{"pageNumber":"123","pageRowStart":"3050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16456,"records":[{"id":70143172,"text":"ofr20151049 - 2015 - Laboratory evaluation of the pressure water level data logger manufactured by Infinities USA, Inc.: results of pressure and temperature tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T11:07:21","indexId":"ofr20151049","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1049","title":"Laboratory evaluation of the pressure water level data logger manufactured by Infinities USA, Inc.: results of pressure and temperature tests","docAbstract":"

The Pressure Water Level Data Logger manufactured by Infinities USA, Inc., was evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility for conformance with the manufacturer’s stated accuracy specifications for measuring pressure throughout the device’s operating temperature range and with the USGS accuracy requirements for water-level measurements. The Pressure Water Level Data Logger (Infinities Logger) is a submersible, sealed, water-level sensing device with an operating pressure range of 0 to 11.5 feet of water over a temperature range of −18 to 49 degrees Celsius. For the pressure range tested, the manufacturer’s accuracy specification of 0.1 percent of full scale pressure equals an accuracy of ±0.138 inch of water. Three Infinities Loggers were evaluated, and the testing procedures followed and results obtained are described in this report. On the basis of the test results, the device is poorly compensated for temperature. For the three Infinities Loggers, the mean pressure differences varied from –4.04 to 5.32 inches of water and were not within the manufacturer’s accuracy specification for pressure measurements made within the temperature-compensated range. The device did not meet the manufacturer’s stated accuracy specifications for pressure within its temperature-compensated operating range of –18 to 49 degrees Celsius or the USGS accuracy requirements of no more than 0.12 inch of water (0.01 foot of water) or 0.10 percent of reading, whichever is larger. The USGS accuracy requirements are routinely examined and reported when instruments are evaluated at the Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility. The estimated combined measurement uncertainty for the pressure cycling test was ±0.139 inch of water, and for temperature, the cycling test was ±0.127 inch of water for the three Infinities Loggers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151049","usgsCitation":"Carnley, M.V., 2015, Laboratory evaluation of the pressure water level data logger manufactured by Infinities USA, Inc.: results of pressure and temperature tests: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1049, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151049.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059926","costCenters":[{"id":339,"text":"Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151049.jpg"},{"id":300467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1049/"},{"id":300468,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1049/pdf/ofr2015-1049.pdf","text":"Report","size":"974 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff21e4b0a92fa7eac5ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carnley, Mark V. mcarnley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carnley","given":"Mark","email":"mcarnley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148060,"text":"70148060 - 2015 - Diel cycling of trace elements in streams draining mineralized areas: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:41:06","indexId":"70148060","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel cycling of trace elements in streams draining mineralized areas: a review","docAbstract":"

Many trace elements exhibit persistent diel, or 24-h, concentration cycles in streams draining mineralized areas. These cycles can be caused by various physical and biogeochemical mechanisms including streamflow variation, photosynthesis and respiration, as well as reactions involving photochemistry, adsorption and desorption, mineral precipitation and dissolution, and plant assimilation. Iron is the primary trace element that exhibits diel cycling in acidic streams. In contrast, many cationic and anionic trace elements exhibit diel cycling in near-neutral and alkaline streams. Maximum reported changes in concentration for these diel cycles have been as much as a factor of 10 (988% change in Zn concentration over a 24-h period). Thus, monitoring and scientific studies must account for diel trace-element cycling to ensure that water-quality data collected in streams appropriately represent the conditions intended to be studied.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.008","usgsCitation":"Gammons, C.H., Nimick, D.A., and Parker, S.R., 2015, Diel cycling of trace elements in streams draining mineralized areas: a review: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 35-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.008.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041373","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff1fe4b0a92fa7eac5c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Stephen R.","contributorId":140802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70138888,"text":"sir20145238 - 2015 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit, 2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T09:11:07","indexId":"sir20145238","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5238","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit, 2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"

Groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit was investigated as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project. The study was designed to provide a statistically unbiased assessment of untreated groundwater quality in the primary aquifer system. The depth of the primary aquifer system for the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit was delineated by the depths of the screened or open intervals of wells in the State of California’s database of public-supply wells. Two types of assessments were made: a status assessment that described the current quality of the groundwater resource, and an understanding assessment that made evaluations of relations between groundwater quality and potential explanatory factors representing characteristics of the primary aquifer system. The assessments characterize the quality of untreated groundwater, not the quality of treated drinking water delivered to consumers by water distributors.

\n

The status assessment was based on water-quality data collected in 2010 by the U.S. Geological Survey from 90 wells and springs (USGS-grid wells) and on water-quality data compiled from the State of California’s regulatory compliance database for samples collected from 240 public-supply wells between September 2007 and September 2010. To provide context, the water-quality data discussed in this report were compared to California and Federal drinking-water regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks for treated drinking water. Groundwater quality is defined in terms of relative concentrations (RCs), which are calculated by dividing the concentration of a constituent in groundwater by the concentration of the benchmark for that constituent. The RCs for inorganic constituents (major ions, trace elements, nutrients, and radioactive constituents) were classified as “high” (the RC is greater than 1.0, indicating that the concentration is above the benchmark), “moderate” (the RC is from 1.0 to greater than 0.5), or “low” (the RC is less than or equal to 0.5). For organic constituents (volatile organic compounds and pesticides) and special-interest constituents (perchlorate), the boundary between moderate and low RCs was set at 0.1. All benchmarks used for organic constituents were health-based. For inorganic constituents, health-based and aesthetic-based benchmarks were used. Constituents without benchmarks were not considered in the status assessment.

\n

The primary metric used for quantifying regional-scale groundwater quality was the aquifer-scale proportion—the areal percentages of the primary aquifer system with high, moderate, and low RCs for a given constituent or class of constituents. The study unit was divided into six study areas on the basis of geologic differences (Eastside Sacramento Valley, Honey Lake Valley groundwater basin, Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau Low Use Basins, Quaternary Volcanic Areas, Shasta Valley and Mount Shasta Volcanic Area, and Tertiary Volcanic Areas), and each study area was divided into equal-area grid cells. Aquifer-scale proportions were calculated for individual constituents and constituent classes for each of the six study areas and for the study unit as a whole by using grid-based (one well per cell) and spatially weighted (many wells per cell) statistical methods.

\n

The status assessment showed that inorganic constituents were present at high and moderate RCs in greater proportions of the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit than were organic constituents. One or more inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks were present at high RCs in 9.4 percent, and at moderate RCs in 14.7 percent of the primary aquifer system. Arsenic was present at high RCs in approximately 3 percent of the primary aquifer system; boron, molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium each were present at high RCs in approximately 2 percent of the primary aquifer system. One or more inorganic constituents with aesthetic-based benchmarks were present at high RCs in 15.1 percent of the primary aquifer system and at moderate RCs in 4.9 percent. Manganese, iron, and total dissolved solids were present at high RCs in approximately 12 percent, 5 percent, and 2 percent, respectively, of the primary aquifer system.

\n

Organic constituents were not detected at high or moderate RCs in the primary aquifer system, and one or more organic constituents were detected at low RCs in approximately 40 percent of the primary aquifer system.

\n

Two classes of organic constituents were detected in more than 10 percent of the primary aquifer system: trihalomethanes (chloroform only) and herbicides. The special interest constituent perchlorate was not detected at high RCs, but was detected at moderate RCs in approximately 2 percent of the primary aquifer system.

\n

The understanding assessment relied on statistical tests to evaluate relations between concentrations of constituents and values of potential explanatory factors representing geology, land use, well construction, hydrologic conditions, groundwater age, and geochemical conditions.

\n

The majority of the high and moderate RCs of arsenic, boron, molybdenum, uranium, and total dissolved solids were in samples from the Honey Lake Valley groundwater basin study area. Groundwater mixing with hydrothermal fluids present in the study area, evaporative concentration of groundwater in the Honey Lake playa, presence of uranium-bearing sediment derived from the adjacent Sierra Nevada, and release of arsenic and other trace elements from sediments under high pH and low dissolved oxygen conditions all appeared to contribute to these elevated concentrations. Thermal springs are in many parts of the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit and could account for locally elevated concentrations of arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and total dissolved solids in samples from the other study areas. Vanadium concentrations were greater in oxic samples than in anoxic samples, but were not correlated with pH, contrary to expectations from previous studies.

\n

Organic constituents were not detected at high or moderate RCs, and the occurrence of low organic constituents at low RCs ranged from 27 percent to 73 percent of the primary aquifers system in the six study areas. The Shasta Valley and Mount Shasta Volcanic study area had significantly greater occurrence of low RCs of herbicides compared to all of the other study areas, which could reflect the greater prevalence of modern groundwater in the Shasta Valley and Mount Shasta Volcanic study area and the presence of potential sources of herbicides, including applications to timberlands and roadside rights-of-way. The Eastside Sacramento Valley study area had the greatest occurrence of low concentrations of chloroform, and chloroform occurrence was most strongly associated with the combination of septic-tank density greater than two tanks per square kilometer and urban land use greater than 10 percent within a radius of 500 meters of the well. These conditions were most prevalent in the Eastside Sacramento Valley study area. The detection frequency of low concentrations of perchlorate was consistent with the probability of occurrence expected under natural conditions, except in the Eastside Sacramento Valley study area, where detection frequencies were much higher than expected and could not be explained by known anthropogenic sources of perchlorate.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145238","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., and Shelton, J.L., 2015, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit, 2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5238, xii, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145238.","productDescription":"xii, 131 p.","numberOfPages":"147","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033356","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145238.jpg"},{"id":300457,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5238/pdf/sir2014-5238.pdf","text":"Report","size":"28.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300444,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5238/"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.99954223632812,\n 41.99522219923445\n ],\n [\n -122.57720947265624,\n 42.00695837037897\n ],\n [\n -122.50236511230467,\n 41.8322234439287\n ],\n [\n -122.66716003417969,\n 41.75543440328294\n ],\n [\n -122.66166687011719,\n 41.679066225164114\n ],\n [\n -122.55935668945312,\n 41.61492897332632\n ],\n [\n -122.60261535644531,\n 41.53839396783225\n ],\n [\n -122.57377624511719,\n 41.484405435611926\n ],\n [\n -122.48382568359374,\n 41.448902743309674\n ],\n [\n -122.45361328124999,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -122.09381103515624,\n 41.20552261955812\n ],\n [\n -121.80816650390625,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -121.805419921875,\n 41.135227480564936\n ],\n [\n -121.92352294921874,\n 41.11660732012894\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -121.9757080078125,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -122.2174072265625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -122.12677001953124,\n 40.214538129296336\n ],\n [\n -121.68182373046875,\n 39.67125632523974\n ],\n [\n -121.56921386718751,\n 39.69450749856091\n ],\n [\n -121.0748291015625,\n 40.17467622056341\n ],\n [\n -121.01303100585938,\n 40.287906612507406\n ],\n [\n -120.97183227539061,\n 40.29209669470104\n ],\n [\n -120.904541015625,\n 40.27428705136608\n ],\n [\n -120.96908569335938,\n 40.395718433470364\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 40.42499671108253\n ],\n [\n -120.68206787109375,\n 40.408267826445226\n ],\n [\n -120.36621093749999,\n 40.14633904771964\n ],\n [\n -120.24261474609374,\n 40.10538669840983\n ],\n [\n -120.00091552734375,\n 39.902362098539705\n ],\n [\n -119.99954223632812,\n 41.99522219923445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff21e4b0a92fa7eac5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148053,"text":"70148053 - 2015 - Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-04T14:35:57","indexId":"70148053","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-14T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century","docAbstract":"

Most models evaluated by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate change estimate projected increases in temperature and precipitation with rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Researchers have suggested that increases in CO2 and associated increases in temperature and precipitation may stimulate vegetation growth and increase evapotranspiration (ET), which acts as a cooling mechanism, and on a global scale, may slow the climate-warming trend. This hypothesis has been modeled under increased CO2 conditions with models of different vegetation-climate dynamics. The significance of this vegetation negative feedback, however, has varied between models. Here we conduct a century-scale observational analysis of the Eastern US water balance to determine historical evapotranspiration trends and whether vegetation greening has affected these trends. We show that precipitation has increased significantly over the twentieth century while runoff has not. We also show that ET has increased and vegetation growth is partially responsible.

","language":"English","publisher":"European Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany","doi":"10.3390/hydrology2020093","usgsCitation":"Kramer, R.J., Bounoua, L., Zhang, P., Wolfe, R.E., Huntington, T.G., Imhoff, M.L., Thome, K., and Noyce, G.L., 2015, Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 2, no. 2, p. 93-111, https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology2020093.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056810","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology2020093","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555b0d43e4b0a92fa7eac61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kramer, Ryan J.","contributorId":140788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bounoua, Lahouari","contributorId":140790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bounoua","given":"Lahouari","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Ping","contributorId":140789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Ping","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolfe, Robert E.","contributorId":56560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Imhoff, Marc L.","contributorId":140791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imhoff","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13566,"text":"Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thome, Kurt","contributorId":140792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thome","given":"Kurt","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Noyce, Genevieve L.","contributorId":140793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noyce","given":"Genevieve","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13567,"text":"Goddard Space Flight Center, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70148002,"text":"70148002 - 2015 - Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T10:02:44","indexId":"70148002","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California","docAbstract":"

California is experiencing one of the worst droughts on record. Here we use a hydrological model and risk assessment framework to understand the influence of temperature on the water year (WY) 2014 drought in California and examine the probability that this drought would have been less severe if temperatures resembled the historical climatology. Our results indicate that temperature played an important role in exacerbating the WY 2014 drought severity. We found that if WY 2014 temperatures resembled the 1916–2012 climatology, there would have been at least an 86% chance that winter snow water equivalent and spring-summer soil moisture and runoff deficits would have been less severe than the observed conditions. We also report that the temperature forecast skill in California for the important seasons of winter and spring is negligible, beyond a lead-time of one month, which we postulate might hinder skillful drought prediction in California.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015GL063666","usgsCitation":"Shukla, S., Safeeq, M., AghaKouchak, A., Guan, K., and Funk, C.C., 2015, Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 11, p. 4384-4393, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063666.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4384","endPage":"4393","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-10-01","temporalEnd":"2014-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-064133","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wk3p5x0","text":"External Repository"},{"id":300324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.20043945312499,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -120.003662109375,\n 38.989302551359515\n ],\n [\n -119.1851806640625,\n 38.45789034424927\n ],\n [\n -117.85583496093749,\n 37.49229399862877\n ],\n [\n -116.7901611328125,\n 36.6992553955527\n ],\n [\n -115.76843261718751,\n 35.90684930677121\n ],\n [\n -114.62585449218749,\n 34.99850370014629\n ],\n [\n -114.620361328125,\n 34.876918445772084\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 34.78222760653013\n ],\n [\n -114.444580078125,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n -114.3951416015625,\n 34.57442951865274\n ],\n [\n -114.312744140625,\n 34.43409789359469\n ],\n [\n -114.0985107421875,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.14245605468749,\n 34.25721644329402\n ],\n [\n -114.246826171875,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -114.3896484375,\n 34.11180455556899\n ],\n [\n -114.42260742187499,\n 34.07996230865873\n ],\n [\n -114.4500732421875,\n 34.00713506435885\n ],\n [\n -114.4940185546875,\n 33.916013113401696\n ],\n [\n -114.4940185546875,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 33.67406853374198\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 33.568861182555565\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 33.486435450999885\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.38558626887102\n ],\n [\n -114.7137451171875,\n 33.36264966025664\n ],\n [\n -114.69177246093749,\n 33.293803558346596\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -114.65881347656249,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 33.03169299978312\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 33.03629817885956\n ],\n [\n -114.466552734375,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -114.4281005859375,\n 32.9257074887604\n ],\n [\n -114.466552734375,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 32.73646168396554\n ],\n [\n -114.5928955078125,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.72473144531251,\n 32.72721987021932\n ],\n [\n -117.16918945312499,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -117.191162109375,\n 32.690243035492266\n ],\n [\n -117.2735595703125,\n 32.73646168396554\n ],\n [\n -117.27905273437499,\n 32.791892438123696\n ],\n [\n -117.29553222656249,\n 32.8334428466495\n ],\n [\n -117.26257324218749,\n 32.89342578969234\n ],\n [\n -117.3175048828125,\n 33.05932046347212\n ],\n [\n -117.366943359375,\n 33.18813395605041\n ],\n [\n -117.52624511718749,\n 33.29839499061643\n ],\n [\n -117.59216308593749,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -117.6910400390625,\n 33.43602551072033\n ],\n [\n -117.79541015625001,\n 33.5093393678006\n ],\n [\n -118.14697265625,\n 33.669496972795535\n ],\n [\n -118.311767578125,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 33.970697997361626\n ],\n [\n -118.751220703125,\n 34.052659421375964\n ],\n [\n -118.98193359375,\n 34.02534773814796\n ],\n [\n -119.24560546875001,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -119.388427734375,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -119.70703125,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -120.003662109375,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -120.487060546875,\n 34.397844946449865\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 34.551811369170494\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -120.684814453125,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -120.838623046875,\n 35.191766965947394\n ],\n [\n -120.92651367187499,\n 35.25459097465025\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 35.45172093634465\n ],\n [\n -121.058349609375,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -121.25610351562499,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -121.387939453125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 36.2176871222506\n ],\n [\n -121.92626953124999,\n 36.465471886798134\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 36.58906837139909\n ],\n [\n -121.871337890625,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -121.84936523437499,\n 36.88840804313823\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 36.932330061503144\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -122.420654296875,\n 37.17782559332976\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 37.55328764595765\n ],\n [\n -122.574462890625,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -122.92602539062501,\n 37.97018468810549\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 38.07404145941957\n ],\n [\n -122.991943359375,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 38.36750215395045\n ],\n [\n -123.42041015624999,\n 38.62545397209084\n ],\n [\n -123.67309570312499,\n 38.856820134743636\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -123.70605468750001,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -123.848876953125,\n 39.402244340292775\n ],\n [\n -123.78295898437501,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 39.87601941962116\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 40.22082997283287\n ],\n [\n -124.42016601562499,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -124.398193359375,\n 40.47202439692057\n ],\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 40.95501133048621\n ],\n [\n -124.20043945312499,\n 41.12074559016745\n ],\n [\n -124.15649414062499,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.713930073371294\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 41.86137915587359\n ],\n [\n -124.20043945312499,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55531622e4b0a92fa7e94c4d","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015gl063666","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063666","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Shukla Shraddhanand, Safeeq Mohammad, AghaKouchak Amir, Guan Kaiyu, Funk Chris","journalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","publicationDate":"6/2/2015","auditedOn":"1/29/2017","publiclyAccessibleDate":"6/2/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shukla, Shraddhanand","contributorId":140735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shukla","given":"Shraddhanand","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13549,"text":"UC Santa Barbara Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Safeeq, Mohammad 0000-0003-0529-3925","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-3925","contributorId":77814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Safeeq","given":"Mohammad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6641,"text":"University of California at Merced","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"AghaKouchak, Amir","contributorId":140736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"AghaKouchak","given":"Amir","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13550,"text":"Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Irvine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guan, Kaiyu","contributorId":140737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guan","given":"Kaiyu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13551,"text":"Kaiyu Guan, Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145954,"text":"sir20155053 - 2015 - Analysis of regional rainfall-runoff parameters for the Lake Michigan Diversion hydrological modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T09:30:22","indexId":"sir20155053","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5053","title":"Analysis of regional rainfall-runoff parameters for the Lake Michigan Diversion hydrological modeling","docAbstract":"

The Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting (LMDA) system has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District (USACE-Chicago) and the State of Illinois as a part of the interstate Great Lakes water regulatory program. The diverted Lake Michigan watershed is a 673-square-mile watershed that is comprised of the Chicago River and Calumet River watersheds. They originally drained into Lake Michigan, but now flow to the Mississippi River watershed via three canals constructed in the Chicago area in the early twentieth century. Approximately 393 square miles of the diverted watershed is ungaged, and the runoff from the ungaged portion of the diverted watershed has been estimated by the USACE-Chicago using the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) program. The accuracy of simulated runoff depends on the accuracy of the parameter set used in the HSPF program. Nine parameter sets comprised of the North Branch, Little Calumet, Des Plaines, Hickory Creek, CSSC, NIPC, 1999, CTE, and 2008 have been developed at different time periods and used by the USACE-Chicago. In this study, the U.S. Geological Survey and the USACE-Chicago collaboratively analyzed the parameter sets using nine gaged watersheds in or adjacent to the diverted watershed to assess the predictive accuracies of selected parameter sets. Six of the parameter sets, comprising North Branch, Hickory Creek, NIPC, 1999, CTE, and 2008, were applied to the nine gaged watersheds for evaluating their simulation accuracy from water years 1996 to 2011. The nine gaged watersheds were modeled by using the three LMDA land-cover types (grass, forest, and hydraulically connected imperviousness) based on the 2006 National Land Cover Database, and the latest meteorological and precipitation data consistent with the current (2014) LMDA modeling framework.

\n

Results indicate that the North Branch and Hickory Creek parameter sets, which belong to the original calibration group, attained an overall “satisfactory” rating on monthly runoff volumes based on the three performance statistics selected, but the annual and over-the-period runoff volumes were generally underestimated. Parameter sets CTE and 2008 attained a similar satisfactory rating on monthly runoff volumes but the annual and over-the-period runoff volumes were overestimated in general. Although the percent bias was improved, the CTE and 2008 parameter sets also had increased residuals in monthly runoff volumes and decreased quality of the model fit to the measured streamflows relative to the North Branch and Hickory Creek parameter sets. The NIPC and 1999 parameter sets, on the other hand, had larger percent bias and residuals in monthly runoff volumes, and underestimated the annual and over-the-period runoff volumes.

\n

Recalibration of the HSPF parameters to the updated inputs and land covers was completed on two representative watershed models selected from the nine by using a manual method (HSPEXP) and an automatic method (PEST). The objective of the recalibration was to develop a regional parameter set that improves the accuracy in runoff volume prediction for the nine study watersheds. Knowledge about flow and watershed characteristics plays a vital role for validating the calibration in both manual and automatic methods. The best performing parameter set was determined by the automatic calibration method on a two-watershed model. Applying this newly determined parameter set to the nine watersheds for runoff volume simulation resulted in “very good” ratings in five watersheds, an improvement as compared to “very good” ratings achieved for three watersheds by the North Branch parameter set.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District","usgsCitation":"Soong, D.T., and Over, T.M., 2015, Analysis of regional rainfall-runoff parameters for the Lake Michigan Diversion hydrological modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5053, vii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155053.","productDescription":"vii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044193","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155053.jpg"},{"id":300317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5053/"},{"id":300318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5053/pdf/sir2015-5053.pdf","size":"4.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.70982942509964\n ],\n [\n -87.52120971679688,\n 41.72930517452586\n ],\n [\n -87.52670288085938,\n 41.74979958661997\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -87.56790161132812,\n 41.775408403663285\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 41.79998325207397\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 41.81533774847465\n ],\n [\n -87.60635375976562,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -87.61322021484375,\n 41.870583462266836\n ],\n [\n -87.61184692382812,\n 41.887965758804484\n ],\n [\n -87.60360717773436,\n 41.896144026994854\n ],\n [\n -87.6214599609375,\n 41.90329915269292\n ],\n [\n -87.63107299804688,\n 41.9400842775143\n ],\n [\n -87.64205932617186,\n 41.95744765908283\n ],\n [\n -87.63381958007812,\n 41.9625536359481\n ],\n [\n -87.64755249023438,\n 41.97174336327968\n ],\n [\n -87.65853881835938,\n 42.017672114390415\n ],\n [\n -87.66952514648438,\n 42.05133213230169\n ],\n [\n -87.681884765625,\n 42.07478160216737\n ],\n [\n -87.71209716796874,\n 42.091089168803315\n ],\n [\n -87.73956298828125,\n 42.10433598038485\n ],\n [\n -87.76840209960938,\n 42.132858175814626\n ],\n [\n -87.79037475585936,\n 42.17663512119455\n ],\n [\n -87.82196044921874,\n 42.22750046697999\n ],\n [\n -87.83157348632812,\n 42.24173542549948\n ],\n [\n -87.83706665039061,\n 42.256983603767466\n ],\n [\n -87.85354614257812,\n 42.28340504748079\n ],\n [\n -87.87139892578125,\n 42.29965889253408\n ],\n [\n -87.88925170898438,\n 42.304737358923425\n ],\n [\n -87.93319702148438,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -87.93731689453125,\n 42.28137302193453\n ],\n [\n -87.94281005859375,\n 42.25088477477569\n ],\n [\n -87.945556640625,\n 42.23055108552288\n ],\n [\n -87.9400634765625,\n 42.194951362905265\n ],\n [\n -87.93182373046875,\n 42.165439250064324\n ],\n [\n -87.93045043945311,\n 42.13896840458089\n ],\n [\n -87.92770385742188,\n 42.108411365705855\n ],\n [\n -87.92633056640625,\n 42.080897430832124\n ],\n [\n -87.90985107421875,\n 42.04011410708205\n ],\n [\n -87.91397094726562,\n 41.970722347928096\n ],\n [\n -87.93045043945311,\n 41.94212727375355\n ],\n [\n -87.94830322265625,\n 41.88694340165634\n ],\n [\n -87.97988891601562,\n 41.828642001860544\n ],\n [\n -87.99774169921875,\n 41.78052894057897\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 41.73033005046653\n ],\n [\n -88.033447265625,\n 41.6872711837914\n ],\n [\n -88.033447265625,\n 41.64623592868676\n ],\n [\n -88.04168701171875,\n 41.61646901513335\n ],\n [\n -88.06365966796874,\n 41.575388650111094\n ],\n [\n -88.05953979492188,\n 41.54044978347556\n ],\n [\n -88.04031372070311,\n 41.51371908287346\n ],\n [\n -87.98675537109375,\n 41.48697733905995\n ],\n [\n -87.93045043945311,\n 41.46022455330045\n ],\n [\n -87.88101196289062,\n 41.43449030894922\n ],\n [\n -87.78350830078125,\n 41.40771586770284\n ],\n [\n -87.63107299804688,\n 41.347948493443546\n ],\n [\n -87.60086059570312,\n 41.3427935623111\n ],\n [\n -87.54318237304688,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -87.49374389648436,\n 41.36341083816149\n ],\n [\n -87.42095947265625,\n 41.39226405354582\n ],\n [\n -87.37701416015624,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -87.32345581054688,\n 41.46125371076149\n ],\n [\n -87.2808837890625,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -87.26165771484375,\n 41.52811390935743\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 41.55175560133366\n ],\n [\n -87.35504150390625,\n 41.55483866309426\n ],\n [\n -87.42370605468749,\n 41.5651144735862\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 41.582579601430346\n ],\n [\n -87.4566650390625,\n 41.62160222224564\n ],\n [\n -87.46627807617188,\n 41.64213096472801\n ],\n [\n -87.48275756835938,\n 41.66778269875831\n ],\n [\n -87.50198364257811,\n 41.68624562117998\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.70982942509964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5553161be4b0a92fa7e94c3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soong, David T. dsoong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"David","email":"dsoong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Over, Thomas M. 0000-0001-8280-4368 tmover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-4368","contributorId":1819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"Thomas","email":"tmover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70147927,"text":"fs20153039 - 2015 - U.S. Geological Survey water-resources programs in New Mexico, FY 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T13:02:38","indexId":"fs20153039","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3039","title":"U.S. Geological Survey water-resources programs in New Mexico, FY 2015","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has collected hydrologic information in New Mexico since 1889, beginning with the first USGS streamflow-gaging station in the Nation, located on the Rio Grande near Embudo, New Mexico. Water-resources information provided by the USGS is used by many government agencies for issuing flood warnings to protect lives and reduce property damage,managing water rights and interstate water use, protecting water quality and regulating pollution discharges, designing highways and bridges, planning, designing, and operating reservoirs and watersupply facilities, monitoring the availability of groundwater resources and forecasting aquifer response to human and environmental stressors, and prioritizing areas where emergency erosion mitigation or other protective measures may be necessary after a wildfire. For more than 100 years, the Cooperative Water Program has been a highly successful cost-sharing partnership between the USGS and water-resources agencies at the State, local, and tribal levels. It would be difficult to effectively accomplish the mission of the USGS without the contributions of the Cooperative Water Program.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153039","usgsCitation":"Mau, D.P., 2015, U.S. Geological Survey water-resources programs in New Mexico, FY 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3039, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153039.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065455","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153039.jpg"},{"id":300282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3039/pdf/fs2015-3039.pdf","text":"Report","size":"439 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3039/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 31.31610138349565\n ],\n [\n -108.226318359375,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.77487761850741\n ],\n [\n -106.490478515625,\n 31.77487761850741\n ],\n [\n -106.622314453125,\n 31.98012335736804\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 31.99875937194732\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 31.31610138349565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4abe4b0a92fa7e93b98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70144853,"text":"ofr20151065 - 2015 - Results from laboratory and field testing of nitrate measuring spectrophotometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T13:25:42","indexId":"ofr20151065","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1065","title":"Results from laboratory and field testing of nitrate measuring spectrophotometers","docAbstract":"

Five ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer nitrate analyzers were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) during a two-phase evaluation. In Phase I, the TriOS ProPs (10-millimeter (mm) path length), Hach NITRATAX plus sc (5-mm path length), Satlantic Submersible UV Nitrate Analyzer (SUNA, 10-mm path length), and S::CAN Spectro::lyser (5-mm path length) were evaluated in the HIF Water-Quality Servicing Laboratory to determine the validity of the manufacturer's technical specifications for accuracy, limit of linearity (LOL), drift, and range of operating temperature. Accuracy specifications were met in the TriOS, Hach, and SUNA. The stock calibration of the S::CAN required two offset adjustments before the analyzer met the manufacturer's accuracy specification. Instrument drift was observed only in the S::CAN and was the result of leaching from the optical path insert seals. All tested models, except for the Hach, met their specified LOL in the laboratory testing. The Hach's range was found to be approximately 18 milligrams nitrogen per liter (mg-N/L) and not the manufacturer-specified 25 mg-N/L. Measurements by all of the tested analyzers showed signs of hysteresis in the operating temperature tests. Only the SUNA measurements demonstrated excessive noise and instability in temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius (°C). The SUNA analyzer was returned to the manufacturer at the completion of the Phase II field deployment evaluation for repair and recalibration, and the performance of the sensor improved significantly.

\n

In Phase II, the analyzers were deployed in field conditions at three diferent USGS sites. The measured nitrate concentrations were compared to discrete (reference) samples analyzed by the Direct UV method on a Shimadzu UV1800 bench top spectrophotometer, and by the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) method I-2548-11 at the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory. The first deployment at USGS site 0249620 on the East Pearl River in Hancock County, Mississippi, tested the ability of the TriOs ProPs (10-mm path length), Hach NITRATAX (5 mm), Satlantic SUNA (10 mm), and the S::CAN Spectro::lyser (5 mm) to accurately measure low-level (less than 2 mg-N/L) nitrate concentrations while observing the effect turbidity and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) would have on the analyzers' measurements. The second deployment at USGS site 01389005 Passaic River below Pompton River at Two Bridges, New Jersey, tested the analyzer's accuracy in mid-level (2-8 mg-N/L) nitrate concentrations. This site provided the means to test the analyzers' performance in two distinct matrices—the Passaic and the Pompton Rivers. In this deployment, three instruments tested in Phase I (TriOS, Hach, and SUNA) were deployed with the S::CAN Spectro::lyser (35 mm) already placed by the New Jersey Water Science Center (WSC). The third deployment at USGS site 05579610 Kickapoo Creek at 2100E Road near Bloomington, Illinois, tested the ability of the analyzers to measure high nitrate concentrations (greater than 8 mg-N/L) in turbid waters. For Kickapoo Creek, the HIF provided the TriOS (10 mm) and S::CAN (5 mm) from Phase I, and a SUNA V2 (5 mm) to be deployed adjacent to the Illinois WSC-owned Hach (2 mm). A total of 40 discrete samples were collected from the three deployment sites and analyzed. The nitrate concentration of the samples ranged from 0.3–22.2 mg-N/L. The average absolute difference between the TriOS measurements and discrete samples was 0.46 mg-N/L. For the combined data from the Hach 5-mm and 2-mm analyzers, the average absolute difference between the Hach samples and the discrete samples was 0.13 mg-N/L. For the SUNA and SUNA V2 combined data, the average absolute difference between the SUNA samples and the discrete samples was 0.66 mg-N/L. The average absolute difference between the S::CAN samples and the discrete samples was 0.63 mg-N/L.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151065","usgsCitation":"Snazelle, T., 2015, Results from laboratory and field testing of nitrate measuring spectrophotometers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1065, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151065.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057525","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151065.jpg"},{"id":300294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1065/pdf/ofr2015-1065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1065/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4aae4b0a92fa7e93b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snazelle, Teri T. tsnazelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":5663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snazelle","given":"Teri T.","email":"tsnazelle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70144854,"text":"ofr20151063 - 2015 - Evaluation of Xylem EXO water-quality sondes and sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T11:41:57","indexId":"ofr20151063","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1063","title":"Evaluation of Xylem EXO water-quality sondes and sensors","docAbstract":"

Two models of multiparameter sondes manufactured by Xylem, parent company of Yellow Springs Incorporated (YSI)—EXO1 and EXO2—equipped with EXO conductivity/temperature (C/T), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity sensors, were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility. The sondes and sensors were evaluated in two phases for compliance with the manufacturer’s specifications and the USGS acceptance criteria for continuous water-quality monitors. Phase one tested the accuracy of the water-quality sondes equipped: (a) with a C/T, pH, DO, and turbidity sensor by comparing the EXO sensors’ measured values to those of an equivalently configured YSI 6920 V2-2 sensor, and (b) with multiple sensors of the same parameter type (such as three pH sensors and a C/T sensor) on a single sonde at room temperature and at an extended temperature range. In addition to accuracy, the communication protocols and the manufacturing specifications for range of detection and operating temperature were also tested during this phase. Phase two evaluated the sondes’ performance in a surface-water environment by deploying an EXO1 and an EXO2 equipped with pH, C/T, DO, and turbidity sensors at USGS site 02492620 located at East Pearl River near Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi. The EXO sondes’ temperature deviations from a certified YSI 4600 digital thermometer were within the ±0.2 degree Celsius (°C) USGS criteria, but were greater than the ±0.01 °C manufacturing specification. The conductivity sensors met the ±3 percent USGS criteria for specific conductance greater than 100 microsiemens per centimeter. The sensors met the more stringent ±0.5 percent manufacturing specification only at room temperature in the 250 microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm) standard. The manufacturing and USGS criteria (±0.2 pH unit) were met in pH standards 4, 9.2, 10, and 12.45, but were not met in pH 1.68 standard. The DO sensors met both the ±0.3 milligram per liter (mg/L) USGS criteria and the ±1 percent manufacturing specification. The ±5 percent USGS criteria for turbidity in waters not exceeding 2,000 formazin nephelometric units (FNU) were met by the five turbidity sensors tested; however, all five sensors failed to meet these requirements at turbidities exceeding 2,000 FNU. The more stringent ±2 percent manufacturing turbidity specification for water with less than 1,000 FNU was met by only one of the five sensors tested. The results from the field deployment indicated acceptable agreement in temperature, specific conductance, pH, and DO between the EXO sondes, the site sonde, and the reference sonde. The EXO1 and EXO2 turbidity measurements differed from the site sonde by approximately 23 and 25 percent, respectively.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151063","usgsCitation":"Snazelle, T., 2015, Evaluation of Xylem EXO water-quality sondes and sensors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1063, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151063.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057551","costCenters":[{"id":339,"text":"Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300291,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1063/pdf/ofr2015-1063.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1063/"},{"id":300292,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151063.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4a8e4b0a92fa7e93b90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snazelle, Teri T. tsnazelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":5663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snazelle","given":"Teri T.","email":"tsnazelle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147964,"text":"sir20155027 - 2015 - The source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs, and the abundance and health of associated endemic anuran species in the Mojave network parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T14:51:12.751726","indexId":"sir20155027","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5027","title":"The source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs, and the abundance and health of associated endemic anuran species in the Mojave network parks","docAbstract":"

Hydrological and biological investigations were done during 2005 and 2006 in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service to investigate the source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs and the abundance and health of endemic anuran (frog and toad) species at Darwin Falls in Death Valley National Park, Piute Spring in Mojave National Preserve, and Fortynine Palms Oasis in Joshua Tree National Park. Discharge from the springs at these sites sustains isolated riparian habitats in the normally dry Mojave Desert. Data were collected on water quantity (discharge) and quality, air and water temperature, and abundance and health of endemic anuran species. In addition, a single survey of the abundance and health of endemic anuran species was completed at Rattlesnake Canyon in Joshua Tree National Park. Results from this study were compared to limited historical data, where they exist, and can provide a baseline for future hydrological and biological investigations to evaluate the health and sustainability of the resource and its response to changing climate and increasing human use.

\n

Radiocarbon dating of the water yielded estimated ages of about 7,000 years at Piute Spring and about 3,000 years at Darwin Spring, and tritium-helium-3 dating indicated an age of less than 2 years at Fortynine Palms Oasis. Stable hydrogen-isotope ratios were used to interpret an average altitude of recharge of 2,348 meters for Darwin Spring (about 1,415 meters higher than the altitude of Darwin Spring), 1,668 meters for Piute Spring (about 766 meters higher than the altitude of Piute Spring), and 1,400 meters for the Upper Pool at Fortynine Palms Oasis (about 543 meters higher than the altitude of the Upper Pool). Water-quality data collected for this study did not appear to be sensitive to trends in precipitation or seasonality in the Darwin Falls and Piute Spring study areas; however, it was sensitive to trends in Fortynine Palms Oasis where salinity increased by more than 10 percent during the 2 years of this study. Such a rapid response is consistent with the comparatively short travel time of less than 2 years from recharge to discharge at Fortynine Palms Oasis. Of the 14 trace elements analyzed, only concentrations of uranium at Fortynine Palms Oasis and arsenic at Darwin Spring were above drinking water standards; both constituents are derived from natural sources in the drainage basin and, therefore, are likely to have accumulated as a result of natural processes.

\n

Endemic anuran species were surveyed at Darwin Falls for the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) and the red-spotted toad (Anaxyrus punctatus), at Piute Spring for the red-spotted toad, and at Fortynine Palms Oasis for the red-spotted toad and California treefrog (Pseudacris cadaverina). Historically, red-spotted toads were at the edge of their range at Darwin Falls, but they were not detected during this study and have not been detected since the early 1980s. The 2006 western toad population at Darwin Falls was estimated at 381 adults (95-percent confidence interval [CI] of 314–482). The population of red-spotted toads at Piute Spring was estimated at 1,153 adults (95-percent CI of 935–1,503). However, an elevated rate of abnormalities (approximately 5 percent) was recorded in red-spotted toads as well as the presence of the chytrid fungus,Bactrochochytrium dendrobatidis, at Piute Spring. In Joshua Tree National Park, the California treefrog now occupies only three of the seven historically occupied drainages. Populations of California treefrogs at Fortynine Palms Oasis have declined more than 50 percent from 288 in 1969–71 to 109 in 2006. A similar decline was observed in the populations of red-spotted toads at Fortynine Palms Oasis from 300 adults in 1969–71 to 155 adults (95-percent CI of 90–139) in 2006. The red-spotted toads at Fortynine Palms Oasis also exhibited the presence of Bactrochochytrium dendrobatidis.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155027","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., Smith, G.A., Martin, P., Flint, A.L., Gallegos, E., and Fisher, R.N., 2015, The source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs, and the abundance and health of associated endemic anuran species in the Mojave network parks: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5027, xviii, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155027.","productDescription":"xviii, 128 p.","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-002272","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5027/pdf/sir2015-5027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"54.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300252,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5027/"},{"id":300259,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155027.jpg"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 11","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Darwin Falls, Death Valley National Park, Fortynine Palms Oasis, Joshua Tree National Park, Mojave National Preserve, Piute Spring","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.51543045043945,\n 36.32480694100377\n ],\n [\n -117.51418590545654,\n 36.32421915211865\n ],\n [\n -117.5156021118164,\n 36.320605881878535\n ],\n [\n -117.5197649002075,\n 36.31958583747164\n ],\n [\n -117.52472162246703,\n 36.320381127477916\n ],\n [\n -117.52442121505737,\n 36.317684024117796\n ],\n [\n -117.52648115158081,\n 36.31531533714715\n ],\n [\n -117.53094434738159,\n 36.314571865811935\n ],\n [\n -117.52982854843138,\n 36.31239328107083\n ],\n [\n -117.53150224685669,\n 36.311926433562896\n ],\n [\n -117.5327682495117,\n 36.31500411745106\n ],\n [\n -117.52903461456297,\n 36.317926075667174\n ],\n [\n -117.5269103050232,\n 36.31775318178005\n ],\n [\n -117.52575159072876,\n 36.32122827529775\n ],\n [\n -117.52036571502684,\n 36.320502149158784\n ],\n [\n -117.51942157745361,\n 36.32114183206452\n ],\n [\n -117.51680374145508,\n 36.32162591293572\n ],\n [\n -117.51543045043945,\n 36.32480694100377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.99784469604492,\n 35.112045209072974\n ],\n [\n -114.99672889709473,\n 35.10983350179818\n ],\n [\n -114.99011993408203,\n 35.10944732453129\n ],\n [\n -114.98840332031249,\n 35.111413298833995\n ],\n [\n -114.98591423034668,\n 35.113203698450725\n ],\n [\n -114.98608589172363,\n 35.11464301079447\n ],\n [\n -114.99042034149171,\n 35.11243137402893\n ],\n [\n -114.99127864837646,\n 35.111307979984396\n ],\n [\n -114.99522686004639,\n 35.11106223547273\n ],\n [\n -114.99625682830809,\n 35.11299306524349\n ],\n [\n -114.99784469604492,\n 35.112045209072974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.10360145568848,\n 34.109246246254635\n ],\n [\n -116.10415935516357,\n 34.10651019095611\n ],\n [\n -116.1055326461792,\n 34.104626880700614\n ],\n [\n -116.10699176788329,\n 34.1051954316103\n ],\n [\n -116.10544681549072,\n 34.1071142627243\n ],\n [\n -116.10497474670409,\n 34.10956603915012\n ],\n [\n -116.10360145568848,\n 34.109246246254635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4abe4b0a92fa7e93b96","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546521,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546522,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gallegos, Elizabeth 0000-0002-8402-2631 egallegos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-2631","contributorId":1528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Elizabeth","email":"egallegos@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70144994,"text":"sir20155051 - 2015 - Flood-inundation maps for the White River at Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-08T13:47:45","indexId":"sir20155051","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-08T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5051","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the White River at Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014","docAbstract":"

Digital flood-inundation maps for a 6.4-mile reach of the White River in Indianapolis, Indiana, from 0.3 miles upstream of Michigan Street to the Harding Street Generating Station dam (at the confluence with Lick Creek), were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage on the White River at Indianapolis, Ind. (station number 03353000). Near-real-time stages at this streamgage may be obtained on the Internet from the USGS National Water Information System at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/or the National Weather Service (NWS) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service athttp://water.weather.gov/ahps/, which also forecasts flood hydrographs at this site.

\n

Flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated by using the current stage-discharge relations at three USGS streamgages: the White River at Indianapolis (station number 03353000), the White River at Michigan Street at Indianapolis (station number 03352953), and the White River at Stout Generating Station at Indianapolis (station number 03353611).

\n

The hydraulic model was then used to compute 11 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the White River at Indianapolis streamgage datum and ranging from 10 ft, or the NWS “action stage,” to 20 ft, which is the highest stage in the stage-discharge relation for the streamgage and the NWS “moderate flood stage.”

\n

The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model (derived from light detection and ranging [lidar] data having a vertical 0.183-ft root mean squared error and 5.0-ft horizontal resolution) to delineate the area flooded at each water level.

\n

The availability of these maps, along with Internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage and forecasted high-flow stages from the NWS, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for postflood recovery efforts.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs","usgsCitation":"Nystrom, E.A., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for the White River at Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5051, Report: iv, 12 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155051.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061280","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155051.jpg"},{"id":300235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5051/"},{"id":300236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5051/pdf/sir2015-5051.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300237,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5051/downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database."}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Indianapolis","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.20121955871582,\n 39.781036016645544\n ],\n [\n -86.18001937866211,\n 39.77773791337689\n ],\n [\n -86.1709213256836,\n 39.767116946991244\n ],\n [\n -86.16508483886719,\n 39.742306320384046\n ],\n [\n -86.16911888122559,\n 39.71484585272144\n ],\n [\n -86.17641448974608,\n 39.70758284298595\n ],\n [\n -86.18611335754395,\n 39.70698856289375\n ],\n [\n -86.18568420410156,\n 39.69629064595011\n ],\n [\n -86.18894577026367,\n 39.69596043694606\n ],\n [\n -86.21769905090332,\n 39.717090628297655\n ],\n [\n -86.21769905090332,\n 39.72342842379847\n ],\n [\n -86.1990737915039,\n 39.735574237097275\n ],\n [\n -86.1796760559082,\n 39.73735632314099\n ],\n [\n -86.17401123046875,\n 39.74316428375111\n ],\n [\n -86.20121955871582,\n 39.781036016645544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554dd01ae4b082ec54129ee9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nystrom, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-0886-3439 nystrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-3439","contributorId":1072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Elizabeth","email":"nystrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70146524,"text":"fs20153035 - 2015 - Scientific information in support of water resource management of the Big River area, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T13:17:37","indexId":"fs20153035","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-08T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3035","title":"Scientific information in support of water resource management of the Big River area, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"

The Rhode Island Water Resources Board (RIWRB) is concerned that the demand for water may exceed the available public water supply in central and southern Rhode Island. Although water is often assumed to be plentiful in Rhode Island because of abundant rainfall, an adequate supply of water is not always available everywhere in the state during dry periods. Concerns that water demand may exceed supply are greatest during the summer, when lower water levels and increased drought potential combine with seasonal increases in peak water demand (Rhode Island Water Resources Board, 2012). High summer water demands are due to increases in outdoor water use, such as lawn watering and agricultural irrigation, and to increased summer population in coastal areas. Water-supply concerns are particularly acute in central and southern Rhode Island, where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water.

\n

The Big River and Mishnock River Basins are subbasins of the South Branch of the Pawtuxet River Basin in central and southern Rhode Island. These basins—referred to together as “the Big River area” for the purposes of this report—are undeveloped relative to other nearby areas and provide a potential source of high-quality public drinking water for central and southern Rhode Island.

\n

After the severe drought of the 1960s, the State of Rhode Island acquired land in the Big River area with the intention of building a water-supply reservoir. The reservoir was not built because of concerns over potential environmental impacts and projected statewide water-supply needs (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989). The land acquired for the reservoir (13.4 mi2), called the Big River Management Area (BRMA), is currently managed by the RIWRB as a future source for public water supply and as open space. In the 1980s, the RIWRB began to consider whether the BRMA could supply water from its aquifers (groundwater). Groundwater withdrawals for public or other water-supply needs can alter the hydrologic conditions and ecologic communities of surrounding rivers, lakes, and wetlands by removing water from these systems. Consequently, the RIWRB was interested in determining optimal amounts of groundwater that could be withdrawn from the BRMA for public supply while minimizing the effects on rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands that also rely on this water.

\n

For nearly two decades, the RIWRB has conducted a series of cooperative studies with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The goals of these studies have been to (1) evaluate and characterize the water resources of the BRMA and the greater Big River area, and (2) identify sustainable levels of groundwater use that would minimize effects on water resources. This fact sheet describes the major findings of those studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153035","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, D.S., Masterson, J., Robinson, K.W., and Crawley, K.M., 2015, Scientific information in support of water resource management of the Big River area, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3035, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153035.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-013379","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153035.jpg"},{"id":300177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3035/pdf/fs2015-3035.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.09 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3035/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Big River Basin, Mishnock River Basin, South Branch of the Pawtuxet River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.60133361816406,\n 41.69521873972819\n ],\n [\n -71.6114616394043,\n 41.6950905611331\n ],\n [\n -71.62330627441406,\n 41.68945045006041\n ],\n [\n -71.67420387268066,\n 41.68098935621334\n ],\n [\n -71.67343139648438,\n 41.67509157220958\n ],\n [\n -71.69437408447266,\n 41.67342470920953\n ],\n [\n -71.69351577758789,\n 41.65264941131414\n ],\n [\n -71.66776657104492,\n 41.608511736657555\n ],\n [\n -71.64871215820312,\n 41.58912780686811\n ],\n [\n -71.62639617919922,\n 41.57924104503638\n ],\n [\n -71.60665512084961,\n 41.58245119860674\n ],\n [\n -71.58674240112305,\n 41.592337468929216\n ],\n [\n -71.59120559692383,\n 41.60697150486485\n ],\n [\n -71.5814208984375,\n 41.616725685192804\n ],\n [\n -71.57026290893553,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -71.55670166015625,\n 41.617624022356935\n ],\n [\n -71.5458869934082,\n 41.637897446740745\n ],\n [\n -71.54605865478516,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -71.60133361816406,\n 41.69521873972819\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554dd01be4b082ec54129eed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":140294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Keith W. kwrobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Keith","email":"kwrobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":545041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawley, Kathleen M.","contributorId":140295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawley","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13446,"text":"Rhode Island Water Resources Board","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70102607,"text":"sir20135040 - 2015 - Hydrology of the middle San Pedro area, southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:20:22","indexId":"sir20135040","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-05T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5040","title":"Hydrology of the middle San Pedro area, southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"

In the middle San Pedro Watershed in southeastern Arizona, groundwater is the primary source of water supply for municipal, domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. The watershed comprises two smaller subareas, the Benson subarea and the Narrows-Redington subarea. Early 21st century projections for heavy population growth in the watershed have not yet become a reality, but increased groundwater withdrawals could have undesired consequences - such as decreased base flow to the San Pedro River, and groundwater-level declines - that would lead to the need to deepen existing wells. This report describes the hydrology, hydrochemistry, water quality, and development of a groundwater budget for the middle San Pedro Watershed, focusing primarily on the elements of groundwater movement that could be most useful for the development of a groundwater model

Precipitation data from Tombstone, Arizona, and base flow at the stream-gaging station on the San Pedro River at Charleston both show relatively dry periods during the 1960s through the mid-1980s and in the mid-1990s to 2009, and wetter periods from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s. Water levels in four out of five wells near the mountain fronts show cyclical patterns of recharge, with rates of recharge greatest in the early 1980s through the mid-1990s. Three wells near the San Pedro River recorded their lowest levels during the 1950s to the mid-1960s. The water-level record from one well, completed in the confined part of the coarse-grained lower basin fill, showed a decline of approximately 21 meters.

Annual flow of the San Pedro River, measured at the Charleston and Redington gages, has decreased since the 1940s. The median annual streamflow and base flow at the gaging station on the river near Tombstone has decreased by 50 percent between the periods 1968–1986 and 1997–2009. Estimates of streamflow infiltration along the San Pedro River during 1914–2009 have decreased 44 percent, with the largest decreases in the months June–October in the Benson subarea. In the Narrows-Redington subarea, streamflow infiltration has decreased about 65 percent during 1914–2009.

The average annual outflow (27.6 hm3/year [cubic hectometers per year]) from the Benson subarea aquifer for water years 2001 through 2009 exceeded the inflows (20.0 hm3/ yr) by 7.60 hm3/yr. In the Narrows-Redington subarea for the same period, the average annual outflow (15.7 hm3/yr) from the aquifer system exceeded the inflows (13.8 hm3/yr) by nearly 2 hm3/yr. The largest withdrawals of groundwater in both subareas are for irrigation; these withdrawals peaked in 1973 and have been steadily decreasing since then. Recharge from streamflow infiltration exceeded recharge from the mountain-front and from ephemeral channels in the Benson subarea. In the Narrows-Redington subarea, however, recharge from mountain-front and ephemeral channel recharge exceeded recharge from streamflow infiltration. Evapotranspiration by phreatophytes accounts for the largest outflow of groundwater for both subareas—78 percent of the outflow in the Narrows-Redington subarea and 62 percent of the outflow in the Benson subarea.

Precipitation, surface-water, and groundwater chemistry and isotope data indicated the relative age and residence time of groundwater, the amount of interaction between geologic sources and groundwater, and how recharge elevation and season were related to the presence of modern water. The bedrock aquifer receives modern recharge (

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135040","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Cordova, J.T., Dickinson, J.E., Beisner, K.R., Hopkins, C.B., Kennedy, J.R., Pool, D.R., Glenn, E.P., Nagler, P.L., and Thomas, B.E., 2015, Hydrology of the middle San Pedro Watershed, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5040, 77 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20135040.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037275","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300069,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5040/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":300068,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5040/pdf/sir20135040.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":300067,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5040/","text":"USGS Index Page"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Pedro Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.44761657714844,\n 31.98754909816049\n ],\n [\n -110.45860290527344,\n 31.998177053804007\n ],\n [\n -110.46203613281249,\n 32.00982271401364\n ],\n [\n -110.47027587890624,\n 32.01913817697911\n ],\n [\n -110.48263549804688,\n 32.024959860439054\n ],\n [\n -110.49293518066405,\n 32.03893039122854\n ],\n [\n -110.51010131835938,\n 32.06511939104014\n ],\n [\n -110.50941467285155,\n 32.08431989310267\n ],\n [\n -110.51353454589844,\n 32.10816944421472\n ],\n [\n -110.51971435546875,\n 32.12387184528523\n ],\n [\n -110.52864074707031,\n 32.141897196425795\n ],\n [\n -110.5389404296875,\n 32.16631295696736\n ],\n [\n -110.54718017578125,\n 32.21047722643385\n ],\n [\n -110.56640625,\n 32.222676732232976\n ],\n [\n -110.59043884277344,\n 32.26274929530214\n ],\n [\n -110.62614440917967,\n 32.337039963119864\n ],\n [\n -110.64537048339844,\n 32.36198331510819\n ],\n [\n -110.65567016601562,\n 32.393877575286446\n ],\n [\n -110.67146301269531,\n 32.4205441275944\n ],\n [\n -110.6817626953125,\n 32.45183828577544\n ],\n [\n -110.67626953125,\n 32.46806060917602\n ],\n [\n -110.66184997558594,\n 32.47559140897866\n ],\n [\n -110.62957763671875,\n 32.490651118673334\n ],\n [\n -110.58769226074219,\n 32.485438427431504\n ],\n [\n -110.5389404296875,\n 32.47095714518327\n ],\n [\n -110.51010131835938,\n 32.465743313283596\n ],\n [\n -110.47027587890624,\n 32.45473534350923\n ],\n [\n -110.45036315917969,\n 32.44836169353613\n ],\n [\n -110.40573120117188,\n 32.44894113489076\n ],\n [\n -110.37689208984374,\n 32.45241770477441\n ],\n [\n -110.36041259765624,\n 32.46806060917602\n ],\n [\n -110.35903930664062,\n 32.483700796577516\n ],\n [\n -110.35972595214844,\n 32.51439400122826\n ],\n [\n -110.35835266113281,\n 32.53349957219424\n ],\n [\n -110.37208557128906,\n 32.57285581387774\n ],\n [\n -110.3631591796875,\n 32.59657697101798\n ],\n [\n -110.31852722167969,\n 32.59137042547153\n ],\n [\n -110.29518127441406,\n 32.585006459012185\n ],\n [\n -110.28213500976561,\n 32.560703522325134\n ],\n [\n -110.26771545410155,\n 32.53639400126047\n ],\n [\n -110.25810241699219,\n 32.510919824624686\n ],\n [\n -110.23818969726562,\n 32.488913588480365\n ],\n [\n -110.2313232421875,\n 32.475012139050044\n ],\n [\n -110.21484375,\n 32.45879106783458\n ],\n [\n -110.18394470214844,\n 32.44720279964938\n ],\n [\n -110.15167236328125,\n 32.43735159993137\n ],\n [\n -110.115966796875,\n 32.42807889910622\n ],\n [\n -110.10910034179688,\n 32.425760574910775\n ],\n [\n -110.09124755859375,\n 32.41764597096141\n ],\n [\n -110.0775146484375,\n 32.407211836256685\n ],\n [\n -110.05485534667969,\n 32.39329778013638\n ],\n [\n -110.03768920898438,\n 32.37184274299272\n ],\n [\n -110.028076171875,\n 32.35328292697968\n ],\n [\n -110.01914978027344,\n 32.338780420153086\n ],\n [\n -110.00679016113281,\n 32.30454528906482\n ],\n [\n -110.00541687011719,\n 32.29119588495649\n ],\n [\n -110.01640319824219,\n 32.27726397604846\n ],\n [\n -110.0115966796875,\n 32.2366170200985\n ],\n [\n -110.00816345214844,\n 32.21396296653795\n ],\n [\n -109.98825073242188,\n 32.18084304210396\n ],\n [\n -109.96421813964844,\n 32.155268542097815\n ],\n [\n -109.94087219238281,\n 32.132594234149906\n ],\n [\n -109.93263244628905,\n 32.09595459833164\n ],\n [\n -109.91477966308594,\n 32.049406890560356\n ],\n [\n -109.89761352539062,\n 31.971386422339652\n ],\n [\n -109.89555358886719,\n 31.950997006605856\n ],\n [\n -109.896240234375,\n 31.926523733115935\n ],\n [\n -109.88937377929688,\n 31.892133606937325\n ],\n [\n -109.87701416015624,\n 31.862396194533627\n ],\n [\n -109.87701416015624,\n 31.835565983656227\n ],\n [\n -109.874267578125,\n 31.813396010784928\n ],\n [\n -109.90379333496094,\n 31.797056835116557\n ],\n [\n -109.962158203125,\n 31.787135211684465\n ],\n [\n -110.03356933593749,\n 31.771375150628398\n ],\n [\n -110.09880065917969,\n 31.76028312754315\n ],\n [\n -110.1660919189453,\n 31.742182762117984\n ],\n [\n -110.31234741210938,\n 31.726999082308968\n ],\n [\n -110.35835266113281,\n 31.7234948028286\n ],\n [\n -110.41191101074219,\n 31.722326680224338\n ],\n [\n -110.44143676757812,\n 31.728751172360298\n ],\n [\n -110.44967651367188,\n 31.74685416292141\n ],\n [\n -110.44692993164061,\n 31.771375150628398\n ],\n [\n -110.43869018554686,\n 31.84664897336452\n ],\n [\n -110.43594360351562,\n 31.874059068856333\n ],\n [\n -110.43663024902344,\n 31.897963346443\n ],\n [\n -110.44281005859375,\n 31.927106505829546\n ],\n [\n -110.44761657714844,\n 31.98754909816049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
http://az.water.usgs.gov/

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-05-05","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5549dba1e4b064e4207ca3f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordova, Jeffrey T. jcordova@usgs.gov","contributorId":1845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordova","given":"Jeffrey T.","email":"jcordova@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":518735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beisner, Kimberly R. 0000-0002-2077-6899 kbeisner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-6899","contributorId":2733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"Kimberly","email":"kbeisner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hopkins, Candice B. 0000-0003-3207-7267 chopkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3207-7267","contributorId":1379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Candice","email":"chopkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pool, Donald R. drpool@usgs.gov","contributorId":1121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"Donald","email":"drpool@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":19289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Thomas, Blakemore E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70155953,"text":"70155953 - 2015 - Wind River subbasin restoration: Annual report of U.S. Geological Survey activities January 2014 through December 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T13:55:18","indexId":"70155953","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-05T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Wind River subbasin restoration: Annual report of U.S. Geological Survey activities January 2014 through December 2014","docAbstract":"

Executive Summary

\n

The Wind River subbasin in southwest Washington State provides habitat for a population of wild Lower Columbia River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. No hatchery steelhead have been planted in the Wind River subbasin since 1994, and hatchery adults are estimated to be less than one percent of adults in any year (Thomas Buehrens, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, personal communication). Numerous restoration actions have been implemented in the subbasin, including the removal of Hemlock Dam on Trout Creek in 2009. We used Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagging and a series of instream PIT-tag interrogation systems (PTIS) to investigate life-histories, populations, and efficacy of habitat restoration actions for these steelhead. Data from our study, and companion work by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), will contribute to Bonneville Power Administration’s (BPA) Research Monitoring and Evaluation (RM&E) Program Strategy of Fish Population Status Monitoring (www.cbfish.org/ProgramStrategy.mvc/ViewProgramStrategySummary/1), specifically the sub-strategies of: 1) Assessing the Status and Trends of Diversity of Natural Origin Fish Populations and to Uncertainties Research regarding differing life histories of a wild steelhead population, 2) Assessing the Status and Trend of Adult Natural Origin Fish Populations, and 3) Monitoring and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Tributary Habitat Actions Relative to Environmental, Physical, or Biological Performance Objectives.

\n

During summer 2014, we PIT-tagged steelhead parr in headwater areas of the Wind River subbasin to investigate life-history diversity, specifically to compare fate of those juvenile steelhead that move downstream prior to smolting with those that remain in their natal areas until smolting. A series of instream PTISs monitored movement of these fish. We added a new multi-antenna PTIS on Trout Creek and made improvements to two of our smaller tributary PTISs during 2014. Detections at the instream PTISs showed trends of parr emigration during summer and fall, in addition to the expected movement of parr and smolts in spring. Long-term monitoring of PIT-tagged fish will provide information on contribution of various life-history strategies to smolt production and adult returns, as well as helping to identify factors influencing parr movement.

\n

Movements of PIT-tagged adult steelhead were tracked with our instream PTISs. These data will contribute to a better understanding of timing and distribution of spawning by this population of wild steelhead within the Wind River subbasin. Additionally, these data have provided information on timing of adult movements to various parts of the watershed, which is allowing us to assess adult use of tributary watersheds within the Wind River subbasin. These data are contributing to evaluating steelhead response to the removal of Hemlock Dam from Trout Creek. Hemlock Dam, which was located at rkm 2.0 of Trout Creek, was removed in summer 2009 and had contributed to hydrologic impairment of Trout Creek and potentially caused some deterrent to upstream adult steelhead migration.

\n

Evaluating restoration efforts is of interest to many managers and agencies so that funding and time are allocated for best results. The evaluation of various life-histories of Lower Columbia River steelhead within the Wind River subbasin provides information to better track populations, and more effectively direct habitat restoration and water allocation planning. Increasingly detailed Viable Salmonid Population information (Crawford and Rumsey 2009), such as that provided by PIT-tagging and instream PTISs networks like those we build and operate in the Wind River subbasin, provide data to better inform policy and management, as life-history strategies and production bottlenecks are identified and understood.

","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","collaboration":"Report covers work performed under Bonneville Power Administration contract #(s) 63276, 66668","usgsCitation":"Jezorek, I.G., and Connolly, P., 2015, Wind River subbasin restoration: Annual report of U.S. Geological Survey activities January 2014 through December 2014, 58 p.","productDescription":"58 p.","startPage":"58 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064417","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320576,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pisces.bpa.gov/release/documents/DocumentViewer.aspx?doc=P144015","text":"Report","size":"763.04 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.04540252685548,\n 45.7964939814375\n ],\n [\n -122.04540252685548,\n 45.96952673162373\n ],\n [\n -121.89571380615234,\n 45.96952673162373\n ],\n [\n -121.89571380615234,\n 45.7964939814375\n ],\n [\n -122.04540252685548,\n 45.7964939814375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5720913ae4b071321fe656bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jezorek, Ian G. 0000-0002-3842-3485 ijezorek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3842-3485","contributorId":3572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jezorek","given":"Ian","email":"ijezorek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connolly, Patrick J. 0000-0001-7365-7618 pconnolly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7365-7618","contributorId":2920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connolly","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pconnolly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148076,"text":"70148076 - 2015 - AMDTreat 5.0+ with PHREEQC titration module to compute caustic chemical quantity, effluent quality, and sludge volume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-25T15:43:38","indexId":"70148076","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AMDTreat 5.0+ with PHREEQC titration module to compute caustic chemical quantity, effluent quality, and sludge volume","docAbstract":"

Alkaline chemicals are commonly added to discharges from coal mines to increase pH and decrease concentrations of acidity and dissolved aluminum, iron, manganese, and associated metals. The annual cost of chemical treatment depends on the type and quantities of chemicals added and sludge produced. The AMDTreat computer program, initially developed in 2003, is widely used to compute such costs on the basis of the user-specified flow rate and water quality data for the untreated AMD. Although AMDTreat can use results of empirical titration of net-acidic or net-alkaline effluent with caustic chemicals to accurately estimate costs for treatment, such empirical data are rarely available. A titration simulation module using the geochemical program PHREEQC has been incorporated with AMDTreat 5.0+ to improve the capability of AMDTreat to estimate: (1) the quantity and cost of caustic chemicals to attain a target pH, (2) the chemical composition of the treated effluent, and (3) the volume of sludge produced by the treatment. The simulated titration results for selected caustic chemicals (NaOH, CaO, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, or NH3) without aeration or with pre-aeration can be compared with or used in place of empirical titration data to estimate chemical quantities, treated effluent composition, sludge volume (precipitated metals plus unreacted chemical), and associated treatment costs. This paper describes the development, evaluation, and potential utilization of the PHREEQC titration module with the new AMDTreat 5.0+ computer program available at http://www.amd.osmre.gov/.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Mine Water Association","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s10230-014-0292-6","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., Means, B.P., Arthur, W., McKenzie, R.M., and Parkhurst, D.L., 2015, AMDTreat 5.0+ with PHREEQC titration module to compute caustic chemical quantity, effluent quality, and sludge volume: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 34, no. 2, p. 136-152, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-014-0292-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043936","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555c5eafe4b0a92fa7eacbf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":138829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles A.","suffix":"III","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Means, Brent P","contributorId":140842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Means","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"P","affiliations":[{"id":13592,"text":"US Office of Surface Mining","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arthur, Willam","contributorId":140844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthur","given":"Willam","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13592,"text":"US Office of Surface Mining","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKenzie, Robert M","contributorId":140843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":13592,"text":"US Office of Surface Mining","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148402,"text":"70148402 - 2015 - Experimental dosing of wetlands with coagulants removes mercury from surface water and decreases mercury bioaccumulation in fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T15:40:13","indexId":"70148402","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental dosing of wetlands with coagulants removes mercury from surface water and decreases mercury bioaccumulation in fish","docAbstract":"

Mercury pollution is widespread globally, and strategies for managing mercury contamination in aquatic environments are necessary. We tested whether coagulation with metal-based salts could remove mercury from wetland surface waters and decrease mercury bioaccumulation in fish. In a complete randomized block design, we constructed nine experimental wetlands in California’s Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, stocked them with mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and then continuously applied agricultural drainage water that was either untreated (control), or treated with polyaluminum chloride or ferric sulfate coagulants. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in surface waters were decreased by 62% and 63% in polyaluminum chloride treated wetlands and 50% and 76% in ferric sulfate treated wetlands compared to control wetlands. Specifically, following coagulation, mercury was transferred from the filtered fraction of water into the particulate fraction of water which then settled within the wetland. Mosquitofish mercury concentrations were decreased by 35% in ferric sulfate treated wetlands compared to control wetlands. There was no reduction in mosquitofish mercury concentrations within the polyaluminum chloride treated wetlands, which may have been caused by production of bioavailable methylmercury within those wetlands. Coagulation may be an effective management strategy for reducing mercury contamination within wetlands, but further studies should explore potential effects on wetland ecosystems.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00655","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., Kraus, T.E., Fleck, J., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Horwarth, W.R., Bachand, S., Herzog, M.P., Hartman, C.A., and Bachand, P., 2015, Experimental dosing of wetlands with coagulants removes mercury from surface water and decreases mercury bioaccumulation in fish: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 10, p. 6304-6311, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00655.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6304","endPage":"6311","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061945","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","volume":"49","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556ed3bbe4b0d9246a9fa7d7","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00655","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00655","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Ackerman Joshua T., Kraus Tamara E. C., Fleck Jacob A., Krabbenhoft David P., Horwath William R., Bachand Sandra M., Herzog Mark P., Hartman C. Alex, Bachand Philip A. M.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"5/19/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, Tamara E.C. 0000-0002-5187-8644 tkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-8644","contributorId":1452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Tamara","email":"tkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleck, Jacob A. 0000-0002-3217-3972 jafleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-3972","contributorId":141024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Jacob A.","email":"jafleck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horwarth, William R.","contributorId":141025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horwarth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachand, Sandra M.","contributorId":45542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bachand","given":"Sandra M.","affiliations":[{"id":12526,"text":"Bachand & Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. 0000-0002-5203-2835 mherzog@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835","contributorId":131158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hartman, C. Alex 0000-0002-7222-1633 chartman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633","contributorId":131157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C.","email":"chartman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bachand, Philip","contributorId":81013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bachand","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12526,"text":"Bachand & Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70144914,"text":"sir20155052 - 2015 - Dam-breach analysis and flood-inundation mapping for selected dams in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and near Atoka, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-01T09:03:41","indexId":"sir20155052","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5052","title":"Dam-breach analysis and flood-inundation mapping for selected dams in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and near Atoka, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"

Dams provide beneficial functions such as flood control, recreation, and storage of water supplies, but they also entail risk; dam breaches and resultant floods can cause substantial property damage and loss of life. The State of Oklahoma requires each owner of a high-hazard dam, which the Federal Emergency Management Agency defines as dams for which failure or improper operation probably will cause loss of human life, to develop an emergency action plan specific to that dam. Components of an emergency action plan are to simulate a flood resulting from a possible dam breach and map the resulting downstream flood-inundation areas. The resulting flood-inundation maps can provide valuable information to city officials, emergency managers, and local residents for planning an emergency response if a dam breach occurs.

\n

This report presents results of a cooperative study by the U.S. Geological Survey and the City of Oklahoma City to model dam-breach scenarios at 11 dams controlled and operated by Oklahoma City, Okla., and to map the potential flood-inundation areas of such dam breaches. To assist the City of Oklahoma City with completion of the emergency action plans for the 11 dams, the U.S. Geological Survey used light detection and ranging (lidar) elevation data (2004), which produced a 2-foot contour elevation map for the flood plains around Oklahoma City. A 5-meter Digital Terrain Map was used to model the flood plain below Atoka Reservoir in southeastern Oklahoma.

\n

Digital-elevation models, field survey measurements, hydraulic data, and hydrologic data (U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations North Canadian River below Lake Overholser near Oklahoma City, Okla. [07241000], and North Canadian River at Britton Road at Oklahoma City, Okla. [07241520]), were used as inputs for the one-dimensional dynamic (unsteady-flow) models using Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC–RAS) software. The modeled flood elevations were exported to a geographic information system to produce flood-inundation maps. Water-surface profiles were developed for a 75-percent probable maximum flood dam-breach scenario and a sunny-day dam-breach scenario, as well as for maximum flood-inundation elevations and flood-wave arrival times at selected bridge crossings. Points of interest such as community-services offices, recreational areas, water-treatment plants, and wastewater-treatment plants were identified on the flood-inundation maps.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Shivers, M.J., Smith, S.J., Grout, T.S., and Lewis, J.M., 2015, Dam-breach analysis and flood-inundation mapping for selected dams in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and near Atoka, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5052, iv, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155052.","productDescription":"iv, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062194","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155052.jpg"},{"id":299967,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5052/"},{"id":300011,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5052/pdf/sir2015-5052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"218 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"Oklahoma State Plane North Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","city":"Atoka, Oklahoma City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.01982116699219,\n 34.55576998934545\n ],\n [\n -96.1014461517334,\n 34.55591136515381\n ],\n [\n -96.12762451171875,\n 34.52890422689312\n ],\n [\n -96.12968444824219,\n 34.41965524340437\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 34.4100254237884\n ],\n [\n -96.15440368652344,\n 34.342869123388596\n ],\n [\n -96.03252410888672,\n 34.34201869856015\n ],\n [\n -96.03252410888672,\n 34.29721747208954\n ],\n [\n -95.98892211914062,\n 34.279914398549934\n ],\n [\n -95.9542465209961,\n 34.2796307119239\n ],\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 34.16380672662591\n ],\n [\n -95.88626861572266,\n 34.14192993140303\n ],\n [\n -95.88661193847656,\n 34.07057793348581\n ],\n [\n -95.78979492187499,\n 34.06887157175501\n ],\n [\n -95.77640533447266,\n 34.177157309749425\n ],\n [\n -95.77812194824219,\n 34.235931546854395\n ],\n [\n -95.85502624511719,\n 34.34145174388328\n ],\n [\n -95.95149993896484,\n 34.34173522170086\n ],\n [\n -95.95115661621094,\n 34.408325928756256\n ],\n [\n -96.01982116699219,\n 34.55576998934545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.60690307617188,\n 34.37631232462591\n ],\n [\n -96.60690307617188,\n 34.38807095584581\n ],\n [\n -96.59608840942381,\n 34.38807095584581\n ],\n [\n -96.59608840942381,\n 34.37631232462591\n ],\n [\n -96.60690307617188,\n 34.37631232462591\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.46160507202147,\n 35.927980690382704\n ],\n [\n -97.39002227783203,\n 35.927841686570325\n ],\n [\n -97.38933563232422,\n 35.82393759512952\n ],\n [\n -97.42512702941893,\n 35.823868001915216\n ],\n [\n -97.42504119873047,\n 35.74874138089811\n ],\n [\n -97.52632141113281,\n 35.7491593341318\n ],\n [\n -97.52666473388672,\n 35.65339076867334\n ],\n [\n -97.35260009765625,\n 35.652832827451626\n ],\n [\n -97.35345840454102,\n 35.61348814994753\n ],\n [\n -97.19484329223633,\n 35.612790374563865\n ],\n [\n -97.19432830810547,\n 35.49533798195248\n ],\n [\n -97.3886489868164,\n 35.49491869995394\n ],\n [\n -97.38830566406249,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -97.3000717163086,\n 35.38932985634939\n ],\n [\n -97.22265243530273,\n 35.345095280668005\n ],\n [\n -97.20291137695312,\n 35.2872458383096\n ],\n [\n -97.20119476318358,\n 35.207197008288\n ],\n [\n -97.24685668945311,\n 35.167353459664824\n ],\n [\n -97.35277175903319,\n 35.16763411633447\n ],\n [\n -97.35328674316406,\n 35.240571975147446\n ],\n [\n -97.42401123046875,\n 35.240291570433705\n ],\n [\n -97.4241828918457,\n 35.34929580703463\n ],\n [\n -97.54846572875977,\n 35.348315703752654\n ],\n [\n -97.5479507446289,\n 35.43214149578217\n ],\n [\n -97.71514892578124,\n 35.431861754987615\n ],\n [\n -97.71326065063477,\n 35.51895400055888\n ],\n [\n -97.65369415283203,\n 35.51881428123057\n ],\n [\n -97.63858795166016,\n 35.55485380401209\n ],\n [\n -97.63927459716797,\n 35.63776694133777\n ],\n [\n -97.74621963500977,\n 35.63734840394896\n ],\n [\n -97.7457046508789,\n 35.70149853168077\n ],\n [\n -97.6142120361328,\n 35.8250510782599\n ],\n [\n -97.46160507202147,\n 35.927980690382704\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554495a9e4b0a658d7947887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shivers, Molly J. mshivers@usgs.gov","contributorId":4062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shivers","given":"Molly","email":"mshivers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. Jerrod 0000-0002-9379-8167 sjsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8167","contributorId":981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"sjsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jerrod","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grout, Trevor S.","contributorId":140044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grout","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, Jason M. 0000-0001-5337-1890 jmlewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1890","contributorId":3854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Jason","email":"jmlewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159354,"text":"70159354 - 2015 - Groundwater movement, recharge, and perchlorate occurrence in a faulted alluvial aquifer in California (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-29T15:41:21.049913","indexId":"70159354","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater movement, recharge, and perchlorate occurrence in a faulted alluvial aquifer in California (USA)","docAbstract":"

Perchlorate from military, industrial, and legacy agricultural sources is present within an alluvial aquifer in the Rialto-Colton groundwater subbasin, 80 km east of Los Angeles, California (USA). The area is extensively faulted, with water-level differences exceeding 60 m across parts of the Rialto-Colton Fault separating the Rialto-Colton and Chino groundwater subbasins. Coupled well-bore flow and depth-dependent water-quality data show decreases in well yield and changes in water chemistry and isotopic composition, reflecting changing aquifer properties and groundwater recharge sources with depth. Perchlorate movement through some wells under unpumped conditions from shallower to deeper layers underlying mapped plumes was as high as 13 kg/year. Water-level maps suggest potential groundwater movement across the Rialto-Colton Fault through an overlying perched aquifer. Upward flow through a well in the Chino subbasin near the Rialto-Colton Fault suggests potential groundwater movement across the fault through permeable layers within partly consolidated deposits at depth. Although potentially important locally, movement of groundwater from the Rialto-Colton subbasin has not resulted in widespread occurrence of perchlorate within the Chino subbasin. Nitrate and perchlorate concentrations at the water table, associated with legacy agricultural fertilizer use, may be underestimated by data from long-screened wells that mix water from different depths within the aquifer.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-014-1217-y","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Teague, N.F., Hatzinger, P.B., Bohlke, J.K., and Sturchio, N.C., 2015, Groundwater movement, recharge, and perchlorate occurrence in a faulted alluvial aquifer in California (USA): Hydrogeology Journal, v. 23, no. 3, p. 467-491, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1217-y.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"491","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043911","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":42,"text":"Open Access USGS Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70159354/Izbicki_May2015_article_HydrogeologyJournal_v23_p467-491.pdf","text":"USGS open-access version of article","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":385547,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70159354/ESM_Izbicki_May2015_article_HydrogeologyJournal_v23_p467-491.pdf","text":"USGS open-access version of supplemental material","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chino subbasin, Rialto-colton subbasin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.50701904296875,\n 34.35477416538757\n ],\n [\n -117.98217773437499,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -118.0975341796875,\n 34.472599425831355\n ],\n [\n -117.9766845703125,\n 34.03900467904445\n ],\n [\n -117.11700439453125,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -117.10052490234375,\n 33.84532650276791\n ],\n [\n -117.50701904296875,\n 34.35477416538757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5633433ce4b048076347eec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":149374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teague, Nicholas F. 0000-0001-5289-1210 nteague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-1210","contributorId":2145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teague","given":"Nicholas","email":"nteague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatzinger, Paul B.","contributorId":149376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatzinger","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17721,"text":"Shaw Environmental, Princeton, NJ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sturchio, Neil C.","contributorId":149375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sturchio","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":15289,"text":"University of Illinois, Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70192076,"text":"70192076 - 2015 - Optimizing water depth for wetland-dependent wildlife could increase wetland restoration success, water efficiency, and water security","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-19T15:43:27","indexId":"70192076","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimizing water depth for wetland-dependent wildlife could increase wetland restoration success, water efficiency, and water security","docAbstract":"

Securing water for wetland restoration efforts will be increasingly difficult as human populations demand more water and climate change alters the hydrologic cycle. Minimizing water use at a restoration site could help justify water use to competing users, thereby increasing future water security. Moreover, optimizing water depth for focal species will increase habitat quality and the probability that the restoration is successful. We developed and validated spatial habitat models to optimize water depth within wetland restoration projects along the lower Colorado River intended to benefit California black rails (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus). We observed a 358% increase in the number of black rails detected in the year after manipulating water depth to maximize the amount of predicted black rail habitat in two wetlands. The number of black rail detections in our restoration sites was similar to those at our reference site. Implementing the optimal water depth in each wetland decreased water use while simultaneously increasing habitat suitability for the focal species. Our results also provide experimental confirmation of past descriptive accounts of black rail habitat preferences and provide explicit water depth recommendations for future wetland restoration efforts for this species of conservation concern; maintain surface water depths between saturated soil and 100 mm. Efforts to optimize water depth in restored wetlands around the world would likely increase the success of wetland restorations for the focal species while simultaneously minimizing and justifying water use.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/rec.12180","usgsCitation":"Nadeau, C.P., and Conway, C.J., 2015, Optimizing water depth for wetland-dependent wildlife could increase wetland restoration success, water efficiency, and water security: Restoration Ecology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 292-300, https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12180.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"300","ipdsId":"IP-059792","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12180","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":347002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Imperial National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.50122833251952,\n 32.980948149798444\n ],\n [\n -114.47994232177734,\n 32.980948149798444\n ],\n [\n -114.47994232177734,\n 33.00995906391421\n ],\n [\n -114.50122833251952,\n 33.00995906391421\n ],\n [\n -114.50122833251952,\n 32.980948149798444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59e9b997e4b05fe04cd65cd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nadeau, Christopher P.","contributorId":105956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nadeau","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Courtney J. 0000-0003-0492-2953 cconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-2953","contributorId":2951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Courtney","email":"cconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70192504,"text":"70192504 - 2015 - A comparison of high-resolution specific conductance-based end-member mixing analysis and a graphical method for baseflow separation of four streams in hydrologically challenging agricultural watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T10:42:26","indexId":"70192504","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of high-resolution specific conductance-based end-member mixing analysis and a graphical method for baseflow separation of four streams in hydrologically challenging agricultural watersheds","docAbstract":"

Quantifying the relative contributions of different sources of water to a stream hydrograph is important for understanding the hydrology and water quality dynamics of a given watershed. To compare the performance of two methods of hydrograph separation, a graphical program [baseflow index (BFI)] and an end-member mixing analysis that used high-resolution specific conductance measurements (SC-EMMA) were used to estimate daily and average long-term slowflow additions of water to four small, primarily agricultural streams with different dominant sources of water (natural groundwater, overland flow, subsurface drain outflow, and groundwater from irrigation). Because the result of hydrograph separation by SC-EMMA is strongly related to the choice of slowflow and fastflow end-member values, a sensitivity analysis was conducted based on the various approaches reported in the literature to inform the selection of end-members. There were substantial discrepancies among the BFI and SC-EMMA, and neither method produced reasonable results for all four streams. Streams that had a small difference in the SC of slowflow compared with fastflow or did not have a monotonic relationship between streamflow and stream SC posed a challenge to the SC-EMMA method. The utility of the graphical BFI program was limited in the stream that had only gradual changes in streamflow. The results of this comparison suggest that the two methods may be quantifying different sources of water. Even though both methods are easy to apply, they should be applied with consideration of the streamflow and/or SC characteristics of a stream, especially where anthropogenic water sources (irrigation and subsurface drainage) are present.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.10378","usgsCitation":"Kronholm, S.C., and Capel, P.D., 2015, A comparison of high-resolution specific conductance-based end-member mixing analysis and a graphical method for baseflow separation of four streams in hydrologically challenging agricultural watersheds: Hydrological Processes, v. 29, no. 11, p. 2521-2533, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10378.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2521","endPage":"2533","ipdsId":"IP-052308","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347441,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07eb5de4b09af898c8ccdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kronholm, Scott C.","contributorId":184190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kronholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12644,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":716087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178933,"text":"70178933 - 2015 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-13T11:57:42","indexId":"70178933","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"

The hydrologic framework of the Santa Clara Valley in northern California was redefined on the basis of new data and a new hydrologic model. The regional groundwater flow systems can be subdivided into upper-aquifer and lower-aquifer systems that form a convergent flow system within a basin bounded by mountains and hills on three sides and discharge to pumping wells and the southern San Francisco Bay. Faults also control the flow of groundwater within the Santa Clara Valley and subdivide the aquifer system into three subregions.

After decades of development and groundwater depletion that resulted in substantial land subsidence, Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) and the local water purveyors have refilled the basin through conservation and importation of water for direct use and artificial recharge. The natural flow system has been altered by extensive development with flow paths toward major well fields. Climate has not only affected the cycles of sedimentation during the glacial periods over the past million years, but interannual to interdecadal climate cycles also have affected the supply and demand components of the natural and anthropogenic inflows and outflows of water in the valley. Streamflow has been affected by development of the aquifer system and regulated flow from reservoirs, as well as conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. Interaquifer flow through water-supply wells screened across multiple aquifers is an important component to the flow of groundwater and recapture of artificial recharge in the Santa Clara Valley. Wellbore flow and depth-dependent chemical and isotopic data indicate that flow into wells from multiple aquifers, as well as capture of artificial recharge by pumping of water-supply wells, predominantly is occurring in the upper 500 ft (152 m) of the aquifer system. Artificial recharge represents about one-half of the inflow of water into the valley for the period 1970–1999. Most subsidence is occurring below 250 ft (76 m), and most pumpage occurs within the upper-aquifer system between 300 and 650 ft (between 91 and 198 m) below land surface.

Overall, the natural quality of most groundwater in the Santa Clara Valley is good. Isotopic data indicate that artificial recharge is occurring throughout the shallower parts of the upper-aquifer system and that recent recharge (less than 50 yr old) occurs throughout most of the basin in the upper-aquifer system, but many of the wells in the center of the basin with deeper well screens do not contain tritium and recent recharge. Age dates indicate that the groundwater in the upper-aquifer system generally is less than 2000 yr old, and groundwater in the lower-aquifer system generally ranges from 16,700 to 39,900 yr old. Depth-dependent sampling indicates that wellbores are the main path for vertical flow between aquifer layers. Isotopic data indicate as much as 60% of water pumped from production wells originated as artificial recharge. Shallow aquifers not only contain more recent recharge but may be more susceptible to anthropogenic and natural contamination, as evidenced by trace occurrences of iron, nitrate, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in selected water-supply wells.

Water-resource management issues are centered on sustaining a reliable and good-quality source of water to the residents and industries of the valley. While the basin has been refilled, increased demand owing to growth and droughts could result in renewed storage depletion and the related potential adverse effects of land subsidence and seawater intrusion. The new hydrologic model demonstrates the importance of the aquifer layering, faults, and stream channels in relation to groundwater flow and infiltration of recharge. This model provides a means to analyze water resource issues because it separates the supply and demand components of the inflows and outflows.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01104.1","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., 2015, Hydrogeologic framework of the Santa Clara Valley, California: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 3, p. 606-637, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01104.1.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"637","ipdsId":"IP-002253","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01104.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley","volume":"11","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585116bce4b08138bf1abd5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147398,"text":"70147398 - 2015 - Icefield-to-ocean linkages across the northern Pacific coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:04:47","indexId":"70147398","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-30T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Icefield-to-ocean linkages across the northern Pacific coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem","docAbstract":"

Rates of glacier mass loss in the northern Pacific coastal temperate rainforest (PCTR) are among the highest on Earth, and changes in glacier volume and extent will affect the flow regime and chemistry of coastal rivers, as well as the nearshore marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Alaska. Here we synthesize physical, chemical and biological linkages that characterize the northern PCTR ecosystem, with particular emphasis on the potential impacts of glacier change in the coastal mountain ranges on the surface–water hydrology, biogeochemistry, coastal oceanography and aquatic ecology. We also evaluate the relative importance and interplay between interannual variability and long-term trends in key physical drivers and ecological responses. To advance our knowledge of the northern PCTR, we advocate for cross-disciplinary research bridging the icefield-to-ocean ecosystem that can be paired with long-term scientific records and designed to inform decisionmakers.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biv027","usgsCitation":"O’Neel, S., Hood, E., Bidlack, A.L., Fleming, S.W., Arimitsu, M.L., Arendt, A., Burgess, E.W., Sergeant, C.J., Beaudreau, A., Timm, K., Hayward, G., Reynolds, J.H., and Pyare, S., 2015, Icefield-to-ocean linkages across the northern Pacific coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem: BioScience, v. 65, no. 5, p. 499-512, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv027.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056781","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv027","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Pacific coastal temperate rainforest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 54.29088164657006\n ],\n [\n -126.43066406249999,\n 54.826007999094955\n ],\n [\n -133.1982421875,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -134.6044921875,\n 59.60109549032134\n ],\n [\n -136.142578125,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -137.373046875,\n 59.57885104663186\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 60.673178565817715\n ],\n [\n -146.337890625,\n 62.22699603631975\n ],\n [\n -150.205078125,\n 62.471723714758724\n ],\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 62.103882522897855\n ],\n [\n -154.072265625,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -154.3359375,\n 59.355596110016315\n ],\n [\n -156.533203125,\n 57.75107598132101\n ],\n [\n -157.412109375,\n 56.897003921272606\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 56.26776108757582\n ],\n [\n -151.435546875,\n 57.75107598132101\n ],\n [\n -150.732421875,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -147.216796875,\n 60.19615576604439\n ],\n [\n -144.931640625,\n 59.84481485969105\n ],\n [\n -141.6796875,\n 59.5343180010956\n ],\n [\n -138.25195312499997,\n 58.49369382056807\n ],\n [\n -136.58203125,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -133.681640625,\n 54.57206165565852\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 54.29088164657006\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55434422e4b0a658d794146c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hood, Eran","contributorId":106802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"Eran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bidlack, Allison L.","contributorId":140494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bidlack","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleming, Sean W.","contributorId":140495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fleming","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arimitsu, Mayumi L. 0000-0001-6982-2238 marimitsu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2238","contributorId":140501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arimitsu","given":"Mayumi","email":"marimitsu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arendt, Anthony","contributorId":74661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arendt","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burgess, Evan W. eburgess@usgs.gov","contributorId":5401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgess","given":"Evan","email":"eburgess@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sergeant, Christopher J.","contributorId":140496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sergeant","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Beaudreau, Anne E.","contributorId":140497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beaudreau","given":"Anne E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Timm, Kristin","contributorId":139461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Timm","given":"Kristin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hayward, Gregory D.","contributorId":112302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayward","given":"Gregory D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Reynolds, Joel H.","contributorId":140498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Pyare, Sanjay","contributorId":47135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyare","given":"Sanjay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70147328,"text":"70147328 - 2015 - Genes indicative of zoonotic and swine pathogens are persistent in stream water and sediment following a swine manure spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T17:11:13","indexId":"70147328","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-30T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genes indicative of zoonotic and swine pathogens are persistent in stream water and sediment following a swine manure spill","docAbstract":"

Manure spills to streams are relatively frequent, but no studies have characterized stream contamination with zoonotic and veterinary pathogens, or fecal chemicals, following a spill. We tested stream water and sediment over 25 days and downstream for 7.6 km for: fecal indicator bacteria (FIB); the fecal indicator chemicals cholesterol and coprostanol; 20 genes for zoonotic and swine-specific bacterial pathogens by presence/absence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for viable cells; one swine-specific Escherichia coli toxin gene (STII) by quantitative PCR (qPCR); and nine human and animal viruses by qPCR, or reverse-transcriptase qPCR. Twelve days post-spill, and 4.2 km downstream, water concentrations of FIB, cholesterol, and coprostanol were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those detected before, or above, the spill, and genes indicating viable zoonotic or swine-infectious Escherichia coli, were detected in water or sediment. STII increased from undetectable before, or above the spill, to 105 copies/100 mL water 12 days post-spill. Thirteen of 14 water (8/9 sediment) samples had viable STII-carrying cells post-spill. Eighteen days post-spill porcine adenovirus and teschovirus were detected 5.6 km downstream. Sediment FIB concentrations (per gram wet weight) were greater than in water, and sediment was a continuous reservoir of genes and chemicals post-spill. Constituent concentrations were much lower, and detections less frequent, in a runoff event (200 days post-spill) following manure application, although the swine-associated STII and stx2e genes were detected. Manure spills are an underappreciated pathway for livestock-derived contaminants to enter streams, with persistent environmental outcomes, and the potential for human and veterinary health consequences.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.04195-14","usgsCitation":"Haack, S.K., Duris, J.W., Kolpin, D.W., Fogarty, L.R., Johnson, H., Gibson, K.E., Focazio, M.J., Schwab, K.J., Hubbard, L.E., and Foreman, W., 2015, Genes indicative of zoonotic and swine pathogens are persistent in stream water and sediment following a swine manure spill: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3430-3441, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.04195-14.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3430","endPage":"3441","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059122","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.04195-14","text":"External Repository"},{"id":299986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -91.25244140624999,\n 43.54854811091288\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 42.04929263868686\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 40.6306300839918\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 40.58058466412764\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 40.34654412118006\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 40.58058466412764\n ],\n [\n -95.77880859375,\n 40.58058466412764\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -95.97656249999999,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -96.13037109375,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 43.50075243569041\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55434420e4b0a658d7941466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duris, Joseph W. 0000-0002-8669-8109 jwduris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-8109","contributorId":1981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duris","given":"Joseph","email":"jwduris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fogarty, Lisa R. 0000-0003-0329-3251 lrfogart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-3251","contributorId":2053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"Lisa","email":"lrfogart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Heather E.","contributorId":207837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Heather E.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gibson, Kristen E.","contributorId":140469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13508,"text":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schwab, Kellogg J.","contributorId":140470,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwab","given":"Kellogg","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13508,"text":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hubbard, Laura E. 0000-0003-3813-1500 lhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-1500","contributorId":4221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Laura","email":"lhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":139099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70144354,"text":"sir20155047 - 2015 - Simulating hydrologic response to climate change scenarios in four selected watersheds of New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-29T15:24:04","indexId":"sir20155047","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-29T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5047","title":"Simulating hydrologic response to climate change scenarios in four selected watersheds of New Hampshire","docAbstract":"

The State of New Hampshire has initiated a coordinated effort to proactively prepare for the effects of climate change on the natural and human resources of New Hampshire. An important aspect of this effort is to develop a vulnerability assessment of hydrologic response to climate change. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, is developing tools to predict how projected changes in temperature and precipitation will affect change in the hydrology of watersheds in the State. This study is a test case to assemble the information and create the tools to assess the hydrologic vulnerabilities in four specific watersheds.

\n

The study uses output from general circulation models to drive hydrologic simulations of streamflow, groundwater base flow (hereafter referred to as base flow), and snowfall in four representative watersheds in New Hampshire during the 21st century, including the watersheds of the Ashuelot, Oyster, Pemigewasset, and Souhegan Rivers. Simulations show that on average, relative to current conditions, streamflow is likely to increase and base flow is likely to decrease, although this change is highly variable by geographic location and season. Streamflow variability will likely increase, with more high streamflows and more low streamflows. The largest increases in streamflow are in the winter, with small decreases in summer. Change in base flow varies across the State with the largest change in the northern Pemigewasset River watershed. Changes in snowfall are consistently decreasing for all watersheds on average, with the largest change also in the Pemigewasset. However, monthly snowfall totals during any given winter could be higher in the future than expected under current conditions.

\n

Increasing frequency of floods (the largest seven floods expected to occur in 20 years) could be more significant than the size of the floods, except in the northern high altitude watersheds. In other words, the projections indicate a pattern of multiple floods that might not breach the riverbanks, yet the increased frequency could put additional strain on the existing river banks, infrastructure, and nearby human settlements. There is also likely to be an increase in high flows during the winter and spring months, which could result in more uncertainty in planning for the design, operation, and maintenance of infrastructure, including roads and utilities. Similarly, it is expected that, on average, there will be less base flow available and a wider range of seasonal fluctuation in base flow than experienced historically. These issues could necessitate more attention to planning and management of the resource. Based on past experience, the most important effects of climate change could be less certain planning options and a greater need for planning that accounts for the effects of larger streamflows than are currently available.

\n

The effects of hydrologic change on human health and well-being could be most readily apparent with respect to changes in streamflow and the subsequent increase in the frequency of minor flooding and the frequency of summer and fall low streamflows. These changes could require the development of plans to adapt, protect, and upgrade infrastructure, such as bridges, culverts, roads, and other structures. The precipitation runoff modeling shows that rivers and watersheds in New Hampshire will likely change in response to climate change, and that this response varies with season and latitude. Although four representative areas were simulated in this study, additional models could be used to predict the response over the entire State.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services","usgsCitation":"Bjerklie, D.M., Ayotte, J.D., and Cahillane, M.J., 2015, Simulating hydrologic response to climate change scenarios in four selected watersheds of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5047, viii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155047.","productDescription":"viii, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060349","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155047.jpg"},{"id":299963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5047/"},{"id":299964,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5047/pdf/sir2015-5047.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.092529296875,\n 45.30773430004869\n ],\n [\n -70.9442138671875,\n 43.3351671567243\n ],\n [\n -70.8123779296875,\n 43.235198459790425\n ],\n [\n -70.83160400390625,\n 43.141078106345866\n ],\n [\n -70.697021484375,\n 43.062868070571454\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 42.8699254870066\n ],\n [\n -70.85906982421875,\n 42.86187308074834\n ],\n [\n -70.90576171875,\n 42.88602714832883\n ],\n [\n -71.03485107421875,\n 42.85784648372953\n ],\n [\n -71.06781005859375,\n 42.805476827860275\n ],\n [\n -71.136474609375,\n 42.82360980730198\n ],\n [\n -71.180419921875,\n 42.79741601927622\n ],\n [\n -71.1749267578125,\n 42.73894375124377\n ],\n [\n -71.2408447265625,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -71.290283203125,\n 42.69454866207692\n ],\n [\n -72.97119140625,\n 42.73894375124377\n ],\n [\n -72.861328125,\n 43.98491011404692\n ],\n [\n -71.8341064453125,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -71.510009765625,\n 45.00753503123719\n ],\n [\n -71.4385986328125,\n 45.24008561090264\n ],\n [\n -71.2957763671875,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -71.1419677734375,\n 45.24975464648731\n ],\n [\n -71.092529296875,\n 45.30773430004869\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5541f2cfe4b0a658d793b23b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjerklie, David M. 0000-0002-9890-4125 dmbjerkl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9890-4125","contributorId":3589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjerklie","given":"David","email":"dmbjerkl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":138821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahillane, Matthew J.","contributorId":139934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cahillane","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13319,"text":"NH Department of Health and Human Services","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128280,"text":"sir20145192 - 2015 - Estimation of monthly water yields and flows for 1951-2012 for the United States portion of the Great Lakes Basin with AFINCH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:31:27","indexId":"sir20145192","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-28T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5192","title":"Estimation of monthly water yields and flows for 1951-2012 for the United States portion of the Great Lakes Basin with AFINCH","docAbstract":"

Monthly water yields from 105,829 catchments and corresponding flows in 107,691 stream segments were estimated for water years 1951–2012 in the Great Lakes Basin in the United States. Both sets of estimates were computed by using the Analysis of Flows In Networks of CHannels (AFINCH) application within the NHDPlus geospatial data framework. AFINCH provides an environment to develop constrained regression models to integrate monthly streamflow and water-use data with monthly climatic data and fixed basin characteristics data available within NHDPlus or supplied by the user. For this study, the U.S. Great Lakes Basin was partitioned into seven study areas by grouping selected hydrologic subregions and adjoining cataloguing units. This report documents the regression models and data used to estimate monthly water yields and flows in each study area. Estimates of monthly water yields and flows are presented in a Web-based mapper application. Monthly flow time series for individual stream segments can be retrieved from the Web application and used to approximate monthly flow-duration characteristics and to identify possible trends.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145192","usgsCitation":"Luukkonen, C.L., Holtschlag, D.J., Reeves, H.W., Hoard, C.J., and Fuller, L.M., 2015, Estimation of monthly water yields and flows for 1951-2012 for the United States portion of the Great Lakes Basin with AFINCH: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5192, Report: vii, 83 p.; The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) Mapper, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145192.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 83 p.; The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) Mapper","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1951-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056761","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299922,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145192.jpg"},{"id":299921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://cida.usgs.gov/glri/afinch/","text":"The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) Mapper for Monthly Streamflow and Yield of Catchments using Analysis of Flows in Networks of CHannels (AFINCH)"},{"id":299920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5192/pdf/sir2014-5192.pdf","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":305908,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5192/"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 48.03401915864286\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -90.10986328125,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 47.81315451752768\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 47.56170075451973\n ],\n [\n -92.724609375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -93.0322265625,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -93.4716796875,\n 47.41322033016902\n ],\n [\n -93.58154296875,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -93.01025390625,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 46.17983040759436\n ],\n [\n -92.021484375,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 45.96642454131025\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 45.87471224890479\n ],\n [\n -89.05517578125,\n 45.537136680398596\n ],\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -89.45068359374999,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -89.67041015625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -87.4951171875,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 41.55792157780418\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 41.623655390686395\n ],\n [\n -86.28662109375,\n 41.80407814427237\n ],\n [\n -86.11083984375,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -85.89111328125,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -82.90283203125,\n 40.36328834091583\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -80.74951171875,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 41.820455096140314\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 42.04929263868686\n ],\n [\n -79.3212890625,\n 42.27730877423709\n ],\n [\n -78.57421875,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -77.9150390625,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -77.45361328125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -77.18994140625,\n 42.47209690919285\n ],\n [\n -77.05810546875,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -76.22314453125,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -75.60791015625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -74.794921875,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 44.24519901522129\n ],\n [\n -74.15771484375,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -73.8720703125,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -73.7841796875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -73.95996093749999,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 45.27488643704894\n ],\n [\n -74.99267578125,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -76.70654296875,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -77.54150390625,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -77.9150390625,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -78.99169921875,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 42.66628070564928\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -82.37548828125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -81.62841796875,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 44.55916341529184\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -80.22216796875,\n 44.4808302785626\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 44.55916341529184\n ],\n [\n -79.65087890624999,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -80.31005859375,\n 45.537136680398596\n ],\n [\n -80.92529296875,\n 46.01222384063238\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 46.255846818480336\n ],\n [\n -83.8916015625,\n 46.42271253466719\n ],\n [\n -84.39697265625,\n 46.9502622421856\n ],\n [\n -84.66064453125,\n 47.05515408550348\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 47.35371061951363\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 47.69497434186282\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 48.03401915864286\n ],\n [\n -85.60546875,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -85.9130859375,\n 48.03401915864286\n ],\n [\n -86.37451171875,\n 48.76343113791796\n ],\n [\n -86.748046875,\n 48.79239019646406\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 48.850258199721495\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -88.17626953125,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 48.8936153614802\n ],\n [\n -88.79150390625,\n 48.67645370777654\n ],\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 48.356249029540706\n ],\n [\n -89.53857421875,\n 48.019324184801185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5540a120e4b0a658d7939273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, Howard W. 0000-0001-8057-2081 hwreeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2081","contributorId":2307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Howard","email":"hwreeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoard, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2337-506X cjhoard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-506X","contributorId":191767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoard","given":"Christopher","email":"cjhoard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fuller, Lori M. lmfuller@usgs.gov","contributorId":2100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Lori","email":"lmfuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}