{"pageNumber":"1224","pageRowStart":"30575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70021431,"text":"70021431 - 1999 - Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:42:34","indexId":"70021431","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife","docAbstract":"<p><span>Economic theory suggests willingness-to-pay (WTP) should be significantly higher for a comprehensive good than for a subset of that good. We tested this using both a split sample design (external scope test) and paired responses (internal scope test) for WTP for several endangered fish and wildlife species in the US. In the paired response case we corrected for correlation of willingness-to-pay responses using a bivariate probit model. Surprisingly, the independent split samples passed the scope test but the paired samples did not. As the results contradict each other, questions of validity for policy implications are raised. However, using either approach, the benefit of maintaining critical habitat for these species exceeds the costs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jema.1999.0277","usgsCitation":"Giraud, K., Loomis, J., and Johnson, R., 1999, Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 56, no. 3, p. 221-229, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0277.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d2be4b0c8380cd6336b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giraud, K.L.","contributorId":14589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giraud","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loomis, J.B.","contributorId":55985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.L.","contributorId":47305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":389848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186547,"text":"70186547 - 1999 - Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70186547,"text":"70186547 - 1999 - Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska","indexId":"70186547","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70180186,"text":"70180186 - 1999 - Marine mammal survey and assessment methods","indexId":"70180186","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Marine mammal survey and assessment methods"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70180186,"text":"70180186 - 1999 - Marine mammal survey and assessment methods","indexId":"70180186","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Marine mammal survey and assessment methods"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T16:04:24","indexId":"70186547","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears mandate that boundaries and sizes of polar bear (</span><i><span>Ursus maritimus</span></i><span>) populations be known so they can be managed at optimum sustainable levels. However, data to estimate polar bear numbers for the Chukchi/Bering Sea and Beaufort Sea populations in Alaska are limited. We evaluated aerial line transect methodology for assessing the size of these Alaskan polar bear populations during pilot studies in spring 1987 and summer 1994. In April and May 1987 we flew 12.239 km of transect lines in the northern Bering, Chukchi, and western Beaufort seas. In June 1994 we flew 6.244 km of transect lines in a primary survey unit using a helicopter, and 5,701 km of transect lines in a secondary survey unit using a fixed-wing aircraft in the Beaufort Sea. We examined visibility bias in aerial transect surveys, double counts by independent observers, single-season mark-resight methods, the suitability of using polar bear sign to stratify the study area, and adaptive sampling methods. Fifteen polar bear groups were observed during the 1987 study. Probability of detecting bears decreased with increasing perpendicular distance from the transect line, and probability of detecting polar bear groups likely increased with increasing group size. We estimated population density in high density areas to be 446 km<sup>2</sup>/bear. In 1994, 15 polar bear groups were observed by independent front and rear seat observers on transect lines in the primary survey unit. Density estimates ranged from 284 km<sup>2</sup>/bear to 197 km<sup>2</sup>/bear depending on the model selected. Low polar bear numbers scattered over large areas of polar ice in 1987 indicated that spring is a poor time to conduct aerial surveys. Based on the 1994 survey we determined that ship-based helicopter or land-based fixed-wing aerial surveys conducted at the ice-edge in late summer-early fall may produce robust density estimates for polar bear populations in the Chukchi/Bering and Beaufort seas.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammal survey and assessment methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on surveys, status & trends of marine mammal populations","conferenceDate":"25-27 February, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA","language":"English","publisher":"A.A. Balkema","publisherLocation":"Rotterdam, Netherlands","isbn":"9789058090430","usgsCitation":"McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1999, Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska, <i>in</i> Marine mammal survey and assessment methods, Seattle, WA, 25-27 February, 1998, p. 37-52.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Marine-Mammal-Survey-and-Assessment-Methods/Laake-Robertson-Amstrup/p/book/9789058090430"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60275e4b09da6799ac697","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688730,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688731,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laake, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":83851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laake","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6578,"text":"National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA 98112, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688732,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688734,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688733,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688735,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021150,"text":"70021150 - 1999 - Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:33:05","indexId":"70021150","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2426,"text":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary","docAbstract":"<p>The authors present a field study of estuarine turbulence in which profiles of Reynolds stresses were directly measured using an ADCP throughout a 25-h tidal day. The dataset that is discussed quantifies turbulent mixing for a water column in northern San Francisco Bay that experiences a sequence of states that includes a weak ebb and flood that are stratified, followed by a strong, and eventually unstratified, ebb and flood. These measurements show that energetic turbulence is confined to a bottom mixed layer by the overlying stratification. Examination of individual Reynolds stress profiles along with profiles of Richardson number and turbulent Froude number shows that the water column can be divided into regions based on the relative importance of buoyancy effects.</p><p>Using the measured turbulence production rate<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>the dissipation rate<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is estimated. The observed turbulence had values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i>/<i>νN</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>&gt; 20 all of the time and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i>/<i>νN</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>&gt; 200 most of the time, suggesting that the observed motions were buoyancy affected turbulence rather than internal waves. However, at times, turbulent Froude numbers in much of the upper-water column were less than one, indicating important stratification effects. Taken as a whole, the data show that stratification affects the turbulent velocity variance<span>&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>most severely; that is, observed reductions in<span>&nbsp;</span>are largely associated with small values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><sup>2</sup>rather than with a dramatic reduction in the efficiency with which turbulent motions produce momentum fluxes.</p><p>Finally, the dataset is compared to predictions made using the popular Mellor–Yamada level 2.5 closure. These comparisons show that the model tends to underestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in regions of strong stratification where the turbulence is strongly inhomogeneous and to overestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in weakly stratified regions. The length scale does not appear to compensate for these errors, and, as a result, similar errors are seen in the eddy viscosity predictions. It is hypothesized that the underestimation of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is due to an inaccurate parameterization of turbulence self-transport from the near-bed region to the overlying stratification.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AMS","doi":"10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:OOTIAP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223670","usgsCitation":"Stagey, M., Monismith, S., and Burau, J., 1999, Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary: Journal of Physical Oceanography, v. 29, no. 8 PART 2, p. 1950-1970, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:OOTIAP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1950","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:ootiap>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ac6e4b0c8380cd7434f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stagey, M.T.","contributorId":72963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021381,"text":"70021381 - 1999 - Geochemistry of Florida Bay sediments: Nutrient history at five sites in eastern and central Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70021381","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of Florida Bay sediments: Nutrient history at five sites in eastern and central Florida Bay","docAbstract":"Recent seagrass dieoff and massive microalgal blooms have focused attention on the health of the Florida Bay ecosystem. Changes in nutrient input and the nutrient dynamics of Florida Bay are hypothesized to be linked to these problems, but crucial baseline information is still lacking. Efforts to restore Florida Bay to its natural condition will require information on the nutrient history of the bay. The purpose of this study was to examine distributions of organic C, total N, and total P in carbonate sediments from sites of continuous and known sedimentation rate (210Pb and 137Cs dated), in eastern and central Florida Bay. These sediments provide a record of historical changes in the C, N, and P load to the eastern and central bay. Analyses were conducted on sediments from cores collected at five sites, and on buried seagrass fragments at two sites. At three of the sites, sediments from seagrass-covered and adjacent barren areas were examined to determine differences in sedimentary geochemistry. Stable isotope analyses (??13C and ??15N) of sedimentary organic C and total N and of buried seagrass fragments were also carried out at two sites to examine possible changes in nutrient sources to the estuary. Results were consistent with recent increases in N and P in eastern Florida Bay, beginning in the early to mid 1980's. The timing of the increase in nutrient load observed in the sediment data directly preceded the first observations of massive microalgal blooms and seagrass dieoff in Florida Bay in 1987. The observed nutrification was greater for P than N, and was most pronounced at the most northeasterly site sampled (Pass Key). Isotope data (??15N) suggested that an increase in algal production accompanied the increase in N load at the Pass Key site. Along record of organic C, total N, and total P distributions from Whipray Basin in central Florida Bay showed historical peaks (mid 1700's and late 1800's) in organic C and total N, but not total P; these enrichments were nearly equivalent to recent inputs to the estuary. Barren areas were observed to have generally lower concentrations of organic C, total N, and total P in near surface sediments compared to seagrass-covered areas, but had generally similar concentrations in deeper sediments. This suggested that barren areas adjacent to seagrass-covered sites were places where relict sediment was physically transported and covered seagrass beds. This dataset provides an historical view of changes in nutrient inputs to Florida Bay, and baseline information needed for nutrient modeling of the bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Orem, W., Holmes, C.W., Kendall, C., Lerch, H., Bates, A., Silva, S.R., Boylan, A., Corum, M., Marot, M., and Hedgman, C., 1999, Geochemistry of Florida Bay sediments: Nutrient history at five sites in eastern and central Florida Bay: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1055-1071.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1071","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e2e4b0c8380cd552d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lerch, H.E.","contributorId":100371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bates, A. L. 0000-0002-4875-4675","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":42357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boylan, A.","contributorId":93233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boylan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Corum, M.","contributorId":70954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corum","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marot, M.","contributorId":67601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marot","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hedgman, C.","contributorId":98065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70021413,"text":"70021413 - 1999 - U.S. geological survey measurement programs and models pertinent to ocean and coastal prediction modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-13T14:14:45.764579","indexId":"70021413","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. geological survey measurement programs and models pertinent to ocean and coastal prediction modeling","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ingenta","doi":"10.4031/MTSJ.33.3.10","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 1999, U.S. geological survey measurement programs and models pertinent to ocean and coastal prediction modeling: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 33, no. 3, p. 88-92, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.33.3.10.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"92","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.33.3.10","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb2fe4b08c986b328553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020980,"text":"70020980 - 1999 - Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T00:43:29.50137","indexId":"70020980","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id22\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id23\"><p><span>Nine&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about basalt from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/basalt\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/basalt\">basalt</a>&nbsp;dikes, ranging from 6 cm to 40 m thick, intruding the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Strzelecki Group, western onshore Gippsland Basin, were used to study maximum temperatures (</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub>) reached next to dikes.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;was estimated from&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about fluid inclusion from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/fluid-inclusion\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/fluid-inclusion\">fluid inclusion</a>&nbsp;and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry and compared to temperatures calculated using heat-flow models of&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about contact metamorphism from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/contact-metamorphism\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/contact-metamorphism\">contact metamorphism</a>. Thermal history reconstruction suggests that at the time of dike intrusion the host rock was at a temperature of 100–135°C. Fracture-bound fluid inclusions in the host rocks next to thin dikes (&lt;3.4 m thick) suggest&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>systematically increases towards the dike margin to at least 500°C. The estimated<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>next to the thickest dike (thickness (<i>D</i>)=40 m) suggests an extended zone of elevated<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>to at least a distance from the dike contact (<i>X</i>) of 60 m or at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i>/<i>D</i>&gt;1.5, using a normalized distance ratio used for comparing measurements between dikes regardless of their thickness. In contrast, the pattern seen next to the thin dikes is a relatively narrow zone of elevated<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub>. Heat-flow modeling, along with whole rock elemental and isotopic data, suggests that the extended zone of elevated<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;is caused by a&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about convection cell from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/convection-cell\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/convection-cell\">convection cell</a>&nbsp;with local recharge of the&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about hydrothermal fluids from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydrothermal-fluid\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydrothermal-fluid\">hydrothermal fluids</a>. The narrow zone of elevated&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>found next to thin dikes is attributed to the rise of the less dense, heated fluids at the dike contact causing a flow of cooler groundwater towards the dike and thereby limiting its heating effects. The lack of extended heating effects suggests that next to thin dikes an incipient convection system may form in which the heated fluid starts to travel upward along the dike but cooling occurs before a complete convection cell can form. Close to the dike contact at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i>/<i>D</i>&lt;0.3,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>often decreases even though fluid inclusion evidence indicates that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;is still increasing. Further, fluid inclusion evidence indicates that the evolution of water vapor or&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about supercritical fluids from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/supercritical-fluid\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/supercritical-fluid\">supercritical fluids</a>&nbsp;in the rock pores corresponds to the zone where&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;begins to decrease. The generation of the water vapor or supercritical fluids near the dike contact seems to change&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about vitrinite from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/vitrinite\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/vitrinite\">vitrinite</a>&nbsp;evolution reactions. These metamorphic conditions, closer to the dike than&nbsp;</span><i>X</i>/<i>D</i>=0.3 make vitrinite-reflectance unreliable as a geothermometer. The form of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>profile, as it indicates<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>, can be interpreted using temperature profiles estimated from various heat-flow models to infer whether the dike cooled by conduction, incipient convection, or a convection cell. A contact&nbsp;<a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about aureole from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/aureole\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/aureole\">aureole</a>&nbsp;that consists of decreasing&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>extending out to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i>/<i>D</i>≥2 and that has a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub>contact</sub>≫(<i>T</i><span><a class=\"topic-link\" title=\"Learn more about magma from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/magma\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/magma\">magma</a></span>+<i>T</i><sub>host</sub>)/2 appears to be a signature of simple conductive cooling. Incipient convection is indicated by a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>profile that decreases to background levels at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i>/<i>D</i>&lt;1. A convection cell is indicated by a wave-like form of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>profile and consistently high<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v-r</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>that may not decrease to background levels until beyond distances of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i>/<i>D</i>&gt;1.5.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00018-4","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., Bone, Y., and Lewan, M.D., 1999, Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 37, no. 1-2, p. 73-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00018-4.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1271e4b0c8380cd542da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bone, Y.","contributorId":82853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bone","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020887,"text":"70020887 - 1999 - The initial subevent of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Is earthquake size predictable?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T16:12:23.300819","indexId":"70020887","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2453,"text":"Journal of Seismology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The initial subevent of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Is earthquake size predictable?","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examine the initial subevent (ISE) of the M 6.7, 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake in order to discriminate between two end-member rupture initiation models: the ‘preslip’ and ‘cascade’ models. Final earthquake size may be predictable from an ISE's seismic signature in the preslip model but not in the cascade model. In the cascade model ISEs are simply small earthquakes that can be described as purely dynamic ruptures. In this model a large earthquake is triggered by smaller earthquakes; there is no size scaling between triggering and triggered events and a variety of stress transfer mechanisms are possible. Alternatively, in the preslip model, a large earthquake nucleates as an aseismically slipping patch in which the patch dimension grows and scales with the earthquake's ultimate size; the byproduct of this loading process is the ISE. In this model, the duration of the ISE signal scales with the ultimate size of the earthquake, suggesting that nucleation and earthquake size are determined by a more predictable, measurable, and organized process. To distinguish between these two end-member models we use short period seismograms recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network. We address questions regarding the similarity in hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms of the ISE and the mainshock. We also compare the ISE's waveform characteristics to those of small earthquakes and to the beginnings of earthquakes with a range of magnitudes. We find that the focal mechanisms of the ISE and mainshock are indistinguishable, and both events may have nucleated on and ruptured the same fault plane. These results satisfy the requirements for both models and thus do not discriminate between them. However, further tests show the ISE's waveform characteristics are similar to those of typical small earthquakes in the vicinity and more importantly, do not scale with the mainshock magnitude. These results are more consistent with the cascade model.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1009890329925","issn":"13834649","usgsCitation":"Kilb, D., and Gomberg, J., 1999, The initial subevent of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Is earthquake size predictable?: Journal of Seismology, v. 3, no. 4, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009890329925.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad47e4b08c986b323ae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021191,"text":"70021191 - 1999 - Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: An example from Kilauea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021191","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: An example from Kilauea","docAbstract":"Dike propagation and dilation increases the compression of adjacent rocks. On volcanoes, especially oceanic shields, dikes are accordingly thought to be structurally destabilizing. As compression is incremented, volcanic flanks are driven outward or downslope and thus increase their susceptibility to destructive earthquakes and giant landslides. We show, however, that the 2-m-thick dike emplaced along the east rift zone of Kilauea in 1983 actually stabilized that volcano's flank. Specifically, production of flank earthquakes dropped more than twofold after 1983 as maximum downslope motion slowed to 6 cm ?? year-1 from approximately 40 cm ?? year-1 during 1980-1982. As much as 65 cm of deflationary subsidence above Kilauea's summit and upper rift zones accompanied the dike intrusion. According to recent estimates, this deflation corresponds to a reduction in magma-reservoir pressure of approximately 4 MPa, probably about as much as the driving pressure of the 1983 dike. The volume of the dike, approximately 0.10-0.15 km3, is orders of magnitude less than the estimated 200- to 250-km3 volume of Kilauea's reservoir of magma and nearby hot, mushy rock. Thus, deflation of that reservoir reduces the compressional load on the flank over a much larger area than intrusion of the dike adds to it, particularly at the dominant depth of seismicity, 8-9 km. A Coulomb block model for flank motion during intervals between major earthquakes requires the low-angle fault beneath Kilauea's flank to exhibit slip weakening, conducive to earthquake instability. Accordingly, the triggering mechanism of destructive earthquakes, several of which have struck Hawaii during the past 150 years, need not require stresses accumulated by dike intrusions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050278","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P., and Denlinger, R., 1999, Stabilization of volcanic flanks by dike intrusion: An example from Kilauea: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 6, p. 356-362, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050278.","startPage":"356","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206572,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050278"},{"id":230255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b965fe4b08c986b31b47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021165,"text":"70021165 - 1999 - Effects of layered sediments on the guided wave in crosswell radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T12:26:26.404624","indexId":"70021165","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of layered sediments on the guided wave in crosswell radar data","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-sm-8 col-md-8 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>To understand how layered sediments affect the guided wave in crosswell radar data, traces are calculated for a model representing a sand layer between two clay layers. A guided wave propagates if the wavelengths in the sand layer are similar to the thickness of the sand layer. The amplitude of the guided wave but not its initial traveltime is affected by the thickness of the sand layer. In contrast, both the amplitude and the initial traveltime are affected by the locations of the transmitting and receiving antennas, the electrical conductivity of the sand layer, and the dielectric permittivity of the sand layer. This permittivity can be estimated from the initial traveltime. The effects of the layering on the waves in these calculated traces also are observed in field traces, which were collected in layered sediments.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1444674","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K., 1999, Effects of layered sediments on the guided wave in crosswell radar data: Geophysics, v. 64, no. 6, p. 1698-1707, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444674.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1698","endPage":"1707","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229815,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a073ee4b0c8380cd51600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, K.J. 0000-0003-3075-4703","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":12061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021584,"text":"70021584 - 1999 - Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T10:43:03","indexId":"70021584","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties","docAbstract":"<p>The stability of submarine gas hydrates is largely dictated by pressure and temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity. However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of deep marine sediments may also affect the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions, and growth forms of clathrates. Our conceptual model presumes that gas hydrate behaves in a way analogous to ice in a freezing soil. Hydrate growth is inhibited within fine-grained sediments by a combination of reduced pore water activity in the vicinity of hydrophilic mineral surfaces, and the excess internal energy of small crystals confined in pores. The excess energy can be thought of as a \"capillary pressure\" in the hydrate crystal, related to the pore size distribution and the state of stress in the sediment framework. The base of gas hydrate stability in a sequence of fine sediments is predicted by our model to occur at a lower temperature (nearer to the seabed) than would be calculated from bulk thermodynamic equilibrium. Capillary effects or a build up of salt in the system can expand the phase boundary between hydrate and free gas into a divariant field extending over a finite depth range dictated by total methane content and pore-size distribution. Hysteresis between the temperatures of crystallization and dissociation of the clathrate is also predicted. Growth forms commonly observed in hydrate samples recovered from marine sediments (nodules, and lenses in muds; cements in sands) can largely be explained by capillary effects, but kinetics of nucleation and growth are also important. The formation of concentrated gas hydrates in a partially closed system with respect to material transport, or where gas can flush through the system, may lead to water depletion in the host sediment. This \"freeze-drying\" may be detectable through physical changes to the sediment (low water content and overconsolidation) and/or chemical anomalies in the pore waters and metastable presence of free gas within the normal zone of hydrate stability.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900175","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clennell, M.B., Hovland, M., Booth, J., Henry, P., and Winters, W., 1999, Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B10, p. 22985-23003, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900175.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"22985","endPage":"23003","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479554,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900175","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1355e4b0c8380cd54609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clennell, M. B.","contributorId":95221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clennell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hovland, M.","contributorId":51487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovland","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, J.S.","contributorId":13619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henry, P.","contributorId":91599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021711,"text":"70021711 - 1999 - Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T15:10:15.28992","indexId":"70021711","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span>Porphyry copper deposits in Arizona are genetically associated with Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that consist of older intermediate volcanic rocks and younger intermediate to felsic intrusions. The igneous complexes and their associated porphyry copper deposits were emplaced into an Early Proterozoic basement characterized by different rocks, geologic histories, and isotopic compositions. Lead isotope compositions of the Proterozoic basement rocks define, from northwest to southeast, the Mojave, central Arizona, and southeastern Arizona provinces. Porphyry copper deposits are present in each Pb isotope province. Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons, together with those of sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits and of Proterozoic country rocks, place important constraints on genesis of the magmatic suites and the porphyry copper deposits themselves. The range of age-corrected Pb isotope compositions of plutons in 12 Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes is&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb = 17.34 to 22.66,&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb = 15.43 to 15.96, and&nbsp;</span><sup>208</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb = 37.19 to 40.33. These Pb isotope compositions and calculated model Th/U are similar to those of the Proterozoic rocks in which the plutons were emplaced, thereby indicating that Pb in the younger rocks and ore deposits was inherited from the basement rocks and their sources. No Pb isotope differences distinguish Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that contain large economic porphyry copper deposits from less rich or smaller deposits that have not been considered economic for mining. Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons and sulfide minerals from 30 metallic mineral districts, furthermore, require that the southeastern Arizona Pb province be divided into two subprovinces. The northern subprovince has generally lower&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb and higher model Th/U, and the southern subprovince has higher&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb/&nbsp;</span><sup>204</sup><span>&nbsp;Pb and lower model Th/U. These Pb isotope differences are inferred to result from differences in their respective post-1.7 Ga magmatic histories. Throughout Arizona, Pb isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons and associated sulfide minerals are distinct from those of Jurassic plutons and also middle Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals. These differences most likely reflect changes in tectonic setting and magmatic sources. Within Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that host economic porphyry copper deposits, there is commonly a decrease in Pb isotope composition from older to younger plutons. This decrease in Pb isotope values with time suggests an increasing involvement of crust with lower U/Pb than average crust in the source(s) of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary magmas. Lead isotope compositions of the youngest porphyries in the igneous complexes are similar to those in most sulfide minerals within the associated porphyry copper deposit. This Pb isotope similarity argues for a genetic link between them. However, not all Pb in the sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits is magmatically derived. Some sulfide minerals, particularly those that are late stage, or distal to the main orebody, or in Proterozoic or Paleozoic rocks, have elevated Pb isotope compositions displaced toward the gross average Pb isotope composition of the local country rocks. The more radiogenic isotopic compositions argue for a contribution of Pb from those rocks at the site of ore deposition. Combining the Pb isotope data with available geochemical, isotopic, and petrologic data suggests derivation of the young porphyry copper-related plutons, most of their Pb, and other metals from a hybridized lower continental crustal source. Because of the likely involvement of subduction-related mantle-derived basaltic magma in the hybridized lower crustal source, an indiscernible mantle contribution is probable in the porphyry magmas. Clearly, in addition, Pb was contributed from the local country rocks. This is most evident in sulfide minerals in veins that are late stage, hosted in Proterozoic gneiss, and/or peripheral to the porphyry copper deposit.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.94.2.211","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Bouse, R.M., Ruiz, J., Titley, S., Tosdal, R., and Wooden, J.L., 1999, Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 94, no. 2, p. 211-244, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.2.211.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45bfe4b0c8380cd674a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz, J.","contributorId":88886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Titley, S.R.","contributorId":60602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titley","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020924,"text":"70020924 - 1999 - Precipitation structure in the Sierra Nevada of California during winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T16:12:25.061957","indexId":"70020924","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation structure in the Sierra Nevada of California during winter","docAbstract":"<p><span>Influences of upper air characteristics along the coast of California upon winter-time (November-April) precipitation in the Sierra Nevada are investigated. Precipitation events in the Sierra Nevada region occur mostly during wintertime, irrespective of station location (leeside or windside) and elevation. Most precipitation episodes in the region are associated with moist southwesterly winds (coming from the southwest direction) and also tend to occur when the 700-mbar temperature at the upwind direction is close to −2°C. This favored wind direction and temperature signify the importance of both moisture transport and orographic lifting in augmenting precipitation in the region. By utilizing the observed dependency of the precipitation upon the upper air conditions, a linear model is formulated to quantify the precipitation observed at different sites as a function of moisture transport. The skill of the model increases with timescale of aggregation, reaching more than 50% variance explained at an aggregation period of 5–7 days. This indicates that upstream air moisture transport can be used to estimate the precipitation totals in the Sierra Nevada region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JD900103","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pandey, G., Cayan, D., and Georgakakos, K., 1999, Precipitation structure in the Sierra Nevada of California during winter: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 104, no. D10, p. 12019-12030, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900103.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"12019","endPage":"12030","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980237345","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"D10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a811ee4b0c8380cd7b3a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pandey, G.R.","contributorId":77687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pandey","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Georgakakos, K.P.","contributorId":59197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Georgakakos","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008623,"text":"1008623 - 1999 - Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T17:53:46","indexId":"1008623","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity","docAbstract":"<p>Some theories and experimental studies suggest that areas of low plant species richness may be invaded more easily than areas of high plant species richness. We gathered nested-scale vegetation data on plant species richness, foliar cover, and frequency from 200 1-m<sup>2</sup> subplots (20 1000-m<sup>2</sup> modified-Whittaker plots) in the Colorado Rockies (USA), and 160 1-m<sup>2</sup> subplots (16 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots) in the Central Grasslands in Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Minnesota (USA) to test the generality of this paradigm.</p><p>At the 1-m<sup>2</sup> scale, the paradigm was supported in four prairie types in the Central Grasslands, where exotic species richness declined with increasing plant species richness and cover. At the 1-m<sup>2</sup> scale, five forest and meadow vegetation types in the Colorado Rockies contradicted the paradigm; exotic species richness increased with native-plant species richness and foliar cover. At the 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plot scale (among vegetation types), 83% of the variance in exotic species richness in the Central Grasslands was explained by the total percentage of nitrogen in the soil and the cover of native plant species. In the Colorado Rockies, 69% of the variance in exotic species richness in 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots was explained by the number of native plant species and the total percentage of soil carbon.</p><p>At landscape and biome scales, exotic species primarily invaded areas of high species richness in the four Central Grasslands sites and in the five Colorado Rockies vegetation types. For the nine vegetation types in both biomes, exotic species cover was positively correlated with mean foliar cover, mean soil percentage N, and the total number of exotic species. These patterns of invasibility depend on spatial scale, biome and vegetation type, spatial autocorrelation effects, availability of resources, and species-specific responses to grazing and other disturbances. We conclude that: (1) sites high in herbaceous foliar cover and soil fertility, and hot spots of plant diversity (and biodiversity), are invasible in many landscapes; and (2) this pattern may be more closely related to the degree resources are available in native plant communities, independent of species richness. Exotic plant invasions in rare habitats and distinctive plant communities pose a significant challenge to land managers and conservation biologists.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Binkley, D., Chong, G., Kalkhan, M.A., Schell, L.D., Bull, K., Otsuki, Y., Newman, G., Bashkin, M.A., and Son, Y., 1999, Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity: Ecological Monographs, v. 69, p. 25-46, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9382","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bull, K.A.","contributorId":60166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bull","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Newman, G.","contributorId":107657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bashkin, Michael A.","contributorId":93439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bashkin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Son, Y.","contributorId":47737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Son","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70021835,"text":"70021835 - 1999 - A late Frasnian (Late Devonian) radiolarian, sponge spicule, and conodont fauna from the Slaven Chert, northern Shoshone Range, Roberts Mountains allochthon, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T13:22:41.54776","indexId":"70021835","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A late Frasnian (Late Devonian) radiolarian, sponge spicule, and conodont fauna from the Slaven Chert, northern Shoshone Range, Roberts Mountains allochthon, Nevada","docAbstract":"Co-occuring conodonts, radiolarians, and sponge spicules from the type locality of the Slaven Chert, northern Shoshone Range, Nevada, indicate that the radiolarian and sponge spicule assemblage described herein correlates with the Late rhenana conodont Zone (late Frasnian). The moderately well preserved radiolarians are the first Frasnian-age fauna described from the Western Hemisphere. They include spumellarians, Ceratoikiscum, and Paleoscenidium, and a radiolarian which we have assigned to a new genus, Durahelenifore Boundy-Sanders and Murchey, with its type species, Durahelenifore robustum Boundy-Sanders and Murchey. Sponge spicules include umbellate microscleres of the Subclass Amphidiscophora, Order Hemidiscosa, previously documented only in Pennsylvanian and younger rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Boundy-Sanders, S.Q., Sandberg, C., Murchey, B., and Harris, A., 1999, A late Frasnian (Late Devonian) radiolarian, sponge spicule, and conodont fauna from the Slaven Chert, northern Shoshone Range, Roberts Mountains allochthon, Nevada: Micropaleontology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 62-68.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021725,"text":"70021725 - 1999 - Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021725","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin","docAbstract":"This study provides an integrated view of the growth patterns and factors that controlled the evolution of the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin based on studies of the tectonic, sedimentologic and oceanographic history of the area. Seven sedimentary regimes are identified, but there are more extensive descriptions of the late Cenozoic regimes because of the larger data base. The regimes of the Mesozoic passive margin include carbonate platforms, which become mixed calcareous-terrigenous deposits during the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary. The Oligocene and Early Miocene terrigenous regimes developed, in contrast, over the active and transcurrent margins near the African-Iberian plate boundary. The top of the Gulf of Cadiz olistostrome, emplaced in the Late Miocene, is used as a key horizon to define the 'post-orogenic' depositional regimes. The Late Miocene progradational margin regime is characterized by a large terrigenous sediment supply to the margin and coincides with the closing of the Miocene Atlantic-Mediterranean gateways. The terrigenous drift depositional regime of the Early Pliocene resulted from the occurrence of high eustatic sea level and the characteristics of the Mediterranean outflow currents that developed after the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. The Late Pliocene and Quaternary regimes are dominated by sequences of deposits related to cycles of high and low sea levels. Deposition of shelf-margin deltas and slope wedges correlate with regressive and low sea level regimes caused by eustasy and subsidence. During the highstand regimes of the Holocene, inner shelf prograding deltas and deep-water sediment drifts were developed under the influence of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents, respectively. A modern human cultural regime began 2000 years ago with the Roman occupation of Iberia; human cultural effects on sedimentary regimes may have equalled natural factors such as climate change. Interplay of tectonic and oceanographic controls dominated the evolution of the Cadiz margin during the Cenozoic. Depositional sequences formed where the tectonic setting provided the accommodation space and the shape of the deposits has been greatly influenced by the strong unidirectional Atlantic inflow currents on the shelf and Mediterranean outflow currents on the slope. The entire cycle of the inflow and outflow deposition along the margin has been controlled first by the tectonic evolution of the Betic and Rif gateways, which become closed during the Late Miocene, and after the Messinian by the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. Strong current development during eustatic sea level highstands of the Pliocene and Quaternary has controlled deposition because of maximum sill depths at Gibraltar for water circulation. Lowstand sea levels slowed circulation and resulted in mud drapes over the slope and regressive stratigraphic sequences over the shelf. More recently, the human industrial revolution has caused heavy metal contamination of sediment and water over the Cadiz margin. Human activity also has affected sedimentation rates because of deforestation that caused increased depositional rates near undammed rivers and decreased rates where rivers have been dammed. Future research efforts will need to focus on: (1) the effect of increased Mediterranean outflow caused by river damming plus global warming and the increased outflow as a potential trigger for new ice ages; (2) assessments of geologic hazards for planning man-made shoreline structures, developing offshore petroleum resources and maintaining undersea communications cables; and (3) confirmation of the general geologic history of the Cadiz margin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Maldonado, A., and Nelson, C., 1999, Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin: Marine Geology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 217-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0.","startPage":"217","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479651,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00148-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206308,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0"},{"id":229364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb9e4b0c8380cd62fa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maldonado, A.","contributorId":90437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001797,"text":"1001797 - 1999 - Effects of fire retardant chemical and fire suppressant foam on shrub steppe vegetation in northern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T12:33:46","indexId":"1001797","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fire retardant chemical and fire suppressant foam on shrub steppe vegetation in northern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fire retardantchemical (Phos-Chek G75-F</span><sup>*</sup><span>) and fire suppressant foam (Silv-Ex) application,alone and in combination with fire, on Great Basin shrub steppe vegetation. Wemeasured growth, resprouting, flowering, and incidence of galling insects on</span><i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i><span>and</span><i>Artemisia tridentata</i><span>. These characteristics were notaffected by any chemical treatment. We measured community characteristics,including species richness, evenness, and diversity, and number of stems ofwoody and herbaceous plants in riparian and upland plots. Of these characteristics, only species richness and number ofstems/m</span><sup>2</sup><span> clearly responded to the chemicaltreatments, and the response was modified by fire. In general, speciesrichness declined, especially after Phos-Chek application. However, by the endof the growing season, species richness did not differ between treated andcontrol plots. Acanonical variate analysis suggested that burning had agreater influence on community composition than did the chemical treatments.In general, riparian areas showed more significant responses to the treatmentsthan did upland areas, and June applications produced greater changes inspecies richness and stem density than did July applications.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Wildland Fire","doi":"10.1071/WF00013","usgsCitation":"Larson, D.L., Newton, W.E., Anderson, P.J., and Stein, S.J., 1999, Effects of fire retardant chemical and fire suppressant foam on shrub steppe vegetation in northern Nevada: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 9, no. 2, p. 115-127, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF00013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6158e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Diane L. 0000-0001-5202-0634 dlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":2120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Diane","email":"dlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newton, Wesley E. 0000-0002-1377-043X wnewton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-043X","contributorId":3661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"Wesley","email":"wnewton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Patrick J. 0000-0003-2281-389X andersonpj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-389X","contributorId":3590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patrick","email":"andersonpj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, Steven J.","contributorId":174613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stein","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021881,"text":"70021881 - 1999 - Constraints on the sedimentation history of San Francisco Bay from 14C and 10Be","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:38:58","indexId":"70021881","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the sedimentation history of San Francisco Bay from 14C and 10Be","docAbstract":"<p>Industrialization and urbanization around San Francisco Bay as well as mining and agriculture in the watersheds of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers have profoundly modified sedimentation patterns throughout the estuary. We provide some constraints on the onset of these erosional disturbances with 10Be data for three sediment cores: two from Richardson Bay, a small embayment near the mouth of San Francisco Bay, and one from San Pablo Bay, mid-way between the river delta and the mouth. Comparison of pre-disturbance sediment accumulation determined from three 14C-dated mollusk shells in one Richardson Bay core with more recent conditions determined from the distribution of 210Pb and 234Th [Fuller, C.C., van Geen, A., Baskaran, M, Anima, R.J., 1999. Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 239,240Pu.] shows that the accumulation rate increased by an order of magnitude at this particular site. All three cores from San Francisco Bay show subsurface maxima in 10Be concentrations ranging in magnitude from 170 to 520 x 106 atoms/g. The transient nature of the increased 10Be input suggests that deforestation and agricultural develop- ment caused basin-wide erosion of surface soils enriched in 10Be. probably before the turn of the century.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00082-6","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., Valette-Silver, N.J., Luoma, S., Fuller, C.C., Baskaran, M., Tera, F., and Klein, J., 1999, Constraints on the sedimentation history of San Francisco Bay from 14C and 10Be: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 29-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00082-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(98)00082-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0fe4b0c8380cd4d8f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valette-Silver, N. J.","contributorId":100140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valette-Silver","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tera, F.","contributorId":18102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tera","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, J.","contributorId":90885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1002976,"text":"1002976 - 1999 - Evaluation of the flood-pulse concept based on statistical models of growth of selected fishes of the upper Mississippi River system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:09","indexId":"1002976","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the flood-pulse concept based on statistical models of growth of selected fishes of the upper Mississippi River system","docAbstract":"The flood-pulse concept (FPC) states that annual inundation is the principal force responsible for productivity and biotic interactions in river-floodplain systems. Somatic growth is one component of production, and we hypothesized that, if the FPC applies, growth of fishes that use the moving littoral zone should differ among years with differing flood pattern, whereas nonlittoral fishes would show no such response. Growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), species that exploit littoral resources, increased during a year having an unusual warm-season flood in the Upper Mississippi River system and was reduced during low-water years. Growth of white bass (Morone chrysops), which do not rely heavily on the littoral zone, did not differ significantly between the extreme-flood and low-water years. Patterns of growth of black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), which have intermediate dependence on the moving littoral zone, were somewhat ambiguous. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the FPC applies, at least under certain conditions, to this temperate river system. Our results can also provide an important basis from which to assess some costs and benefits of water level management strategies in large regulated temperate rivers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., Bartels, A., Irons, K., and Sandheinrich, M., 1999, Evaluation of the flood-pulse concept based on statistical models of growth of selected fishes of the upper Mississippi River system: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 56, no. 12, p. 2282-2291.","productDescription":"pp. 2282-2291","startPage":"2282","endPage":"2291","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjfas&volume=56&year=1999&issue=56&msno=f99-161&calyLang=eng","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7112.000000000000000"}],"volume":"56","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutreuter, S.","contributorId":79829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartels, A.D.","contributorId":81841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartels","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, K.","contributorId":20282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandheinrich, M.B.","contributorId":76263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandheinrich","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021753,"text":"70021753 - 1999 - Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T16:24:19.700447","indexId":"70021753","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model","docAbstract":"<p><span>Before coupled atmosphere-lake models can be used to study the response of large lake systems to climatic forcings, we must first evaluate how well they simulate the water balance and associated lake atmosphere interactions under present-day conditions. We evaluate the hydrology simulated by a lake model coupled to NCAR's regional climate model (RegCM2) in a study of the Aral Sea. The meteorological variables that are input to the lake model are simulated well by RegCM2. Simulated surface air temperatures closely match observed values, except during spring and fall when the simulated temperatures are too cold. The magnitude of precipitation is too high in the region surrounding the Aral Sea during summer and fall. On a yearly basis, RegCM2 produces a reasonable amount of runoff throughout the drainage basin. The lake model coupled to RegCM2 accurately simulates Aral Sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The lake model also simulates observed mid-winter ice fraction well, although the onset of ice growth occurs too late in the year and the ice melts too rapidly in the spring. The simulated annual evaporation from the Aral Sea is consistent with observed estimates; however, the simulated evaporation is greater than observed during summer and less than observed during winter. In a “stand-alone” lake model simulation, the simulated Aral Sea hydrology does not match observations as closely as in the coupled model experiment. These results suggest that a stand-alone lake model would not accurately simulate the hydrologic response of the Aral Sea to various forcings.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JD02348","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Small, E., Sloan, L., Hostetler, S., and Giorgi, F., 1999, Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 104, no. D6, p. 6583-6602, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02348.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"6583","endPage":"6602","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479458,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02348","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"D6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fdee4b08c986b3191b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Small, E.E.","contributorId":56403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, L.C.","contributorId":83688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, S. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":30336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1002972,"text":"1002972 - 1999 - Behavioral responses to disturbance in freshwater mussels with implications for conservation and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-31T11:14:56.674864","indexId":"1002972","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavioral responses to disturbance in freshwater mussels with implications for conservation and management","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Knowledge about the ability of freshwater unionid mussels to recover from physical disturbance is important to their conservation and management. Threatened species may be disturbed by relocation to refugia as a conservation measure, and some species are disturbed by size- and species-selective harvesting of shells for use in the production of cultured pearls. The activity of freshwater unionid mussels generally decreases with water temperature, but intra- and interspecific differences in the frequency and distribution of recovery behaviors following disturbances at specific water temperatures have not been previously quantified. We observed righting, moving, and burrowing behavior of 4 mussel species, Amblema plicata plicata, Potamilus alatus, Fusconaia flava, and Lampsilis cardium, at 3 water temperatures (7, 14, and 21°C). The temporal frequency (intensity) and times-to-1st-event of behaviors were analyzed using proportional hazards models. Righting events and consecutive movements occurred at different intensities among temperatures and species. For righting, intensity increased by 8%/°C within the range of 7-21°C. Subsequent movements increased in intensity by 10%/°C. Amblema plicata was the slowest to respond, and had an intensity of turning upright only 27% of that for P. alatus. The intensities of movements for A. plicata and F. flava were 16% of those for P. alatus. Lampsilis cardium righted themselves most quickly, and had an intensity of righting 124% of that for P. alatus. The distribution of the 3 behaviors among treatment groups at 1 wk was analyzed with a proportional odds model. The distribution of righting, moving, and burrowing 1 wk after disturbance was described entirely by high-order interactions in our proportional odds model. Therefore, that model revealed little interpretable pattern in the endpoint data and it was less sensitive than our analysis of time-to-event data for measuring the effects of disturbance. We attributed the difference in sensitivity between the 2 models to the greater information content of time-until-event data. For similar studies of occurrences of key events, times to events should be recorded and interpreted whenever feasible and consistent with study objectives. Our results suggest that water temperature has an important effect on the outcome of mussel conservation projects and commercial harvesting activities. Our modeling approach, applied to other species, could help guide decisions about which species can safely be disturbed and the optimal seasonal timing of those disturbances.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468451","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Waller, D.L., Gutreuter, S., and Rach, J., 1999, Behavioral responses to disturbance in freshwater mussels with implications for conservation and management: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 18, no. 3, p. 381-390, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468451.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c2cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, D. L.","contributorId":43704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutreuter, S.","contributorId":79829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rach, J.J.","contributorId":73948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rach","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003937,"text":"1003937 - 1999 - Cutaneous mastocytomas in the neotenic caudate amphibians Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) and Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:42:56.50243","indexId":"1003937","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2200,"text":"Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Cutaneous mastocytomas in the neotenic caudate amphibians <i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i> (axolotl) and <i>Ambystoma tigrinum</i> (tiger salamander)","title":"Cutaneous mastocytomas in the neotenic caudate amphibians Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) and Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Spontaneous mastocytomas studied in 18 axolotls (</span><i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i><span>) and six tiger salamanders (</span><i>Ambystoma tigrinum</i><span>) were gray-white, uni- to multilobular cutaneous protrusions from 2 mm to 2 cm in diameter. Tumors were moderately cellular unencapsulated masses that usually infiltrated the dermis and hypodermis with the destruction of intervening tissues. Some tumors were invading superficial bundles of the underlying skeletal muscle. Tumors consisted of mitotically active cells derived from a single lineage but showing a range of differentiation. Immature cells had nearly smooth to lightly cleft or folded basophilic nuclei bordered by a band of cytoplasm with few cytoplasmic processes and containing a few small uniform eccentric granules. Mature cells had basophilic nuclei with deep clefts or folds and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with multiple long intertwining cytoplasmic extensions packed with metachromatic granules. The axolotls were old individuals from an inbred laboratory colony. The tiger salamanders were wild animals from a single polluted pond. They could have been old and inbred. Both groups were neotenic. These are the first mastocytomas discovered in cold-blooded animals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004320050262","usgsCitation":"Harshbarger, J., Chang, S., DeLanney, L., Rose, F., and Green, D.E., 1999, Cutaneous mastocytomas in the neotenic caudate amphibians Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) and Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander): Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, v. 125, no. 3-4, p. 187-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004320050262.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":492843,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12199884","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Lubbock","otherGeospatial":"Reese Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.08290100097656,\n              33.63548836485198\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.08135604858398,\n              33.56785995265315\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.08101272583008,\n              33.544971532450006\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.02367782592773,\n              33.54282543213431\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.01526641845703,\n              33.59017032206257\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.0161247253418,\n              33.59789179840024\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.02247619628906,\n              33.60046547023962\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.02762603759766,\n              33.62491152150041\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.03123092651367,\n              33.63534544319318\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.08290100097656,\n              33.63548836485198\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harshbarger, J.C.","contributorId":18303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harshbarger","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, S.C.","contributorId":32497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLanney, L.E.","contributorId":35283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLanney","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, F.L.","contributorId":55793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Green, D. 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,{"id":70174531,"text":"70174531 - 1999 - Global to local scale simulations of streamflow in the Merced, American, and Carson Rivers, Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:15:58","indexId":"70174531","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Global to local scale simulations of streamflow in the Merced, American, and Carson Rivers, Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"<p>Atmospheric moisture transport and moisture budgets during winter (December-April) simulated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) regional spectral model (RSM) are examined and used to simulate streamflow variations in the Sierra Nevada. The RSM was nested in 2\"-latitude x 2\"-longitude NCEPreanalyzed atmospheric-data fields (as a surrogate for a perfect forecast system operating at the global scale). Precipitation, temperature, and solar insolation simulated by the RSM on a 50-km grid were inputted directly to precipitation-runoff models of the Merced, American, and Carson Rivers in an evaluation of the potential for end-to-end forecasting of streamflow and snowmelt runoff from the Sierra Nevada, near 39\"N 120\"W. Over the western United States, the RSM captures both patterns and magnitudes of precipitation (e.g., Fig. I illustrates observed and simulated precipitation for winter 1982-83). The RSM has dry biases in the Southeast and over the Gulf of Mexico, but it captures interannual and intraseasonal variations well. During most El Nifios, it simulates a precipitation dipole over the western states with wetter-than-normal conditions in California and drier-than-normal in the Pacific Northwest. The Northeast is relatively dry and the southern states are wet, as in observations. The RSM did equally well during La Niiia winters.</p>","conferenceTitle":"American Meteorological Society's 14th Conference on Hydrology","conferenceDate":"January 1999","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., Mo, K., and Jeton, A., 1999, Global to local scale simulations of streamflow in the Merced, American, and Carson Rivers, Sierra Nevada, California, American Meteorological Society's 14th Conference on Hydrology, Dallas, TX, January 1999, p. 80-82.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/publications/pdf/dettinger_1999_streamflow.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb0e4b0589fa1c980ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mo, K.","contributorId":172859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mo","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jeton, A.E.","contributorId":61841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeton","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021786,"text":"70021786 - 1999 - William Maclure's Wernerian Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021786","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"William Maclure's Wernerian Appalachians","docAbstract":"William Maclure (1763-1840), a geologist of Scottish ancestry, was also a man of many other talents and interests including educator, philanthropist, world traveler, prolific writer, patron of science, businessman, bibliophile, and social reformer. He produced the first American printing of a geological map of the United States in 1809 and followed this with four other editions identified as 1811, 1817A, 1817B, and 1817C. All were well received and reproduced by others at least 15 times, as recently as 1989. Maclure has been called 'Father of American Geology,' a title he rightly deserves, primarily for these maps, but also for the first cross sections through the Appalachians, many other geological articles, and substantial donations of specimens, books, and funds to many learned institutions, including the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Maclure's delineation of Appalachian geology followed Werner's geognostic classification of strata using Primary, Transition, Secondary, and Alluvial, but with modifications and considerable doubt concerning their Neptunian origin. He added 'Rock Salt' on his 1809 map as a line on the western edge of the Appalachians and 'Old Red Sand Stone' on the 1811 map for the basins later identified as Triassic. In his later articles, Maclure noted several times that 'trap' or basalt was an igneous rock and not an aqueous precipitate. He further stated that the Secondary and Transition strata are aggregates from the disintegration of the older Primitive rocks. He came to the conclusion near the end of his life that organic remains indicate '...that nature began with the most simple, and gradually proceeded to the more complicated and perfect.'.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Lessing, P., 1999, William Maclure's Wernerian Appalachians: Southeastern Geology, v. 38, no. 3, p. 117-134.","startPage":"117","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd10ee4b08c986b32f1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lessing, P.","contributorId":90038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lessing","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70174789,"text":"70174789 - 1999 - Riparian restoration using physical manipulation and natural seedfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-15T13:00:37","indexId":"70174789","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Riparian restoration using physical manipulation and natural seedfall","docAbstract":"<div class=\"fw-buffer-small\">\n<p><span>In many arid landscapes, riparian sites are the only places wet enough to support trees. The vertical structure of trees and shrubs is critical to many riparian habitat and aesthetic values (Brinson et al. 1981). Thus, woody vegetation is often an important objective and success measure for riparian restoration. Effective restoration planning depends on some underlying model of how the ecosystem functions&ndash; what variables determine its condition, how it became degraded, and how it will respond to alternative management actions. Vegetation within a riparian system is dependent on site conditions and the processes that determine those conditions.</span></p>\n</div>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Riparian ecosystem restoration in the Gila River Basin: Opportunities and constraints : Workshop proceedings, April 8-9, 1999, Tucson, AZ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Riparian ecosystem restoration in the Gila River Basin: Opportunities and constraints","conferenceDate":"April 8-9, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Tucson, AZ","language":"English","publisher":"Water Resources Research Center, The University of Arizona","usgsCitation":"Auble, G., 1999, Riparian restoration using physical manipulation and natural seedfall, <i>in</i> Riparian ecosystem restoration in the Gila River Basin: Opportunities and constraints : Workshop proceedings, April 8-9, 1999, Tucson, AZ, Tucson, AZ, April 8-9, 1999, p. 36-40.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a0931e4b0c1aacab7d433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70073647,"text":"70073647 - 1999 - Geochemistry and hydromechanical interactions of fluids associated with the San Andreas fault system, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-10T14:27:35","indexId":"70073647","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemistry and hydromechanical interactions of fluids associated with the San Andreas fault system, California","docAbstract":"<p><sup>18</sup>O values establish that waters are predominantly of meteoric origin. The chemical compositions of water and gases are controlled mainly by the ambient rock types, and chemical geothermometry gives reservoir temperatures of 80-150 degrees C indicating shallow to moderate circulation depths of up to 6 km. However, compositions and isotope abundances of noble gases and delta <sup>13</sup>C values of HCO<sub>3</sub> indicate a significant (up to 50%) mantle component for the volatiles. The relatively high fluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> (C/ <sup>3</sup>He nearly equal 10 <sup>10</sup>) and other volatiles of mantle origin support a deep continuous flow model, especially at depths &gt;6 km. Numerical simulations indicate that these high fluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> of mantle and deep crustal origin are sufficient to generate lithostatic fluid pressures, and thus a weakened fault, in time scales comparable to those of earthquake cycles.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Faults and subsurface fluid flow in the shallow crust","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/GM113p0129","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J., Evans, W.C., and Kennedy, B.M., 1999, Geochemistry and hydromechanical interactions of fluids associated with the San Andreas fault system, California, chap. <i>of</i> Faults and subsurface fluid flow in the shallow crust, p. 129-148, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM113p0129.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.48,32.53 ], [ -124.48,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.48,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5af9e4b0b290850f9b6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thordsen, James J. jthordsn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"James J.","email":"jthordsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, B. Mack","contributorId":82758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mack","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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