Island Department of Health, began a study in 2012 as part of an effort to protect the source of water to six large-capacity production wells that supply drinking water and to increase understanding of how climate change might affect the water resources in the basins. Soil-water-balance and groundwater-flow models were developed to delineate the areas contributing recharge to the wells and to quantify the hydrologic response to climate change. Surficial deposits of glacial origin ranging from a few feet to more than 200 feet thick overlie bedrock in the 24.4-square mile study area. These deposits comprise a complex and productive aquifer system.
\n\n
Simulated areas contributing recharge to the production wells covered a total area of 0.63 square miles for average well withdrawal rates from 2007 through 2011 (total rate of 583 gallons per minute). Simulated areas contributing recharge for the maximum well pumping capacities (total rate of 3,700 gallons per minute) covered a total area of 2.55 square miles. Most simulated areas contributing recharge extend upgradient of the wells to morainal and upland till deposits and to groundwater divides. Some simulated areas contributing recharge include small, isolated areas remote from the wells. Relatively short groundwater traveltimes from recharging locations to discharging wells indicated that the wells are vulnerable to contamination from land-surface activities; median traveltimes ranged from 3.5 to 8.6 years for the production wells examined, and 57 to 91 percent of the traveltimes were 10 years or less. Land cover in the areas contributing recharge includes a substantial amount of urban and agriculture land use for five wells adjacent to the Chipuxet River; for one well adjacent to a tributary stream, land use is less developed.
\n\n
The calibrated groundwater-flow model provided a single, best representation of the areas contributing recharge to a production well. The parameter variance-covariance matrix from model calibration was used to create parameter sets that reflect the uncertainty of the parameter estimates and the correlation among parameters to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the predicted contributing areas to the wells. A Monte Carlo analysis led to contributing areas expressed as a probability distribution that differed from a single deterministic contributing area. Because of the effects of parameter uncertainty, the size of the probabilistic contributing areas for both average and maximum pumping rates was larger than the size of the deterministic contributing areas for the wells. Thus, some areas not in the deterministic contributing area might actually be in the contributing area, including additional areas of urban and agricultural land use that has the potential to contaminate groundwater. Additional areas that might be in the contributing area included recharge originating near the pumping wells that have relatively short groundwater-flow paths and traveltimes. At the maximum pumping rates, areas associated with low probabilities extended long distances along groundwater divides in the uplands remote from the wells.
\n\n
Climate projections for the Chipuxet River and Chickasheen Brook Basins from downscaled output from general circulation models indicate that mean annual temperature might increase by 4.7 degrees Fahrenheit and 8.0 degrees Fahrenheit by the late 21st century (2070–99) compared with the late 20th century (1970–99) under scenarios of lower and higher emissions of greenhouse gases, respectively. By the late 21st century, winter and spring precipitation is projected to increase by 12 to 17 percent, summer precipitation to increase by about the same as mean annual precipitation (8 percent), and fall precipitation to decrease by 5 percent for both emission scenarios compared with the late 20th century. Soil-water-balance simulations indicate that, although precipitation is expected to increase in three seasons, only in winter do precipitation increases exceed actual evapotranspiration increases. Recharge is projected to decrease in fall and generally change little in spring and summer. By the late 21st century, winter recharge is expected to increase by 13 percent for the lower emissions scenario and by 15 percent for the higher emissions scenario. In fall, recharge is projected to diminish by 13 percent for the lower emissions scenario and by 24 percent for the higher emissions scenario. Although recharge is projected to change seasonally in the 21st century, mean annual recharge changes minimally. Soil moisture is projected to decrease in the 21st century from spring through fall because of increases in potential evapotranspiration, and in fall because of decreases in precipitation in addition to increases in potential evapotranspiration. By the late 21st century, soil moisture for the lower emissions scenario is expected to decrease by 11 percent in summer and 15 percent in fall, and for the higher emissions scenario, decrease by 23 percent for both seasons. These decreases in soil moisture during the growing season might have implications for agriculture in the study area.
\n\n
Predicted changes in the magnitude and seasonal distribution of recharge in the 21st century increase simulated base flows and groundwater levels in the winter months for both emission scenarios, but because of less recharge in the fall and less or about the same recharge in the preceding months of spring and summer, base flows and groundwater levels in the fall months decrease for both emission scenarios. October has the largest base flow and groundwater level decreases. By the late 21st century, base flows at the Chipuxet River in October are projected to decrease by 9 percent for the lower emissions scenario and 18 percent for the higher emissions scenario. For a headwater stream in the upland till with shorter groundwater-flow paths and lower storage properties in its drainage area, base flows in October are projected to diminish by 28 percent and 42 percent for the lower and higher emissions scenarios by the late 21st century. Groundwater level changes in the uplands show substantial decreases in fall, but because of the large storage capacity of stratified deposits, water levels change minimally in the valley. By the late 21st century, water levels in large areas of upland till deposits in October are projected to decrease by up to 2 feet for the lower emissions scenario, whereas large areas decrease by up to 5 feet, with small areas with decreases of as much as 10 feet, for the higher emissions scenario. For both emission scenarios, additional areas of till go dry in fall compared with the late 20th century. Thus projected changes in recharge in the 21st century might extend low flows and low water levels for the year later in fall and there might be more intermittent headwater streams compared with the late 20th century with corresponding implications to aquatic habitat. Finally, the size and location of the simulated areas contributing recharge to the production wells are minimally affected by climate change because mean annual recharge, which is used to determine the contributing areas to the production wells, is projected to change little in the 21st century.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145216","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Friesz, P.J., and Stone, J.R., 2015, Areas contributing recharge to production wells and effects of climate change on the groundwater system in the Chipuxet River and Chickasheen Brook Basins, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5216, Report: ix, 56 p.; Plate; Figure: 11 inches x 17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145216.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 56 p.; Plate; Figure: 11 inches x 17 inches","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056729","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145216.jpg"},{"id":296961,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5216/","description":"Index Page"},{"id":297452,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5216/pdf/sir2014-5216.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":297453,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5216/attachments/sir2014-5216_plate1_r.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"12.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1","linkHelpText":"Map showing surficial materials"},{"id":297454,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5216/attachments/sir2014-5216_fig03abc.pdf","text":"Figure 3","size":"890 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3","linkHelpText":"Cross sections A, A–A', B, B–B', and C, C–C' in the Chipuxet River and Chickasheen Brook Basins, Rhode Island."}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Chickasheen Brook, Chipuxet River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.817626953125,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -71.30126953124999,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -71.334228515625,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -71.817626953125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -71.817626953125,\n 42.01665183556825\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a56e4b08de9379b2fed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friesz, Paul J. 0000-0002-4660-2336 pfriesz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2336","contributorId":1075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesz","given":"Paul","email":"pfriesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169887,"text":"70169887 - 2015 - Late Quaternary slip history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California: The role of a subsidiary left-lateral fault in strand switching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T10:14:07","indexId":"70169887","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-22T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary slip history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California: The role of a subsidiary left-lateral fault in strand switching","docAbstract":"The fault history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault (SAF) in the San Gorgonio Pass region, along with the reconstructed geomorphology surrounding this fault strand, reveals the important role of the left-lateral Pinto Mountain fault in the regional fault strand switching. The Mill Creek strand has 7.1–8.7 km total slip. Following this displacement, the Pinto Mountain fault offset the Mill Creek strand 1–1.25 km, as SAF slip transferred to the San Bernardino, Banning, and Garnet Hill strands. An alluvial complex within the Mission Creek watershed can be linked to palinspastic reconstruction of drainage segments to constrain slip history of the Mill Creek strand. We investigated surface remnants through detailed geologic mapping, morphometric and stratigraphic analysis, geochronology, and pedogenic analysis. The degree of soil development constrains the duration of surface stability when correlated to other regional, independently dated pedons. This correlation indicates that the oldest surfaces are significantly older than 500 ka. Luminescence dates of 106 ka and 95 ka from (respectively) 5 and 4 m beneath a younger fan surface are consistent with age estimates based on soil-profile development. Offset of the Mill Creek strand by the Pinto Mountain fault suggests a short-term slip rate of ∼10–12.5 mm/yr for the Pinto Mountain fault, and a lower long-term slip rate. Uplift of the Yucaipa Ridge block during the period of Mill Creek strand activity is consistent with thermochronologic modeled uplift estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1130/B31101.1","usgsCitation":"Kendrick, K.J., Matti, J.C., and Mahan, S.A., 2015, Late Quaternary slip history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California: The role of a subsidiary left-lateral fault in strand switching: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 127, no. 5-6, p. 825-849, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31101.1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"825","endPage":"849","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049289","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319571,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"5-6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fba7afe4b0a6037df1a15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendrick, Katherine J. 0000-0002-9839-6861 kendrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":2716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"Katherine","email":"kendrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, Jonathan C. 0000-0001-5961-9869 jmatti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5961-9869","contributorId":167192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmatti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon A. 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":147159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70173733,"text":"70173733 - 2015 - Effects of hierarchical roost removal on northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-09T14:36:35","indexId":"70173733","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hierarchical roost removal on northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies","docAbstract":"Forest roosting bats use a variety of ephemeral roosts such as snags and declining live trees. Although conservation of summer maternity habitat is considered critical for forest-roosting bats, bat response to roost loss still is poorly understood. To address this, we monitored 3 northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies on Fort Knox Military Reservation, Kentucky, USA, before and after targeted roost removal during the dormant season when bats were hibernating in caves. We used 2 treatments: removal of a single highly used (primary) roost and removal of 24% of less used (secondary) roosts, and an un-manipulated control. Neither treatment altered the number of roosts used by individual bats, but secondary roost removal doubled the distances moved between sequentially used roosts. However, overall space use by and location of colonies was similar pre- and post-treatment. Patterns of roost use before and after removal treatments also were similar but bats maintained closer social connections after our treatments. Roost height, diameter at breast height, percent canopy openness, and roost species composition were similar pre- and post-treatment. We detected differences in the distribution of roosts among decay stages and crown classes pre- and post-roost removal, but this may have been a result of temperature differences between treatment years. Our results suggest that loss of a primary roost or ≤ 20% of secondary roosts in the dormant season may not cause northern long-eared bats to abandon roosting areas or substantially alter some roosting behaviors in the following active season when tree-roosts are used. Critically, tolerance limits to roost loss may be dependent upon local forest conditions, and continued research on this topic will be necessary for conservation of the northern long-eared bat across its range.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0116356","usgsCitation":"Silvis, A., Ford, W.M., and Britzke, E.R., 2015, Effects of hierarchical roost removal on northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116356.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058117","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116356","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Fort Knox military reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.00372314453125,\n 37.85045908105493\n ],\n [\n -86.00372314453125,\n 37.931200459333716\n ],\n [\n -85.89729309082031,\n 37.931200459333716\n ],\n [\n -85.89729309082031,\n 37.85045908105493\n ],\n [\n -86.00372314453125,\n 37.85045908105493\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575a9331e4b04f417c27513d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silvis, Alexander","contributorId":171585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silvis","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26923,"text":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, W. Mark wford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.","email":"wford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":638025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britzke, Eric R.","contributorId":8327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britzke","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169231,"text":"70169231 - 2015 - North America's net terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T13:48:16","indexId":"70169231","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North America's net terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009","docAbstract":"Scientific understanding of the global carbon cycle is required for developing national and international policy to mitigate fossil fuel CO2 emissions by managing terrestrial carbon uptake. Toward that understanding and as a contribution to the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project, this paper provides a synthesis of net land–atmosphere CO2 exchange for North America (Canada, United States, and Mexico) over the period 1990–2009. Only CO2 is considered, not methane or other greenhouse gases. This synthesis is based on results from three different methods: atmospheric inversion, inventory-based methods and terrestrial biosphere modeling. All methods indicate that the North American land surface was a sink for atmospheric CO2, with a net transfer from atmosphere to land. Estimates ranged from −890 to −280 Tg C yr−1, where the mean of atmospheric inversion estimates forms the lower bound of that range (a larger land sink) and the inventory-based estimate using the production approach the upper (a smaller land sink). This relatively large range is due in part to differences in how the approaches represent trade, fire and other disturbances and which ecosystems they include. Integrating across estimates, \"best\" estimates (i.e., measures of central tendency) are −472 ± 281 Tg C yr−1 based on the mean and standard deviation of the distribution and −360 Tg C yr−1 (with an interquartile range of −496 to −337) based on the median. Considering both the fossil fuel emissions source and the land sink, our analysis shows that North America was, however, a net contributor to the growth of CO2 in the atmosphere in the late 20th and early 21st century. With North America's mean annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions for the period 1990–2009 equal to 1720 Tg C yr−1 and assuming the estimate of −472 Tg C yr−1 as an approximation of the true terrestrial CO2 sink, the continent's source : sink ratio for this time period was 1720:472, or nearly 4:1.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Katlenberg-Lindau, Germany","doi":"10.5194/bg-12-399-2015","usgsCitation":"King, A., Andres, R., Davis, K., Hafer, M., Hayes, D., Huntzinger, D.N., de Jong, B., Kurz, W., McGuire, A.D., Vargas, R.I., Wei, Y., West, T.O., and Woodall, C.W., 2015, North America's net terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009: Biogeosciences, v. 12, no. 2, p. 399-414, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-399-2015.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057301","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-399-2015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"12","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fcbe4b0f59b85e1eb73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, A.W.","contributorId":47259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andres, R.J.","contributorId":12204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andres","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, K.J.","contributorId":39614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hafer, M.","contributorId":167842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hafer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hayes, D.J.","contributorId":56074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huntzinger, Deborah N.","contributorId":70636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntzinger","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"de Jong, Bernardus","contributorId":8715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Jong","given":"Bernardus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kurz, W.A.","contributorId":9867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurz","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":623369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Vargas, Rodrigo I.","contributorId":55521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vargas","given":"Rodrigo","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wei, Y.","contributorId":9502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"West, Tristram O.","contributorId":39230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"Tristram","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Woodall, Christopher W.","contributorId":53696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodall","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7264,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70144568,"text":"70144568 - 2015 - Farallon de Medinilla seabird and Tinian moorhen analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:44:36","indexId":"70144568","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-060","title":"Farallon de Medinilla seabird and Tinian moorhen analyses","docAbstract":"This report assesses the trends in brown booby (Sula leucogaster), masked booby (S. dactylatra), and red-footed booby (S. sula) counts collected on Farallon de Medinilla and Mariana common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami) counts on Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands to help elucidate patterns in bird numbers. During either monthly or quarterly surveys between 1997 and 2014 counts of all four bird species were recorded, generating a relatively noisy time series revealing inter-annual variation in index counts by as much as 1,000%. For the purposes of assessing long-term population trends across years we chose a single, species-specific month to assess trends. Doing so reduces the effect of intra-annual variation allowing the analysis to focus on inter-annual variation important to long-term trends assessment. There are clear fluctuations in the counts of all four species. Although the trends were non-significant, there is some evidence that masked and red-footed booby species have declined while brown booby and moorhen have increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Camp, R., Leopold, C.R., Brinck, K., and Juola, F., 2015, Farallon de Medinilla seabird and Tinian moorhen analyses: Technical Report HCSU-060, Report: iii, 41 p.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 41 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061771","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad51e4b05e859bdfb94a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Camp, Richard J. rick_camp@usgs.gov","contributorId":2952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard J.","email":"rick_camp@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leopold, Christina R.","contributorId":46817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinck, Kevin W. 0000-0001-7581-2482 kbrinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-2482","contributorId":3847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"Kevin W.","email":"kbrinck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juola, Franz","contributorId":140004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Juola","given":"Franz","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13350,"text":"U.S. Navy, COMPACFLT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70058102,"text":"cir1359 - 2015 - The quality of our Nation's waters: groundwater quality in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain basin-fill and basaltic-rock aquifers and the Hawaiian volcanic-rock aquifers, Washington, Idaho, and Hawaii, 1993-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-29T12:14:29.909495","indexId":"cir1359","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1359","title":"The quality of our Nation's waters: groundwater quality in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain basin-fill and basaltic-rock aquifers and the Hawaiian volcanic-rock aquifers, Washington, Idaho, and Hawaii, 1993-2005","docAbstract":"The Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Hawaii are large volcanic areas in the western United States and mid-Pacific ocean that contain extensive regional aquifers of a hard, gray, volcanic rock called basalt. Residents of the Columbia Plateau, the Snake River Plain, and the island of Oahu depend on groundwater as their primary source of drinking water. Although the depth to the water table can be several hundred feet, the groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination because the permeable sediments and rocks allow contaminants to move readily down to the water table. Intense agricultural and urban activities occur above the drinking-water supply and are increasing in some areas. Contaminants, such as nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds, associated with agricultural and urban activities, have adversely affected groundwater quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1359","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., Hunt, C.D., Skinner, K.D., Frans, L.M., and Mahler, B., 2015, The quality of our Nation's waters: groundwater quality in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain basin-fill and basaltic-rock aquifers and the Hawaiian volcanic-rock aquifers, Washington, Idaho, and Hawaii, 1993-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1359, Report: viii, 88 p.; Appendix; Archive data, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1359.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 88 p.; Appendix; Archive data","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-022598","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1359.jpg"},{"id":297399,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1359/appendix/circ1359archivedata.zip","text":"Archive data","size":"121 KB","description":"Archive data"},{"id":297398,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1359/appendix/cir1359appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Table A2–1. Comprehensive list of water-quality properties and constituents analyzed"},{"id":297390,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1359/"},{"id":297397,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1359/pdf/circ1359optimized.pdf","text":"Report low resolution","size":"30.58 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report low resolution"},{"id":297396,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1359/pdf/circ1359.pdf","text":"Report","size":"81.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii, Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 41.902277040963696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 20.879342971957897\n ],\n [\n -153.72070312499997,\n 20.879342971957897\n ],\n [\n -153.72070312499997,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 18.60460138845525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ac0e4b08de9379b31d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Charles D. Jr. cdhunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cdhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skinner, Kenneth D. 0000-0003-1774-6565 kskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-6565","contributorId":138820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"Kenneth","email":"kskinner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frans, Lonna M. 0000-0002-3217-1862 lmfrans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-1862","contributorId":1493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"Lonna","email":"lmfrans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70058103,"text":"cir1358 - 2015 - The quality of our Nation's waters: Water quality in basin-fill aquifers of the southwestern United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, 1993-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T16:01:51","indexId":"cir1358","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1358","title":"The quality of our Nation's waters: Water quality in basin-fill aquifers of the southwestern United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, 1993-2009","docAbstract":"The Southwest Principal Aquifers consist of many basin-fill aquifers in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Demands for irrigation and drinking water have substantially increased groundwater withdrawals and irrigation return flow to some of these aquifers. These changes have increased the movement of contaminants from geologic and human sources to depths used to supply drinking water in several basin-fill aquifers in the Southwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1358","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., Paul, A.P., Bexfield, L.M., and Anning, D.W., 2015, The quality of our Nation's waters: Water quality in basin-fill aquifers of the southwestern United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, 1993-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1358, Report: viii, 113 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1358.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 113 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-022597","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297404,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/appendix/circ1358appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"1.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Figure A2–1. Locations where constituent concentrations exceeded human-health benchmarks. Table A2–1. Water-quality properties and constituents analyzed. Table A2–2. Constituents with geologic sources. Table A2–3. Selected human-related constituents"},{"id":297402,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/pdf/circ1358.pdf","text":"Report","size":"93.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":297405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1358.jpg"},{"id":297388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/"},{"id":297403,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/pdf/circ1358optimized.pdf","text":"Report (low resolution)","size":"32.25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report low resolution"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ac0e4b08de9379b31d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paul, Angela P. 0000-0003-3909-1598 appaul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-1598","contributorId":2305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"Angela","email":"appaul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anning, David W. dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70058101,"text":"cir1354 - 2015 - The quality of our nation's waters: water quality in the Principal Aquifers of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge regions, eastern United States, 1993-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-21T11:24:22","indexId":"cir1354","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1354","title":"The quality of our nation's waters: water quality in the Principal Aquifers of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge regions, eastern United States, 1993-2009","docAbstract":"The aquifers of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge regions underlie an area with a population of more than 40 million people in 10 states. The suburban and rural population is large, growing rapidly, and increasingly dependent on groundwater as a source of supply, with more than 550 million gallons per day withdrawn from domestic wells for household use. Water from some of these aquifers does not meet human-health benchmarks for drinking water for contaminants with geologic or human sources. Water from samples in crystalline- and siliciclastic-rock aquifers frequently exceeded standards for contaminants with geologic sources, and samples in carbonate-rock aquifers frequently exceeded standards for contaminants with human sources, most often nitrate and bacteria.
\nThe glacial aquifer system underlies much of the northern United States. About one-sixth (41 million people) of the United States population relies on the glacial aquifer system for drinking water. The primary importance of the glacial aquifer system is as a source of water for public supply to the population centers in the region, but the aquifer system also provides drinking water for domestic use to individual homes and small communities in rural areas. Withdrawals from this aquifer system for public supply are the largest in the Nation and play a key role in the economic development of parts of 26 States. Corn production has increased in the central part of the aquifer system over the last 10 years, and the increased production increases the need for water for agricultural use and the need for increased use of agrochemicals. Additionally, the steady increase in population (15 million people over the last 40 years) in urban and rural areas is resulting in an increased reliance on the glacial aquifer system for high-quality drinking water. The need to monitor, understand, and maintain the water quality of this valuable economic resource continues to grow.
\nThe surficial aquifer system of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain is made up of unconfined aquifers that underlie most of the area. This aquifer system is a critical renewable source of drinking water and is the source of most flow to streams and of recharge to underlying confined aquifers. Millions of people rely on the surficial aquifer system for public and domestic water supply, in particular in the densely populated areas of Long Island, New York, and in southern New Jersey, but also in more rural areas. Because the aquifer sediments are permeable and the water table is shallow, the surficial aquifer system is vulnerable to contamination from chemicals that are applied to the land surface and carried into groundwater with infiltrating rainfall and snowfall.
\nAbout 130 million people in the United States rely on groundwater for drinking water, and the need for high-quality drinking-water supplies becomes more urgent as our population grows. Although groundwater is a safe, reliable source of drinking water for millions of people nationwide, high concentrations of some chemical constituents can pose potential human-health concerns. Some of these contaminants come from the rocks and sediments of the aquifers themselves, and others are chemicals that we use in agriculture, industry, and day-to-day life. When groundwater supplies are contaminated, millions of dollars can be required for treatment so that the supplies can be usable. Contaminants in groundwater can also affect the health of our streams and valuable coastal waters. By knowing where contaminants occur in groundwater, what factors control contaminant concentrations, and what kinds of changes in groundwater quality might be expected in the future, we can ensure the availability and quality of this vital natural resource in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1360","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., McMahon, P.B., and Rosen, M.R., 2015, The quality of our Nation's waters: Water quality in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1360, Report: vi, 150 p.; 4 Appendices; Data archive, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1360.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 150 p.; 4 Appendices; Data archive","numberOfPages":"161","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1991-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-022589","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1360.jpg"},{"id":297392,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1360/","text":"Index page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":297406,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1360/pdf/circ1360report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"120.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":297408,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1360/appendixes/circ1360appendix1-3.xlsx","text":"Appendices 1-3","size":"282 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendices 1-3","linkHelpText":"Appendix 1. Water-quality constituents included in this study. Appendix 2. Frequency of contaminant concentrations that exceeded human-health benchmarks and non-health guidelines in Principal Aquifers. Appendix 3, Table A3–A. Pesticides detected at any concentration. Appendix 3, Table A3–B. Pesticides detected at concentrations greater than 0.1 microgram per liter. Appendix 3, Table A3–C. VOCs detected at any concentration. Appendix 3, Table A3–D. VOCs detected at concentrations greater than 0.2 microgram per liter"},{"id":297410,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1360/appendixes/circ1360archivedata.zip","text":"Data archive","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Data archive"},{"id":297407,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1360/pdf/circ1360reportoptimized.pdf","text":"Report low resolution","size":"69.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report low resolution"},{"id":297409,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1360/appendixes/circ1360appendix4.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 4"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": 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aquifer, south-central United States, 1994-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-21T14:17:33","indexId":"cir1356","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1356","title":"The quality of our Nation's waters: water quality in the Mississippi embayment-Texas coastal uplands aquifer system and Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States, 1994-2008","docAbstract":"About 8 million people rely on groundwater from the Mississippi embayment—Texas coastal uplands aquifer system for drinking water. The Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer also provides drinking water for domestic use in rural areas but is of primary importance to the region as a source of water for irrigation. Irrigation withdrawals from this aquifer are among the largest in the Nation and play a key role in the economy of the area, where annual crop sales total more than $7 billion. The reliance of the region on both aquifers for drinking water and irrigation highlights the importance of long-term management to sustain the availability and quality of these resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1356","usgsCitation":"Kingsbury, J.A., Barlow, J.R., Katz, B.G., Welch, H.L., Tollett, R.W., and Fahlquist, L.S., 2015, The quality of our Nation's waters: water quality in the Mississippi embayment-Texas coastal uplands aquifer system and Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States, 1994-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1356, Report: viii, 72 p.; Appendix 3, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1356.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 72 p.; Appendix 3","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-022595","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1356.jpg"},{"id":297426,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1356/pdf/circ1356.pdf","size":"19.3 MB"},{"id":297391,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1356/"},{"id":297427,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1356/appendix/circ1356appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"49 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Table A2–1. Water-quality properties and constituents analyzed. Table A3–2. Summary statistics and human-health benchmarks for manmade contaminants detected in sample"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.2529296875,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -85.40771484375,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -85.62744140625,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -97.55859375,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -100.45898437499999,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -89.2529296875,\n 37.68382032669382\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ac1e4b08de9379b31dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kingsbury, James A. 0000-0003-4985-275X jakingsb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-275X","contributorId":883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"James","email":"jakingsb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Jeannie R. B. 0000-0002-0799-4656 jbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-4656","contributorId":3701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Jeannie","email":"jbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R. 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The Upper Floridan aquifer also is of primary importance to the region as a source of water for irrigation and as a source of crystal clear water that discharges to springs and streams providing recreational and tourist destinations and unique aquatic habitats. The reliance of the region on the Upper Floridan aquifer for drinking water and for the tourism and agricultural economies highlights the importance of long-term management to sustain the availability and quality of these resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1355","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M., Katz, B.G., Kingsbury, J.A., and Crandall, C.A., 2015, The quality of our Nation's waters: water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer and overlying surficial aquifers, southeastern United States, 1993-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1355, Report: viii, 72 p.; Appendix 2, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1355.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 72 p.; Appendix 2","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-022594","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1355.jpg"},{"id":297389,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1355/"},{"id":297429,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1355/pdf/circ1355.pdf","size":"22.9 MB"},{"id":297430,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1355/appendix/circ1355appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Table A2–1. Water-quality properties and constituents analyzed"},{"id":297431,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1355/appendix/circ1355archivedata.zip","text":"Data archive","size":"149 KB","description":"Data archive"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 31.043521630684204\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.278044377800153\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -81.93603515625,\n 24.427145340082046\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -79.859619140625,\n 26.814266197561462\n ],\n [\n -81.265869140625,\n 30.64736425824319\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 30.958768570779846\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 31.043521630684204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ac1e4b08de9379b31e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, Marian P.","contributorId":45296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"Marian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":538839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingsbury, James A. 0000-0003-4985-275X jakingsb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-275X","contributorId":883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"James","email":"jakingsb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":538840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70120385,"text":"sir20145156 - 2015 - Hydrogeology of the Ramapo River-Woodbury Creek valley-fill aquifer system and adjacent areas in eastern Orange County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-21T10:21:48","indexId":"sir20145156","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5156","title":"Hydrogeology of the Ramapo River-Woodbury Creek valley-fill aquifer system and adjacent areas in eastern Orange County, New York","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of the valley-fill aquifer system and surrounding watershed areas was investigated within a 23-mile long, fault-controlled valley in eastern Orange County, New York. Glacial deposits form a divide within the valley that is drained to the north by Woodbury Creek and is drained to the south by the Ramapo River. Surficial geology, extent and saturated thickness of sand and gravel aquifers, extent of confining units, bedrock-surface elevation beneath valleys, major lineaments, and the locations of wells for which records are available were delineated on an interactive map.
\nCurrently (2013), groundwater is the primary source of water supply in the study area. Several public water-supply systems withdraw groundwater from production wells in valley areas; elsewhere, domestic wells are used for water supply. Community-supply wells tap both sand and gravel and fractured bedrock aquifers; most domestic wells tap fractured-bedrock aquifers.
\nThick, saturated sand and gravel deposits are limited in areal extent but form several localized, productive aquifer zones within the valley-fill sediments. Hydraulic interconnection among these zones is largely untested. Fine-grained lacustrine deposits form extensive confining units above some aquifer material. Till deposits that extend into valleys also confine sand and gravel or bedrock aquifers. The study area was divided into three sections—south, central, and north.
\nThe south section of the study area, from Harriman south to the Rockland County and New Jersey borders, includes the south-draining valleys of the Ramapo River and Summit Brook. South of the wide valley area at Harriman, the valleys are narrow and the valley-fill aquifers are largely untested; the most favorable aquifer conditions are likely at Arden and where major tributary streams enter the valley, between Southfields and We-Wah Lake. At Harriman, the Ramapo River valley fill has water-resource potential from ice-contact sand and gravel deposits.
\nThe central section of the study area encompasses the headwater drainage area of the Ramapo River, from Harriman to Monroe and Kiryas Joel. The valley-fill aquifer material is generally thin, mostly unconfined, and underlain by glacial till. Shallow production wells tap parts of this aquifer, and appear most productive when sited near surface-water bodies. Production wells in the section are frequently completed in the underlying bedrock.
\nThe north section of the study area encompasses the watershed of north-draining Woodbury Creek to just north of its confluence with Moodna Creek. The width of the valley bottom and type of valley-fill deposits vary considerably within the valley. The section likely has the greatest water-resource potential—both confined and unconfined aquifers are present and the village of Woodbury and town of Cornwall draw water supply from production wells. Aquifer potential appears most promising north of Central Valley, but several areas in this section are largely untested.
\nValley-fill aquifers are modest resources within the area, as indicated by the common practice of completing supply wells in the underlying bedrock rather than the overlying glacial deposits. Groundwater turbidity problems curtail use of the resource. However, additional groundwater resources have been identified by test drilling, and there are remaining untested areas. New groundwater supplies that stress localized aquifer areas will alter the groundwater flow system. Considerations include potential water-quality degradation from nearby land use(s) and, where withdrawals induce infiltration of surface-water, balancing withdrawals with flow requirements for downstream users or for maintenance of stream ecological health.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Heisig, P.M., 2015, Hydrogeology of the Ramapo River-Woodbury Creek valley-fill aquifer system and adjacent areas in eastern Orange County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5156, Report: vi, 23 p.; Appendixes 1-2; Plate: 34.0 x 44.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145156.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 23 p.; Appendixes 1-2; Plate: 34.0 x 44.0 inches","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050854","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145156.jpg"},{"id":297438,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5156/pdf/sir2014-5156.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":297437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5156/"},{"id":297439,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5156/attachments/sir2014-5156_Appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"133 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Well data for the Ramapo River - Woodbury Creek valley and adjacent uplands, eastern Orange County, New York"},{"id":297440,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5156/attachments/sir2014-5156_appendix2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"21.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"North-south longitudinal section along Ramapo River-Woodbury Creek valleys showing elevations of floodp lains, terraces, and other valley-bottom glacial features."},{"id":297441,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5156/plate.html","text":"Plate 1","size":"59.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1","linkHelpText":"Hydrogeology of the Ramapo River-Woodbury Creek Valley-Fill Aquifer System and Adjacent Areas in Eastern Orange County, New York"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Ramapo River, Woodbury Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.28680419921875,\n 41.13005574377673\n ],\n [\n -74.28680419921875,\n 41.46228285189013\n ],\n [\n -73.97369384765625,\n 41.46228285189013\n ],\n [\n -73.97369384765625,\n 41.13005574377673\n ],\n [\n -74.28680419921875,\n 41.13005574377673\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a86e4b08de9379b30cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heisig, Paul M. 0000-0003-0338-4970 pmheisig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-4970","contributorId":793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisig","given":"Paul","email":"pmheisig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140360,"text":"70140360 - 2015 - Soil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon budgeting in a short-hydroperiod floodplain wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-26T15:53:33","indexId":"70140360","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon budgeting in a short-hydroperiod floodplain wetland","docAbstract":"Understanding the controls on floodplain carbon (C) cycling is important for assessing greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for C sequestration in river-floodplain ecosystems. We hypothesized that greater hydrologic connectivity would increase C inputs to floodplains that would not only stimulate soil C gas emissions but also sequester more C in soils. In an urban Piedmont river (151 km2 watershed) with a floodplain that is dry most of the year, we quantified soil CO2, CH4, and N2O net emissions along gradients of floodplain hydrologic connectivity, identified controls on soil aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and developed a floodplain soil C budget. Sites were chosen along a longitudinal river gradient and across lateral floodplain geomorphic units (levee, backswamp, and toe slope). CO2 emissions decreased downstream in backswamps and toe slopes and were high on the levees. CH4 and N2O fluxes were near zero; however, CH4emissions were highest in the backswamp. Annual CO2 emissions correlated negatively with soil water-filled pore space and positively with variables related to drier, coarser soil. Conversely, annual CH4 emissions had the opposite pattern of CO2. Spatial variation in aerobic and anaerobic respiration was thus controlled by oxygen availability but was not related to C inputs from sedimentation or vegetation. The annual mean soil CO2 emission rate was 1091 g C m−2 yr−1, the net sedimentation rate was 111 g C m−2 yr−1, and the vegetation production rate was 240 g C m−2 yr−1, with a soil C balance (loss) of −338 g C m−2 yr−1. This floodplain is losing C likely due to long-term drying from watershed urbanization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2014JG002817","usgsCitation":"Batson, J., Noe, G.B., Hupp, C.R., Krauss, K.W., Rybicki, N.B., and Schenk, E.R., 2015, Soil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon budgeting in a short-hydroperiod floodplain wetland: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 120, no. 1, p. 77-95, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002817.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061690","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002817","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Difficult Run, Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.23560333251953,\n 38.9768594727967\n ],\n [\n -77.23341464996338,\n 38.9756250535527\n ],\n [\n -77.23637580871582,\n 38.97395688525248\n ],\n [\n -77.2638416290283,\n 38.97072052669015\n ],\n [\n -77.2873592376709,\n 38.96613265162267\n ],\n [\n -77.28907585144043,\n 38.966733263080755\n ],\n [\n -77.2746992111206,\n 38.9743906127907\n ],\n [\n -77.2572112083435,\n 38.975191333574806\n ],\n [\n -77.24978685379028,\n 38.97894459156479\n ],\n [\n -77.23560333251953,\n 38.9768594727967\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ab5e4b08de9379b319c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batson, Jackie jbatson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"Jackie","email":"jbatson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - 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This oil subsequently spread over more than 26,000 km2 of water surface in PWS and the Gulf of Alaska and landed on more than 1000 km of shoreline (Spies et al. 1996, Short et al. 2004; see Fig. 1 in Esler et al., this report). Initial consequences for wildlife were immediate and obvious, Mortalities due to oil in the weeks following the spill were estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands of marine birds (Piatt et al. 1990), several thousand sea otters (Garrott et al. 1993, Ballachey et al. 1994), significant proportions of resident (33%) and transient (41%) pods of killer whales (Matkin et al. 2008), and varying numbers of a wide assortment of other wildlife species. These levels of mortality are consistent with expectations, given the amount of oil spilled, the size of the oil-affected area, the abundance of wildlife in the area, and the known toxic and thermoregulatory consequences of exposure to oil, particularly in cold-water environments. Other effects of oil spills on wildlife, including chronic or indirect effects, were not fully understood, recognized, or anticipated at the time of the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) (Peterson et al. 2003, Rice 2009). Thanks in large part to settlement funds managed by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (EVOSTC), including that for Gulf Watch Alaska in recent years, a considerable body of research has addressed wildlife recovery from the spill. This has allowed for an unprecedented and thorough understanding of the timelines and mechanisms of population recovery following catastrophic spills. In this document, we review the timelines and processes of recovery of wildlife from the EVOS. We alsoconsider factors that result in variation in recovery times across species, and present recent data for two species that showed protracted recovery related to exposure from lingering oil, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) and harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.007","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B.E., Monson, D., Kloecker, K.A., and Esslinger, G.G., 2015, Timelines and mechanisms of wildlife population recovery following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, p. 5-6-5-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.007.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5-6","endPage":"5-17","ipdsId":"IP-060491","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":350047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northern Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.8955078125,\n 57.27904276497778\n ],\n [\n -145.72265625,\n 57.27904276497778\n ],\n [\n -145.72265625,\n 62.1655019058381\n ],\n [\n -157.8955078125,\n 62.1655019058381\n ],\n [\n -157.8955078125,\n 57.27904276497778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60febde4b06e28e9c25343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monson, Daniel 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":196670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70146923,"text":"70146923 - 2015 - Enhanced understanding of ectoparasite: host trophic linkages on coral reefs through stable isotope analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-06T12:59:47","indexId":"70146923","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2025,"text":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhanced understanding of ectoparasite: host trophic linkages on coral reefs through stable isotope analysis","docAbstract":"Parasitism, although the most common type of ecological interaction, is usually ignored in food web models and studies of trophic connectivity. Stable isotope analysis is widely used in assessing the flow of energy in ecological communities and thus is a potentially valuable tool in understanding the cryptic trophic relationships mediated by parasites. In an effort to assess the utility of stable isotope analysis in understanding the role of parasites in complex coral-reef trophic systems, we performed stable isotope analysis on three common Caribbean reef fish hosts and two kinds of ectoparasitic isopods: temporarily parasitic gnathiids (Gnathia marleyi) and permanently parasitic cymothoids (Anilocra). To further track the transfer of fish-derived carbon (energy) from parasites to parasite consumers, gnathiids from host fish were also fed to captive Pederson shrimp (Ancylomenes pedersoni) for at least 1 month. Parasitic isopods had δ13C and δ15N values similar to their host, comparable with results from the small number of other host–parasite studies that have employed stable isotopes. Adult gnathiids were enriched in 15N and depleted in13C relative to juvenile gnathiids, providing insights into the potential isotopic fractionation associated with blood-meal assimilation and subsequent metamorphosis. Gnathiid-fed Pedersen shrimp also had δ13C values consistent with their food source and enriched in 15N as predicted due to trophic fractionation. These results further indicate that stable isotopes can be an effective tool in deciphering cryptic feeding relationships involving parasites and their consumers, and the role of parasites and cleaners in carbon transfer in coral-reef ecosystems specifically.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.002","usgsCitation":"Demopoulos, A., and Sikkel, P.C., 2015, Enhanced understanding of ectoparasite: host trophic linkages on coral reefs through stable isotope analysis: International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, v. 4, no. 1, p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.002.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039227","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lameshur Bay, St. John, Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.72788333892822,\n 18.317434991136015\n ],\n [\n -64.72779750823975,\n 18.317842398845194\n ],\n [\n -64.72790479660034,\n 18.31843313831999\n ],\n [\n -64.72818374633789,\n 18.31877943293667\n ],\n [\n -64.7283124923706,\n 18.319288688467054\n ],\n [\n -64.72801208496094,\n 18.31971646195444\n ],\n [\n -64.72745418548584,\n 18.31996090347246\n ],\n [\n -64.72702503204346,\n 18.320103494198523\n ],\n [\n -64.72655296325684,\n 18.320184974560664\n ],\n [\n -64.72571611404419,\n 18.320001643691914\n ],\n [\n -64.72530841827393,\n 18.319675721667874\n ],\n [\n -64.72522258758545,\n 18.319207207682904\n ],\n [\n -64.72524404525757,\n 18.318718322172302\n ],\n [\n -64.72509384155272,\n 18.318351657133004\n ],\n [\n -64.72498655319214,\n 18.317903509918864\n ],\n [\n -64.72502946853638,\n 18.3170072120092\n ],\n [\n -64.72532987594604,\n 18.316538690799995\n ],\n [\n -64.72567319869995,\n 18.31637572660386\n ],\n [\n -64.72578048706055,\n 18.315927574273303\n ],\n [\n -64.72567319869995,\n 18.315723868284902\n ],\n [\n -64.7252869606018,\n 18.315988686023058\n ],\n [\n -64.7249436378479,\n 18.31623313280637\n ],\n [\n -64.72468614578247,\n 18.316946100619063\n ],\n [\n -64.72453594207764,\n 18.317353509479094\n ],\n [\n -64.72419261932373,\n 18.317557213549467\n ],\n [\n -64.72436428070068,\n 18.318636841119588\n ],\n [\n -64.72419261932373,\n 18.319003505554658\n ],\n [\n -64.72354888916016,\n 18.319268318274606\n ],\n [\n -64.72266912460327,\n 18.319268318274606\n ],\n [\n -64.72206830978394,\n 18.319146097069613\n ],\n [\n -64.7214889526367,\n 18.318881284162632\n ],\n [\n -64.72073793411255,\n 18.318473878899084\n ],\n [\n -64.72015857696532,\n 18.317944250622652\n ],\n [\n -64.72015857696532,\n 18.31741462072538\n ],\n [\n -64.72073793411255,\n 18.316823877774034\n ],\n [\n -64.7211241722107,\n 18.31621276225428\n ],\n [\n -64.72105979919434,\n 18.315642385822414\n ],\n [\n -64.7208023071289,\n 18.31507200751099\n ],\n [\n -64.72063064575195,\n 18.31456273957325\n ],\n [\n -64.72052335739136,\n 18.314196065730343\n ],\n [\n -64.72060918807983,\n 18.31356457006906\n ],\n [\n -64.72138166427612,\n 18.313055297696444\n ],\n [\n -64.72234725952148,\n 18.312444168871703\n ],\n [\n -64.72260475158691,\n 18.3122608298036\n ],\n [\n -64.72846269607544,\n 18.316864618731977\n ],\n [\n -64.72788333892822,\n 18.317434991136015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"553b6943e4b0a658d79371b7","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.002","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.002","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Demopoulos Amanda W.J., Sikkel Paul C.","journalName":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife","publicationDate":"4/2015","auditedOn":"2/23/2015","publiclyAccessibleDate":"1/9/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda W.J. 0000-0003-2096-4694 ademopoulos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda W.J.","email":"ademopoulos@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sikkel, Paul C.","contributorId":140403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sikkel","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13476,"text":"Arkansas State University, State University, AR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70138525,"text":"sir20105090U - 2015 - Assessment of undiscovered copper resources associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70138525,"text":"sir20105090U - 2015 - Assessment of undiscovered copper resources associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe","indexId":"sir20105090U","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"U","title":"Assessment of undiscovered copper resources associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T14:26:15.358289","indexId":"sir20105090U","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-19T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"U","title":"Assessment of undiscovered copper resources associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe","docAbstract":"This study synthesizes available information and estimates the location and quantity of undiscovered copper associated with a late Permian bituminous shale, the Kupferschiefer, of the Southern Permian Basin in Europe. The purpose of this study is to (1) delineate permissive areas (tracts) where undiscovered reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits could occur within 2.5 kilometers of the surface, (2) provide a database of known reduced-facies-type sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits and significant prospects, and (3) provide probabilistic estimates of amounts of undiscovered copper that could be present within each tract. This assessment is a contribution to a global assessment conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
\n\n
Permissive tracts are delineated by mapping the extent of the Kupferschiefer that overlies reservoir-facies red beds of the lower Permian Rotliegend Group. More than 78 million metric tons (Mt) of copper have been produced or delineated as resources in the assessed tracts, with more than 90 percent of the known mineral endowment located in Poland. Mines in Poland are developing the deposit at depths ranging from about 500 to 1,400 meters.
\n\n
Two approaches are used to estimate in-situ amounts of undiscovered copper. The three-part form of assessment was applied to the entire study area. In this approach, numbers of undiscovered deposits are estimated and combined with tonnage-grade models to probabilistically forecast the amount of undiscovered copper. For Poland, drill-hole data were available, and Gaussian geostatistical simulation techniques were used to probabilistically estimate the amount of undiscovered copper. The assessment was done in September 2010 using a three-part form of mineral resource assessment and in January 2012 using Gaussian geostatistical simulation.
\n\n
Using the three-part form of assessment, a mean of 126 Mt of undiscovered copper is predicted in 4 assessed permissive tracts. Seventy-five percent of the mean amount of undiscovered copper (96 Mt) is associated with a tract in southwest Poland. For this same permissive tract in Poland, Gaussian geostatistical simulation techniques indicate a mean of 62 Mt of copper based on copper surface-density data from drill holes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global mineral resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105090U","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Zientek, M.L., Oszczepalski, S., Parks, H.L., Bliss, J.D., Borg, G., Box, S.E., Denning, P., Hayes, T.S., Spieth, V., and Taylor, C.D., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered copper resources associated with the Permian Kupferschiefer, Southern Permian Basin, Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090, Report: x, 94 p.; 2 Plates: 17.00 × 11.00 inches; Spatial Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090U.","productDescription":"Report: x, 94 p.; 2 Plates: 17.00 × 11.00 inches; Spatial Data","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051821","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20105090U.gif"},{"id":297369,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/u/pdf/Fig12.pdf","text":"Figure 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 12","linkHelpText":"Map showing final permissive tracts delineated for reduced-facies sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe. Inset shows the location of the former East Germany and West Germany, as well as the province of Silesia."},{"id":297368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/u/pdf/Fig07.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 7","linkHelpText":"Map of the Southern Permian Basin, northern Europe, showing sulfide and oxide mineral zones developed in rocks near the base of the Zechstein Group."},{"id":297367,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/u/GIS_SIR2010-5090-U.zip","text":"GIS package","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"GIS package"},{"id":297362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/u/"},{"id":297366,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/u/pdf/sir2010-5090-U.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europe, Southern Permian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -1.40625,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -2.109375,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n 41.484375,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -1.40625,\n 54.77534585936447\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"This report is Chapter U in Global mineral resource assessment. For more information, see: Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090.","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a57e4b08de9379b2ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626 mzientek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":2420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael","email":"mzientek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oszczepalski, Slawomir","contributorId":138802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oszczepalski","given":"Slawomir","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12529,"text":"Polish Geological Institute, Warsaw, Poland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parks, Heather L. 0000-0002-5917-6866 hparks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-6866","contributorId":4989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"Heather","email":"hparks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Borg, Gregor","contributorId":138803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borg","given":"Gregor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12530,"text":"Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Box, Stephen E. 0000-0002-5268-8375 sbox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-8375","contributorId":1843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"Stephen","email":"sbox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Denning, Paul pdenning@usgs.gov","contributorId":168842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denning","given":"Paul","email":"pdenning@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hayes, Timothy S. thayes@usgs.gov","contributorId":1547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Timothy","email":"thayes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Spieth, Volker","contributorId":138804,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spieth","given":"Volker","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12531,"text":"V.S. Globalmetal LLC, Tucson, Arizona, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Taylor, Cliff D. 0000-0001-6376-6298 ctaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":1283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Cliff","email":"ctaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70174140,"text":"70174140 - 2015 - Sea otters in captivity: applications and implications of husbandry development, public display, scientific research and management, and rescue and rehabilitation for sea otter conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T15:48:08","indexId":"70174140","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sea otters in captivity: applications and implications of husbandry development, public display, scientific research and management, and rescue and rehabilitation for sea otter conservation","docAbstract":"Studies of sea otters in captivity began in 1932, producing important insights for conservation. Soviet (initiated in 1932) and United States (1951) studies provided information on captive otter husbandry, setting the stage for eventual large-scale translocations as tools for population restoration. Early studies also informed effective housing of animals in zoos and aquaria, with sea otters first publicly displayed in 1954. Surveys credited displayed otters in convincing the public of conservation values. After early studies, initial scientific data for captive sea otters in aquaria came from work initiated in 1956, and from dedicated research facilities beginning in 1968. Significant achievements have been made in studies of behavior, physiology, reproduction, and high-priority management issues. Larger-scale projects involving translocation and oil spill response provided extensive insights into stress reactions, water quality issues in captivity, and effects of oil spills.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00008-1","usgsCitation":"VanBlaricom, G.R., Belting, T.F., and Triggs, L.H., 2015, Sea otters in captivity: applications and implications of husbandry development, public display, scientific research and management, and rescue and rehabilitation for sea otter conservation, p. 197-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00008-1.","productDescription":"238 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"234","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058234","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb6e4b07657d1a90d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanBlaricom, Glenn R. glennvb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"Glenn","email":"glennvb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belting, Traci F.","contributorId":172525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belting","given":"Traci","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triggs, Lisa H.","contributorId":172526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triggs","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70142252,"text":"70142252 - 2015 - Concentrations of hormones, pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater affected by septic systems in New England and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T14:04:28.503272","indexId":"70142252","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of hormones, pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater affected by septic systems in New England and New York","docAbstract":"Septic-system discharges can be an important source of micropollutants (including pharmaceuticals and endocrine active compounds) to adjacent groundwater and surface water systems. Groundwater samples were collected from well networks tapping glacial till in New England (NE) and sandy surficial aquifer New York (NY) during one sampling round in 2011. The NE network assesses the effect of a single large septic system that receives discharge from an extended health care facility for the elderly. The NY network assesses the effect of many small septic systems used seasonally on a densely populated portion of Fire Island. The data collected from these two networks indicate that hydrogeologic and demographic factors affect micropollutant concentrations in these systems.
\nThe highest micropollutant concentrations from the NE network were present in samples collected from below the leach beds and in a well downgradient of the leach beds. Total concentrations for personal care/domestic use compounds, pharmaceutical compounds and plasticizer compounds generally ranged from 1 to over 20 μg/L in the NE network samples. High tris(2-butoxyethyl phosphate) plasticizer concentrations in wells beneath and downgradient of the leach beds (> 20 μg/L) may reflect the presence of this compound in cleaning agents at the extended health-care facility.
\nThe highest micropollutant concentrations for the NY network were present in the shoreline wells and reflect groundwater that is most affected by septic system discharges. One of the shoreline wells had personal care/domestic use, pharmaceutical, and plasticizer concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 5.7 μg/L. Estradiol equivalency quotient concentrations were also highest in a shoreline well sample (3.1 ng/L). Most micropollutant concentrations increase with increasing specific conductance and total nitrogen concentrations for shoreline well samples. These findings suggest that septic systems serving institutional settings and densely populated areas in coastal settings may be locally important sources of micropollutants to adjacent aquifer and marine systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.067","usgsCitation":"Phillips, P., Schubert, C., Argue, D.M., Fisher, I., Furlong, E.T., Foreman, W., Gray, J.L., and Chalmers, A.T., 2015, Concentrations of hormones, pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater affected by septic systems in New England and New York: Science of the Total Environment, v. 512-513, p. 43-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.067.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057986","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.87060546875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -79.87060546875,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -66.5771484375,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -66.5771484375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -79.87060546875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"512-513","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f6e93be4b02419550d309a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schubert, Christopher 0000-0002-5137-1229 schubert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-1229","contributorId":138826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"Christopher","email":"schubert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Argue, Denise M. 0000-0002-1096-5362 dmargue@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-5362","contributorId":2636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argue","given":"Denise","email":"dmargue@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Irene J. ifisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":139546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Irene J.","email":"ifisher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":139099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chalmers, Ann T. 0000-0002-5199-8080 chalmers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8080","contributorId":1443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"Ann","email":"chalmers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70137896,"text":"ofr20151006 - 2015 - Development of a HEC-RAS temperature model for the North Santiam River, northwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T16:13:41","indexId":"ofr20151006","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1006","title":"Development of a HEC-RAS temperature model for the North Santiam River, northwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional, unsteady streamflow and temperature model (HEC-RAS) of the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey to be used in conjunction with previously developed two-dimensional hydrodynamic water-quality models (CE-QUAL-W2) of Detroit and Big Cliff Lakes upstream of the study area. In conjunction with the output from the previously developed models, the HEC-RAS model can simulate streamflows and temperatures within acceptable limits (mean error [bias] near zero; typical streamflow errors less than 5 percent; typical water temperature errors less than 1.0 °C) for the length of the North Santiam River downstream of Big Cliff Dam under a series of potential future conditions in which dam structures and/or dam operations are modified to improve temperature conditions for threatened and endangered fish. Although a two-dimensional (longitudinal, vertical) CE-QUAL-W2 model for the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers downstream of Big Cliff Dam exists, that model proved unstable under highly variable flow conditions. The one-dimensional HEC-RAS model documented in this report can better simulate cross-sectional-averaged stream temperatures under a wide range of flow conditions.
\nThe model was calibrated using 2011 streamflow and temperature data. Measured data were used as boundary conditions when possible, although several lateral inflows and their associated water temperatures, including the South Santiam River, were estimated using statistical models. Streamflow results showed high accuracy during low-flow periods, but predictions were biased low during large storm events when unmodeled ephemeral tributaries contributed to the actual streamflow. Temperature results showed low annual bias against measured data at two locations on the North Santiam River and one location on the Santiam River. Mean absolute errors using 2011 hourly data ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 °C. Model results were checked against 2012 data and showed a positive bias at the Santiam River station (+0.6 ˚C). Annual mean absolute errors using 2012 hourly data ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 °C.
\nMuch of the error in temperature predictions resulted from the model’s inability to accurately simulate the full range of diurnal fluctuations during the warmest months. Future iterations of the model could be improved by the collection and inclusion of additional streamflow and temperature data, especially near the mouth of the South Santiam River. Presently, the model is able to predict hourly and daily water temperatures under a wide variety of conditions with a typical error of 0.8 and 0.7 °C, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Stonewall, A., and Buccola, N., 2015, Development of a HEC-RAS temperature model for the North Santiam River, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1006, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151006.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059231","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151006.JPG"},{"id":297359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1006/pdf/ofr2015-1006.pdf","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":297358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1006/"}],"projection":"Oregon State Lambert","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Santiam River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 45.48324350868221\n ],\n [\n -119.9871826171875,\n 45.48324350868221\n ],\n [\n -119.9871826171875,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 43.88205730390537\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a68e4b08de9379b3041","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonewall, Adam J. 0000-0002-3277-8736 stonewal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8736","contributorId":2699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonewall","given":"Adam J.","email":"stonewal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buccola, Norman L. nbuccola@usgs.gov","contributorId":4295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buccola","given":"Norman L.","email":"nbuccola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138484,"text":"70138484 - 2015 - Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of terraces and alluvium along the lower Ohio River, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T13:34:59","indexId":"70138484","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of terraces and alluvium along the lower Ohio River, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky, USA","docAbstract":"The lower Ohio River valley is a terraced fluvial landscape that has been profoundly influenced by Quaternary climate change and glaciation. A modern Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework was developed for the lower Ohio River valley using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and allostratigraphic mapping to gain insights into the nature of fluvial responses to glacial–interglacial/stadial–interstadial transitions and Holocene climate change. River deposits, T0 (youngest) to T7 (oldest), were mapped along a 75 km reach of the lower Ohio River and were dated using 46 OSL and 5 radiocarbon samples. The examination of cores combined with OSL and radiocarbon dating shows that fluvial sediments older than marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2 are present only in the subsurface. Aggradation during MIS 6 (Illinoian glaciation) filled the valley to within ∼7 m of the modern floodplain, and by ∼114 ka (MIS 5e/Sangamon interglacial) the Ohio River had scoured the MIS 6 sediments to ∼22 m below the modern floodplain surface. There were no fluvial sediments in the valley with ages between MIS 5e and the middle of MIS 3. The MIS 3 ages (∼39 ka) and stratigraphic position of T5 deposits suggest the Ohio River aggraded 8–14 m during MIS 4 or MIS 3. Near the end of MIS 3, the Ohio River incised the mid Last Glacial (mid-Wisconsinan) deposits ∼10 m and began aggrading again by ∼30 ka. Aggradation continued into MIS 2, with maximum MIS 2 aggradation occurring before ∼21 ka, which is coincident with the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). As the Ohio River adjusted to changing fluxes in sediment load and discharge following the LGM, it formed a sequence of fill-cut terraces in the MIS 2 outwash that get progressively younger with decreasing elevation, ranging in age from ∼21 ka to ∼13 ka. From ∼14 ka to ∼13 ka the Ohio River rapidly incised ∼3 m to form a new terrace, and by ∼12 ka at the onset of the Holocene, the Ohio River established a meandering channel pattern. The river formed a broad floodplain surface from ∼12 ka to ∼6 ka, and then incised ∼1 m and formed a fill-cut terrace from ∼6 ka to ∼5 ka. After ∼5 ka, likely in response to mid-Holocene drought in North America, the Ohio River incised ∼5 m, and by ∼4 ka the river began aggrading again. The Ohio River has aggraded ∼4 m since aggradation began at ∼4 ka. The chronostratigraphic framework and reconstructed history developed here suggest that the lower Ohio River is highly sensitive to glacial–interglacial transitions and abrupt Holocene climate change and responds rapidly to these allogenic forcings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011","usgsCitation":"Counts, R.C., Murari, M.K., Owen, L., Mahan, S., and Greenan, M., 2015, Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of terraces and alluvium along the lower Ohio River, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 110, p. 72-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052649","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 39.257778150283336\n ],\n [\n -84.30908203125,\n 39.257778150283336\n ],\n [\n -84.30908203125,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 37.43125050179356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a90e4b08de9379b30f6","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Counts Ronald C., Murari Madhav K., Owen Lewis A., Mahan Shannon A., Greenan Michele","journalName":"Quaternary Science Reviews","publicationDate":"2/2015","auditedOn":"2/19/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Counts, Ronald C. 0000-0002-8426-1990 rcounts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8426-1990","contributorId":5343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counts","given":"Ronald","email":"rcounts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murari, Madhav K.","contributorId":138783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murari","given":"Madhav","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12523,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen, Lewis A.","contributorId":138784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Lewis A.","affiliations":[{"id":6694,"text":"Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":1215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greenan, Michele","contributorId":138785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenan","given":"Michele","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12524,"text":"Department of Anthropology, Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis, IN 46219, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048770,"text":"70048770 - 2015 - Roosting habitat use and selection by northern spotted owls during natal dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T12:25:43","indexId":"70048770","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Roosting habitat use and selection by northern spotted owls during natal dispersal","docAbstract":"We studied habitat selection by northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during natal dispersal in Washington State, USA, at both the roost site and landscape scales. We used logistic regression to obtain parameters for an exponential resource selection function based on vegetation attributes in roost and random plots in 76 forest stands that were used for roosting. We used a similar analysis to evaluate selection of landscape habitat attributes based on 301 radio-telemetry relocations and random points within our study area. We found no evidence of within-stand selection for any of the variables examined, but 78% of roosts were in stands with at least some large (>50 cm dbh) trees. At the landscape scale, owls selected for stands with high canopy cover (>70%). Dispersing owls selected vegetation types that were more similar to habitat selected by adult owls than habitat that would result from following guidelines previously proposed to maintain dispersal habitat. Our analysis indicates that juvenile owls select stands for roosting that have greater canopy cover than is recommended in current agency guidelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.834","usgsCitation":"Sovern, S.G., Forsman, E.D., Dugger, C.M., and Taylor, M., 2015, Roosting habitat use and selection by northern spotted owls during natal dispersal: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 2, p. 254-262, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.834.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044432","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 46.437856895024225\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 48.556614108721284\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 48.556614108721284\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 46.437856895024225\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 46.437856895024225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2aabe4b08de9379b3175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sovern, Stan G.","contributorId":44084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovern","given":"Stan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forsman, Eric D.","contributorId":96792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forsman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugger, Catherine M.","contributorId":117764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Margaret","contributorId":138782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70141767,"text":"70141767 - 2015 - The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-25T16:05:47","indexId":"70141767","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations","docAbstract":"The physiological and biomechanical requirements of flight at high altitude have been the subject of much interest. Here, we uncover a steep relation between heart rate and wingbeat frequency (raised to the exponent 3.5) and estimated metabolic power and wingbeat frequency (exponent 7) of migratory bar-headed geese. Flight costs increase more rapidly than anticipated as air density declines, which overturns prevailing expectations that this species should maintain high-altitude flight when traversing the Himalayas. Instead, a \"roller coaster\" strategy, of tracking the underlying terrain and discarding large altitude gains only to recoup them later in the flight with occasional benefits from orographic lift, is shown to be energetically advantageous for flights over the Himalayas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1126/science.1258732","usgsCitation":"Bishop, C., Spivey, R., Hawkes, L.A., Batbayar, N., Chua, B., Frappell, P., Milsom, W., Natsagdorj, T., Newman, S.H., Scott, G., Takekawa, J.Y., Wikelski, M., and Butler, P.J., 2015, The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations: Science, v. 347, no. 6219, p. 250-254, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258732.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060125","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-277440","text":"External Repository"},{"id":298094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"347","issue":"6219","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54ec5d49e4b02d776a67dab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bishop, C.M.","contributorId":31103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spivey, R.J.","contributorId":139400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spivey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12767,"text":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Bangor, Gwynedd, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hawkes, L. A.","contributorId":139401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawkes","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12768,"text":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation, U of Exeter, Cornwall, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Batbayar, N.","contributorId":47074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batbayar","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chua, B.","contributorId":74312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chua","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frappell, P.B.","contributorId":68573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frappell","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milsom, W.K.","contributorId":32383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milsom","given":"W.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Natsagdorj, T.","contributorId":108324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natsagdorj","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Newman, S. H.","contributorId":21888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Scott, G. R.","contributorId":61398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wikelski, Martin","contributorId":76451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wikelski","given":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Butler, Patrick J.","contributorId":103782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ]}