We present results from a local earthquake tomographic imaging experiment in the greater Mount Rainier area. We inverted P wave arrival times from local earthquakes recorded at permanent and temporary Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network seismographs between 1980 and 1996. We used a method similar to that described by Lees and Crosson [1989], modified to incorporate the parameter separation method for decoupling the hypocenter and velocity problems. In the upper 7 km of the resulting model there is good correlation between velocity anomalies and surface geology. Many focal mechanisms within the St. Helens seismic zone have nodal planes parallel to the epicentral trend as well as to a north-south trending low-velocity trough, leading us to speculate that the trough represents a zone of structural weakness in which a moderate (M 6.5–7.0) earthquake could occur. In contrast, the western Rainier seismic zone does not correlate in any simple way with anomaly patterns or focal mechanism fault planes, leading us to infer that it is less likely to experience a moderate earthquake. A ∼10 km-wide low-velocity anomaly occurs 5 to 18 km beneath the summit of Mount Rainier, which we interpret to be a signal of a region composed of hot, fractured rock with possible small amounts of melt or fluid. No systematic velocity pattern is observed in association with the southern Washington Cascades conductor. A midcrustal anomaly parallels the Olympic-Wallowa lineament as well as several other geophysical trends, indicating that it may play an important role in regional tectonics.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900036","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moran, S., Lees, J., and Malone, S.D., 1999, P wave crustal velocity structure in the greater Mount Rainier area from local earthquake tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B5, p. 10775-10786, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900036.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"10775","endPage":"10786","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479584,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900036","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72e6e4b0c8380cd76d77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lees, J.M.","contributorId":74532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lees","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021640,"text":"70021640 - 1999 - Multichannel analysis of surface waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T12:24:08.248661","indexId":"70021640","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multichannel analysis of surface waves","docAbstract":"The frequency‐dependent properties of Rayleigh‐type surface waves can be utilized for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Most surface‐wave analysis relies on the accurate calculation of phase velocities for the horizontally traveling fundamental‐mode Rayleigh wave acquired by stepping out a pair of receivers at intervals based on calculated ground roll wavelengths. Interference by coherent source‐generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear‐wave velocities determined through inversion of the whole wave field. Among these nonplanar, nonfundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and nonsource‐generated surface waves, and higher‐mode surface waves. The degree to which each of these types of noise contaminates the dispersion curve and, ultimately, the inverted shear‐wave velocity profile is dependent on frequency as well as distance from the source. Multichannel recording permits effective identification and isolation of noise according to distinctive trace‐to‐trace coherency in arrival time and amplitude. An added advantage is the speed and redundancy of the measurement process. Decomposition of a multichannel record into a time variable‐frequency format, similar to an uncorrelated Vibroseis record, permits analysis and display of each frequency component in a unique and continuous format. Coherent noise contamination can then be examined and its effects appraised in both frequency and offset space. Separation of frequency components permits real‐time maximization of the S/N ratio during acquisition and subsequent processing steps. Linear separation of each ground roll frequency component allows calculation of phase velocities by simply measuring the linear slope of each frequency component. Breaks in coherent surface‐wave arrivals, observable on the decomposed record, can be compensated for during acquisition and processing. Multichannel recording permits single‐measurement surveying of a broad depth range, high levels of redundancy with a single field configuration, and the ability to adjust the offset, effectively reducing random or nonlinear noise introduced during recording. A multichannel shot gather decomposed into a swept‐frequency record allows the fast generation of an accurate dispersion curve. The accuracy of dispersion curves determined using this method is proven through field comparisons of the inverted shear‐wave velocity (
In this paper we present a method for measuring profiles of turbulence quantities using a broadband acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP). The method follows previous work on the continental shelf and extends the analysis to develop estimates of the errors associated with the estimation methods. ADCP data was collected in an unstratified channel and the results of the analysis are compared to theory. This comparison shows that the method provides an estimate of the Reynolds stresses, which is unbiased by Doppler noise, and an estimate of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) which is biased by an amount proportional to the Doppler noise. The noise in each of these quantities as well as the bias in the TKE match well with the theoretical values produced by the error analysis. The quantification of profiles of Reynolds stresses simultaneous with the measurement of mean velocity profiles allows for extensive analysis of the turbulence of the flow. In this paper, we examine the relation between the turbulence and the mean flow through the calculation of u*, the friction velocity, and Cd the coefficient of drag. Finally, we calculate quantities of particular interest in turbulence modeling and analysis, the characteristic lengthscales, including a lengthscale which represents the stream-wise scale of the eddies which dominate the Reynolds stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998JC900095","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stacey, M., Monismith, S., and Burau, J., 1999, Measurements of Reynolds stress profiles in unstratified tidal flow: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 104, no. C5, p. 10933-10949, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900095.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"10933","endPage":"10949","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"C5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5326e4b0c8380cd6c8e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, M.T.","contributorId":82874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021621,"text":"70021621 - 1999 - Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021621","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Crystal Peak area of the Pikes Peak batholith, near Lake George in central Colorado, is world-renowned for its crystals of amazonite (the blue-green variety of microcline) and smoky quartz. Such crystals, collected from individual miarolitic pegmatites, have a remakably small variation in crystal size within each pegmatite, and the shapes of plots of their crystal size distributions (CSDs) are invariably lognormal or close to lognormal in all cases. These observations are explained by a crystal growth mechanism that was governed initially by surface-controlled kinetics, during which crystals tended to grow larger in proportion to their size, thereby establishing lognormal CSDs. Surface-controlled growth was followed by longer periods of supply controlled growth, during which growth rate was predominantly size-independent, consequently preserving the lognormal shapes of the CSDs and the small size variation. The change from surface- to supply controlled growth kinetics may have resulted from an increasing demand for nutrients that exceeded diffusion limitations of the system. The proposed model for crystal growth in this locality appears to be common in the geologic record, and can be used with other information, such as isotopic data, to deduce physico-chemical conditions during crystal formation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., and Eberl, D.D., 1999, Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado: American Mineralogist, v. 84, no. 5-6, p. 718-724.","startPage":"718","endPage":"724","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfbe4b0c8380cd4e562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021617,"text":"70021617 - 1999 - Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021617","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":731,"text":"American Journal of Primatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness","docAbstract":"No consensus exists about the quantity and variety of environmental enrichment needed to achieve an acceptable level of psychological well-being among singly housed primates. Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures were used to evaluate the effectiveness of four levels of toy and foraging enrichment provided to eight wild-caught, singly housed adult male brown capuchins (Cebus apella). The 16-week-long study comprised six conditions and began with a 4-week-long preexperimental and ended with a 4-week-long postexperimental period during which the subjects were maintained at baseline enrichment levels. During the intervening 8 weeks, the subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of four 2-week-long experimental conditions: control (baseline conditions), toy (the addition of two plastic toys to each cage), box (access to a foraging box with food treats hidden within crushed alfalfa), and box and toy (the addition of two plastic toys and access to a foraging box). Behavioral responses to changes in enrichment were rapid and extensive. Within-subject repeated-measure ANOVAs with planned post hoc contrasts identified highly significant reductions in abnormal and undesirable behaviors (and increases in normal behaviors) as the level of enrichment increased from control to toy to box to box and toy. No significant behavioral differences were found between the control and pre- and postexperimental conditions. Plasma and fecal cortisol measures revealed a different response to changing enrichment levels. Repeated-measure ANOVA models found significant changes in both these measures across the six conditions. The planned post hoc analyses, however, while finding dramatic increases in cortisol titers in both the pre- and postexperimental conditions relative to the control condition, did not distinguish cortisol responses among the four enrichment levels. Linear regressions among weekly group means in behavioral and cortisol measures (n = 16) found that plasma cortisol was significantly predicted by the proportions of both normal and abnormal behaviors; as the proportion of normal behaviors increased, the plasma cortisol measures decreased. Plasma cortisol weekly group means were also significantly and positively predicted by fecal cortisol weekly group means, but no behavioral measure significantly predicted fecal cortisol weekly group means. In sum, these findings argue strongly that access to a variety of toy and foraging enrichment positively affects behavioral and physiological responses to stress and enhances psychological well-being in singly housed brown capuchins.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Primatology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6","issn":"02752565","usgsCitation":"Boinski, S., Swing, S., Gross, T., and Davis, J., 1999, Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness: American Journal of Primatology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 49-68, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6.","startPage":"49","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206307,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"id":229358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09bae4b0c8380cd52038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boinski, S.","contributorId":55986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boinski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swing, S.P.","contributorId":17784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swing","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.K.","contributorId":14969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021588,"text":"70021588 - 1999 - An ancient depleted mantle sample from a 42-Ma dike in Montana: Constraints on persistence of the lithosphere during Eocene Magmatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021588","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ancient depleted mantle sample from a 42-Ma dike in Montana: Constraints on persistence of the lithosphere during Eocene Magmatism","docAbstract":"Recent models for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western margin of North America propose that delamination of ancient lithosphere accompanied asthenospheric upwelling, magmatism, and uplift subsequent to Laramide deformation. On the basis of the age of an alkaline dike in south-central Montana, thermometry of mantle xenoliths from the dike, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of the dike and a xenocryst, we show that refractory lithosphere, derived from ancient, depleted mantle, remained in place under the Wyoming Craton as late as 42 Ma. The Haymond School Dike, a camptonite, yields a 40Ar/39Ar plateau date of 41.97 ?? 0.19 Ma (2??). Paleomagnetic data are consistent with this date and indicate intrusion during chron C19r. The dike has Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions similar to those of other Eocene alkaline rocks from central Montana. A clinopyroxene megacryst from the dike has ??42 = 17, and 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70288, indicating that it derives from ancient, depleted mantle isotopically distinct from the source of the host camptonite. Thermometry of xenoliths from the dike shows pyroxene populations that formed at 880?? and 1200??C. Combining thermometry with previous estimates of the regional Eocene geotherm inferred from xenoliths in kimberlites, and with the Al-in-orthopyroxene barometer, we infer that lithospheric mantle remained intact to depths of 110-150 km as late as 42 Ma. Eocene magmatism was not accompanied by complete removal of ancient lithosphere.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/314349","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Dudas, F., and Harlan, S.S., 1999, An ancient depleted mantle sample from a 42-Ma dike in Montana: Constraints on persistence of the lithosphere during Eocene Magmatism: Journal of Geology, v. 107, no. 3, p. 287-299, https://doi.org/10.1086/314349.","startPage":"287","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206354,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314349"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9fae4b0c8380cd48581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudas, F.O.","contributorId":56821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudas","given":"F.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021585,"text":"70021585 - 1999 - Development of San Leandro synform and neotectonics of the San Francisco Bay block, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021585","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of San Leandro synform and neotectonics of the San Francisco Bay block, California","docAbstract":"High-resolution, 24-channel seismic-reflection data show a stratified synform beneath south San Francisco Bay. These seismic-reflection data reveal an eastward-dipping bedrock surface that is about 40 m deep (subbottom) beneath the western south bay, and that reaches a maximum observed depth of 500-800 m (subbottom) below the eastern half of the south bay. An angular unconformity cuts both the synform and underlying bedrock. The age of the unconformity is unknown but may be Pleistocene, when these strata forming the synform were presumably exposed subaerially during lowered sea levels. The synformal strata, the unconformity, and some generally flat-lying and overlying strata are folded near the eastern shore of the bay. This folding may result from movement on the Hayward fault (fault interactions and localized strain partitioning) or from compressional deformation in the East Bay Hills related to NE-SW ('fault-normal') convergence between the Pacific and North American plates. In general, reflections from sediment overlying the unconformity are flat lying (except near the eastern shore of the bay), whereas reflections beneath the unconformity dip eastward. The overlying, flat sediment section fills a shallow basin that is coincident with an elliptical residual gravity low. This low appears to be related to the deeper sedimentary, synformal section based on the spatial correlation between the east-dipping reflections and the gravity anomaly. Projecting the east-dipping reflections to the center of the gravity low suggests that the total section of flat-lying and dipping reflections in the synform may exceed 1000 m. Modeling of the gravity low suggests a total low-density section, about 1.5 km thick, at the center of the synform relative to the surrounding bedrock of presumed Franciscan Complex.High-resolution, 24-channel seismic-reflection data show a stratified synform beneath south San Francisco Bay. These seismic-reflection data reveal an eastward-dipping bedrock surface that is about 40 m deep (subbottom) beneath the western south bay, and that reaches a maximum observed depth of 500-800 m (subbottom) below the eastern half of the south bay. An angular unconformity cuts both the synform and underlying bedrock. The age of the unconformity is unknown but may be Pleistocene, when these strata forming the synform were presumably exposed subaerially during lowered sea levels. The synformal strata, the unconformity, and some generally flat-lying and overlying strata are folded near the eastern shore of the bay. This folding may result from movement on the Hayward fault (fault interactions and localized strain partitioning) or from compressional deformation in the East Bay Hills related to NE-SW (`fault-normal') convergence between the Pacific and North American plates. In general, reflections from sediment overlying the unconformity are flat lying (except near the eastern shore of the bay), whereas reflections beneath the unconformity dip eastward. The overlying, flat sediment section fills a shallow basin that is coincident with an elliptical residual gravity low. This low appears to be related to the deeper sedimentary, synformal section based on the spatial correlation between the east-dipping reflections and the gravity anomaly. Projecting the east-dipping reflections to the center of the gravity low suggests that the total section of flat-lying and dipping reflections in the synform may exceed 1000 m. Modeling of the gravity low suggests a total low-density section, about 1.5 km thick, at the center of the synform relative to the surrounding bedrock of presumed Franciscan Complex.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0264-8172(99)00002-1","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Marlow, M.S., Jachens, R., Hart, P., Carlson, P., Anima, R.J., and Childs, J., 1999, Development of San Leandro synform and neotectonics of the San Francisco Bay block, California: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 16, no. 5, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(99)00002-1.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206340,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(99)00002-1"},{"id":229472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a002de4b0c8380cd4f61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anima, R. J.","contributorId":106115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Childs, J.R.","contributorId":63011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021574,"text":"70021574 - 1999 - Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. I: The local production-loss balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:11:44","indexId":"70021574","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. I: The local production-loss balance","docAbstract":"The formation and spatial distribution of phytoplankton blooms in estuaries are controlled by (1) local mechanisms, which determine the production-loss balance for a water column at a particular spatial location (i.e. control if a bloom is possible), and (2) transport-related mechanisms, which govern biomass distribution (i.e. control if and where a bloom actually occurs). In this study, the first of a 2-paper series, we use a depth-averaged numerical model as a theoretical tool to describe how interacting local conditions (water column height, light availability, benthic grazing) influence the local balance between phytoplankton sources and sinks. We also explore trends in the spatial variability of the production-loss balance across the topographic gradients between deep channels and lateral shoals which are characteristic of shallow estuaries. For example, under conditions of high turbidity and slow benthic grazing the highest rates of phytoplankton population growth are found in the shallowest regions. On the other hand, with low turbidity and rapid benthic grazing the highest growth rates occur in the deeper areas. We also explore the effects of semidiurnal tidal variation in water column height, as well as spring-neap variability. Local population growth in the shallowest regions is very sensitive to tidal-scale shallowing and deepening of the water column, especially in the presence of benthic grazing. A spring-neap signal in population growth rate is also prominent in the shallow areas. Population growth in deeper regions is less sensitive to temporal variations in tidal elevation. These results show that both shallow and deep regions of estuaries can act as sources or sinks for phytoplankton biomass, depending on the local conditions of mean water column height, tidal amplitude, light-limited growth rate, and consumption by grazers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps187001","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., Koseff, J.R., Cloern, J., Monismith, S., and Thompson, J., 1999, Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. I: The local production-loss balance: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 187, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps187001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps187001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266010,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps187001"},{"id":229286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"187","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8db1e4b0c8380cd7ed90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021541,"text":"70021541 - 1999 - Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T00:42:31.298308","indexId":"70021541","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","docAbstract":"We have developed regression relationships between Modified Mercalli Intensity (Imm) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) by comparing horizontal peak ground motions to observed intensities for eight significant California earthquakes. For the limited range of Modified Mercalli intensities (Imm), we find that for peak acceleration with V ≤ Imm ≤ VIII, Imm = 3.66 log(PGA) − 1.66, and for peak velocity with V ≤ Imm ≤ IX, Imm = 3.47 log(PGV) + 2.35. From comparison with observed intensity maps, we find that a combined regression based on peak velocity for intensity > VII and on peak acceleration for intensity < VII is most suitable for reproducing observed Imm patterns, consistent with high intensities being related to damage (proportional to ground velocity) and with lower intensities determined by felt accounts (most sensitive to higher-frequency ground acceleration). These new Imm relationships are significantly different from the Trifunac and Brady (1975) correlations, which have been used extensively in loss estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1193/1.1586058","usgsCitation":"Wald, D.J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., and Kanamori, H., 1999, Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California: Earthquake Spectra, v. 15, no. 3, p. 557-564, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586058.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7ace4b0e8fec6cdc53e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quitoriano, Vincent 0000-0003-4157-1101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-1101","contributorId":317884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quitoriano","given":"Vincent","affiliations":[{"id":69179,"text":"under contract to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heaton, Thomas H.","contributorId":187505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kanamori, Hiroo","contributorId":106120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"Hiroo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021490,"text":"70021490 - 1999 - Seismic slope-performance analysis: from hazard map to decision support system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021490","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3520,"text":"Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic slope-performance analysis: from hazard map to decision support system","docAbstract":"In response to the growing recognition of engineers and decision-makers of the regional effects of earthquake-induced landslides, this paper presents a general approach to conducting seismic landslide zonation, based on the popular Newmark's sliding block analogy for modeling coherent landslides. Four existing models based on the sliding block analogy are compared. The comparison shows that the models forecast notably different levels of slope performance. Considering this discrepancy along with the limitations of static maps as a decision tool, a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for seismic landslide analysis is proposed, which will support investigations over multiple scales for any number of earthquake scenarios and input conditions. Most importantly, the SDSS will allow use of any seismic landslide analysis model and zonation approach. Developments associated with the SDSS will produce an object-oriented model for encapsulating spatial data, an object-oriented specification to allow construction of models using modular objects, and a direct-manipulation, dynamic user-interface that adapts to the particular seismic landslide model configuration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1999 5th U.S. Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering: Optimazing Post-Earthquake Lifeline System Reliability","conferenceDate":"12 August 1999 through 14 August 1999","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"Miles, S.B., Keefer, D.K., and Ho, C.L., 1999, Seismic slope-performance analysis: from hazard map to decision support system: Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph, no. 16, p. 71-80.","startPage":"71","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b62e4b08c986b3177c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, Scott B.","contributorId":38600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ho, Carlton L.","contributorId":26097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021489,"text":"70021489 - 1999 - Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021489","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model","docAbstract":"The fact that dependent variables of groundwater models are generally nonlinear functions of model parameters is shown to be a potentially significant factor in calculating accurate confidence intervals for both model parameters and functions of the parameters, such as the values of dependent variables calculated by the model. The Lagrangian method of Vecchia and Cooley [Vecchia, A.V. and Cooley, R.L., Water Resources Research, 1987, 23(7), 1237-1250] was used to calculate nonlinear Scheffe-type confidence intervals for the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km2 of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear) widths was not correct. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be asymmetric and either larger or smaller than the linear approximations. Prior information on transmissivities helps reduce the size of the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters.The fact that dependent variables of groundwater models are generally nonlinear functions of model parameters is shown to be a potentially significant factor in calculating accurate confidence intervals for both model parameters and functions of the parameters, such as the values of dependent variables calculated by the model. The Lagrangian method of Vecchia and Cooley was used to calculate nonlinear Scheffe-type confidence intervals for the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km2 of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear) widths was not correct. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be asymmetric and either larger or smaller than the linear approximations. Prior information on transmissivities helps reduce the size of the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Christensen, S., and Cooley, R., 1999, Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model: Advances in Water Resources, v. 22, no. 8, p. 807-817, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4.","startPage":"807","endPage":"817","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206214,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4"},{"id":229134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c68e4b0c8380cd52b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021488,"text":"70021488 - 1999 - Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021488","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling","docAbstract":"Published literature generally lacks habitat information needed to adequately model the habitats of most wildlife species at large scales (>1:100,000). We searched in primary and secondary literature for occurrence of several potentially useful habitat measures for 20 species of interest to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game. We found adequate information for modeling only the habitats of certain game species and species of special interest. We suggest that many more researchers could collect simple habitat information regarding vegetation composition and structure, topographic features, soils, temperature, and distance to special landscape features such that current research expenses would not be increased significantly. We recommend that habitat data be consistently reported in peer-reviewed literature or deposited into a central data repository. This will not only help fill the gaps in our current knowledge of wildlife but also place it in a format that is readily accessible by the scientific community.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Karl, J., Wright, N., Heglund, P., and Scott, J.M., 1999, Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 2, p. 357-365.","startPage":"357","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b0ce4b0c8380cd744ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, J.W.","contributorId":63978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, N.M.","contributorId":72149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021487,"text":"70021487 - 1999 - Methods for developing time-series climate surfaces to drive topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T23:02:50.704418","indexId":"70021487","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for developing time-series climate surfaces to drive topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models","docAbstract":"Topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models can accurately simulate both the development and melting of a seasonal snowcover in the mountain basins. To do this they require time-series climate surfaces of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and solar and thermal radiation. If data are available, these parameters can be adequately estimated at time steps of one to three hours. Unfortunately, climate monitoring in mountain basins is very limited, and the full range of elevations and exposures that affect climate conditions, snow deposition, and melt is seldom sampled. Detailed time-series climate surfaces have been successfully developed using limited data and relatively simple methods. We present a synopsis of the tools and methods used to combine limited data with simple corrections for the topographic controls to generate high temporal resolution time-series images of these climate parameters. Methods used include simulations, elevational gradients, and detrended kriging. The generated climate surfaces are evaluated at points and spatially to determine if they are reasonable approximations of actual conditions. Recommendations are made for the addition of critical parameters and measurement sites into routine monitoring systems in mountain basins.
During the last 160 years, land-use changes in the Ozarks have had the potential to cause widespread, low-intensity delivery of excess amounts of gravel-sized sediment to stream channels. Previous studies have indicated that this excess gravel bedload is moving in wave-like forms through Ozarks drainage basins. The longitudinal, areal distribution of gravel bars along 160 km of the Current River, Missouri, was evaluated to determine the relative effects of valley-scale controls, tributary basin characteristics, and lagged sediment transport in creating areas of gravel accumulations. The longitudinal distribution of gravel-bar area shows a broad scale wave-like form with increases in gravel-bar area weakly associated with tributary junctions. Secondary peaks of gravel area with 1·8–4·1 km spacing (disturbance reaches) are superimposed on the broad form. Variations in valley width explain some, but not all, of the short-spacing variation in gravel-bar area. Among variables describing tributary drainage basin morphometry, present-day land use and geologic characteristics, only drainage area and road density relate even weakly to gravel-bar areal inventories. A simple, channel network-based sediment routing model shows that many of the features of the observed longitudinal gravel distribution can be replicated by uniform transport of sediment from widespread disturbances through a channel network. These results indicate that lagged sediment transport may have a dominant effect on the synoptic spatial distribution of gravel in Ozarks streams; present-day land uses are only weakly associated with present-day gravel inventories; and valley-scale characteristics have secondary controls on gravel accumulations in disturbance reaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199909)24:10<897::AID-ESP18>3.0.CO;2-6","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., and Gran, K., 1999, Gravel sediment routing from widespread, low-intensity landscape disturbance, Current River basin, Missouri: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 24, no. 10, p. 897-917, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199909)24:10<897::AID-ESP18>3.0.CO;2-6.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"897","endPage":"917","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206390,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199909)24:10<897::AID-ESP18>3.0.CO;2-6"}],"volume":"24","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29eee4b0c8380cd5ad6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gran, K.B.","contributorId":44688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gran","given":"K.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021465,"text":"70021465 - 1999 - Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T15:59:26","indexId":"70021465","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems","docAbstract":"A regional-scale, steady-state, saturated-zone ground-water flow model was constructed to evaluate potential regional ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model was limited to three layers in an effort to evaluate the characteristics governing large-scale subsurface flow. Geoscientific information systems (GSIS) were used to characterize the complex surface and subsurface hydrogeologic conditions of the area, and this characterization was used to construct likely conceptual models of the flow system. Subsurface properties in this system vary dramatically, producing high contrasts and abrupt contacts. This characteristic, combined with the large scale of the model, make zonation the logical choice for representing the hydraulic-conductivity distribution. Different conceptual models were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and were tested by using nonlinear regression to determine parameter values that are optimal, in that they provide the best match between the measured and simulated heads and flows. The different conceptual models were judged based both on the fit achieved to measured heads and spring flows, and the plausibility of the optimal parameter values. One of the conceptual models considered appears to represent the system most realistically. Any apparent model error is probably caused by the coarse vertical and horizontal discretization.A regional-scale, steady-state, saturated-zone ground-water flow model was constructed to evaluate potential regional ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model was limited to three layers in an effort to evaluate the characteristics governing large-scale subsurface flow. Geoscientific information systems (GSIS) were used to characterize the complex surface and subsurface hydrogeologic conditions of the area, and this characterization was used to construct likely conceptual models of the flow system. Subsurface properties in this system vary dramatically, producing high contrasts and abrupt contacts. This characteristic, combined with the large scale of the model, make zonation the logical choice for representing the hydraulic-conductivity distribution. Different conceptual models were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and were tested by using nonlinear regression to determine parameter values that are optimal, in that they provide the best match between the measured and simulated heads and flows. The different conceptual models were judged based both on the fit achieved to measured heads and spring flows, and the plausibility of the optimal parameter values. One of the conceptual models considered appears to represent the system most realistically. Any apparent model error is probably caused by the coarse vertical and horizontal discretization.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., Hill, M.C., and Turner, A.K., 1999, Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems: Advances in Water Resources, v. 22, no. 8, p. 777-790, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0.","startPage":"777","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdede4b0c8380cd4ea03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021462,"text":"70021462 - 1999 - Numerical modeling of perched water under Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T01:03:55.084223","indexId":"70021462","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of perched water under Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The presence of perched water near the potential high-level nuclear waste repository area at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, has important implications for waste isolation. Perched water occurs because of sharp contrasts in rock properties, in particular between the strongly fractured repository host rock (the Topopah Spring welded tuff) and the immediately underlying vitrophyric (glassy) subunit, in which fractures are sealed by clays that were formed by alteration of the volcanic glass. The vitrophyre acts as a vertical barrier to unsaturated flow throughout much of the potential repository area. Geochemical analyses (Yang et al. 1996) indicate that perched water is relatively young, perhaps younger than 10,000 years. Given the low permeability of the rock matrix, fractures and perhaps fault zones must play a crucial role in unsaturated flow. The geologic setting of the major perched water bodies under Yucca Mountain suggests that faults commonly form barriers to lateral flow at the level of the repository horizon, but may also form important pathways for vertical infiltration from the repository horizon down to the water table. Using the numerical code UNSAT2, two factors believed to influence the perched water system at Yucca Mountain, climate and fault-zone permeability, are explored. The two-dimensional model predicts that the volume of water held within the perched water system may greatly increase under wetter climatic conditions, and that perched water bodies may drain to the water table along fault zones. Modeling results also show fault flow to be significantly attenuated in the Paintbrush Tuff non-welded hydrogeologic unit.
During experiments in our laboratory to assess the progression and severity of gas bubble trauma (GBT) in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we had the opportunity to assess the influence of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, on the susceptibility of salmon to GBT. We exposed fish with an established infection of Rs to 120% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 96 h and monitored severity of GBT signs in the fins and gills, Rs infection level in kidneys by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mortality. Mortality occurred rapidly after exposure to 120% TDG, with a LT20 (time necessary to kill 20% of the population) of about 37 h, which is at a minimum about 16% earlier than other bioassays we have conducted using fish that had no apparent signs of disease. Fish that died early (from 31 to 36 h and from 49 to 52 h) had significantly higher infection levels (mean ?? SE ELISA absorbance = 1.532 ?? 0.108) than fish that survived for 96h (mean ?? SE ELISA absorbance = 0.828 ?? 0.137). Fish that died early also had a significantly greater number of gill filaments occluded with bubbles than those that survived 96 h. Conversely, fish that survived for 96 h had a significantly higher median fin severity ranking than those that died early. Our results indicate that fish with moderate to high levels of Rs infection are more vulnerable to the effects of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) and die sooner than fish with lower levels of Rs infection. However, there is a substantial amount of individual variation in susceptibility to the apparent cumulative effects of DGS and Rs infection. Collectively, our findings have important implications to programs designed to monitor the prevalence and severity of GBT in juvenile salmonids in areas like the Columbia River basin and perhaps elsewhere.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0123:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Weiland, L., Mesa, M., and Maule, A., 1999, Influence of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum on susceptibility of juvenile spring chinook salmon to gas bubble trauma: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 11, no. 2, p. 123-129, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0123:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b45e4b0c8380cd623a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021393,"text":"70021393 - 1999 - Exploring factors controlling the variability of pesticide concentrations in the Willamette River Basin using tree-based models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:57:45","indexId":"70021393","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploring factors controlling the variability of pesticide concentrations in the Willamette River Basin using tree-based models","docAbstract":"We analyzed available concentration data of five commonly used herbicides and three pesticides collected from small streams in the Willamette River Basin in Oregon to identify factors that affect the variation of their concentrations in the area. The emphasis of this paper is the innovative use of classification and regression tree models for exploratory data analysis as well as analyzing data with a substantial amount of left-censored values. Among variables included in this analysis, land-use pattern in the watershed is the most important for all but one (simazine) of the eight pesticides studied, followed by geographic location, intensity of agriculture activities in the watershed (represented by nutrient concentrations in the stream), and the size of the watershed. The significant difference between urban sites and agriculture sites is the variability of stream concentrations. While all 16 nonurban watersheds have significantly higher variation than urban sites, the same is not necessarily true for the mean concentrations. Seasonal variation accounts for only a small fraction of the total variance in all eight pesticides.We analyzed available concentration data of five commonly used herbicides and three pesticides collected from small streams in the Willamette River Basin in Oregon to identify factors that affect the variation of their concentrations in the area. The emphasis of this paper is the innovative use of classification and regression tree models for exploratory data analysis as well as analyzing data with a substantial amount of left-censored values. Among variables included in this analysis, land-use pattern in the watershed is the most important for all but one (simazine) of the eight pesticides studied, followed by geographic location, intensity of agriculture activities in the watershed (represented by nutrient concentrations in the stream), and the size of the watershed. The significant difference between urban sites and agriculture sites is the variability of stream concentrations. While all 16 nonurban watersheds have significantly higher variation than urban sites, the same is not necessarily true for the mean concentrations. Seasonal variation accounts for only a small fraction of the total variance in all eight pesticides.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/es9812148","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Qian, S., and Anderson, C.W., 1999, Exploring factors controlling the variability of pesticide concentrations in the Willamette River Basin using tree-based models: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 19, p. 3332-3340, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9812148.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3332","endPage":"3340","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206435,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9812148"}],"volume":"33","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e23e4b0c8380cd532f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qian, S.S.","contributorId":92008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":139268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021388,"text":"70021388 - 1999 - Surgical and immediate postrelease mortality of harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) implanted with abdominal radio transmitters with percutaneous antennae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:04:50","indexId":"70021388","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surgical and immediate postrelease mortality of harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) implanted with abdominal radio transmitters with percutaneous antennae","docAbstract":"Radiotelemetry is an essential tool in the study of free-ranging bird populations, and a variety of transmitter-attachment methods have been developed. A promising new method is abdominal implantation of a transmitter with a percutaneous antenna. Researchers using this technique should be concerned about and aware of mortality during surgery and during the immediate postrelease period (the 14-day period following surgery). Of 307 radio-implant surgeries performed between 1995 and 1997 in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), 7 (2.3%) deaths were documented during surgery or anesthetic recovery. Of 295 birds released with implanted radios, 10 (3.4%) died during the immediate postrelease period. Modifications to anesthetic procedures used in the 204 surgeries performed in 1996 and 1997 reduced mortality to 1.5% during surgery and 1.5% during the immediate postrelease period. Anesthetic modifications included intubation of all birds, placement of birds on an elevated platform that allowed the head to rest at a level lower than the body during surgery, placement of a heated water blanket under the birds during surgery, monitoring of body temperature, and use of electrocardiogram and Doppler ultrasound to monitor heart rates and arrhythmias. Low levels of mortality associated with abdominal implantation of radio transmitters may be unavoidable, but mortality can be minimized with adjustments to anesthetic technique.
","language":"English","publisher":" American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issn":"10427260","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., and Esler, D., 1999, Surgical and immediate postrelease mortality of harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) implanted with abdominal radio transmitters with percutaneous antennae: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 30, no. 3, p. 397-401.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"401","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba279e4b08c986b31f731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":389696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021352,"text":"70021352 - 1999 - Does ice drive early Maastrichtian eustasy?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T14:08:54.59853","indexId":"70021352","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does ice drive early Maastrichtian eustasy?","docAbstract":"A large (30–40 m), rapid (≪1 m.y.), earliest Maastrichtian sea-level drop inferred from New Jersey sequence stratigraphic records correlates with synchronous δ18O increases in deep-water benthic and low-latitude surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera. The coincidence of these events argues for the development of a moderate-sized ice sheet during the early Maastrichtian.
Nutrient additions represent an important anthropogenic stress on coastal ecosystems. At moderate levels, increased nutrients may lead to increased primary production and, possibly, to increased biomass of consumers although complex trophic interactions may modify or mask these effects. We examined the influence of nutrient additions and interactive effects of trophic interactions (predation) on benthic infaunal composition and abundances through small-scale field experiments in 2 estuaries that differed in ambient nutrient conditions. A blocked experimental design was used that allowed an assessment of direct nutrient effects in the presence and absence of predation by epibenthic predators as well as an assessment of the independent effects of predation. Benthic microalgal, production increased with experimental nutrient additions and was greater when infaunal abundances were lower, but there were no significant interactions between these factors. Increased abundances of one infaunal taxa,Laeonereis culveri, as well as the grazer feeding guild were observed with nutrient additions and a number of taxa exhibited higher abundances with predator exclusion. In contrast to results from freshwater systems there were no significant interactive effects between nutrient additions and predator exclusion as was predicted. The infaunal responses observed here emphasize the importance of both bottom-up (nutrient addition and primary producer driven) and top-down (predation) controls in structuring benthic communities. These processes may work at different spatial and temporal scales, and affect different taxa, making observation of potential interactive effects difficult.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353111","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Posey, M., Alphin, T., Cahoon, L., Lindquist, D., and Becker, M., 1999, Interactive effects of nutrient additions and predation on infaunal communities: Estuaries, v. 22, no. 3B, p. 785-792, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353111.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"792","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Bradley Creek, Pages Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.81171201598545,\n 34.18845440754163\n ],\n [\n -77.78838185070711,\n 34.21563567034666\n ],\n [\n -77.78047425167793,\n 34.230452375199235\n ],\n [\n -77.74530778188638,\n 34.26884103243326\n ],\n [\n -77.79970046358822,\n 34.29038547562577\n ],\n [\n -77.81288226148969,\n 34.27975672042213\n ],\n [\n -77.81707394663911,\n 34.27391081851401\n ],\n [\n -77.83160364957688,\n 34.260436162775704\n ],\n [\n -77.85286210409865,\n 34.23957399678123\n ],\n [\n -77.87531710445401,\n 34.213482094256506\n ],\n [\n -77.81171201598545,\n 34.18845440754163\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cdae4b0c8380cd630d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Posey, M.H.","contributorId":27633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Posey","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alphin, T.D.","contributorId":60399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alphin","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahoon, L.","contributorId":29597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindquist, D.","contributorId":55169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindquist","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Becker, M.E.","contributorId":76084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}